Bridges and methods for constructing bridges

Abstract

By using precast concrete components, we aim to increase strength and improve durability while taking advantage of their benefits. [Solution] The abutment D is constructed with a bridge abutment footing 1 made of cast-in-place concrete, a plurality of precast concrete bridge abutment columns 10 erected and supported on the bridge abutment footing 1 and arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, a plurality of precast concrete bridge abutment cover plates 11 erected and supported on the bridge abutment footing 1 and provided along each of the pair of outer surfaces formed by the plurality of bridge abutment columns 10, and a bridge abutment filling layer 20 formed by filling the space between the opposing surfaces of adjacent bridge abutment columns 10 with cast-in-place concrete.

Description

Technical Field

[0004] , , , , , ,

[0001] The present invention relates to bridges such as river bridges, overpasses, overline bridges, viaducts, etc. and a method for constructing bridges, and particularly relates to a bridge constructed by using precast concrete members for abutments and bridge piers and a method for constructing the bridge.

Background Art

[0002] Conventionally, as this type of bridge, for example, the technique described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-092078 (Patent Document 1) is known. This bridge is a river bridge. Abutments are constructed on the ground on both sides of the river, and bridge piers are constructed in the middle path between the abutments, and the superstructure including the floor slab is supported by these abutments and bridge piers. The abutment is constructed by constructing a footing on the ground with cast-in-place concrete, and then a plurality of precast concrete abutment units produced in a factory in advance are continuously arranged in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis on this footing. The abutment unit is composed of a wall plate portion that receives the earth pressure on the back and a column portion that protrudes toward the middle path side at the center of the wall plate portion. The bridge pier is also constructed by continuously arranging a plurality of precast concrete bridge pier units in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis in the same manner as the abutment. Since the abutment and the bridge pier are constructed using precast concrete units, most of the members except the footing can be factory-produced as precast members, so the construction efficiency is good and the construction period can be significantly shortened.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0003]

Patent Document 1

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0004] By the way, in this conventional bridge, the abutments and piers are constructed using precast concrete units. Compared to constructing everything with cast-in-place concrete, this is more efficient in terms of construction, but because it is a structure that simply connects precast concrete units, the strength of the connection points is weak, and gaps can form between them, resulting in a problem of inferior durability. This invention has been made in view of the above problems, and aims to provide a bridge and a bridge construction method that improve durability by increasing strength while utilizing the advantages of precast concrete members. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] To achieve this objective, the present invention provides a bridge equipped with abutments that support the superstructure, The aforementioned bridge abutment, Bridge abutment footings are constructed with cast-in-place concrete containing reinforcing bars in the ground, Multiple precast concrete abutment columns are erected and supported on the abutment footing and arranged in a row at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, Multiple precast concrete abutment covering plates are erected and supported on the abutment footing and are provided along each of the pair of outer surfaces that are perpendicular to the bridge axis formed by the multiple abutment columns, The structure comprises an abutment filling layer formed by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars with cast-in-place concrete, The abutment footing has a retaining recess into which the lower end of the abutment support and the lower end of the abutment cover plate are recessed, and the lower end of the abutment cover plate is held in place together with the lower end of the abutment support by pressing from both sides in the bridge axis direction. Within the retaining recess, a convex portion is integrally formed between the lower ends of adjacent abutment support columns, into which the opposing surfaces of the lower ends abut.

[0006] Generally, a bridge has a pair of abutments that support both ends of the superstructure. Depending on the conditions of the construction site, one or more piers supporting the superstructure may be provided between these abutments as needed. The bridge of the present invention includes not only bridges in which all abutments are made of the abutments of the present invention when the entire bridge is newly constructed, but also bridges in which, for example, an existing general bridge is rebuilt by replacing the damaged abutments with the abutments of the present invention when the abutments are damaged, for example, due to a disaster. In other words, the abutments of the present invention can be applied to all abutments that make up a bridge, or to some of the abutments.

[0007] Here, the concrete structures constituting the abutment columns and abutment covering plates are made of precast concrete, such as RC precast, PC precast, or PRC precast, which use reinforcing steel internally, and are manufactured in a factory. The abutment footings and abutment filling layers are constructed using cast-in-place concrete, and their properties, such as the ratio of cement and aggregate, differ from those of the precast concrete abutment columns and abutment covering plates. Reinforcing steel is used in the abutment footings, but it may be unreinforced in the abutment filling layer. Of course, it is also acceptable to use reinforcing steel. The cross-sectional shape of the abutment columns may be any shape, such as a rectangular or circular shape. In addition, multiple abutment columns may have different shapes, but it is desirable that they have the same width in the direction of the bridge axis. However, it is preferable from a manufacturing standpoint to use columns of the same shape. The outer surface refers to the surface formed by the sides of multiple rows of abutment columns on both sides in the direction of the bridge axis and the plane between adjacent abutment columns along these sides. For one of the outer surfaces, the abutment cover plate may be a single plate or multiple plates may be installed in a series.

[0008] Therefore, when constructing a bridge, for example, when constructing a new bridge, abutments are constructed, and depending on the conditions of the construction site, piers are constructed if necessary, or only abutments are used if not necessary, and the superstructure is then installed to construct the bridge. In this bridge construction, when constructing abutments, for example, first, abutment footings are constructed in the ground using cast-in-place concrete (reinforced concrete). Next, precast concrete abutment columns are erected and supported on the abutment footings in a row at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and multiple precast concrete abutment cover plates are erected and supported along the outer surfaces on both sides in the direction of the bridge axis. Alternatively, formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the abutment footings can be constructed, and the abutment columns and abutment cover plates can be installed on this formwork, and then concrete can be poured into the formwork and cured to construct the abutment footings. As a result, an open space is formed between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment columns. Then, cast-in-place concrete is filled into this space to form the abutment filling layer. This completes the construction of the bridge abutment.

[0009] In this case, compared to conventional methods, the work of forming the abutment filling layer with cast-in-place concrete is required. However, since precast concrete abutment columns and abutment covering plates are used, these can be manufactured in a factory, improving construction efficiency compared to constructing the entire structure with cast-in-place concrete. Furthermore, in the construction of the abutment, the precast concrete abutment columns and abutment covering plates are assembled into the abutment footing, and concrete is filled into the space formed by them. Since the abutment columns and abutment covering plates are used as formwork, the formwork work can be considerably reduced, thereby improving construction efficiency, shortening the construction period, and lowering costs.

[0010] Furthermore, in the completed bridge abutment, a concrete filling layer is formed in the space created by the abutment support column and the abutment cover plate. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces between the precast concrete, and the entire structure becomes solid. This significantly increases the strength compared to conventional methods, thereby improving the durability of the bridge.

[0011] Furthermore, in this configuration, the lower ends of the abutment supports and the lower ends of the abutment covers can be inserted into the retaining recesses of the abutment footing and held in place, thus facilitating installation. Moreover, since these can be held in place by the retaining recesses, the strength of the abutment can be further increased.

[0012] Furthermore, in the case of abutment footings, the lower ends of the abutment supports are held in contact with the protrusions, ensuring secure installation and reliable concrete filling of the space, and further increasing the strength of the abutment. In particular, when three or more abutment supports are provided, the lower ends of the abutment supports located inside the pair of abutment supports located outside the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are fitted and supported in the fitting recesses formed between adjacent protrusions, further ensuring secure installation and reliable concrete filling of the space, and further increasing the strength of the abutment.

[0013] Furthermore, as necessary, the multiple abutment columns arranged in rows are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the abutment cover plates on both sides of the bridge axis are also connected to each other with connecting bolts. PC steel materials, consisting of PC steel bars or PC steel strands, can be used as connecting bolts. It is desirable to provide multiple connecting bolts. For example, in the case of connecting bolts that connect abutment columns, multiple connecting bolts are arranged in parallel along the bridge axis on both the lower and upper ends of the abutment columns. On the lower end of the abutment column, it is desirable to connect together with the footing. A sheath pipe through which the connecting bolts are inserted is embedded in the footing during its construction. Also, for example, in the case of connecting bolts that connect abutment cover plates, multiple connecting bolts are arranged in parallel along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis on both the lower and upper ends of the abutment cover plates. It is desirable to connect the abutment cover plates via the abutment columns. On the lower end of the abutment cover plate, it is desirable to connect together with the footing. During construction, sheath pipes through which connecting bolts are inserted are embedded in the footing. The abutment supports and abutment covers are pre-fabricated with holes for the connecting bolts during factory manufacturing. This ensures secure retention of both the abutment supports and the abutment covers, further increasing the strength of the abutment.

[0014] Furthermore, the abutment cover plate can be fastened to the abutment support column, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars can be provided on the abutment support column, each having a protruding portion that is embedded in the interior at its upper end and protruding downward from the bottom surface at its lower end, with the protruding portions of these rod-shaped reinforcing bars embedded in the abutment footing.

[0015] In this configuration, for example, formwork containing reinforcing bars for constructing the abutment footing is constructed, and abutment columns and abutment cover plates are placed on this formwork, with the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bar protrusions on the abutment columns facing into the formwork. In this state, concrete is poured into the formwork and cured to construct the abutment footing. This creates an open space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment columns. Then, cast-in-place concrete is filled into this space to form the abutment filling layer. This constructs the abutment.

[0016] Anchors can be used to fasten the abutment cover plates. As anchors, for example, so-called SB anchors can be used, which are inserted through holes formed in the abutment cover plates into receiving holes formed in the abutment supports and then fixed with adhesive. This eliminates the need for connecting bolts as described above, thereby improving manufacturing and construction efficiency. The fastening method is not limited to anchors. Furthermore, since the protruding portions of the reinforcing bars of the abutment supports are embedded in the abutment footing, the support strength of the abutment supports becomes extremely strong, thereby increasing the strength of the abutment and significantly improving its stability and durability.

[0017] Furthermore, if necessary, a notch may be formed on the bridge axis-oriented side of the upper end of the abutment support, having a support surface for supporting the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an opposing surface to which the end of the superstructure faces. A precast concrete partition plate is provided between adjacent abutment supports, having a surface flush with the opposing surface of the notch and facing the end of the superstructure. The upper end surface of the abutment cover plate on the bridge axis-oriented side and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer on the bridge axis-oriented side are formed flush with the support surface of the notch. A bridge seat portion is formed on the upper part on the bridge axis-oriented side, having a bridge seat surface for supporting the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an upright surface to which the end of the superstructure faces. Since the end of the superstructure is supported by the bridge seat portion, the superstructure can be reliably supported, the support strength can be increased, and the durability of the bridge can be further improved.

