Apparatus, systems, and methods for producing carbon nanomaterial fibers and fabrics from carbon dioxide and materials, as well as the materials and products thereof.

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to processes for making carbon nano material fiber and / or fabric products. Such products may have new and / or improved properties compared to similar products and are cheaper to make according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications [1] This application claims priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 193,417, filed on 26 May 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] [2] The disclosure relates to the manufacture of products using an electrolytic process. In particular, the disclosure relates to a method for producing carbon nanomaterial fiber products from carbon dioxide that is split using an electrolytic process. [Background technology]

[0003] [3] Fibers have many uses, including, but not limited to, being made into cloths, fabrics, cloths, wires and meshes. A particularly useful property of fibers is that they can be sewn, bundled and / or stitched together for a wide variety of shapes and repairs. Another useful property of fibers and fabrics is that they can function as porous filters or supports. In addition, fibers and their fabric products are, conveniently, flexible. Fibers can be stronger than their individual strands by aligning, weaving and / or densely filling the strands, as in cloths. Natural material fibers are generally produced by either dry spinning or solution spinning, while synthetic fibers are generally produced by either dry spinning, extrusion, melt spinning (which may also be called extrusion spinning), solution spinning or reaction spinning.

[0004] [4] One method of making fibers is from a material consisting of a low-density 3D network of individual strands, such as cotton, gel and wool, and then pulling (pulling or drawing out) the network to align and tighten the strands before spinning them together. Another method is to use a sheet of strands and pull and / or spin them to form fibers. In this case, wool or a material having a similar form is the material used to produce fibers that are stronger than the pre-fiber material from which the starting point is.

[0005] [5] Carbon fiber has become increasingly common in a variety of lightweight racing and vehicle bodies, known for their light weight and extremely high strength. Carbon fiber is often produced by solution spinning or by electrospinning derivatives, in which an electric field is applied to align and strengthen the carbon fibers before spinning. Liquid carbon compounds such as polymer PAN may be used in general. The polymer may then be carbonized and formed using thermosetting plastics and / or thermoplastics.

[0006] [6] Various approaches have been explored to produce fibers with properties superior to those of carbon fibers. Due to their superior physical and chemical characteristics, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have been considered. For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the highest tensile strength of all materials. Fibers made from CNMs have great potential for strong, conductive fabrics and cables. Current methods for preparing CNM fibers include solution spinning or wet spinning, electrospinning (applying an alignment electric field to the solution before spinning to help inject the material out of the spinneret), adding CNMs to the fiber, and direct spinning from a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. However, these methods have challenges such as extremely high costs, insufficient dispersion of CNMs, a high carbon footprint for production, and difficulty in imparting the superior properties of CNMs to CNM fibers.

[0007] [7] Therefore, there is a need for new approaches to the manufacture of CNM fibers and for materials and products made therefrom that address the challenges of high cost, insufficient dispersion, associated high carbon footprint and the difficulty in imparting excellent properties to CNM fibers. [Overview of the project]

[0008] [8] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to carbon nanomaterial (CNM) fibers and fabrics made therefrom that can be used to make materials or products having novel or improved properties compared to materials or products made from or without CNM fibers.

[0009] [9] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method for preparing fiber-containing carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the method comprising the steps of receiving a carbanogel containing CNMs and an electrolyte, and fiberizing the carbanogel to the CNMs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method may further include the step of forming a fabric from the CNM fibers.

[0010]

[10] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system for making CNM fibers, the system comprising an apparatus for performing an electrolytic process of splitting carbon dioxide (CO2) in a molten electrolyte to produce a carbanogel, the carbanogel comprising carbon nanomaterial (CNM) and an electrolyte, an apparatus, a container for receiving the carbanogel, and a fiber processing unit. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system may further include a fabric forming unit for forming a fabric from the CNM fibers.

[0011]

[11] Other embodiments of the present disclosure relate to CNM fibers comprising CNM and an electrolyte. Other embodiments of the present disclosure also relate to fabrics, cloths and cloths made from CNM fibers prepared by the methods described herein.

[0012]

[12] Other embodiments of the present disclosure relate to CNM fabrics comprising CNM and an electrolyte. The CNM fabrics are made with or without CNM fibers. Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method for making a CNM fabric, comprising the steps of receiving a carvanogel, making a polymer-CNM mixture, and forming a CNM fabric.

[0013]

[13] Without being bound by any particular theory, in conventional CNM fiber processing, the introduction of CNM can occur at various stages of the fiber manufacturing process. For example, CNM is typically introduced into fibers in any of the dry, melt, solution or reaction spinning fiber processes, as individual, separated and separate CNM or individually bound CNM. In contrast, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the introduction of a carvanogel (whether or not compressed into carvanogel bucky paper) having a dispersed low-density three-dimensional (3D) network of CNM and an electrolyte content, in which the CNM can be relatively fixed in a given position within the 3D network, into CNM fibers that can be processed into a CNM fabric. Alternatively, the carvanogel can be processed into a CNM fabric without CNM fibers. This is analogous to the process by which cotton consisting of a similar low-density 3D network is later converted into fibers. Carbanogels may consist of a majority or a small number of fiber components that enter into any of the following fiber-forming processes after the fiber formation process: dry spinning, melt spinning, solution spinning, wet spinning (distinguished from solution spinning in that it includes a liquid that becomes fiber while the carbanogels or buckypaper are being spun), or reactive spinning fiber processes, or any combination thereof.

[0014]

[14] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for preparing / producing / making CNM fibers or CNM-containing fibers that are less expensive than conventional CNM fiber manufacturing processes, facilitate the alignment of CNM in the fiber, and are produced from CO2 (which may help mitigate climate change). The 3DCNM aggregates / networks are similar to those found in cotton, and as with cotton, pulling or drawing them out facilitates the alignment to enable the production of fibers stronger than the starting prefiber material. Further embodiments relate to methods for making CNM fibers using a sheet of carbanogel bucky paper and pulling and / or rotating the sheet to form CNM fibers.

[0015]

[15] Both carbanogels and carbanogel buckypapers are produced by processes which are the result of the melting electrolysis of specific and CO2.

[0016]

[16] Carbanogels contain entangled products of CNM grown at the cathode during the molten electrolysis splitting of CO2. Depending on the electrolysis state, a wide variety of nanocarbon forms with novel or improved properties can be grown as CNM products. One broad classification of CNM is graphite CNM, which contains one of the more layers of graphene.

[0017]

[17] Interestingly, the carbanogels are elastic and return to their original state when the pressure is released, allowing them to reabsorb most of the liquid or become mostly empty space, depending on their access to the discharged liquid. This elasticity may be useful in the preparation of the spinning process of fibers by providing a pathway for the CNM during traction to be drawn out and by facilitating the alignment of the CNM.

[0018]

[18] The high manufacturing costs of CNM and buckypaper are known to be mainly due to the high costs of CNM fibers and fabrics, as well as the high reactant and energy costs that cause a high carbon footprint. Without being bound by any particular theory, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, these manufacturing costs can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when produced from CO2 by a molten electrolysis process, and the resulting CNM can be used to make CNM fibers. Further and without being bound by any particular theory, the carbogel and buckypaper produced by embodiments of the present disclosure may also be related to overcoming the problem of establishing a uniform dispersion of CNM by providing a lattice structure that provides a fixed and dispersed position for the CNM.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0019]

[19] These and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent in the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0020] [Figure 1]

[20] It is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for making a carbogel product for use in embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2]

[21] It is a schematic diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure for making carbon nanomaterial (CNM) fibers and a fabric containing the CNM fibers. <000009​​​​​​​​​​​​​ [Figure 7B]

[26] A scanning electron microscope image of a galvanic gel prepared according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown, showing an image at a magnification of 8600x. [Figure 8]

[27] A photograph of carbanogel bucky paper made according to embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 9]

[28] A photograph of further carbanogel bucky paper made by embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 10]

[29] The present invention has two panels illustrating the characteristics of embodiments thereof, the upper panel showing a photograph of an epoxy resin article made with or without carbanolgel, and the lower panel a bar graph showing the increased tensile strength for a percentage weight addition of carbanolgel. [Figure 11A]

[30] Further methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure are shown, including methods using polymer mixtures and CNM fiber mixtures. [Figure 11B]

[30] Further methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure are shown, and further methods using polymers and CNM fibers are shown. [Figure 11C]

[30] Further methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure are shown, and further methods for making CNM fabric without CNM fibers are shown. [Figure 12]

[31] A series of photographs showing the CNM fibers and products made using polymer mixtures or polymers as described herein. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0021]

[32] Since 2009, the energy-efficient conversion of CO2 to carbon and its oxidation by molten carbonate electrolysis have been known. Subsequently, the chemical conversion of CO2 to various graphite carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) has been demonstrated. These graphite CNMs are valuable due to their long-term stability and the useful properties they possess, such as ultra-high strength, high conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high battery capacity, electromagnetic radiation shielding, effective drug delivery and various medical properties, as well as useful catalytic properties.