[0018] Furthermore, instead of this configuration, a notch is formed on the inner side of the upper end of the abutment column in the bridge axis direction, having a support surface that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an opposing surface where the end surface of the superstructure faces; the outer side of the upper end of the abutment column in the bridge axis direction is configured as a veneer portion that constitutes the notch; the abutment cover plate is formed to a height where the veneer portion is exposed; the abutment filling layer between adjacent veneer portions is made into a convex filling layer; reinforcing bars are embedded in the upper part of the abutment filling layer including the convex filling layer; the upper end surface of the abutment cover plate on the inner side in the bridge axis direction and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer on the inner side in the bridge axis direction are formed flush with the support surface of the notch; the front surface of the convex filling layer on the inner side in the bridge axis direction is formed flush with the opposing surface of the notch; and a bridge seat portion is formed on the upper part on the inner side in the bridge axis direction, having a bridge seat surface that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an upright surface where the end surface of the superstructure faces.

[0019] As a result, reinforcing bars are embedded in the upper part of the abutment filling layer, which includes a convex filling layer, thereby increasing the strength of the abutment and significantly improving its stability and durability. Furthermore, since the end of the superstructure is supported by the bridge seat, the superstructure can be securely supported and the support strength can be increased, further improving the durability of the bridge. The lower part of the abutment filling layer may be unreinforced, but reinforcing bars may be provided, and this can be changed as appropriate.

[0020] Furthermore, the present invention for achieving the above objectives is a bridge comprising abutments and piers that support the superstructure, The aforementioned bridge pier, Bridge pier footings are constructed with cast-in-place concrete that includes reinforcing bars in the ground, Multiple precast concrete pier supports are erected and supported on the aforementioned pier footing and arranged in a row at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, Multiple precast concrete pier cover plates are erected and supported on the pier footing and are provided along each of the pair of outer surfaces that are perpendicular to the bridge axis formed by the plurality of pier supports, It is configured to include a pier filling layer formed by filling the space between the opposing surfaces of these adjacent pier columns facing each other with cast-in-place concrete. A holding recess is formed in the pier footing, into which the lower ends of the pier columns and the lower end of the pier cover plate are immersed, and the lower end of the pier cover plate is pressed from both sides in the bridge axis direction to hold the lower ends of the pier columns together. A convex portion is integrally formed between the lower ends of the adjacent pier columns within the holding recess, and the opposing surfaces of the lower ends abut against each other.

[0021] Generally, a bridge includes a pair of abutments that support both ends of the superstructure. In this configuration, one or more piers that support the superstructure are provided between these abutments. The bridge of the present invention includes not only a bridge in which all piers are configured as the piers of the present invention when newly constructing the entire bridge, but also, for example, in an existing general bridge, when a pier is damaged due to a disaster or the like, a bridge formed by replacing the damaged pier with the pier of the present invention. That is, the pier of the present invention can be applied to all piers constituting the bridge or to some of the piers. In this case, the abutment may be configured using the above-described abutment of the present invention or may be an existing abutment.

[0022] Here, the concrete structures constituting the pier columns and pier cover plates are so-called precast concrete products such as RC precast, PC precast, and PRC precast, in which steel bars are used inside, and they are factory-produced. The pier footing and pier filling layer are composed of concrete placed on-site, and the properties such as the ratio of cement and aggregates are different from those of the pier columns and pier cover plates made of precast concrete. Steel bars are used for the pier footing, but the pier filling layer may be without steel bars. Of course, steel bars may also be used. The cross-sectional shape of the pier column may be, for example, a rectangular shape such as a cuboid, a circular shape, or any other shape. Also, a plurality of pier columns may have different shapes mixed, but it is desirable that they have the same width in the bridge axis direction. However, it is desirable in terms of manufacturing to use pier columns of the same shape for each other. The outer side surface refers to the surface formed by the side surfaces of the pier columns formed on the left and right in the bridge axis direction and arranged in a plurality of rows and the plane between the adjacent pier columns along this side surface. For one outer side surface, the pier cover plate may be a single sheet, or a plurality of sheets may be connected and used.

[0023] Thus, when constructing a bridge, for example, when constructing a new bridge, a bridge abutment is constructed and a pier is constructed, and superstructure is installed thereon to construct the bridge. In the construction of this bridge, when constructing the pier, for example, first, a pier footing is constructed on the ground with in-situ concrete (reinforced concrete). Next, precast concrete pier columns are arranged and erected at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis on the pier footing, and a plurality of precast concrete pier cover plates are erected and supported by covering the outer side surfaces on both sides in the bridge axis direction respectively. Alternatively, a formwork including steel bars for constructing the pier footing is constructed, and the pier columns and pier cover plates are installed on this formwork. In this state, concrete is placed in the formwork and cured to construct the pier footing. As a result, an upwardly open space is formed between the opposing surfaces of these adjacent pier columns that face each other. Then, the space is filled with in-situ concrete to form a pier filling layer. Thus, the pier is constructed.

[0024] In this case, compared to conventional methods, the work of forming the bridge pier filling layer with cast-in-place concrete is required. However, since precast concrete bridge pier supports and precast concrete bridge pier covering plates are used, these can be manufactured in a factory, improving construction efficiency compared to constructing the entire structure with cast-in-place concrete. Furthermore, in the construction of the bridge pier, the precast concrete bridge pier supports and covering plates are assembled into the bridge pier footing, and concrete is filled into the space formed by them. Since the bridge pier supports and covering plates are used as formwork, the formwork work can be considerably reduced, thereby improving construction efficiency, shortening the construction period, and lowering costs.

[0025] Furthermore, in the completed bridge pier, a concrete filling layer is formed in the space created by the bridge pier support and bridge pier cover plate. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces between the precast concrete, and the entire structure becomes solid. This significantly increases the strength compared to conventional methods, thereby improving the durability of the bridge. In particular, in the case of river bridges, if there is space inside the bridge pier, it is more likely to float up due to buoyancy during floods. However, this method can withstand such uplift, thus ensuring greater stability.

[0026] Furthermore, in this configuration, the lower ends of the pier supports and the lower ends of the pier covering plates can be inserted into and held in the retaining recesses of the pier footing, making installation easier. Also, because they can be held in place by the retaining recesses, the strength of the pier can be further increased. Moreover, in the pier footing, the lower ends of the pier supports are held in contact with the protrusions, ensuring secure installation and reliable concrete filling into the space, and further increasing the strength of the pier. In particular, when three or more pier supports are provided, the lower ends of the pier supports located inside the pair of pier supports located outside the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are fitted and supported in the fitting recesses formed between adjacent protrusions, ensuring secure installation and reliable concrete filling into the space, and further increasing the strength of the pier because they can be fitted and held.

[0027] In this configuration, a pair of precast concrete end plates are provided to cover the surface of a pair of pier supports that are erected and supported on the pier footing and connected to the pier cover plate, and located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, with the surface of each pier support exposed in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis being covered. The end plates are formed to be convexly curved outward in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and another pier filling layer is provided, which is formed by filling the space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the pier support that the end plate covers with cast-in-place concrete. It is effective that the retaining recess is formed to a size that allows the lower end of the pier support, the lower end of the pier cover plate, and the lower end of the end plate to be recessed, and to hold the lower end of the pier cover plate from both sides in the bridge axis direction, together with the lower end of the pier support, and to hold the lower end of the end plate from the outside. This end plate can be formed together with the pier cover plate connected to it to cover the side of the pier support located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Like the pier support and pier cover plate, this end plate is made of precast concrete, such as RC precast, PC precast, or PRC precast, which uses reinforcing bars inside, and is manufactured in a factory.

[0028] As a result, when constructing a bridge pier, for example, a bridge pier footing is first constructed on the ground using cast-in-place concrete (reinforced concrete). Next, precast concrete bridge pier supports are erected and supported on the bridge pier footing, arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and the outer surfaces on both sides along the bridge axis are covered and supported by multiple precast concrete bridge pier covering plates. In addition, a pair of end plates are erected and supported on the bridge pier footing, covering the surfaces of the bridge pier supports that are exposed in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Alternatively, formwork containing reinforcing bars for constructing the bridge pier footing can be constructed, and the bridge pier supports, bridge pier covering plates, and end plates can be placed on this formwork. In this state, concrete can be poured into the formwork and cured to construct the bridge pier footing. As a result, an open space is formed between the opposing surfaces of adjacent bridge pier supports. An open space is also formed between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the bridge pier support that the end plate covers. Then, these spaces are filled with cast-in-place concrete to form the pier filling layer and another pier filling layer. This completes the construction of the bridge pier.

[0029] In this case, compared to conventional methods, the work of forming the bridge pier filling layer with cast-in-place concrete is required. However, since precast concrete bridge pier supports, precast concrete bridge pier covers, and precast concrete end plates are used, these can be manufactured in a factory, improving construction efficiency compared to constructing the entire structure with cast-in-place concrete. Furthermore, in the construction of the bridge pier, the precast concrete bridge pier supports, bridge pier covers, and end plates are assembled into the bridge pier footing, and concrete is filled into the space formed by them. Since the bridge pier supports, bridge pier covers, and end plates are used as formwork, the formwork work can be considerably reduced. This improves construction efficiency, shortens the construction period, and reduces costs.

[0030] Furthermore, in the completed bridge pier, a concrete filling layer is formed in the space created by the pier support and the pier cover plate, and in the space created by the pier support and end plate located on the outside perpendicular to the bridge axis. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces throughout the entire bridge pier, and the whole structure becomes solid. This significantly increases the strength compared to conventional designs, thereby improving the durability of the bridge. In particular, in the case of river bridges, if there are spaces within the bridge pier, the pier is more likely to float up due to buoyancy during floods, but this design can withstand such floating, thus ensuring stability. In addition, the end plate located on the outside perpendicular to the bridge axis is curved convexly outward in that direction, allowing resistance from the river flow to be released to the left and right, reducing the load on the bridge pier.

[0031] Furthermore, in this pier footing, the lower ends of the pier supports, the lower ends of the pier covering plates, and the lower ends of the end plates can be inserted into the retaining recesses and held in place, thus facilitating installation. In addition, since these can be held in place by the retaining recesses, the strength of the pier can be further increased. Moreover, within the retaining recesses, protrusions can be integrally formed between adjacent end plates and the lower ends of pier supports, so that the opposing surfaces of these lower ends abut against each other. In this case, the lower ends of adjacent end plates and pier supports abut against the protrusions and are held in place, ensuring secure installation, ensuring proper concrete filling of the space, and further increasing the strength of the pier.