[0022]

[33] CO2→C ナノ物質 +O2 (formula 1)

[0023]

[34] Equation 1 illustrates a melt electrolysis process in which carbon nanomaterials are grown and remain on the cathode as a mixture of entangled CNMs mixed with an electrolyte. This mixture is called a carbanogel, and at least 95% of the electrolyte can be extruded from this carbanogel by high-temperature press filtration or by other means. The terms “carbanogel” and “carbanogel product” as used in singular and plural refer to a material containing a CNM content and an electrolyte content, the electrolyte content may contribute to a residual amount, a trace or negligible amount of electrolyte, a relatively large amount relative to the total carbanogel content, a relatively small amount, relative to the contribution of the CNM content. Optionally, the carbanogel can be converted into carbanogel buckypaper (CB) consisting of compressed carbanogel. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the carbanogel can be embedded in a polymer (or co-extruded with a polymer such as an epoxide) to form a polymer-CNM mixture that can be processed into a polymer-CNM sheet. Carbanol gel, CB, polymer-CNM sheet, or any combination thereof may be introduced into a suitable step of fiber processing to generate CNM fibers. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, CB or polymer-CNM sheet may be used directly as a CNM fabric without being processed into fibers.

[0024]

[35] sp. of graphene which may occur within the CNM component 2The inclusion of bonded carbon components and single-layer or multi-layer graphene may provide improved properties to CNM in the carbanogel, such as enhanced strength and conductivity of these CNMs, but are not limited to these. Additionally, the relative amount of certain forms of CNM may impart additional properties to the carbanogel and products made therefrom. Examples of such forms include, but are not limited to, spherical nanocarbons, solid and hollow nanoonions, cylindrical allotropic nanocarbons, planar allotropes, helical allotropes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanofibers, graphene, nanoplatelets, nanoscaffolds, nanotrees, nanobelts, nanoflowers, nanodragons, nanotrees, nanorods, surface-modified or metal-coated CNMs, amorphous nanocarbons without graphic features or properties, or any combination thereof. Examples of such additional properties include, but are not limited to, reduced friction, elasticity, thermal conductivity, flame retardancy, palpability, improved surface area, or any combination thereof of CNMs in the carbanogel. These properties, though not limited to them, are useful for specific applications including improved fibers, wires, cables, fabrics, lubricants, flexible materials, chiral light absorption, chiral light emission, chiral catalysts, improved electrochemical charge storage, enhanced catalytic activity, fire resistance, or improved EMF shielding ability. CNMs in carbanol gels may also include additional features such as doping, magnetism, rare shapes, and miniaturization or enlargement. Without being constrained by any theory, CNTs include single-walled CNTs, multi-walled CNTs, doped CNTs, e.g., boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or nitrogen-doped CNTs, magnetic CNTs, bamboo-type CNTs, pearlescent CNTs, isotope-specific CNTs, etc. 12 C and 13 This may include CCNTs, surface-modified or metal-coated CNTs, helical CNTs including single or double braided CNTs, spiral helical CNTs, thin, thick or solid-walled CNTs, small and large diameter CNTs, short or woolly (long) CNTs, or any combination thereof.

[0025]

[36] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a carbon-containing gas may undergo an electrolytic process, also referred to herein as an electrosynthesis process, to generate a carvanogel containing carbon nanomaterial (CNM) products from the carbon in the gas. The term “carvanogel” is used herein to refer to a product of the electrolytic process and a mixture of CNM and electrolyte localized in the cathode during or after the electrolytic process. The terms “carbon nanomaterial product,” “CNM product,” and “CNM material” are used herein to refer to an aggregate of nanocarbons, which may also be called nanoscale carbon, in one or more forms. The term “nanocarbon” is used herein to refer to carbon arranged in a particular structure at the nanoscale, e.g., a graphite nanocarbon structure. In particular, carbon from a carbon-containing gas may be split into carbon and oxygen using a molten electrolyte medium and various electrolytic process configurations. The electrolytic process may cause mass transfer of carbon from the gas phase to the molten electrolyte medium, the solid CNM product, or both. The CNM product may be substantially pure, pure, or impure carbon nanomaterial (CNM) containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNM product may include one or more forms of the CNM structure as described above, or any combination thereof. Optionally, one or more parameters of the electrolysis process may be adjusted to change the relative amounts of a given form in the CNM product.

[0026]

[37] As shown in Figure 1, the electrolysis process may be carried out in an apparatus 10 including a case 12, which may also be called an electrolysis chamber or electrolysis cell, for housing a cathode 18, and an anode 16 may form at least a portion of the inner surface of the wall of the case 12. Together the two electrodes define an electrolysis space between them. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, optionally the anode 16 may be separate from the wall of the case 12. The case 12 is configured to house an electrolyte medium 21. The electrolysis space B, including the upper surface 21A of the electrolyte, may be in fluid communication with a carbon-containing gas source (shown as D in Figure 1). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the case 12 may be contained within an insulated housing 20 made of thermal insulation material. The insulated housing 20 may also include a top 22 or sides or bottom (not shown) made of or not made of thermal insulation material, and the insulation material may be a CO2 permeable insulation material, e.g., high-temperature woven ceramics or a substantially CO2 impermeable insulation material. Examples of permeable insulation materials include, but are not limited to, Morgan Cerablanket®, made from alumina and silica oxides and potentially containing zirconia, and Morgan Superwool®, made from alkaline earth silicates, both suitable for temperatures above 1,200°C. Examples of nearly CO2 impermeable insulation materials include a wide range of available commercial refractory bricks or cast-in-place refractory cement and mortar, including, but are not limited to, BNZ Materials refractory bricks and refractory cement and mortar suitable for temperatures above 1,090°C, e.g., PA20 and 23, and BNZ2000, 2300, 23A, 2600, 26-60, 2800, 3000 and 3200.

[0027]

[38] Sources of carbon-containing gases may include, but are not limited to, cement plants, iron refineries, steel plants, plants that produce or use one or more of ammonia, ethanol, magnesium, hydrogen, polymers, plastics, and glass, wastewater treatment plants, and food processing plants. Sources of carbon-containing gases may also include internal combustion engines and chemical reactors, including the combustion of carbonaceous materials for heating or cooking. Exhaust gases from power plants, steam generators, or pyrolysis reactors may also be sources of carbon-containing gases. Carbon-containing gases emitted from these sources or in the production of any high-carbon-footprint material may also contribute to or constitute a source of carbon for making CNM products. Furthermore, gas and carbon products from the combustion or conversion of fossil fuels for heating, transport, etc., such as polymers and plastics, may also contribute to or constitute a source of carbon for making CNM products. Another substantial source of carbon-containing gases is greenhouse gases present in the air, carbon dioxide and / or methane. Without being bound by any particular theory, the conversion of carbon-containing gases from human-induced or natural sources to graphite CNM is particularly important due to the high stability and lifespan of graphite-based structures (graphite has a lifespan found in natural geological sediments dating back hundreds of millions of years) that can sequestrate GHGs from the carbon cycle to mitigate climate change and global warming.

[0028]

[39] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the anode 16 may be formed as a planar structure, a wire structure, a screen, a porous structure, a conductive plate, a flat or folded shim, a coiled structure, or the anode may form at least a portion of the inner wall of the case 12. The anode 16 may be formed of a variety of conductive materials such that the anode 16 may or may not be oxygen-evolving. Such anode-forming materials include, but are not limited to, any conductive material that has or establishes a stable layer, that establishes a highly stable oxide outer layer that promotes oxygen production during the electrolytic reaction carried out by embodiments of the present disclosure, Ni, Ni alloys, galvanized (zinc-coated) steel, titanium, graphite, iron, and a wide variety of metals that establish a highly stable oxide outer layer that promotes oxygen production. Further examples of suitable materials for forming the anode 16 include nickel alloy 36 (nickel with iron but no chromium), stainless steel, e.g. SS304 or SS316, nichrome (nickel-chromium-based alloy), and Inconel alloys, e.g. Inconel 600, 625 and 718, alloy C-264, or nichrome, e.g. Chromel A, B, or others, since conucleation of alloy components is known to produce high-quality CNTs. Two- and three-component transition metal nucleating agents, including Ni, Cr, Sn, In, Fe and Mo, may also be useful and may similarly influence the growth of CNM products.

[0029]

[40] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a transition metal may be added to the anode 16, which may be dissolved from the anode 16 so as to move through the electrolyte medium 21 to the cathode 18. The added transition metal may function as a nucleating agent, which may be selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, ruthenium, zinc, antimony, vanadium tungsten, indium, gallium, or non-transition metals, such as germanium or silicon, or mixtures thereof, including but not limited to brass, monel, and nickel alloys. The transition metal may also be introduced directly as a transition metal salt dissolved in the electrolyte medium 21 so as to move onto the cathode 18. It is also possible to add the transition metal nucleating agent directly onto the cathode 18.

[0030]

[41] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the cathode 18 may be formed as a planar structure, a wire structure, a screen, a porous structure, a conductive plate, a flat or folded shim, a sheet, a coiled structure, or the cathode may form at least a portion of the inner wall of the case 12. The cathode 18 may be formed of a variety of conductive materials that reflect the need for nucleation points and variations in the CNM products to be formed on the cathode 18. Such cathode-forming materials include, but are not limited to, any conductive material, galvanized (zinc-coated) steel, titanium, graphite, iron, copper and zinc alloys, Monel (Ni400, Ni / Cu alloy), Inconel, stainless steel, iron, nichrome, pure Cu, and brass alloys may also be suitable materials for making the cathode 18.

[0031]

[42] The anode 16 and the cathode 18 can be arranged substantially parallel to each other within the case 12, such as a stainless - steel case or a case made of substantially pure or pure alumina. The case 12 contains the molten electrolyte medium 21 and can be made of any material suitable for maintaining the temperature achieved by the device 10A. The electrodes can be oriented in any orientation including, but not limited to, substantially horizontal or substantially vertical, and are spaced from each other so as to define an electrolysis space B therebetween. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolysis space B is from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolysis space B is about 1 cm. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the dimensions of the electrolysis space B are determined by the scale of the device 10, such as the size of each electrode, the plenum defined within the case, the amount of current applied, and combinations thereof.

[0032]

[43] The anode 16 and the cathode 18 are operatively connected to a current source (not shown) that can be any alternating - current or direct - current power source, constant or not, that provides a current density of from about 0.00la / cm² to 10A / cm². In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the current density provided between the electrodes is at least 0.02A / cm 2 、0.05A / cm 2 、0.1A / cm 2 、0.2A / cm 2 、0.3A / cm 2 、0.4A / cm<000001O>、0.5A / cm 2 、0.6A / cm 2 、0.7A / cm 2 、0.8A / cm 2 、0.9A / cm 2 、1.0A / cm 2 or greater. The power for the current source can be any power source or combination of power sources including, but not limited to, a power grid, a solar power source, etc.

[0033]

[44] A heat source (not shown) can be any heat source that raises the temperature inside the case 12 to a temperature that causes the electrolyte medium 21 to transition to the molten phase. For example, the heat source can achieve a temperature inside the case 12 of about 500°C to about 850°C or higher. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, heating achieves temperatures of about 700°C to about 800°C, about 720°C to about 790°C, or about 750°C to about 780°C. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, heating achieves temperatures of 749-750°C, 751-752°C, 753-754°C, 755-756°C, 757-758°C, 759-760°C, 761-762°C, 763-764°C, 765-766°C, 767-768°C, 769-770°C, 771-772°C, 773-774°C, 775-776°C, 777-778°C, or 779-780°C. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the temperature inside case 12 can be raised to about 800°C or higher. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the heat source is provided or supplemented by an exothermic reaction of CO2 absorption and conversion to carbonate (mass transfer from the gas phase to the solid phase CNM product) or by an overvoltage of an applied electrolytic current.

[0034]

[45] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolyte medium may include a carbonate that can be heated by a heat source until it transitions to a molten phase. For example, the carbonate may be a lithium carbonate or a lithified carbonate. Molten carbonates such as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) having a melting point of 723°C or carbonates with lower melting points such as LiBaCaCO3 having a melting point of 620°C, if they contain oxides, may include spontaneous oxide formation that occurs during melting or as a result of electrolysis, or, when mixed with highly soluble oxides, such as Li2O, Na2O and BaO, may maintain rapid absorption of CO2 from the space above the molten electrolyte medium. Preferred carbonates may include alkali carbonates and alkaline earth carbonates. Alkali carbonates may include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium or francium carbonates or mixtures thereof. Alkaline earth carbonates may include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium or radium carbonates or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolyte may be a mixture of a mixed composition, such as alkaline carbonates and alkaline earth carbonates, and one or more oxides, borates, sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, chlorates, or phosphates.

[0035]

[46] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a carbanogel is formed by the electrolytic splitting of molten carbonate of CO2. The carbanogel comprises a mixture of CNM network and electrolyte remaining after the electrolytic process has been stopped. Interestingly, not only can the carbanogel retain the CNM network after fragmentation, but the fragmented pieces can be reassembled to form a buckypaper. Some, almost, substantially all or all of the electrolyte can be removed from the buckypaper by pressing, reacting or washing away the electrolyte. Pressing the fragmented pieces with or without the electrolyte can result in a seamless layer which may be called a CB (carbanogel buckypaper). After some or all of the electrolyte has been removed, the CB consists of CNM composed of high-purity carbon. After some or all of the electrolyte has been removed, the CB defines internal voids. For example, the carbanogel or CB may define void spaces in the CB, on the surface of the CNM in the CB, within the CNM (inside the CNM), or a combination thereof. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “void” means a two- or three-dimensional space in the CB that is substantially free of electrolytes and other substances. Therefore, CNM fibers and CNM fabrics (made with or without CNM fibers) define the void.

[0036]

[47] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, voids defined in the carbanogel or CB may be partially, substantially, or completely filled with void fillers, e.g., application-based materials. Examples of suitable void fillers include, but are not limited to, reinforcing agents, catalysts, dopants, drugs, or electromagnetic field (EMF) shielding agents. Reinforcing agents may include, but are not limited to, thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics, epoxy, resins and other polymers, cementitious materials and metals. Catalysts may include, but are not limited to, materials for accelerating chemical or electrochemical reactions. Dopants may include, but are not limited to, materials that substantially affect the physicochemical properties of the carbanogel or CB in small amounts within the voids. The carbanogel or CB of the CNM components may be mechanically, electrically or magnetically aligned during carbanogel or CB formation to further enhance carbanogel or CB properties, including strength, electrical and thermal properties. Electrical and / or magnetic alignment is achieved by applying an aligning electric and / or magnetic field during the carbanogel or CB preparation stage. Magnetized CNM is prepared by incorporating magnetic materials such as, but is not limited to, iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, samarium, neodymium, steel or carbides thereof, and other alloys containing one or more magnetic materials having ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic properties, as well as one or more of any combination thereof. The magnetic properties of magnetized CNM fibers include flexible magnetism, magnetic storage, and electromagnetic shielding.

[0037]

[48] ​​The high production costs of CNM are known to be primarily due to high reagent and energy costs. Without being limited by any particular theory, these production costs can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when produced from CO2 using the molten electrolysis process according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0038]

[49] Without being bound by any particular theory, the inventors theorized that the fused residual electrolyte in carbanogel particles may provide a driving force for uniform dispersion of CNM, resulting in the incorporation of the treated carbanogel particles into CNM fibers or CNM fabrics in a relatively dispersed manner, without requiring sonication or other more rigorous mixing processes after combination. Carbanogel prepared during an electrolytic process for splitting CO2 contains both CNM and electrolyte, and this combined presence may provide a fixed structure that is effectively a lattice matrix of "pre-dispersed" CNM. As used herein, the term “fabric” in both singular and plural forms refers to a cloth, sheet, fabric, tarp, or yarn produced by weaving multiple fibers together, knitting multiple fibers, crocheting multiple fibers together, bonding multiple fibers together, weaving multiple fibers together, aligning multiple fibers together, densely packing multiple fibers together, stretching multiple fibers together, squeezing multiple fibers together, flattening multiple fibers together, spreading multiple fibers together, or any other approach or any combination thereof to produce a fabric material with a span wider than the span of the input fibers. As used herein, the term “CNM fabric” in both singular and plural forms refers to a fabric containing CNM that gives the CNM fabric new or improved properties compared to a fabric made without CNM. For clarity, a CNM fabric may be made of CNM fibers or a sheet of non-fibrous CNM.

[0039]

[50] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system 200 for making CNM fiber 222, which may also be called CNM fiber-product or CNM-containing fiber. As shown in a non-limiting example in Figure 2, the system 200 includes an apparatus 210 for performing an electrolytic process of decomposing carbon dioxide (CO2) in a molten electrolyte to produce a carvanogel, a container 212, and a fiber processing unit 221. The system 200, including various optional components described below, may be used to carry out the methods of the present disclosure as described below herein.

[0040]

[51] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, apparatus 210 may be the same as or similar to apparatus 10 described herein above. Apparatus 210 is configured to perform an electrolytic process of splitting a carbon-containing gas in a molten electrolyte. The product of the splitting is a CNM product, also known as a carbanogel product, in which the bulk or residual electrolyte is contained.

[0041]

[52] A container 212 that receives the carbanogel, whether as a low-temperature or high-temperature product (as shown by line X in Figure 2). The container 212 can be made of a variety of materials and can be of any shape and dimensions, as long as it is robust enough to withstand the temperature of the carbanogel received therein.

[0042]

[53] The fiber processing unit 221 processes the carbanogel received in the container 212 into CNM fibers. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fiber processing unit 221 may be a variety of suitable components, mechanisms or machines for spinning and / or drawing the carbanogel 222 into CNM fibers. For example, the fiber processing unit 221 may include a dry spinning unit, a melt spinning unit, an extrusion spinning unit, a solution spinning unit, a reaction spinning unit or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the CNM fibers are formed into one or more CNM fabrics.

[0043]

[54] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system 220 may also include a compression unit 214 for applying a compressive force to the carbanogel received in the container 212 in order to make carbanogel buckypaper (CB) from the carbanogel. The compression unit 214 may be a variety of suitable components, mechanisms or machines for applying a compressive force to the carbanogel in the container 212. The magnitude of the compressive force may vary depending on the size of the carbanogel particles received by the container 212 and the amount of electrolyte contained in the carbanogel, as will be further discussed below. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the compression mechanism 214 includes a vacuum which can be drawn through a filter into or into the container 212 the carbanogel (indicated by line Y in Figure 2).

[0044]

[55] Thus, the fiber processing unit 221 may receive carbanol gel or CB and may optionally process the carbanol gel or CB into CNM fibers 222.

[0045]

[56] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fiber processing unit 221 can generate CNM fibers having different material layers, such as an internal core layer, an external shell layer, and optionally one or more intermediate layers. For example, a CNM fiber product may include an internal core layer made from a first CNM (from either a carvanogel or a CB) and an external shell layer made from a second CNM (from either a carvanogel or a CB). The first and second CNMs may be produced in the apparatus 210 under different operating conditions such that the first and second CNMs have different desirable properties. For example, the first CNM may have a relatively lower density, and therefore the first CNM may define a larger volume of voids than the second CNM, or vice versa. In other non-limiting examples, the first CNM may have a desired form of a larger relative amount than the maximum relative form of the second CNM; one or both of the first and second CNMs may be doped with the same or different dopants; one or both of the first and second CNMs may be magnetized, and if both are magnetized, they may have the same or different magnetic properties; the first CNM may be assumed to be stronger than the second CNM or vice versa; the first CNM may be relatively more flexible than the second CNM or vice versa; the first CNM may have greater conductivity than the second CNM or vice versa; the first CNM may have greater thermal conductivity than the second CNM or vice versa; the first CBM may have greater thermal insulation properties than the second CNM or vice versa; or any combination thereof.