[0032] Furthermore, as necessary, the multiple pier supports arranged in a row are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the pier cover plates on both sides in the bridge axis direction are also connected to each other with connecting bolts. PC steel materials, consisting of PC steel bars or PC steel strands, can be used as connecting bolts. It is desirable to provide multiple connecting bolts. For example, in the case of connecting bolts that connect pier supports to each other, multiple connecting bolts are arranged in parallel along the bridge axis direction on both the lower and upper ends of the pier supports. On the lower end of the pier supports, it is desirable to connect them together with the footing. Also, if end plates are provided, it is desirable to connect them together with the end plates. Furthermore, connecting bolts are provided at both the lower and upper ends of the pier cover plates to connect them. In the case of pier cover plates, it is desirable to connect them via the pier support columns. At the lower end of the pier cover plate, it is desirable to connect it together with the footing. During its construction, the footing is fitted with a sheath pipe through which the connecting bolts are inserted. The pier support columns and pier cover plates, and also the end plates if applicable, are provided with holes for the connecting bolts during factory manufacturing. This ensures secure support for the pier support columns, secure support for the pier cover plates, and secure support for the end plates if applicable, further increasing the strength of the pier.

[0033] Furthermore, if necessary, the pier cover plate can be fastened to the pier support column, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars, each having an upper end embedded inside and a lower end protruding downward from the bottom surface, can be provided on the pier support column, with the protruding portions of these rod-shaped reinforcing bars embedded in the pier footing.

[0034] In this configuration, for example, formwork containing reinforcing bars for constructing the pier footing is constructed, and pier supports and pier covering plates are placed on this formwork, with the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bar protrusions on the pier supports facing into the formwork. In this state, concrete is poured into the formwork and cured to construct the pier footing. As a result, an open space is formed between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports, and cast-in-place concrete is filled into this space to form the pier filling layer. This constructs the pier.

[0035] Anchors can be used to fasten the pier cover plates. As anchors, for example, so-called SB anchors can be used, which are inserted through holes formed in the pier cover plates into receiving holes formed in the pier supports and then fixed with adhesive. This eliminates the need for connecting bolts as described above, thereby improving manufacturing and construction efficiency. The fastening method is not limited to anchors. Furthermore, since the protruding portions of the reinforcing bars of the pier supports are embedded in the pier footing, the support strength of the pier supports becomes extremely strong, thereby increasing the strength of the pier and significantly improving its stability and durability.

[0036] Furthermore, when end plates are provided, the end plates are fixed to the pier supports, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the end plates, each having an upper end embedded inside and a lower end protruding downward from the bottom surface. The protruding portions of these rod-shaped reinforcing bars are then embedded in the pier footing. In this case, as described above, the end plates are also installed on the formwork, with the protruding portions of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars on the end plates facing into the formwork. Concrete is then poured into the formwork and cured to construct the pier footing. This creates an open space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports, and also creates an open space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the pier support covered by the end plate. These spaces are then filled with cast-in-place concrete to form a pier filling layer and another pier filling layer. This constructs the pier.

[0037] Anchors can also be used to fasten the end plates. As anchors, for example, so-called SB anchors can be used, which are inserted through holes formed in the end plates into receiving holes formed in the pier supports and then fixed with adhesive. This allows fastening with anchors without the need for connecting bolts as described above, thereby improving manufacturing and construction efficiency. The fastening method is not limited to anchors. Furthermore, in this end plate as well, the protruding portion of the reinforcing bar is embedded in the pier footing, so the support strength of the end plate becomes extremely strong, thereby increasing the strength of the pier and significantly improving its stability and durability.

[0038] In this configuration, embedding reinforcing bars in the upper part of the pier filling layer is effective. By embedding reinforcing bars in the upper part of the pier filling layer, the strength of the pier can be increased, and its stability and durability can be greatly improved. The lower part of the pier filling layer may be unreinforced, but reinforcing bars may also be provided, and this can be changed as appropriate.

[0039] Furthermore, the present invention provides a bridge construction method for achieving the above objective, in which the aforementioned bridge is constructed, The process includes a bridge abutment construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment, The bridge abutment construction process is as follows: The abutment footing construction process involves constructing the aforementioned abutment footing, A precast concrete member installation process for the abutment, in which the abutment support columns and abutment cover plates are installed on the abutment footing, The system is configured to include a process of forming an abutment filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars with cast-in-place concrete to form an abutment filling layer.

[0040] According to this method, although the process of forming the abutment filling layer with cast-in-place concrete is required compared to conventional methods, the use of precast concrete abutment supports and precast concrete abutment covers allows these to be manufactured in a factory, improving construction efficiency compared to constructing the entire structure with cast-in-place concrete. Furthermore, in the abutment filling layer formation process, the precast concrete abutment supports and covers are assembled to the abutment footing, and concrete is filled into the resulting space. Since the abutment supports and covers are used as formwork, the formwork construction can be significantly reduced, thereby improving construction efficiency, shortening the construction period, and lowering costs. Other effects and benefits are the same as described above.

[0041] Furthermore, if necessary, during the installation process of the precast concrete members for the bridge abutment, the multiple abutment columns arranged in a row are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the abutment cover plates on both sides in the bridge axis direction are connected to each other with connecting bolts. This provides the same function and effect as described above.

[0042] Furthermore, in a bridge construction method for constructing a bridge equipped with the aforementioned bridge piers, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: The process of constructing the aforementioned pier footing, A precast concrete member installation step for a bridge pier, in which the bridge pier support and bridge pier cover plate are installed on the bridge pier footing, The system includes a pier filling layer formation process, in which cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports to form a pier filling layer.

[0043] Furthermore, in a bridge construction method for constructing a bridge equipped with bridge piers using the end plates, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: The process of constructing the aforementioned pier footing, A precast concrete member installation process for bridge piers, which involves installing the bridge pier support, bridge pier cover plate, and end plate onto the bridge pier footing, The system comprises a pier filling layer formation step, in which cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports to form a pier filling layer, and cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the pier support covered by the end plate to form another pier filling layer.

[0044] According to this method, although the process of forming the pier filling layer with cast-in-place concrete is required compared to conventional methods, the use of precast concrete pier supports and pier covering plates allows these to be manufactured in a factory, improving construction efficiency compared to constructing the entire structure with cast-in-place concrete. Furthermore, in the pier filling layer formation process, the precast concrete pier supports and pier covering plates are assembled into the pier footing, and concrete is filled into the resulting space. Since the pier supports and pier covering plates are used as formwork, the formwork construction can be significantly reduced, thereby improving construction efficiency, shortening the construction period, and lowering costs. Additionally, when end plates are provided, these end plates can also be manufactured in a factory, improving construction efficiency compared to constructing the entire structure with cast-in-place concrete. Furthermore, in the process of forming the bridge pier filling layer, concrete is also filled into the spaces formed by the precast concrete end plates. However, since the bridge pier supports and end plates are used as formwork, the formwork construction can be considerably reduced. This improves construction efficiency, shortens the construction period, and reduces costs. Other effects and benefits are the same as described above.

[0045] In this case, during the installation process of the precast concrete members for the bridge piers, it is effective to connect the multiple bridge pier supports arranged in a row with connecting bolts, and to connect the bridge pier covering plates on both sides in the bridge axis direction with connecting bolts. Furthermore, if end plates are provided, these end plates should also be fastened with connecting bolts. This will produce the same effects and benefits as described above.

[0046] Furthermore, in a bridge construction method for constructing a bridge equipped with abutments in which rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the abutment supports and embedded in the abutment footing, The process includes a bridge abutment construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment, The bridge abutment construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment footing, A precast concrete component installation step for a bridge abutment, in which the bridge abutment support and bridge abutment cover plate are installed on the formwork, the protruding portions of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars provided on the bridge abutment support face into the formwork, and the bridge abutment cover plate is fastened to the bridge abutment support, The abutment footing construction process involves pouring concrete into the formwork and curing it to construct the abutment footing, The system includes a step of forming an abutment filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars with cast-in-place concrete to form an abutment filling layer. This also produces the same effects and benefits as described above.

[0047] Furthermore, in this configuration, in the case of a bridge equipped with an abutment in which reinforcing bars are embedded on top of the abutment filling layer including the convex filling layer described above to form a bridge seat, the abutment construction process for constructing the abutment is provided. The bridge abutment construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment footing, A precast concrete component installation step for a bridge abutment, in which the bridge abutment support and bridge abutment cover plate are installed on the formwork, the protruding portions of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars provided on the bridge abutment support face into the formwork, and the bridge abutment cover plate is fastened to the bridge abutment support, The abutment footing construction process involves pouring concrete into the formwork and curing it to construct the abutment footing, The system comprises a bridge abutment filling layer formation step, in which cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the opposing faces of adjacent bridge abutment pillars to form a bridge abutment filling layer. The process of forming the bridge abutment filling layer is performed as follows: The lower filling layer formation process involves pouring concrete up to the required height in the space surrounded by the upper surface of the abutment footing, the opposing surfaces of adjacent abutment supports facing each other, and the inner surface of the abutment cover plate, and then curing it to form a lower filling layer. It is effective to configure the system to include an upper filling layer formation step, which involves arranging reinforcing bars on the upper surface of the lower filling layer, constructing a formwork for forming the convex filling layer, pouring concrete into the remaining space between the opposing faces of adjacent bridge abutment supports and curing it, thereby forming an upper filling layer including the convex filling layer. This produces the same effects and benefits as described above.

[0048] Furthermore, in a bridge construction method for constructing a bridge equipped with piers in which rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the pier support columns and embedded in the bridge footing, the method includes a pier construction step for constructing the piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge pier footing. A precast concrete member installation process for a bridge pier involves installing the bridge pier support and bridge pier cover plate onto the formwork, ensuring that the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars protruding from the bridge pier support face into the formwork, and fastening the bridge pier cover plate to the bridge pier support. The process of constructing a bridge pier footing involves pouring concrete into the aforementioned formwork, allowing it to cure, and constructing the bridge pier footing. The system includes a pier filling layer formation process, in which cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports to form a pier filling layer.

[0049] Furthermore, when providing an end plate with a protruding portion of a bar-shaped reinforcing bar, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge pier footing. A precast concrete member installation process for a bridge pier, comprising: installing the bridge pier support, bridge pier cover plate, and end plate onto the formwork, ensuring that the numerous protruding rod-shaped reinforcing bars on the bridge pier support face into the formwork, ensuring that the numerous protruding rod-shaped reinforcing bars on the end plate face into the formwork, and fastening the bridge pier cover plate and end plate to the bridge pier support; The process of constructing a bridge pier footing involves pouring concrete into the aforementioned formwork, allowing it to cure, and constructing the bridge pier footing. The system comprises a pier filling layer formation step, in which cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports to form a pier filling layer, and cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the pier support covered by the end plate to form another pier filling layer. The system achieves the same functions and effects as described above.