[0046]

[57] As those skilled in the art will recognize, the CNM fibers produced by the System 200 and Method of the Disclosure are not limited to being made from only the first CNM and the second CNM. The CNM fibers of the Disclosure may be processed into fibers from one, two, three or four or more different types of CNM, and individual CNM fibers may also consist of multiple layers, but are not limited to, an internal core layer of the first CNM and an external shell layer of the second CNM, while one or more intermediate layers of the fiber may be made from the third CNM or the third CNM and the fourth CNM.

[0047]

[58] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system 220 may also include a CNM fabric forming unit 226. The CNM fabric forming unit 226 may be a variety of suitable components, mechanisms or machines for forming a plurality of CNM fibers into a CNM fabric, the CNM fabric thus formed being given new or improved properties by the presence of the CNM fibers. The fabric forming unit 226 may weave, knit, loop, crochet, pleat, braid, open weave fiber bundles or any combination thereof of a plurality of CNM fibers to form a CNM fabric. In addition, the CNM fabric forming unit 226 may form one or more types of CNM fabrics from a plurality of CNM fibers made from the same CNM material, different CNM fibers made from different CNM materials, a plurality of the same or similar CNM fibers made from different CNM materials, different CNM fibers made from the same CNM material, a plurality of CNM fibers and non-CNM fibers or any combination thereof.

[0048]

[59] CNM fabrics made from CNM fibers of the present disclosure may have advantages over CNM fibers not formed into CNM fabrics, such advantages include, but are not limited to, being more easily transportable and handleable; having a larger structure that can provide improved strength, conductivity, EMF shielding or any combination thereof; maintaining flexibility and a desirable shape while being lighter and more conformable than bulk solids; having a more defined structure for filling voids or filtering or any combination thereof.

[0049]

[60] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system 200 may further include a processing unit 216 for crushing the cooled or hot carbanogel product before (or after) it is received by the mold 212. The processing unit 216 may be a variety of suitable components, mechanisms or machines capable of withstanding the temperature of the carbanogel, for example, but not limited to, a grinder, a fragmentation unit, a physical press, a pulverization unit, a mill, or any combination thereof. The resulting particle size of the carbanogel will depend on the extent of processing operations performed by the processing unit 216.

[0050]

[61] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system 200 may further include an electrolyte reduction unit 218. The electrolyte reduction unit 218 may receive cooled or heated carbanogel products directly from the apparatus 210 and / or it may receive processed carbanogel products from the processing unit 216. The electrolyte reduction unit 218 reduces the electrolyte and / or impurity content of the carbanogel products (processed or unprocessed), so that the reduced electrolyte / impurity content of the carbanogel may be processed (or further processed) in the processing unit 216 and then received into the container 212. Alternatively or additionally, carbanogel with reduced electrolyte / impurity content may be received into the container 212 from the electrolyte reduction unit 218.

[0051]

[62] The electrolyte reduction unit 218 can reduce the electrolyte and / or impurity content of the carbanogel (treated or untreated) by mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, or any combination thereof. For example, mechanical methods may include various suitable components, mechanisms or machines capable of reducing the electrolyte content of the carbanogel, such as a mechanical press for pressing the carbanogel through a mesh or sieve, a heater for dissolving electrolytes in the carbanogel, a filter (room temperature or high temperature), or any combination thereof. Chemical methods for reducing the electrolyte content of the carbanogel include one or more washing stations for exposing the carbanogel to one or more chemicals capable of dissolving electrolytes. In addition to reducing the electrolyte content, one or more chemicals may also be added to dissolve impurities such as amorphous carbon or metals from the CNM in the carbanogel. Electrochemical methods include apparatus for performing selective electrolysis to reduce the electrolyte and / or impurity content of the carbanogel.

[0052]

[63] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system 200 may further include an alignment unit 220 for aligning at least a portion of the CNM components in a carbanogel (treated and / or electrolyte / impurity reduced and / or compressed or uncompressed), a CB (treated and / or electrolyte / impurity reduced and / or uncompressed) and / or a CNM fiber 222 (as shown in the non-limiting example of Figure 2). The alignment unit 220 may be integrated into the container 212 such that the alignment procedure performed by the alignment unit 220 takes place within the container 212. Alternatively or additionally, the alignment unit 220 may be a separate physical component from the container 212, capable of receiving an uncompressed carbanogel (treated and / or electrolyte / impurity reduced and / or uncompressed), performing an alignment procedure, and then transferring the aligned carbanogel for compression to the container 212, or not. The alignment unit 220 can use one or more mechanical, electrical, magnetic, or any combination thereof approaches to ensure that the aligned CMN components in the CNM fibers 222 have the required anisotropic properties. The alignment unit 220 can use a mechanical approach with various suitable components, mechanisms, or machines that can apply an orientation physical stress field to the CNM in the carbanogel (treated and / or electrolyte reduced and / or compressed or uncompressed) and / or in the CNM fibers 222. For example, a mechanical approach can apply a shear force to the CNM product in the carbanogel. The shear force can be applied by pulling, rotating, or pulling a body, such as a piston, through the CNM in the carbanogel (treated and / or electrolyte reduced and / or uncompressed) and / or in the CNM fibers 222. Alternatively, a shear force may be applied directly to increase the entanglement of the CNM rather than to align it.

[0053]

[64] The alignment unit 220 may use an electrical method by various suitable components, mechanisms or machines that can apply an orientation electric field to the CNM (treated and / or electrolyte reduced and / or compressed or uncompressed) in the carbanol gel and / or CNM fiber 222.

[0054]

[65] The alignment unit 220 may use a magnetic method by various suitable components, mechanisms or machines that can apply an orientation magnetic field to the CNM (treated and / or electrolyte reduced and / or compressed or untreated) in the carbanogel and / or CNM fiber 222.

[0055]

[66] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the alignment unit 220 may be used to reduce rather than increase the directional alignment of the CNM and thus reduce any anisotropic properties of the CNM fibers 222.

[0056]

[67] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the system 200 may further include an insulating unit 112 for protecting the CNM fibers (treated and / or electrolyte-reduced and / or compressed or untreated) and any CNM fabric formed therefrom or from an otherwise oxidizing environment. The insulating unit 112 may include a fluid seal of suitable dimensions for receiving the CNM fibers or the formed CNM fabric and for removing oxidizing agents, such as oxygen-containing gases, from the container, for example by a vacuum pump, and replacing the fluid in the container with an oxygen-free gas, such as an inert gas.

[0057]

[68] Figure 3 shows the steps of a method 100 for making CNM fibers, comprising the steps of receiving the carbanogel 102, placing the carbanogel in a container 104, processing the carbanogel into fibers 108, and recovering the CNM fibers 110. Optionally, method 100 may further include a step 101 for generating the carbanogel by the electrolytic process described above herein. Method 100 may further include an optional step 109 for compressing the CNM fibers, a step 110A for forming a CNM fabric from the CNM fibers, a step 103 for treating the electrolyte and / or impurity content of the carbanogel, and / or a step 105 for reducing it, and / or a step 107 for aligning at least a portion of the CNM content of the CNM fibers (as shown in Figure 4).

[0058]

[69] With respect to step 102 receiving, the carbanogel may be generated using the electrolytic process described herein above, which may be referred to as step 101 of generation. The generated carbanogel contains entangled products of CNM grown in the cathode during the molten electrolytic splitting of CO2. By selectively controlling the operating parameters of the electrolytic process described above in step 101 of generation, the generated carbanogel may have a larger relative amount of the desired form of CNM in the carbanogel. For example, the electrolysis process can be controlled to increase the relative amount of desired forms compared to other forms of nanocarbon structures within the CNM of the carbanogel, such as spherical nanocarbons, solid and hollow nanoonions, cylindrical allotropic nanocarbons, planar allotropes, helical allotropes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanofibers, graphene, nanoplatelets, nanoscaffolds, nanotrees, nanobelts, nanoflowers, nanodragons, nanotrees, nanorods, surface-modified or metal-coated CNM, amorphous nanocarbons without graphite features or properties, or any combination thereof. Additionally, by selectively controlling the operating parameters of step 101 to generate, the resulting carbanogel may have different properties, such as containing doped CNM or magnetized CNM.

[0059]

[70] The carbanogel (whether treated and / or with or without reduced electrolytes or impurities) undergoes a fiber treatment step 108 to generate CNM fibers. The fiber treatment step 108 may include one or more steps of spinning and / or drawing the carbanogel to make CNM fibers and CNM fabrics formed from the CNM fibers. The fiber treatment step 108 may be carried out with or without additives. For example, the residual carbonate electrolyte content in the carbanogel may be reduced and replaced and supported by a supporting liquid which may be introduced before, during or after the fiber treatment step 108 in an optional supporting step 106. Alternatively, the electrolyte may remain in the voids of the carbanogel, where it may solidify / polymerize.

[0060]

[71] In non-limiting examples of the present disclosure, the fiber treatment step 108 includes dry spinning, melt spinning, extrusion spinning, solution spinning, reaction spinning or any combination thereof of the aggregate. A drying step 125 (see Figure 6) may be performed after the fiber treatment step 108 by compressing step 109, dripping or some other means to reduce or substantially remove all of the liquid content of the CNM fibers.

[0061]

[72] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, method 100 may further include an assisting step 106, which is performed before, during, or after the fiber processing step 108, and one or more additives may be added to support the fiber processing step 108 and / or the CNM textile product. For example, an additive that may be added in the assisting step 106 is a support liquid that may be added to the carbanol gel (or CB) to help stabilize and form the morphology within the carbanol gel (or CB) that preferably accepts the fiber processing step 108, as can be seen in Figure 5. Optionally, the support liquid may be removed by a drying step 125 (which may also include washing) or after the formation of the CNM fabric, and the support liquid may then be reused (see Figure 6). In Figure 6, steps 106A and 106B are parts of step 106, respectively, which supports the pre-fibers. Step 106A is without the step of applying an alignment force (aligning 113), while step 106B is accompanied by the alignment step 113. Step 109 is the step of applying force or compression, as described in step 109 in Figures 4 and 5, and the alignment step 113 is also shown in Figure 4. The support liquid can help draw the material through the fiber processing unit 221, allowing the CNM to move across each other to form a desired structure and / or prevent premature and / or too rapid collapse. Surprisingly, aqueous polycarboxylate fluidizers, including, but not limited to, various Adva, Plastoll, and BASF fluidizers, are suitable for use as the support liquid for the carbanogel. The support liquid can provide a spatial interface from external oxygen and can also prevent oxidation, especially in high-temperature processing. Optionally, the support liquid may be polymerized or converted into a solid by alternative means to provide a support matrix to the CNM fibers for additional structure, to provide a change in the fundamental properties of the CNM fibers, or for economic reasons.A support matrix containing CNM fibers may be used to reduce the total CNM in the fiber, to adjust useful properties of the CNM fiber such as the melting point for 3D printing, to bond the CNM together more strongly, and / or to align the CNM within the CNM fiber more effectively.

[0062]

[73] Another example of an additive that may be added during the supporting step 106 is a processing additive such as a liquid, dispersant or surfactant that facilitates the fiber processing step 108. Additionally or alternatively, processing additives may provide a support matrix to form around the CNM fibers or CNM fabric formed from the CNM fibers. The support matrix may be used to reduce the total CNM fraction required in the CNM fibers to give a desired new or improved property, to modulate a useful property of the CNM fibers (such as melting point for 3D printing applications), to bond individual CNM fibers or components of multiple CNM fibers together more strongly, to reduce the cost of the CNM fibers or increase the recyclability of the CNM fibers, and / or to better align the CNM. Using doped CNM in a carbanol gel or CB may further enhance the support provided by the support matrix. For example, CNM doped with various metal particles may act as a polymerization catalyst and improve the polymerization reaction that supports the formation of the support matrix. Additionally or alternatively, CNM doped with nonmetallic dopants can be used to catalyze oxidation and oxygen-mediated polymerization reactions that aid in the formation of the support matrix. Additionally or alternatively, using CNM with improved electrical or thermal conductivity in a carbanogel or CB can also improve polymerization or the development of set regions within the support matrix to aid in the formation of the support matrix.

[0063]

[74] Further additives that may be used in the supporting step 106 may provide longer-lasting order (in terms of 3D structure) for supporting the matrix and / or CNM fibers. Further additives may act as catalysts to promote the formation of the supporting matrix. Further additives may also promote the flexibility or rigidity of the CNM fibers.

[0064]

[75] The resulting carbanogen containing the CNM product may be received in step 103 of a carbanogen processing, which includes cooling the carbanogen, allowing it to be peeled off or breaking off pieces of the carbanogen from the cooled cathode 18, crushing the carbanogen, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, in step 103 of processing, the carbanogen containing the CNM product may be extracted from the cathode 18 while it is still hot and contains a hot molten electrolyte, and then subjected to crushing the hot carbanogen or other steps of the method described herein. Thus, step 102 receiving may be of a cooled and solid or hot and viscous fluid carbanogen, which may or may not undergo further processing.

[0065]

[76] Surprisingly, under the compressive pressure in the optional compressing step 108, the carbanogel particles may aggregate to form a seamless sheet. Several layers of thin crushed carbanogel particles or one or more layers of larger carbanogel particles may undergo the compressing step 109 to make CB. As shown in the non-limiting example in Figure 5, method 100B comprises the same steps of method 100 as shown in Figure 3, with the additional compressing step 109 being performed before or after the fiberizing step 108. For example, one layer of crushed carbanogel particles, made to a size of about 25 μm, forms a sheet that is about 25 μm but less than 25 μm thick. On the other hand, four layers of carbanogel particles, 25 μm in size, form a sheet that is about 100 μm but less than 100 μm thick. Similarly, a single layer of 100 μm sized carbanogel particles forms a sheet that is approximately 100 μm thick but less than 100 μm thick.

[0066]

[77] The steps of compressing the carbanogel or CNM fibers 109, heating the carbanogel 107, applying pressure 109A, allowing precipitation to occur, and / or filtering, for example, by vacuum filtering 111, and aligning 113 or any combination thereof may be repeated two or more times to ensure the formation of the desired CB product. Under various conditions, the step of applying pressure 109A may include applying a pressure of about 1 to about 1,000 psi, about 1,000 to about 2,000 psi, or a pressure of more than 2,000 psi may be applied to the carbanogel particles to form the CB product. Applying a pressure above the upper end of these ranges 109 may be required to form a sheet of CB product that is stable at room temperature. These stable sheets of CB product may then optionally undergo a further step of heating 107 in a mold to a temperature sufficient to melt any residual electrolyte in or within the carbanogel particles. The temperature required to melt the residual electrolyte depends on the electrolyte composition. Generally, carbanogel particles tend to decompose, and at least a portion of the CNM capacity of the carbanogel is converted to carbon monoxide (CO) at temperatures above 900°C. However, some CNM structures can be maintained in the carbanogel at temperatures of about 1000°C in the presence of high CO2 gas pressure. For example, pure Li2CO3, Na2CO3, or K2CO3 electrolytes have melting points of about 723°C, 851°C, and 891°C, respectively, while a mixture of Li2CO3 and Na2CO3 can melt at temperatures below about 700°C. x Na y K z The CO3 eutectic mixture melts at 399°C. Therefore, the heating step 107 can be carried out in a narrower range of about 0°C to about 1000°C, or about 15°C to about 900°C, or about 399°C to about 850°C, in the presence of high-pressure CO2.

[0067]

[78] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, step 110A, which forms a CNM fabric from a plurality of CNM fibers, may include weaving, knitting, forming in the loop, crocheting, pleating, braiding, opening the fiber bundles, or any combination thereof. Step 110A, which forms the fabric, may use a plurality of CNM fibers made of the same CNM material, different CNM fibers made of different CNM materials, a plurality of the same or similar CNM fibers made of different CNM materials, different CNM fibers made of the same CNM material, a plurality of CNM fibers and non-CNM fibers, or any combination thereof.

[0068]

[79] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, step 103 of the processing can be carried out by a variety of approaches, including, but not limited to, grinding, fragmentation, pressing, pulverization, milling, or a combination thereof. The resulting particle size of the carbanogel material in the carbanogel is determined by the degree of crushing. Further and / or more severe crushing results in a smaller carbanogel particle size compared to a scenario in which step 103 of the processing is carried out for a shorter time and / or with less severity, which may affect the combination of the polymer mixture and the carbanogel.

[0069]

[80] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolyte and / or impurity content of the carbanogel may be reduced by the reduction step 105. Without limit, the reduced impurities may include non-graphite carbon, e.g., amorphous carbon and metals or combinations thereof. Some, almost, substantially all or all of the electrolyte and / or impurities may be removed from the carbanogel by pressing, reacting or washing the carbanogel by chemical, mechanical or electrochemical means. For example, a mechanical means for the reduction step 105 may include applying physical pressure to the carbanogel to physically force the electrolyte out of the carbanogel through a sorting device such as a mesh of a specific pore size. A mechanical means may also include adjusting the temperature to be higher than the melting point of the electrolyte to facilitate electrolyte flow and separation. The melting points of alkali and alkaline earth carbonate electrolytes range from less than 400°C for molten ternary eutectic Li, Na, K carbonates to 891°C for potassium carbonates. The applied pressure may range from 0 to 1000 pounds per square inch (psi), from 1000 to 2000 psi, or even more than 2000 psi. Alternatively or additionally, reduction may include chemical methods, in which the carbanogel is exposed to one or more chemicals to induce a reaction, thereby reducing the electrolyte content of the carbanogel. For example, a washing solution may be used to wash the carbanogel, which may dissolve some of the residual or bulk electrolyte from the carbanogel particles. The washing solution may include a neutral pH liquid, such as water or saline solution, or an acidic or alkaline solution that can promote the dissolution of the molten electrolyte, such as formic acid or hydrochloric acid or ammonia sulfate, an oxidizing solution, such as permagnate or peroxide, or an organic solvent, or any combination thereof. In addition to reducing the electrolyte, the washing solution may be applied to dissolve impurities from the CNM, such as amorphous carbon or metals. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolyte content of the carbanogel may be reduced by room temperature filtration and / or high-temperature filtration.Further methods for reducing the electrolyte content of the carbanogel 105 include, but are not limited to, mechanical methods such as sieving and filtration, electrochemical means such as selective electrolysis, thermal means such as oxidative removal by combustion of less stable amorphous carbon to remove CNM impurities, or any combination thereof. Reducing the electrolyte content of the carbanogel can increase the relative proportion of CNM in the carbanogel. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, step 105 for reducing the electrolyte and / or impurity content of the carbanogel may be performed once or more times on the treated or untreated carbanogel. [Examples]

[0070]

[81] Example 1: Carbanogen used in the manufacture of textiles, fabrics and cloths.