[0050] Furthermore, in these configurations, the pier filling layer formation process is performed as follows: The process involves pouring concrete up to the required height in the space where the cast-in-place concrete will be filled, curing it, and forming a lower filling layer. It is effective to include an upper filling layer formation step, in which reinforcing bars are placed on the upper surface of the lower filling layer, concrete is poured into the remaining space and cured, and the upper filling layer is formed. This produces the same effects and benefits as described above. [Effects of the Invention]

[0051] According to the present invention, in the completed bridge abutment, a concrete filling layer is formed in the space formed by the bridge abutment support and the bridge abutment cover plate. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces between the precast concrete, and the entire structure becomes solid. This significantly increases the strength compared to conventional methods, thereby improving the durability of the bridge. In particular, the lower ends of the bridge abutment support and the lower ends of the bridge abutment cover plate can be inserted into the retaining recess of the bridge abutment footing and held in place, making installation easier. Furthermore, since these are held in place by the retaining recess, the strength of the bridge abutment can be further increased. Moreover, in the bridge abutment footing, the lower ends of the bridge abutment support abut against the protrusion and are held in place, ensuring secure installation and reliable concrete filling of the space, and further increasing the strength of the bridge abutment. In particular, when three or more abutment columns are provided, the lower ends of the abutment columns located inside the pair of abutment columns located outside the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis will be fitted and supported in the fitting recesses formed between adjacent protrusions. This ensures even greater stability during installation, allows for reliable concrete filling of the space, and, because it is fitted and held in place, further increases the strength of the abutment.

[0052] Furthermore, according to the present invention, in the completed bridge pier, a concrete filling layer is formed in the space formed by the bridge pier support and the bridge pier cover plate. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces between the precast concrete, and the entire structure becomes solid. This significantly increases the strength compared to conventional methods, thereby improving the durability of the bridge. In particular, in the case of river bridges, if there is space within the bridge pier, the bridge pier is more likely to float up due to buoyancy during floods. However, this invention can withstand such floating, thus ensuring stability. In addition, the lower ends of the bridge pier support and the lower ends of the bridge pier cover plate can be embedded and held in the retaining recess of the bridge pier footing, making installation easier. Moreover, since these are held in place by the retaining recess, the strength of the bridge pier can be further increased. Furthermore, since the lower ends of the bridge pier support abut against the protrusion and are held in place, the installation and holding become more secure, ensuring that the concrete is properly filled into the space and further increasing the strength of the bridge pier. In particular, when three or more pier supports are provided, the lower ends of the pier supports located inside the pair of pier supports located outside the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis will be fitted and supported in the fitting recesses formed between adjacent protrusions. This ensures even greater stability during installation, allows for reliable concrete filling of the space, and, because it allows for fitting and retention, further increases the strength of the pier. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0053] [Figure 1] This figure shows a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2] This is a perspective view showing the bridge abutment of a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 3] This is a side view showing the installation state of the bridge abutment in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4] The abutment of a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown, with (a) being a front view and (b) being a front cross-sectional view. [Figure 5] This is an exploded perspective view showing the abutment of a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 6] This figure shows the construction process (a-d) of the bridge abutment in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 7] This figure shows the construction process (e,f) of the bridge abutment in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8] This is a perspective view showing a bridge pier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 9] This is a side view showing a bridge pier of a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 10] This is a front view showing a bridge pier of a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 11] This is a front cross-sectional view showing a bridge pier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 12] This is an exploded perspective view showing a bridge pier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 13] This diagram shows the construction process of a bridge pier in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 14] This is a perspective view showing another bridge abutment in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 15] In an embodiment of the present invention, the installation state of another bridge abutment is shown, where (a) is a side view and (b) is a side cross-sectional view. [Figure 16] In an embodiment of the present invention, another bridge abutment is shown, where (a) is a front view and (b) is a front cross-sectional view. [Figure 17] This is an exploded perspective view showing the bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention, before the construction of another bridge abutment. [Figure 18] This is a partially exploded perspective view showing the relationship between the reinforcing bars of the abutment footing and the rod-shaped reinforcing bars of the abutment support column in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 19] This figure shows the construction process (a-d) for another bridge abutment in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 20] This is a perspective view showing another bridge pier in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 21]This is a side view showing another bridge pier in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 22] In an embodiment of the present invention, another bridge pier is shown, where (a) is a front view and (b) is a front cross-sectional view. [Figure 23] This is an exploded perspective view showing the bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention, before the construction of another bridge pier. [Figure 24] This figure shows the construction process (a-d) for another bridge pier in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 25] This is a perspective view showing yet another example of a bridge pier in a bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 26] The present invention relates to a modified example of a bridge according to an embodiment, where (a) and (b) are plan views showing the abutment support or pier support of the modified example in its assembled state, and (c) is a plan view showing the pier support of the modified end perpendicular to the bridge axis in its assembled state. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0054] The following describes in detail, based on the attached drawings, a bridge and a bridge construction method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 1, the bridge B according to this embodiment is an example of a river bridge and comprises an abutment D constructed on the ground of the riverbank Ra of the river R and supporting the superstructure S including the bridge seat and deck slab, and a pier K constructed on the ground of the middle channel Rb of the river R and supporting the superstructure S together with the abutment D. First, the structure of the abutment D and the pier K will be described.

[0055] <Bridge abutment D> As shown in Figures 1 to 7, the abutment D is composed of a so-called reinforced concrete abutment footing 1 constructed in place with cast-in-place concrete containing reinforcing bars (not shown) in the ground of the riverbank Ra; a plurality of (three in this embodiment) precast concrete abutment support columns 10 erected and supported on the abutment footing 1 and arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; a plurality of precast concrete abutment cover plates 11 that each cover a pair of outer surfaces formed by the abutment support columns 10 erected and supported on the abutment footing 1 and arranged in rows along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; and an abutment filling layer 20 formed by filling the space E (Figure 6(c)) surrounded by the upper surface of the abutment footing 1, the opposing surfaces of adjacent abutment support columns 10 facing each other, and the inner surfaces of the abutment cover plates 11 with cast-in-place concrete. Reinforcing bars are used in the abutment footing 1, but in this embodiment, the abutment filling layer 20 is unreinforced. Of course, it is also acceptable to use reinforcing bars.

[0056] Furthermore, multiple abutment columns 10 arranged in a row are connected to each other by connecting bolts 12, and the abutment cover plates 11 on both sides in the bridge axis direction are also connected to each other by connecting bolts 12. PC steel materials consisting of PC steel bars or PC steel strands can be used as connecting bolts 12. In the connecting bolts 12 that connect the abutment columns 10 to each other, multiple (2) connecting bolts 12 are arranged in parallel along the bridge axis direction on the lower end and upper end sides of the abutment column 10. In addition, a pair of connecting bolts 12 that connect together with the partition plate 15 are also provided at the upper part of the abutment column 10, which will be described later. On the lower end side of the abutment column 10, it is connected together with the protrusion 5 of the abutment footing 1, which will be described later. A sheath pipe 13 through which the connecting bolts 12 are inserted is embedded in the protrusion 5 during its construction. Furthermore, in the connecting bolts 12 that connect the abutment cover plates 11 to each other, multiple connecting bolts 12 are arranged in parallel on the lower and upper ends of the abutment cover plates 11, respectively, along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. These abutment cover plates 11 are connected via the abutment columns 10. Two connecting bolts 12 are provided on the upper and lower ends of the abutment columns 10. Also, on the lower end of the abutment cover plate 11, it is connected together with the protruding portion 4 of the abutment footing 1, which will be described later. A sheath pipe (not shown) through which the connecting bolts 12 are inserted is embedded in the protruding portion 4 during its construction. The abutment columns 10 and the abutment cover plates 11 are pre-made with holes for inserting the connecting bolts 12 during factory manufacturing. Note that the abutment cover plates 11 can also be fastened with anchors as described later instead of connecting bolts 12.

[0057] More specifically, the abutment footing 1 is constructed on-site at the target location of the riverbank Ra by driving piles into the ground, assembling formwork, placing reinforcing bars (not shown) inside the formwork, pouring concrete, and curing it. The abutment footing 1 has a retaining recess 2 into which the lower ends of the abutment support column 10 and the lower ends of the abutment cover plate 11 are embedded, and the lower ends of the abutment support column 10 are held in place by being pressed from both sides in the bridge axis direction via the lower ends of the abutment cover plate 11. The retaining recess 2 is formed to a size into which the lower ends of the abutment support column 10 and the lower ends of the abutment cover plate 11 are embedded, and the lower ends of the abutment cover plate 11 are pressed from both sides in the bridge axis direction and held together with the lower ends of the abutment support column 10. In this embodiment, the abutment footing 1 is provided with a base portion 3 on the ground side and two protruding ridge portions 4 that are formed to protrude from the base portion 3, have a rectangular cross-section with their longitudinal direction aligned perpendicular to the bridge axis, and are spaced apart from each other by a required distance. The retaining recess 2 is formed between the inner surfaces of the two protruding ridge portions 4. Furthermore, a protrusion 5 is integrally formed on the upper surface of the base portion 3 within the retaining recess 2, which is provided between the lower ends of adjacent abutment columns 10, and the opposing surfaces of these lower ends abut against each other. As a result, the lower end of the central abutment column 10, which is located inside the pair of abutment columns 10 located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, is fitted and supported in a fitting recess 6 formed between adjacent protrusions 5.

[0058] Furthermore, the abutment support column 10 is formed in the shape of a rectangular plate with a general surface (opposing surface) along the bridge axis direction, and a notch portion 14 is formed on the inner side of its upper end in the bridge axis direction, having a support surface 14a that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure S and an opposing surface 14b that faces the end surface of the superstructure S. The outer side of the upper end of the abutment support column 10 in the bridge axis direction is configured as a protruding plate portion 18 that constitutes the notch portion 14. In addition, in this embodiment, a precast concrete partition plate 15 is provided which has a surface that faces the end surface of the end of the superstructure S and is flush with the opposing surface 14b of the notch portion 14, and is interposed between adjacent abutment support columns 10. The partition plate 15 is provided at the top and fastened to the abutment support column 10 by connecting bolts 12 that connect the abutment support columns 10. The abutment cover plate 11 is formed in the shape of a rectangular plate that covers a pair of outer surface portions formed by the abutment support column 10 along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Here, the outer surface refers to the surface formed on the riverbank Ra side by the side surface of the multiple rows of abutment support columns 10 on the riverbank Ra side and the plane between adjacent abutment support columns 10 along this side surface. On the middle channel Rb side, it refers to the surface formed by the side surface of the multiple rows of abutment support columns 10 on the middle channel Rb side and the plane between adjacent abutment support columns 10 along this side surface. The abutment support columns 10, abutment cover plates 11, and partition plates 15 are pre-molded in the factory. As described above, the abutment support columns 10, abutment cover plates 11, and partition plates 15 are pre-made with insertion holes for connecting bolts 12 during factory manufacturing.