[0071]

[82] Figure 7 shows an example of a carbanogel with reduced electrolyte by washing, shown at two different magnifications, 720x (upper panel) and 8600x (lower panel), as measured by scanning electron microscopy, SEM. This example is of a CNT carbanogel prepared by CO2 electrolysis as described above herein. The carbanogel in Figure 7 was made in apparatus 10 using a stainless steel case 304 with a Li2CO3 molten electrolyte at 750°C, equipped with a Muntz brass cathode and a stainless steel 304 anode for producing the CNT carbanogel product. The large particle size of the mixed CNM containing the carbanogel is evident in the upper panel of Figure 7. This particle size is large compared to the porosity of conventional filter media and may provide a rare opportunity for nanoscale CNM to be manipulated macroscopically. In addition to the advantage of being formed from CO2 rather than a high-carbon-footprint reactant, the large particle size of the carbanogel, as shown in the lower panel of Figure 7, may allow the carbanogel to be easily formed from a fine suppression filter, despite the nanomaterial dimensions of the CNMs within it. Following electrolysis, the carbanogel shown in Figure 7 was treated by exfoliation and crushing from a cooled cathode. Following washing with concentrated HCl, the treated carbanogel is shown in the SEM image of Figure 7. The high purity of the CNTs and their orientation in various directions are also evident in Figure 7. Alternative washing with diluted HCl acid similarly washed away electrolytes and metallic impurities, as measured by electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Alternative washing with water, formic acid, or ammonium sulfate mainly removed excess electrolytes but did not remove metallic impurities. Another alternative washing method using a combination of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, in this case sonication rather than mixing the carbanol gel in a concentrated HCl and 35% H2O2 solution, removed excess electrolytes, metallic impurities, and even amorphous carbon impurities. Other chemical oxidizing agents, such as hydrochloric acid and potassium permagnate, were observed to be effective with sufficient dilution, as were electrochemically generated oxidizing agents.As measured by TGA, amorphous carbon has a lower combustion temperature compared to carbon nanotubes, and amorphous carbon is more susceptible to oxidation than more robust graphite nanocarbon structures such as stacked graphene CNT structures. Therefore, amorphous carbon can be removed as an impurity by chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, thermal oxidation, or any combination thereof. As a further example, heating the carbanogel to 300°C after HCl washing reduces the impurity content of the carbanogel. The reduced impurity content was measured by the observed decrease in mass of the carbanogel after the impurity reduction step, as well as by TGA and SEM. The TGA data showed that heating in the HCl and reduction step removed most of the amorphous carbon impurities, and SEM analysis showed that the carbanogel with reduced impurity content retained the CNTs.

[0072]

[83] Example 2: Carbanogel bucky paper from vacuum filtration for use in the manufacture of textiles, fabrics and cloths.

[0073]

[84] Figure 8 is a photograph of a first example of carbanogel buckypaper (CB) made from CO2 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The CB can then be rolled and / or spun into fibers, or used directly as cloth or laminated. The example is black overall, and the figure has been brightened to enhance contrast. The first CB example was made using electrolysis to convert CO2 into carbanogel. The carbanogel was made in apparatus 10 using a steel stainless case 304 with a Li2CO3 molten electrolyte at 750°C, with a Muntz brass cathode and a stainless steel 304 anode for producing the CNT carbanogel product. The carbanogel was also made from CO2CNT products when the cathode was changed to Monel or Ni alloys, e.g., Inconel, nichrome and Ni-iron and Ni-copper alloys, and when the anode was changed to Inconel, nichrome and Ni-iron and Ni-copper alloys. 0.2 grams of this carbanogel product was purified with hydrochloric acid (HCl), mixed in 300 mL of isopropyl alcohol, and then decomposed by sonication for 30 minutes for homogeneous dispersion. The mixture was then poured into a vacuum filter assembly (nylon membrane filter, 0.2 μm pores, 47 mm diameter), and the liquid was drawn out under vacuum. The wide filter pore size and solvent have been found to be effective in forming buckypaper from CO2 converted to carbanogel by this method. The CNTs were either mixed in orientation in the CB during formation or aligned when mechanical force, electric field, or magnetic field was applied during the liquid (alcohol) removal stage. Once all recognizable alcohol had passed through the filter, the filter was removed and dried overnight at room temperature. The resulting CB was removed from the nylon membrane filter and had a thickness of 180 μm.

[0074]

[85] Example 3: Carbanogel bucky paper from compression for use in the manufacture of textiles, fabrics and cloths.

[0075]

[86] Figure 9 is a photograph of a second example of a CB made from CO2. The example is black overall, and the figure has been brightened to enhance contrast. The CB example in Figure 9 was made from CO2 converted to a carbanogel as described in the preceding example, but instead of chemical washing, the electrolyte content of the carbanogel was reduced by compression. Specifically, the carbanogel was generated at the cathode and then compressed at high temperature through a mesh or layer of mesh while retaining both solid CNM and molten electrolyte. A pressure of 500 psi at 750°C was used to produce the CB in Figure 9. When pressures of 1000 psi or more were applied, similar but thinner CBs were produced, while when pressures of less than 500 psi were applied, thicker CBs were produced. The CB shown in Figure 9 has a diameter of approximately 350 mm, and some approximately twice as large were also produced by applying a pressure of 500 psi. The carbanogel was also compressed directly in a high-temperature cathode (after removal from the case) or after migration from the cathode, as in this example. The carbanogel may be migrated while at high temperature or after post-migration processing from the cathode (e.g., cooling, exfoliation, crushing, and reheating to remelt the electrolyte in the carbanogel), as in this example. The screen mesh size used for compression, measured in units of lines per inch, varies from 2 to 100 mesh sizes or 100 to 1,000 mesh sizes or mesh sizes exceeding 1,000 lines per inch to reduce the electrolyte from the product. A mesh size of about 60 with a pore size of about 250 μm is particularly effective, in addition to various larger sizes. Note that a pore size of 250 μm is much larger than the dimensions of the nanomaterials of CNM in CB. Without being constrained by any particular theory, a CO2-converted buckypaper is formed during compression because the electrolyte passes through the mesh while the larger size of the mixed CNM in the carbanogel is held by the mesh. The resulting CB has a thickness that is linearly proportional to the initial mass of the carbanogel and approximately inversely proportional to the applied pressure.

[0076]

[87] Example 4: An epoxy-CNM carbanol gel mixture with increased tensile strength for use in the manufacture of fibers, fabrics and cloths.

[0077]

[88] Figure 10 shows photographs of examples of epoxy resins with and without additional carbanogel made from CO2 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 10 also shows tensile strength data for epoxy resins with and without additional carbanogel made from CO2. Epoxy-CNM can then be wound and / or spun into fibers, or used directly as cloth or laminated. For example, epoxy resin mixed with carbanogel can form CNM polymer fibers or polymer-CNM sheets. The upper panel of Figure 4 shows three articles made without carbanogel (three dog bone-shaped articles on the left) and three articles made with carbanogel according to embodiments of the present disclosure, carbanogel articles (three dog bone-shaped articles on the right). The carbanogel articles are entirely black, and the photographs have been brightened to enhance contrast. The carbanogel used to make the carbanogel articles was made using an electrolytic process as described herein to convert CO2 into carbanogel. Carbanogels were produced in apparatus 10 using a stainless steel case 304 with a Li2CO3 molten electrolyte at 750°C, equipped with a Muntz brass cathode and a stainless steel 304 anode for producing CNT carbanogels. Carbanogels were also produced from CO2 to make CNT carbanogels when the cathode was changed to Monel or Ni alloys, such as Inconel, nichrome, and Ni-iron and Ni-copper alloys, and the anode was changed to Inconel, nichrome, and Ni-iron and Ni-copper alloys. These carbanogels were cleaned with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Approximately 4 parts Metlab M135 resin and approximately 1 part Metlab M135 curing agent were degassed separately in a vacuum chamber at 60°C. Subsequently, the electrolyte was reduced, and a desired 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5% by weight of carbanol gel containing purified CNTs (compared to the total weight of the resin and curing agent) was added to the resin, mixed at 65 rpm for 4 minutes, and then decomposed by sonication for 15 minutes. After sonication, the curing agent was added, mixed at 65 rpm for 4 minutes, and then degassed. The samples were cured at 60°C in a conventional "dog bone" mold and removed for tensile strength testing.The upper panel of Figure 4 shows three cured control samples without additional carbanol gel in the upper left and three cured samples with 0.5 wt% carbanol gel in the upper right. Tensile strength against comparative reference data was measured on an ETM-10kN computer-controlled electronic universal test fabricator. The lower panel of Figure 4 shows the observed increase compared to the tensile strength of the article without additional carbanol gel. The lower panel in Figure 4 shows samples with 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt% carbanol gel, showing relative increases of 4, 15, 21, and 33% of the measured tensile strength, respectively. While this Example 4 shows a “dog bone” shaped article, it is understood that CNM and epoxy materials may be used as inputs to step 108 of fiber processing to produce CNM polymer fibers, as a non-limiting example of a polymer-CNM mixture. However, the polymer-CNM mixture may also undergo further processing steps to produce a sheet-like article, which may be called a CNM fabric, that is not made from multiple CNM fibers.

[0078]

[89] Example 5: Conditions for carbanogel PLA polymer-CNT formation by polymerization for fibers, fabrics and cloths.

[0079]

[90] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method for preparing a polymer-CNT mixture, wherein the polymer mixture comprises PLA. The polymer-CNM mixture can then be processed into a material comprising, but not limited to, CNM fibers and / or CNM fabrics. In this method, the carbanogel is processed by crushing to form carbanogel particles which are added before the polymerization step, which then proceed to the formation of a mixture of polylactic acid (PLA) polymer and the crushed carbanogel. Conventional polymer preparations of PLA proceed by either one of two routes, condensation (also called direct) polymerization or ring-opening condensation polymerization (also called open-loop). For example, to remove water, an aqueous lactic acid solution can be heated and vacuum pumped alone or in the presence of a catalyst. Once the reaction is complete or nearly complete, the liquid PLA (melts at about 130–180°C) can be poured out or stored for later use as a solid. Any PLA preparation pathway may provide an initiation, and / or propagation, and / or termination step of the fractured carbanogel for PLA formation, such as adding CNM (from the fractured carbanogel) to form a PLA-CNM mixture.

[0080]

[91] CNTs are the strongest material known and significantly improve the strength of PLA-CNT mixtures compared to PLA alone, and this polymer-CNT mixture provides a polymer base for stronger fibers and fabrics. Generally, CNTs are not added to the thermoplastic before polymerization but are added in sonication and / or in a molten thermoplastic solvent mixture to allow for uniform dispersion of CNTs, or in large-scale mixing in the melt before extrusion. Alternatively and as an example to this embodiment, CNTs are added as crushed polycarboxylates and polycarboxylate salts suitable for PLA. Aqueous polycarboxylate fluidizers, including, but not limited to, various fluidizers (e.g., those commercially available from Adva, Plastoll and BASF, as well as other plasticizers), are excellent carbanogel CNM dispersants in conventional mixing rather than sonication, resulting in a substantially uniform dispersion of crushed carbanogel / polycarboxylate within the PLA polymer mixture. Therefore, the addition of crushed carbanogel and polycarboxylate before PLA polymerization and without energy-wasting sonication provides dispersed CNM through an early PLA formation process. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, crushed carbanogel and / or polycarboxylate are added following the polymerization process, and then the PLA polymer, crushed carbanogel and / or polycarboxylate are extruded to provide a substantially uniform dispersion of CNM through the PLA polymer.

[0081]

[92] Accordingly, some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a further method 300 (see Figure 11A) for making CNM fibers, the method comprising a step 302 of forming a polymer-CNM mixture from a polymer mixture and a treated carvanogel, the polymer mixture comprising one or more polymers and / or polymer precursors, then a step 304 of extruding the mixture to form CNM polymer fibers having a substantially uniform dispersion of CNM therein. In some embodiments, the method further comprises an optional step 306 of adding a CNM dispersant before the extruding step 304 and the step 306 of recovering the extruded CNM fiber product. The recovered extruded CNM fibers may then undergo a step 110A of forming a CNM fabric. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the extruded product may require a step of fiber treatment to make CNM fibers before the step 110A of forming.

[0082]

[93] Example 6: Conditions for carbanogel PLA polymer-CNT formation by extrusion for fibers, fabrics and cloths.

[0083]

[94] In further embodiments of the present disclosure, polymer-CNM mixtures are prepared using crushed carbanogel particles instead of conventionally dispersed CNM during the polymer extrusion step. Extrusion may use a mixture of treated carbanogel with either a solid polymer or a molten polymer. This embodiment is compared to a conventional process for preparing PLA-CNT mixtures. In the conventional process, 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 wt% CNM CNTs are mixed by blending with PLA pellets for 8 hours. Sonication, which does not involve liquid to transmit acoustic energy, is not possible in this medium. The long mixing time by blending is an attempt to achieve uniform dispersion despite the absence of sonication. Known extrusion processes use a twin-screw extruder and a subsequent single-screw extruder at temperatures rising from 165°C to 220°C to form known PLA / CNT mixtures for testing. Addition of 6 wt% CNTs results in the greatest increase in strength. Compared to PLA with 0% CNTs, a 6 wt% PLA / CNT mixture resulted in a 64% increase in tensile strength and a 29% increase in flexural strength. Instead of conventional CNTs, in this embodiment of the present disclosure, a treated carbanolamine gel is added along with the PLA during blending for extrusion. Thus, an equivalent PLA-CNT strength increase can be achieved with substantially the same amount of CNT loading, using a much shorter blending time, such as less than one hour. The mixing of the molten polymer with the carbanolamine gel according to the embodiment of the present disclosure results in a considerable increase in the associated storage modulus.

[0084]

[95] Accordingly, some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a further method 400 for making CNM fibers (see Figure 11B), the method 400 comprising the steps of crushing a carbanogel 402, mixing the crushed carbanogel with a polymer, a solid polymer or a polymer melt 404, extruding the mixture of crushed carbanogel and polymer 406, recovering the extruded CNM fibers 408, and forming a CNM fabric from the extruded CNM fibers 110A. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in order to make CNM fibers before the forming step 110A, the extruded product may require a fiber processing step.

[0085]

[96] Example 7: Polymer-CNM mixtures alone and together with alternating layers for fibers, fabrics and cloths.

[0086]

[97] Polymer-CNM mixtures may be used alone in materials or products, such as planar backings, flame retardants or heat shields. Polymer-CNM mixtures may be used in combination with other materials not made from polymer-CNM mixtures, but not limited to laminates, and the polymer-CNM mixture may impart new or improved properties to those other materials. For example, polymer-CNM mixtures and their composites have exhibited shape memory properties under various activation states, such as thermal activation, mechanical activation, electrical activation, magnetic activation, photoactivation or chemical activation. This shape memory property may be included in polymer-CNM mixtures, materials or products made therefrom, and materials or products made from combinations of polymer-CNM mixtures (or their materials or products) with other materials. In addition to shape memory properties, when epoxy is used as the polymer in polymer-CNM mixtures, an increase of up to 184% in tensile strength and an increase of up to 444% in impact strength may be possible, and it should be noted that if CNM contains multi-walled CNTs resulting from the selection of operating states in the electrolytic process, an additional 0.1 to 1% by weight may be added. Furthermore, an enhanced spring effect may be present if the operating conditions of the electrolysis process are selected to increase the relative amount of coiled CNTs within the CNM. These shape memory properties can also be promoted by incorporating anisotropic properties into the polymer-CNM mixture by alignment, as described above. The electrical and thermal conductivity of CNMs such as graphene can exhibit excellent properties for their application as polymer heating elements or radiators. Incorporating shape memory properties and heating element behavior can be useful individually or in combination with layers of other materials.

[0087]

[98] Example 8: Carbanone gel fiber made by extrusion.

[0088]

[99] Figure 12 shows a photograph of carbanogel fibers made from two types of polymers, PLA or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The upper panel of Figure 10 shows a long filament extruded by extrusion following, for example, mixing of carbanogel and polymer according to Method 300. The carbanogel used to make carbanogel articles was made using an electrolytic process as described herein to convert CO2 into carbanogel. The carbanogel was made in Apparatus 10 using a stainless steel case 304 with a Li2CO3 molten electrolyte at 750°C, equipped with a Muntz brass cathode and a stainless steel 304 anode for producing CNT carbanogel products. Carbanogel was also made from CO2 to make CNT carbanogel products, in which case the cathode was changed to Monel or Ni alloys, e.g., Inconel, nichrome and Ni-iron and Ni-copper alloys, and the anode was changed to Inconel, nichrome and Ni-iron and Ni-copper alloys. The carbanogel product was cleaned with hydrochloric acid (HCl). 0, 1, 3, or 5% by weight of carbanogel is mixed by blending with a polymer. The extrusion process uses a Felfil Evo Filament extruder at temperatures rising from 165°C to 220°C to form the carbanogel polymer mixture extruded through a filament nozzle for cooling, curing, and fiber collection. The upper panel of Figure 11 shows cut carbanogel-PLA Plus fibers, and the lower panel of Figure 11 shows carbanogel-ABS fibers with 0, 1, 3, or 5% by weight of CNT carbanogel.

[0089]

[0100] Any polymer-CNM mixture made by embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in a method 500 for forming a CNM fabric, comprising the steps of: receiving a carvanogel (treated and / or electrolyte / impurity reduced and / or compressed or uncompressed); making the polymer-CNM mixture; and forming the CNM fabric. The making step 504 may include the step of extruding the polymer mixture (which may include a prepolymer) and the carvanogel (treated and / or electrolyte / impurity reduced and / or compressed or uncompressed) either before, after, or in between the steps of polymerizing the polymer mixture. The fabric forming step 506 may include pressing, squeezing, rolling, heating, extruding, adding a solvent, adding a plasticizer, or any combination thereof for forming a CNM polymer sheet that can be used as a CNM fabric.

[0090]

[0101] Without being bound by any particular theory, the CNM fibers of this disclosure may be used in materials and product applications, for example, but not limited to linings, flame retardants, or shields. However, the CNM fibers, materials, and products made therefrom according to embodiments of this disclosure may also be used as components in composite materials, such as layers (whether or not they include a polymerized support matrix) that include at least one layer made from CNM fibers together with other non-CNM materials to impart improved properties to the other non-CNM materials.