[0059] In the abutment D according to this embodiment, cast-in-place concrete is filled between the partition plate 15 and the abutment cover plate 11 on the outer side in the bridge axis direction to form a convex filling layer 21 of the abutment filling layer 20. The upper end surface of the abutment cover plate 11 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer 20 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction are formed flush with the support surface 14a of the notch 14, and a bridge seat portion Da is formed on the upper part of the axial inner side of the abutment D, having a bridge seat surface 16 that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure S and an upright surface 17 that faces the end surface of the superstructure S.

[0060] <Bridge Pier K> As shown in Figures 1, 8 to 13, the pier K is composed of a pier footing 30 made of so-called reinforced concrete, which is constructed in the ground of the middle channel Rb using cast-in-place concrete including reinforcing bars (not shown); a plurality of (three in this embodiment) precast concrete pier supports 40 that are erected and supported on the pier footing 30 and arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; a plurality of precast concrete pier cover plates 41 that cover each of the pair of outer surfaces formed by the plurality of pier supports 40 that are erected and supported on the pier footing 30 and arranged in rows along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; and a pier filling layer 50 formed by filling the space E (Figure 13(c)) surrounded by the upper surface of the pier footing 30, the opposing surfaces of adjacent pier supports 40 that face each other, and the inner surfaces of the pier cover plates 41 with cast-in-place concrete. While reinforcing bars are used in the pier footing 30, in this embodiment, the pier filling layer 50 is unreinforced. Of course, reinforcing bars may also be used.

[0061] Furthermore, the pier K is erected and supported on the pier footing 30 and connected to the pier cover plate 41, and is equipped with a pair of precast concrete end plates 42 that cover the surfaces of a pair of pier supports 40 located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis that are exposed in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. The end plates 42 are formed to be convexly curved outward in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. In addition, the end plates 42 are formed to have an extended portion that covers the side surface of the pier supports 40 located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, together with the pier cover plate 41 connected to them. A separate pier filling layer 50 is provided in the space E (Figure 13(c)) surrounded by the upper surface of the pier footing 30, the inner surface of the end plates 42, and the surface of the pier supports 40 covered by the end plates 42, which is filled with cast-in-place concrete.

[0062] Furthermore, multiple pier supports 40 and end plates 42 arranged in a row are connected to each other by connecting bolts 43, and the pier cover plates 41 on both sides in the axial direction are also connected to each other by connecting bolts 43 via the pier supports 40. In addition, the extended portion of the end plate 42 on the pier cover plate 41 side connected to it is also connected to the pier support 40 by connecting bolts 43. PC steel materials consisting of PC steel bars or PC steel strands can be used as connecting bolts 43. In the connecting bolts 43 that connect the pier supports 40 to each other, multiple (2) connecting bolts 43 are arranged in parallel along the axial direction on the lower end and upper end sides of the pier supports 40. On the lower end side of the pier supports 40, they are connected together with the protruding portion 33, the convex portion 35 and the end plate 42 of the pier footing 30, which will be described later. Sheath pipes 44 through which the connecting bolts 43 are inserted are embedded in the protruding portion 33 and the convex portion 35 during their construction. Furthermore, the bridge pier cover plate 41 and end plate 42 can also be fastened with anchors as described later, instead of connecting bolts 43.

[0063] Furthermore, in the pier cover plate 41, two connecting bolts 43 are provided at the top and bottom of each pier cover plate 41, attached to the pier support 40. At the bottom of the pier cover plate 41, it is connected to the pier footing 30 with the protruding portion 33, which will be described later, by the connecting bolts 43. A sheath pipe (not shown) through which the connecting bolts 43 are inserted is embedded in the protruding portion 33 during its construction. In addition, in the end plate 42, two connecting bolts 43 are provided at the top and bottom of each end plate 42, attached to the pier support 40. The pier support 40, pier cover plate 41, and end plate 42 are pre-filled with holes for inserting the connecting bolts 43 during factory manufacturing.

[0064] More specifically, the pier footing 30 is constructed on-site by driving piles into the ground, assembling formwork, placing reinforcing bars inside the formwork, pouring concrete, and curing it. The lower end of the pier support 40, the lower end of the pier cover plate 41, and the lower end of the end plate 42 are recessed into the pier footing 30, and a retaining recess 31 is formed therein that holds the lower end of the pier support 40 by pressing it from both sides in the bridge axis direction via the lower end of the pier cover plate 41. The retaining recess 31 is formed to accommodate the lower end of the pier support 40, the lower end of the pier cover plate 41, and the lower end of the end plate 42, and holds the lower end of the pier cover plate 41 together with the lower end of the pier support 40 by pressing it from both sides in the bridge axis direction, and also presses the lower end of the end plate 42 from the outside.

[0065] In this embodiment, the pier footing 30 comprises a base portion 32 on the ground side and a projection 33 formed on the base portion 32, with a retaining recess 31 formed in the projection 33. Furthermore, a convex portion 35 is integrally formed on the upper surface of the base portion 32 within the retaining recess 31, provided between the lower ends of adjacent pier supports 40, having the same width as the width of the pier supports 40 in the bridge axis direction, and contacting the opposing surfaces of the lower ends. As a result, the lower end of the central pier support 40, which is located inside the pair of pier supports 40 located outward in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, is fitted and supported in a fitting recess 34 formed between adjacent convex portions 35.

[0066] Furthermore, the pier support 40 is formed in a rectangular shape with a general surface (opposing surface) along the bridge axis direction. The pier cover plate 41 covers each of the pair of outer surfaces formed by the pier support 40 along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and is formed in a rectangular plate shape. The outer surface refers to the surface formed by the sides of the pier support 40, which are formed on the left and right sides along the bridge axis and arranged in multiple rows, and the plane between adjacent pier support 40 along these sides. This outer surface may be covered with a single pier cover plate, but in this embodiment, multiple pier cover plates 41 (two in this embodiment) are installed in series to cover each outer surface. The pier support 40, pier cover plate 41 and end plate 42 are pre-molded in the factory. As described above, the pier support 40, pier cover plate 41 and end plate 42 are pre-made with insertion holes for connecting bolts 43 during factory manufacturing.

[0067] Next, a method for constructing bridge B according to this embodiment will be described. This method for constructing bridge B comprises an abutment construction step for constructing abutment D and a pier construction step for constructing pier K. Each step will be described below.

[0068] <Bridge abutment construction process> (1) Construction process of abutment footing As shown in Figure 6(a), in the target area of ​​the riverbank Ra, piles are driven into the ground on-site, formwork is assembled, reinforcing bars and sheath pipes are placed inside the formwork, concrete is poured in, and the structure is constructed by curing.

[0069] (2) Installation process of precast concrete members for bridge abutments Next, as shown in Figures 6(b) and 6(c), the abutment posts 10 and abutment covers 11 are installed on the abutment footing 1. In this step, the abutment posts 10 are erected and supported in the retaining recesses 2 of the abutment footing 1, arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and a pair of abutment covers 11 are erected and supported, covering the outer surface on the riverbank Ra side and the outer surface on the middle channel Rb side, respectively. The abutment posts 10 are connected with connecting bolts 12, and the abutment covers 11 are connected to the abutment posts 10 with connecting bolts 12. In this case, the lower ends of the abutment posts 10 and the lower ends of the abutment covers 11 can be embedded in the retaining recesses 2 and held in place, making installation easier. In addition, the lower ends of the abutment posts 10 will be in contact with the protrusions 5 and held in place, ensuring secure installation. In particular, the central abutment support column 10 fits into the fitting recess 6 of the retaining recess 2, making the retention even more secure.

[0070] (3) Bridge abutment filling layer formation process (3-1) Formation of the general part of the abutment filling layer As shown in Figures 6(c) and 6(d), cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the retaining recess 2 of the abutment footing 1, the opposing surfaces of adjacent abutment support columns 10 facing each other, and the inner surface of the abutment cover plate 11 to form the general part of the abutment filling layer 20. As shown in Figure 6(d), the concrete is filled so as to be flush with the upper end surface of the abutment cover plate 11 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction and the bearing surface 14a of the notch 14 of the abutment support column 10. The general part of the abutment filling layer 20 is made of unreinforced concrete, but reinforcing bars can be placed in space E as needed. In this case, the lower ends of the abutment support columns 10 and the abutment cover plate 11 are held in the retaining recess 2, and the abutment support columns 10 and the abutment cover plate 11 are connected and fixed with connecting bolts 12, so the holding is strong and the concrete filling can be carried out reliably. In particular, the lower end of the abutment support column 10 abuts against the protrusion 5 and is held in place, the central abutment support column 10 fits into the fitting recess 6, and the abutment cover plate 11 is also held down by the protrusion 5, so the holding is even stronger and concrete filling can be carried out reliably.

[0071] Furthermore, in this case, the work of forming the abutment filling layer 20 with cast-in-place concrete is required, but since precast concrete abutment columns 10 and precast concrete abutment cover plates 11 are used, they can be manufactured in a factory, and construction efficiency can be maintained to a considerable extent. Also, concrete is filled into the space E formed by these, but since the abutment columns 10 and abutment cover plates 11 are used as formwork, the formwork work can be omitted to a considerable extent, thereby improving construction efficiency. After this process, the abutment D is completed after curing.

[0072] (3-2) Formation of the upper part of the abutment filling layer (construction process of the upper part of the abutment) As shown in Figures 7(e) and 7(f), a precast concrete partition plate 15 is placed on the upper surface of the general part of the abutment filling layer 20 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction between adjacent abutment pillars 10. The partition plate 15 is fastened to the abutment pillars 10 at the top by connecting bolts 12 that connect the abutment pillars 10. Next, cast-in-place concrete is filled between the partition plate 15 and the abutment cover plate 11 on the outer side in the bridge axis direction and cured. This forms the convex filling layer 21 of the abutment filling layer 20. The upper end surface of the abutment cover plate 11 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer 20 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction are formed flush with the support surface 14a of the notch 14, so a bridge seat Da is formed on the upper part on the inner side in the bridge axis direction, consisting of a bridge seat surface 16 that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure S and an upright surface 17 made of the surface of the partition plate 15 that faces the end surface of the superstructure S. Although the convex filling layer 21 is made of unreinforced concrete, reinforcing bars can be placed in it if necessary.