[0091]

[0102] Furthermore, materials and / or products made from CNM fibers, CNM fabrics, and composite materials made from such CNM fibers can exhibit shape memory properties under thermal, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, photo, or chemical activation conditions, and these properties can be imparted to materials or products incorporating such CNM fibers and CNM fabrics (by impregnation, reinforcement, or integration). This shape memory effect is facilitated by incorporating anisotropic properties into the CNM fibers and CNM fabrics, as described above. In addition to the applications described herein, shape memory nanocomposite materials made from the CNM fibers and CNM fabrics of this disclosure may be useful for creating artificial muscles. Furthermore, electrically and thermally conductive polymer products of CNM may offer excellent properties when used in heating element or radiator applications.

[0092]

[0103] Other applications of materials and products made from the CNM fibers and CNM fabrics of this disclosure, which can take advantage of the superior CNM properties provided by carbanogels and / or CBs, include, but are not limited to, (i) lightweight tooling applications for high speed, safety and rapid change; (ii) harder tools for better drilling, impact and / or sawing; (iii) tools for better thermal management; (iv) ultra-strong and bendable materials; (v) general CO2 sequestration; (vi) ultra-lightweight super-absorbent sponges; (vii) as pre-fabricated laminated sheets for incorporation into composite materials; (viii) ballistic or electromagnetic field (EMF) shielding; (ix) parachutes and drag enhancers; (x) knittable / sewable polymers for fabrics; or (xi) fibers / filaments for 3-D manufacturing or printing.

[0093]

[0104] Other uses of materials and products made using CNM fibers according to embodiments of the present disclosure include products that combine the advantages of two or more excellent CNM-based properties, such as structural materials that provide dual uses that further reduce weight, material cost / material used, and / or increase capacity. Some non-limiting examples of such dual uses include (i) use of strength properties and electrical energy storage properties for structural purposes, (ii) use of strength properties and thermal energy storage properties for structural purposes, (iii) use of strength properties for structural purposes, as an electrical conduit or wire, (iv) use of strength properties for structural purposes, and as a sensor for collecting real-time strain or safety data to evaluate the performance of the material, (v) use of strength properties for structural purposes, and as a catalyst, (vi) use of strength properties for structural purposes, and as a heat conduit, or any combination thereof. There are also uses and applications of materials and products made using CNM fibers and CNM fabrics to increase safety according to embodiments of the present disclosure, by being used in heat dissipation members for dissipating high heat, such as in applications where fire is a concern.

[0094]

[0105] The CNM fibers produced by embodiments of this disclosure may consist of one or more CNM fiber types and may be formed into a CNM fabric. Different weave patterns and fiber types may result in different properties being imparted through the CNM fabric, such as having seams to prevent or encourage folding in certain areas and along certain directions.

[0095]

[0106] The CNM fabric may contain liquid from the fiber-making stage, or the liquid may be added after that stage, which may be retained or removed after the polymer CNM fabric is made to allow for easier handling during the CNM fabric formation step, and / or provide other properties including, but not limited to, improved energy storage and thermoelectric effects.

[0096]

[0107] Examples of the use of improved fabrics of carbanogels include, but are not limited to, self-cleaning fabrics, clothing for safety as they are more durable, better dissipates heat, impact resistant and safe. This also includes, but is not limited to, better clothing for construction workers that is not easily torn, bulletproof vests, spacesuits, lighter and stronger parachutes, ropes and cables for filters and pulleys and other mechanical applications, inflatable structures such as inflatable boats, fabrics for fashion and clothing including stronger, lighter, stronger, self-cleaning, changeable color or electronic improved clothing for homes, robots, health, monitoring air quality or controlling external devices, or maintaining a level of breathability of the fabric, fabrics with catalytic properties for filtering air and water and fabrics with shape memory properties.

Claims

1. A method for preparing carbon nanomaterial (CNM)-containing fibers, (a) A step of receiving a carbanogen product, wherein the carbanogen product is A network of CNM products containing a nanocarbon structure, wherein the nanocarbon structure The first nanocarbon is spherical nanocarbon, solid nanoonion, hollow nanoonion, and cylindrical allotrope. Nanocarbon, the second nanocarbon of planar allotropes, the third nanocarbon of helical allotropes, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanofibers, graphene, nanoplatelets, Nano Scaffold, Nano Tree, Nano Belt, Nano Flower, Nano Dragon, Nano Ro One or more of the following: , surface-modified CNM, metal-coated CNM, and amorphous nanocarbon A certain network and, A receiving step including an electrolyte containing carbonate, (b) The step of placing the received carbanogel product into a container, (c) A step of treating a CNM-containing fiber with the carbanogel product, wherein the CN The M-containing fibers comprise at least a portion of the network of the dispersed CNM product. The CNM-containing fiber has steps larger than the individual structures within the nanocarbon structure, (d) A step of recovering the CNM-containing fibers A method that includes this.

2. Carbon nanomaterial (C) from at least one of the CNM-containing fibers and non-CNM-containing fibers The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forming a fabric (NM).

3. The aforementioned forming steps include weaving, knitting, forming into a ring, crocheting, At least one of the following: making a pleated shape, braiding, and opening the fiber bundles, The method according to claim 2, wherein the combination includes any combination thereof.

4. The CNM-containing fiber is a plurality of identical or similar CNM-containing fibers made from the same CNM material. Fibers, different CNM-containing fibers made from different CNM materials, composites made from different CNM materials A number of the same or similar CNM-containing fibers, different CNM-containing fibers made from the same CNM material. The method according to claim 2, comprising a plurality of CNM-containing fibers, or any combination thereof. Law.

5. The steps of compressing the carbanogel product, the CNM-containing fiber, or both, A step to reduce the electrolyte content of the vanogel, the alignment force of the carvanogel product, the Steps to apply carbon dioxide (CO2) to CNM-containing fibers or both. 2 The method according to claim 1, further comprising one or more of the steps of generating the carbanogel product by a melt electrolysis process for the decomposition of ) and processing the carbanogel product, or any combination thereof.

6. Adding an additive, selecting the form of the CNM, and polymerizing the additive. The method according to claim 5, further comprising any combination thereof.

7. The fiber processing step involves spinning, drawing, or The method according to claim 1, comprising both.

8. The spinning method is dry spinning, melt spinning, extrusion spinning, solution spinning, reaction spinning, or any of these. The method according to claim 7, including combinations.

9. The steps for processing the carbanogel product include grinding, fragmentation, pressing, fine grinding, and A claim comprising at least one of rice processing and crushing, or any combination thereof. The method described in 1.

10. The reduction steps include pressing, reacting, washing, filtering, and any combination thereof. The method according to claim 5.

11. The step of applying heat after receiving the carbanogel product further comprises the step of applying heat. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat is 0°C to 1000°C.

12. Alignment forces are applied by mechanical force, chemical reaction, electric current, magnetic field, or a combination thereof. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of applying to the carbanogel product.

13. The carbanol gel, the CNM-containing fiber, and the CNM fabric made from the CNM-containing fiber. and air to partially or substantially completely fill the voids in any combination thereof The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of applying a gap filler.

14. The aforementioned void filler includes reinforcing agents, liquids, catalysts, dopants, magnetic materials, chemicals, and electromagnetic shielding agents. These are strong agents or combinations thereof. The aforementioned reinforcing agents include thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics, epoxy, resins, and other polymers. , including cementitious materials, metals, or any combination thereof, The catalyst accelerates chemical or electrochemical reactions, or enhances CNM / polymer interactions. Includes materials for promoting, promoting polymerization, or a combination thereof. The dopants are boron, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, cobalt, aluminum, and silicon. cerium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, osmium, tellurium, tungsten, and their respective acids This may include the methyl compounds, their respective salts, or any combination thereof. The magnetic material is iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, samarium, neodymium, steel , including one or more magnetic materials possessing carbides, ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic properties. The method according to claim 13, wherein the alloy is any other alloy or any combination thereof.

15. The void filler is used in the electrospinning process, the CNM-containing fiber, or the CNM fabric. Ibology properties, flow properties of the CNM-containing fiber or the CNM fabric, and catalysis of polymerization reaction. To perform a condensation reaction, to align the CNM-containing fiber or the CNM within it, and A material that facilitates or optimizes any combination of these, or the void filler. This involves aligning the CNM within the CNM-containing fiber, condensing the CNM-containing fiber, and a catalyst. The method according to claim 13, which functions as an action, or any combination thereof.

16. To combine CNM-containing fibers into CNM fabric, multiple fibers are woven together. Knitting multiple fibers together, crocheting multiple fibers together, bonding multiple fibers together, Weaving multiple fibers, aligning multiple fibers, and densely packing multiple fibers. The CNM fabric is prepared by stretching multiple fibers or any combination thereof. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of manufacturing.

17. The CNM fabric contains a liquid that can be retained or removed during the forming step, The method according to claim 2, wherein the liquid provides improved energy storage characteristics or improved thermoelectric characteristics.

18. A method for producing a carbon nanomaterial (CNM) containing fabric, (a) A step of receiving a carbanogel containing a network of CNM products, The network of the CNM product consists of spherical nanocarbons, solid nanoonions, and hollow Nanoonions, cylindrical allotropes of the first nanocarbon, planar allotropes of the second nanocarbon, Helical allotropes: the third type of nanocarbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanofibers. - Graphene, nanoplatelets, nanoscaffolds, nanotrees, nanobelts Nanoflowers, nanodragons, nanorods, surface-modified CNM, metal-coated CNM, and amorphous materials. It contains one or more of the nanocarbon materials, The CNM product is dispersed in an electrolyte containing a carbonate, and the receiving step is as follows: (b) A polymer-CNM mixture is obtained by mixing the polymer and the carbanol gel. Steps to make, (c) The step of forming the CNM-containing fabric from the polymer-CNM mixture A method that includes this.

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