[0073] <Bridge pier construction process> (1) Bridge pier footing construction process As shown in Figure 13(a), in the target area of ​​the ground in the middle path Rb, formwork is assembled on site in the ground, reinforcing bars and sheath pipes are placed inside the formwork, concrete is poured in, and the structure is constructed by curing.

[0074] (2) Process for installing precast concrete members for bridge piers Next, as shown in Figures 13(b) and 13(c), the pier supports 40, pier cover plates 41, and end plates 42 are installed on the pier footing 30. In this step, the pier supports 40 are erected and supported in the retaining recesses 31 of the pier footing 30, arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Multiple (four in this embodiment) pier cover plates 41 are erected and supported to cover the left and right outer surfaces, and a pair of end plates 42 are erected and supported. The pier supports 40 and the end plates 42 are connected with connecting bolts 43, and the pier cover plates 41 and end plates 42 are also connected via the pier supports 40 using connecting bolts 43. In this case, the lower ends of the pier supports 40, the pier cover plates 41, and the end plates 42 can be embedded and held in the retaining recesses 31, making installation easier. Furthermore, since the lower end of the pier support 40 abuts against the protrusion 35 and is held in place, the installation and retention are made more secure. In particular, the central pier support 40 fits into the fitting recess 34, making the retention even more secure.

[0075] (3) Pier filling layer formation process As shown in Figures 13(c) and 13(d), cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the retaining recess 31 of the pier footing 30, the opposing surfaces of adjacent pier supports 40 facing each other, and the inner surface of the pier cover plate 41 to form a pier filling layer 50. In addition, cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the retaining recess 31 of the pier footing 30, the inner surface of the end plate 42, and the surface of the pier support 40 covered by the end plate 42 to form another pier filling layer 50. The pier filling layer 50 is made of unreinforced concrete, but reinforcing bars can be placed in space E as needed. In this case, the lower ends of the pier support 40, pier cover plate 41, and end plate 42 are held in the retaining recess 31, and the pier support 40 and end plate 42 are connected by connecting bolts 43, and the pier cover plate 41 and end plate 42 are also connected and fixed via the pier support 40 by connecting bolts 43, so the retention is strong and concrete filling can be carried out reliably. In particular, the lower end of the pier support 40 abuts against the protrusion 35, the central pier support 40 is fitted into the fitting recess 34 and held, and the pier cover plate 41 is also pressed down by the protrusion 35, so the retention is even stronger and concrete filling can be carried out reliably.

[0076] Furthermore, in this case, the work of forming the pier filling layer 50 with cast-in-place concrete is required, but since precast concrete pier supports 40, precast concrete pier covering plates 41, and precast concrete end plates 42 are used, these can be manufactured in a factory, and construction efficiency can be maintained to a considerable extent. Also, concrete is filled into the space E formed by these, but since the pier supports 40, pier covering plates 41, and end plates 42 are used as formwork, the formwork work can be omitted to a considerable extent, thereby improving construction efficiency. After this process, the pier K is completed after curing.

[0077] In the construction of this bridge B, once the abutment D and pier K are completed, the superstructure S is installed as shown in Figures 1, 3, and 9. As shown in Figure 3, at abutment D, the end of the superstructure S is supported by a notched bridge seat Da, which ensures reliable support for the superstructure S and increases its support strength. In Figure 3, the symbol F is a stepping plate installed on the riverbank Ra from the upper end of abutment D, and the symbol Fa is a spacer made of cast-in-place concrete that fills the gap between the end of the superstructure S and the end of the stepping plate F. In this way, bridge B is constructed.

[0078] In the constructed bridge B, at abutment D, a concrete abutment filling layer 20 is formed in the space E formed by the abutment support column 10 and the abutment cover plate 11. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces between the precast concrete, and the entire structure becomes solid. Therefore, the strength can be significantly increased compared to conventional methods, thereby improving the durability of bridge B. In addition, the lower ends of the abutment support column 10 and the lower ends of the abutment cover plate 11 can be embedded and held in the retaining recess 2, which also increases the strength of abutment D.

[0079] Furthermore, in the pier K, a concrete pier filling layer 50 is formed in the space E formed by the pier support 40 and the pier cover plate 41, and in the space E formed by the pier support 40 and the end plate 42 located on the outside perpendicular to the bridge axis. As a result, there are no gaps or spaces throughout the pier K, and the entire structure becomes solid. This significantly increases the strength compared to conventional structures, thereby improving the durability of the bridge B. In particular, if there are spaces within the pier K, the pier K is more likely to float up due to buoyancy during floods, but this structure can withstand such floating, thus ensuring stability. In addition, the lower end of the pier support 40, the lower end of the pier cover plate 41, and the lower end of the end plate 42 can be immersed and held in the retaining recess 31, which also increases the strength of the pier K.

[0080] Furthermore, the end plate 42 located on the outer side perpendicular to the bridge axis is curved convexly outward in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, which allows the resistance from the river flow R to be released to the left and right, thereby reducing the load on the bridge pier K.

[0081] Next, in the case of bridge B according to the embodiment, another form of abutment D is shown. <Bridge abutment D> As shown in Figures 14 to 19, another form of abutment D is constructed in the same manner as described above, comprising: an abutment footing 1 made of so-called reinforced concrete, which is constructed in the riverbank Ra ground with cast-in-place concrete including reinforcing bars TA; a plurality of (three in this embodiment) precast concrete abutment supports 10 that are erected and supported on the abutment footing 1 and arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; a plurality of precast concrete abutment covering plates 11 that are erected and supported on the abutment footing 1 and provided along a pair of outer surfaces formed by the plurality of abutment supports 10 along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; and an abutment filling layer 20 formed by filling the space E between the opposing surfaces of adjacent abutment supports 10 with cast-in-place concrete.

[0082] Unlike the aforementioned abutment D, no connecting bolts 12 are used, and the abutment cover plate 11 is fastened to the abutment support column 10 with anchors 60. As anchors 60, for example, so-called SB anchors can be used, which are inserted through holes 61 formed in the abutment cover plate 11 into receiving holes 62 formed in the abutment support column and fixed with adhesive. An appropriate number of anchors 60 are provided at required intervals along the vertical direction on both sides of each abutment cover plate 11.

[0083] Furthermore, the abutment support 10 is pre-equipped with numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB, each having a protruding portion TBa at its upper end embedded inside and its lower end protruding downward from the bottom surface. The protruding portions TBa of these rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB are embedded in the abutment footing 1. The lower ends of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB are bent at approximately a right angle. In addition, in the precast concrete of the abutment support 10 and the abutment cover plate 11, reinforcing bars other than the rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB are omitted.

[0084] Furthermore, a notch 14 is formed on the inner side of the upper end of the abutment column 10 in the bridge axis direction, having a support surface 14a that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure S and an opposing surface 14b that faces the end surface of the superstructure S. The outer side of the upper end of the abutment column 10 in the bridge axis direction is configured as a veneer portion 18 that constitutes the notch 14. Each abutment cover plate 11 is formed at a height that exposes the veneer portion 18. The abutment filling layer 20 between adjacent veneer portions 18 is configured as a convex filling layer 21, and reinforcing bars TC are embedded in the upper part of the abutment filling layer 20 including this convex filling layer 21. As a result, the upper end surface of the abutment cover plate 20 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer 20 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction are formed flush with the support surface 14a of the notch 14, the front surface of the convex filling layer 21 on the inner side in the bridge axis direction is formed flush with the opposing surface of the notch 14, and a bridge seat Da is formed on the upper part on the inner side in the bridge axis direction, having a bridge seat surface 16 that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure S and an upright surface 17 that faces the end surface of the superstructure S. The other configurations are the same as above. The lower part of the abutment filling layer 20 is unreinforced, but reinforcing bars may be embedded, and modifications may be made as appropriate.

[0085] Next, we will describe the abutment construction process for constructing this alternative form of abutment D. <Bridge abutment construction process> (1) Formwork construction process As shown in Figures 17 and 18, formwork WA containing reinforcing bars TA is constructed for building the abutment footing 1. The top surface of formwork WA is left open.

[0086] (2) Installation process of precast concrete members for bridge abutments As shown in Figure 19(a), the abutment support column 10 and the abutment cover plate 11 are installed on the formwork WA, with the protruding portions TBa of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB on the abutment support column 10 facing into the formwork WA, and the abutment cover plate 11 is fastened to the abutment support column 10 with anchors 60. The lower ends of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB on the abutment support column 10 are bent at approximately a right angle, so the abutment support column 10 is supported by the ground by these rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB. The abutment cover plate 11 is also supported by the reinforcing bars TA. In this case, fastening can be done with anchors 60 instead of using connecting bolts 12 as described above, thereby improving manufacturing efficiency and construction efficiency.

[0087] (3) Construction process of abutment footing As shown in Figure 19(a), concrete is poured into the formwork WA. The concrete is supplied and injected from above the formwork WA and from above the space formed by the abutment support 10 and the abutment cover plate 11 using a hose or the like. After the concrete is poured, it is allowed to cure. As shown in Figure 19(b), when the formwork WA is removed, the abutment footing 1 is constructed.

[0088] (4) Abutment filling layer formation process The space E between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars 10 is filled with cast-in-place concrete to form the abutment filling layer 20. This process is carried out in the following two steps.

[0089] (4-1) Lower packed layer formation process As shown in Figures 19(b) and 19(c), concrete is poured and cured up to the required height in the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the abutment footing 1, the opposing surfaces of adjacent abutment support columns 10, and the inner surface of the abutment cover plate 11, forming an unreinforced lower filling layer 20a. In this case, in particular, the lower end of the abutment support column 10 is held by the protrusion 5 in the retaining recess 2, and the abutment cover plate 11 is also pressed down by the protrusion 5, so the layer retention is strong and concrete filling can be carried out reliably.

[0090] (4-2) Upper packed layer formation process As shown in Figure 19(d), reinforcing bars TC are placed on the upper surface of the lower filling layer 20a, and formwork WB is constructed to form the convex filling layer 21. Then, concrete is poured into the remaining space between the opposing faces of the adjacent abutment pillars 10 and allowed to cure. This forms the upper filling layer 20b, including the convex filling layer 21, and the abutment D is completed.

[0091] With this alternative abutment D constructed in this manner, as shown in Figures 15 and 16, the protruding portion TBa of the rod-shaped reinforcing bar TB of the abutment support column 10 is embedded in the abutment footing 1, thereby significantly increasing the support strength of the abutment column 10. This increases the strength of the abutment D, greatly improving its stability and durability. Furthermore, since reinforcing bars TC are embedded in the upper part of the abutment filling layer 20, which includes the convex filling layer 21, this also increases the strength of the abutment D, greatly improving its stability and durability. Other functions and effects are the same as described above.

[0092] Next, we will show another form of bridge pier K in the bridge B according to the embodiment. <Bridge Pier K> As shown in Figures 20 to 24, another form of pier K is constructed in the same manner as described above, comprising a pier footing 30 constructed in place with cast-in-place concrete including reinforcing bars TA in the ground of the central path Rb; a plurality of (three in this embodiment) precast concrete pier supports 40 erected and supported on the pier footing 30 and arranged in rows at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; a plurality of precast concrete pier cover plates 41 that cover each of the pair of outer surfaces formed by the plurality of pier supports 40 erected and supported on the pier footing 30 and arranged in rows along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis; and a pier filling layer 50 formed by filling the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the pier footing 30, the opposing surfaces of adjacent pier supports 40 facing each other, and the inner surfaces of the pier cover plates 41 with cast-in-place concrete.

[0093] Furthermore, the pier K is erected and supported on the pier footing 30 and connected to the pier cover plate 41, and is equipped with a pair of precast concrete end plates 42 that cover the surfaces of a pair of pier supports 40 located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis that are exposed in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. The end plates 42 are formed to be convexly curved outward in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. In addition, the end plates 42 are formed to have an extended portion that covers the side surface of the pier supports 40 located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis together with the pier cover plate 41 connected to them. A separate pier filling layer 50 is provided in the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the pier footing 30, the inner surface of the end plates 42, and the surface of the pier supports 40 covered by the end plates 42, which is filled with cast-in-place concrete. The pier footing 30 is provided with a convex portion 35 interposed in the lower part between the inner surface of the end plates 42 and the surface of the pier supports 40 covered by the end plates 42.

[0094] Unlike the aforementioned pier K, no connecting bolts 12 are used, and the pier cover plates 41 and end plates 42 are fastened to the pier support columns 40 with anchors 60. As anchors 60, for example, so-called SB anchors can be used, which are inserted through holes 61 formed in the pier cover plates 41 and end plates 42 into receiving holes 62 formed in the pier support columns 40 and then fixed with adhesive. The anchors 60 are provided in appropriate numbers at required intervals along the vertically aligned edges of both pier cover plates 41 and end plates 42.

[0095] Furthermore, as shown in Figure 23, the pier support 40 and end plate 42 are pre-equipped with numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB, each having a protruding portion TBa at its upper end that is embedded internally and the lower end that protrudes downward from the bottom surface. The protruding portion TBa of these rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB is embedded in the pier footing 30. The lower end of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB is bent at approximately a right angle. In addition, reinforcing bars TC are embedded in the upper part of the pier filling layer 50. Note that in the precast concrete of the pier support 40, pier cover plate 41, and end plate 42, reinforcing bars other than rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB are omitted. Also, the lower part of the pier filling layer 50 is unreinforced, but reinforcing bars may be embedded there, and this can be changed as appropriate.

[0096] Next, we will describe the pier construction process for constructing this alternative form of pier K. <Bridge pier construction process> (1) Formwork construction process As shown in Figure 23, formwork WA containing reinforcing bars TA for constructing the pier footing 30 is constructed. The top surface of formwork WA is left open.

[0097] (2) Process for installing precast concrete members for bridge piers As shown in Figure 24(a), the pier support 40, pier cover plate 41, and end plate 42 are installed on the formwork WA, with the protruding portions TBa of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB on the pier support 40 and end plate 42 facing into the formwork WA, and the pier cover plate 41 and end plate 42 are fastened to the pier support 40 with anchors 60. The lower ends of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB on the pier support 40 and end plate 42 are bent at approximately a right angle, so the pier support 40 and end plate 42 are supported by the ground by these rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB. The pier cover plate 41 is also supported by the reinforcing bars TA. In this case, fastening can be done with anchors 60 instead of using connecting bolts 12 as described above, thereby improving manufacturing efficiency and construction efficiency.

[0098] (3) Construction process of bridge pier footings As shown in Figure 24(a), concrete is poured into the formwork WA. The concrete is supplied and injected from above the formwork WA, and from above the space formed by the pier support 40 and the pier cover plate 41, and from above the space formed by the pier support 40 and the end plate 42, using a hose or the like. After the concrete is poured, it is allowed to cure. As shown in Figure 24(b), when the formwork WA is removed, the pier footing 30 is constructed.

[0099] (4) Pier filling layer formation process Cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space E between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports 40 to form a pier filling layer 50, and cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space E between the inner surface of the end plate 42 and the surface of the pier support 40 covered by the end plate 42 to form another pier filling layer 50. This process is carried out in the following two steps.

[0100] (4-1) Lower packed layer formation process As shown in Figures 24(b) and 24(c), concrete is poured and cured up to the required height in the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the pier footing 30, the opposing surfaces of adjacent pier supports 40, and the inner surface of the pier cover plate 41. Concrete is also poured and cured up to the required height in the space E surrounded by the upper surface of the pier footing 30, the inner surface of the end plate 42, the surface of the pier support 40 covered by the end plate 42, and the inner surface of the pier cover plate 41, forming an unreinforced lower filling layer 50a. In this case, in particular, in the retaining recess 31, the lower ends of the pier support 40 and the end plate 42 are held by the protrusion 35, and the pier cover plate 41 is also pressed down by the protrusion 35, so the retention is even stronger and concrete filling can be ensured.

[0101] (4-2) Upper packed layer formation process As shown in Figure 24(d), reinforcing bars TC are placed on the upper surface of the lower filling layer 50a, and concrete is poured into the remaining space and allowed to cure. This forms the upper filling layer 50b, completing the bridge pier K.

[0102] With this alternative pier K constructed in this manner, as shown in Figures 21 and 22, the protruding portions TBa of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars TB of the pier support 40 and end plate 42 are embedded in the pier footing 30. This significantly increases the support strength of the pier support 40 and end plate 42, thereby increasing the strength of pier K and greatly improving its stability and durability. Furthermore, since reinforcing bars TC are embedded in the upper part of the pier filling layer 50, this also increases the strength of pier D, greatly improving its stability and durability. Other functions and effects are the same as described above.

[0103] In the above embodiment, the number of abutment supports 10 and pier supports 40, and the number of abutment covering plates 11 and pier covering plates 41 are not limited to the numbers described above. As shown in Figure 25, for example, in the case of pier K, the number of pier supports 40 may be set to 5 and the number of pier covering plates 41 to 6 (3 on each side), and these can be changed as appropriate. Also, in the above embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of the abutment supports 10 and pier supports 40 is formed to be rectangular, but this is not necessarily limited to this. For example, as shown in Figure 26(a), the cross-section may be circular, or as shown in Figure 26(b), the cross-section may be hexagonal, and any shape is acceptable, and these can be changed as appropriate. Furthermore, in the above embodiment, end plates 42 are provided on pier K, but this is not necessarily limited to this. In the case of piers for land use rather than rivers, they do not need to be provided. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 26(c), for example, instead of the end plate 42, an end support column 70 specifically for the end, which has an outer surface that is curved outward in a convex direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, may be provided, and modifications may be made as appropriate.

[0104] Furthermore, in the bridge B according to the above embodiment, a different abutment D (Figure 14) may be used in combination with the previously shown pier K (Figure 8), and this can be changed as appropriate depending on conditions such as the river R. Also, although the bridge B according to the above embodiment is equipped with a pier K, it is not necessarily limited to this, and depending on conditions such as the river R, it is not necessary to provide a pier K, and this can be changed as appropriate.

[0105] Furthermore, in the bridge B according to the above embodiment, the abutment D according to the present invention was applied to all abutments and the pier K according to the present invention was applied to all piers. However, the invention is not necessarily limited to this, and it may be applied to some of the abutments D or to some of the piers, and modifications may be made as appropriate. For example, in the case of a river bridge using conventional abutments and bridges, if some of the abutments or piers are damaged due to a disaster or the like, these damaged abutments or piers may be rebuilt. In such cases, the abutments or piers according to the present invention can be applied to some of the abutments or piers.

[0106] Furthermore, although the above embodiment shows a river bridge as bridge B, it is not necessarily limited to this, and any type of bridge may be used, such as an overpass, railway overpass, or elevated bridge, and of course, any type of bridge may be used, such as for roads, railways, or pipelines. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and those skilled in the art can easily make many modifications to these illustrative embodiments without substantially departing from the novel teachings and effects of the present invention, and many of these modifications fall within the scope of the present invention. [Explanation of symbols]

[0107] B Bridge R river Ra river bank Rb Nakamichi Abutment D Da Bridge Seat Section K Bridge Pier S Superstructure F Stepping board Fa Spacer E space 1. Abutment footing 2 Retaining recess 3. Base section 4. Convex part 5. Convex part 6. Fitting recess 10 Abutment pillars 11. Abutment covering plate 12 connecting bolts 13 Sheath tube 14 Notch 14a Bearing surface 14b Opposite surface 15 partition plates 16 Bridge seat 17 Erection surface 18 Veneer section 20 Abutment filling layer 20a Lower packed layer 20b Upper packed bed 21 Convex packed layer 30 Bridge pier footings 31 Retaining recess 32 Base section 33 Protrusion 34 Fitting recess 35 Convex part 40 Bridge pier supports 41 Bridge pier covering plate 42 End plate 43 Connecting bolts 44 Sheathed tube 50 Pier filling layer 50a Lower packed layer 50b Upper packed bed 60 Anchors 61 Through hole 62 receiving holes TA rebar TB Bar-shaped reinforcing bars TBa protruding section TC rebar WA formwork WB formwork 70 End strut

Claims

1. In a bridge equipped with abutments supporting the superstructure, The aforementioned bridge abutment, Bridge abutment footings are constructed with cast-in-place concrete containing reinforcing bars in the ground, Multiple precast concrete abutment columns are erected and supported on the abutment footing and arranged in a row at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, Multiple precast concrete abutment covering plates are erected and supported on the abutment footing and are provided along each of the pair of outer surfaces that are perpendicular to the bridge axis formed by the multiple abutment columns, The structure comprises an abutment filling layer formed by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars with cast-in-place concrete, A bridge characterized in that the abutment footing has a retaining recess into which the lower end of the abutment support and the lower end of the abutment cover plate are recessed, and the lower end of the abutment cover plate is held in place together with the lower end of the abutment support by being pressed from both sides in the bridge axis direction, and a convex portion is integrally formed within the retaining recess between the lower ends of adjacent abutment supports so that the opposing surfaces of the lower ends come into contact.

2. The bridge according to claim 1, characterized in that the multiple abutment pillars arranged in a row are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the abutment cover plates on both sides in the bridge axis direction are connected to each other with connecting bolts.

3. The bridge according to claim 1, characterized in that the abutment cover plate is fastened to the abutment support column, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the abutment support column, each having a protruding portion at its upper end embedded inside and its lower end protruding downward from the bottom surface, and the protruding portions of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars are embedded in the abutment footing.

4. The bridge according to claim 1, characterized in that a notch is formed on the bridge axis direction side of the upper end of the abutment support column, having a support surface for supporting the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an opposing surface toward the end of the superstructure; a precast concrete partition plate is provided which is interposed between adjacent abutment support columns and has a surface that is flush with the opposing surface of the notch, toward the end of the superstructure; the upper end surface of the abutment cover plate on the bridge axis direction side and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer on the bridge axis direction side are formed flush with the support surface of the notch; and a bridge seat portion is formed on the upper part on the bridge axis direction side, having a bridge seat surface for supporting the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an upright surface toward the end of the superstructure.

5. A notch is formed on the inner side of the upper end of the abutment column in the bridge axis direction, having a support surface that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an opposing surface where the end surface of the superstructure faces each other, the outer side of the upper end of the abutment column in the bridge axis direction is configured as a veneer portion that constitutes the notch, the abutment cover plate is formed to a height that exposes the veneer portion, and the abutment filling layer between adjacent veneer portions is made into a convex filling layer. The bridge according to claim 3, characterized in that reinforcing bars are embedded in the upper part of the abutment filling layer including the convex filling layer, the upper end surface of the abutment cover plate on the inner side in the bridge axis direction and the upper end surface of the abutment filling layer on the inner side in the bridge axis direction are formed flush with the support surface of the notch, the front surface of the convex filling layer on the inner side in the bridge axis direction is formed flush with the opposing surface of the notch, and a bridge seat portion is formed on the upper part on the inner side in the bridge axis direction, having a bridge seat surface that supports the lower surface of the end of the superstructure and an upright surface that faces the end surface of the superstructure.

6. In a bridge equipped with abutments and piers that support the superstructure, The aforementioned bridge pier, Bridge pier footings are constructed with cast-in-place concrete that includes reinforcing bars in the ground, Multiple precast concrete pier supports are erected and supported on the aforementioned pier footing and arranged in a row at required intervals along the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, Multiple precast concrete pier cover plates are erected and supported on the pier footing and are provided along each of the pair of outer surfaces that are perpendicular to the bridge axis formed by the plurality of pier supports, The structure comprises a pier filling layer formed by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports with cast-in-place concrete, A bridge characterized in that the pier footing has a retaining recess into which the lower end of the pier support and the lower end of the pier cover plate are recessed, and the lower end of the pier cover plate is held in place together with the lower end of the pier support by being pressed from both sides in the bridge axis direction, and a convex portion is integrally formed within the retaining recess between the lower ends of adjacent pier supports so that the opposing surfaces of the lower ends come into contact.

7. A pair of precast concrete end plates are provided to cover the surface of a pair of pier supports that are erected and supported on the pier footing and connected to the pier cover plate, and located on the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, the surface of which is exposed in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, the end plates are formed to be convex outward in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and another pier filling layer is provided, which is formed by filling the space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the pier support that the end plate covers with cast-in-place concrete. The bridge according to claim 6, characterized in that the retaining recess is formed to a size into which the lower end of the pier support, the lower end of the pier cover plate, and the lower end of the end plate are recessed, and the lower end of the pier cover plate is held in place together with the lower end of the pier support by pressing from both sides in the bridge axis direction, and the lower end of the end plate is held in place by pressing from the outside.

8. The bridge according to claim 6, characterized in that the multiple pier supports arranged in a row are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the pier cover plates on both sides in the axial direction are connected to each other with connecting bolts.

9. The bridge according to claim 6, characterized in that the pier cover plate is fastened to the pier support, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the pier support, each having a protruding portion whose upper end is embedded inside and whose lower end protrudes downward from the bottom surface, and the protruding portions of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars are embedded in the pier footing.

10. The pier cover plate is fastened to the pier support, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the pier support, each having a protruding portion that is embedded in the interior at its upper end and protruding downward from the bottom surface at its lower end, and the protruding portions of these rod-shaped reinforcing bars are embedded in the pier footing. The bridge according to claim 7, characterized in that the end plate is fastened to the pier support, and numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars are provided on the end plate, each having a protruding portion that is embedded in the interior at its upper end and protruding downward from the bottom surface at its lower end, and the protruding portions of the rod-shaped reinforcing bars are embedded in the pier footing.

11. The bridge according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that reinforcing bars are embedded in the upper part of the bridge pier filling layer.

12. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 1, The process includes a bridge abutment construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment, The bridge abutment construction process is as follows: The abutment footing construction process involves constructing the aforementioned abutment footing, A precast concrete member installation process for the abutment, in which the abutment support columns and abutment cover plates are installed on the abutment footing, A bridge construction method characterized by comprising a step of forming an abutment filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars with cast-in-place concrete to form an abutment filling layer.

13. The bridge construction method according to claim 12, characterized in that, in the step of installing the precast concrete members for the bridge abutment, the plurality of abutment support columns arranged in a row are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the abutment cover plates on both sides in the bridge axis direction are connected to each other with connecting bolts.

14. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 6, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: The process of constructing the aforementioned pier footing, A precast concrete member installation step for a bridge pier, in which the bridge pier support and bridge pier cover plate are installed on the bridge pier footing, A bridge construction method characterized by comprising a step of forming a pier filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports with cast-in-place concrete to form a pier filling layer.

15. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 7, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: The process of constructing the aforementioned pier footing, A precast concrete member installation process for bridge piers, which involves installing the bridge pier support, bridge pier cover plate, and end plate onto the bridge pier footing, A bridge construction method characterized by comprising a step of forming a bridge pier filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent bridge pier supports with cast-in-place concrete, and a step of forming another bridge pier filling layer by filling the space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the bridge pier support covered by the end plate with cast-in-place concrete.

16. The bridge construction method according to claim 14 or 15, characterized in that, in the step of installing the precast concrete members for the bridge piers, the plurality of bridge pier supports arranged in a row are connected to each other with connecting bolts, and the bridge pier cover plates on both sides in the bridge axis direction are connected to each other with connecting bolts.

17. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 3, The process includes a bridge abutment construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment, The bridge abutment construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment footing, A precast concrete component installation step for a bridge abutment, in which the bridge abutment support and bridge abutment cover plate are installed on the formwork, the protruding portions of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars provided on the bridge abutment support face into the formwork, and the bridge abutment cover plate is fastened to the bridge abutment support, The abutment footing construction process involves pouring concrete into the formwork and curing it to construct the abutment footing, A bridge construction method characterized by comprising a step of forming an abutment filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent abutment pillars with cast-in-place concrete to form an abutment filling layer.

18. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 5, The process includes a bridge abutment construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment, The bridge abutment construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge abutment footing, A precast concrete component installation step for a bridge abutment, in which the bridge abutment support and bridge abutment cover plate are installed on the formwork, the protruding portions of the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars provided on the bridge abutment support face into the formwork, and the bridge abutment cover plate is fastened to the bridge abutment support, The abutment footing construction process involves pouring concrete into the formwork and curing it to construct the abutment footing, The system comprises a bridge abutment filling layer formation step, in which cast-in-place concrete is filled into the space between the opposing faces of adjacent bridge abutment pillars to form a bridge abutment filling layer. The process of forming the bridge abutment filling layer is performed as follows: The lower filling layer formation process involves pouring concrete up to the required height in the space surrounded by the upper surface of the abutment footing, the opposing surfaces of adjacent abutment supports facing each other, and the inner surface of the abutment cover plate, and then curing it to form a lower filling layer. A bridge construction method characterized by comprising: an upper filling layer formation step of arranging reinforcing bars on the upper surface of the lower filling layer, constructing formwork for forming the convex filling layer, pouring concrete into the remaining space between the opposing faces of adjacent bridge abutment supports and curing it, thereby forming an upper filling layer including the convex filling layer.

19. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 9, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge pier footing. A precast concrete member installation process for a bridge pier involves installing the bridge pier support and bridge pier cover plate onto the formwork, ensuring that the numerous rod-shaped reinforcing bars protruding from the bridge pier support face into the formwork, and fastening the bridge pier cover plate to the bridge pier support. The process of constructing a bridge pier footing involves pouring concrete into the aforementioned formwork, allowing it to cure, and constructing the bridge pier footing. A bridge construction method characterized by comprising a step of forming a pier filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent pier supports with cast-in-place concrete to form a pier filling layer.

20. In a bridge construction method for constructing the bridge described in claim 10, The process includes a bridge pier construction step for constructing the aforementioned bridge piers, The bridge pier construction process is as follows: A formwork construction process for constructing formwork including reinforcing bars for constructing the aforementioned bridge pier footing. A precast concrete member installation process for a bridge pier, comprising: installing the bridge pier support, bridge pier cover plate, and end plate onto the formwork, ensuring that the numerous protruding rod-shaped reinforcing bars on the bridge pier support face into the formwork, ensuring that the numerous protruding rod-shaped reinforcing bars on the end plate face into the formwork, and fastening the bridge pier cover plate and end plate to the bridge pier support; The process of constructing a bridge pier footing involves pouring concrete into the aforementioned formwork, allowing it to cure, and constructing the bridge pier footing. A bridge construction method characterized by comprising a step of forming a bridge pier filling layer by filling the space between the opposing faces of adjacent bridge pier supports with cast-in-place concrete, and a step of forming another bridge pier filling layer by filling the space between the inner surface of the end plate and the surface of the bridge pier support covered by the end plate with cast-in-place concrete.

21. The bridge pier filling layer formation process is performed as follows: The process involves pouring concrete up to the required height in the space where the cast-in-place concrete will be filled, curing it, and forming a lower filling layer. A bridge construction method according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that it comprises an upper filling layer formation step of arranging reinforcing bars on the upper surface of the lower filling layer, pouring concrete into the remaining space and curing it to form an upper filling layer.

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