Array for delivering tumor therapeutic electric fields (TTFields) with a set of electrode elements having individually adjustable active regions

Abstract

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) can be delivered to a subject's body using electrode elements arranged in sets, each set including a respective first electrode element and a respective second electrode element arranged in thermal contact with one another. A separate first conductor provides a conductive path between each first electrode element and a respective pin of a connector. A second conductor provides a conductive path between all of the second electrode elements and another pin of the connector. A temperature sensor is arranged in thermal contact with the electrode elements of each set. Because the electrode elements are arranged in sets, the current flowing through any given set can be reduced (relative to its maximum value) by turning off a first electrode element in a given set to prevent the area corresponding to the given set from overheating.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - reference to Related Applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 150,425, filed Feb. 17, 2021, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Background Art

[0002] TTFields therapy is a proven approach for treating tumors. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior - art Optune® system for delivering TTFields. TTFields are delivered to a patient through four transducer arrays 21 - 24 placed on the patient's skin in close proximity to the tumor (as shown in FIGS. 2A - 2D for a person having glioblastoma, for example). The transducer arrays 21 - 24 are arranged in pairs, and each transducer array is connected to an AC signal generator 20 via a multi - wire cable. The AC signal generator transmits an AC current through one pair of arrays 21, 22 during a first period to induce an electric field having a first direction through the tumor, and then transmits an AC current through the other pair of arrays 23, 24 during a second period to induce an electric field having a second direction through the tumor, and then repeats steps (a) and (b) during the duration of the treatment.

[0003] Each transducer array 21 - 24 is configured as a set of capacitively - coupled electrode elements E interconnected via a flex circuit (for example, a set of nine electrode elements each having a diameter of about 2 cm). Each electrode element includes a conductive substrate with a dielectric layer (more particularly, a layer of ceramic material having a high dielectric constant) disposed thereon. Each electrode element is sandwiched between a layer of conductive medical gel and an adhesive tape. When placing the array on the patient, the medical gel conforms to the contour of the patient's skin, ensuring good electrical contact of the device with the body. The adhesive tape holds the entire array in a fixed position on the patient while the patient goes about their normal daily activities.

[0004] The amplitude of the alternating current delivered through the transducer array is controlled so that the skin temperature (such as that measured on the skin beneath the transducer array) does not exceed a safety threshold of 41°C. Temperature measurements on the patient's skin are obtained using thermistors T placed beneath some of the disks in the transducer array. In existing Optune® systems, each array contains eight thermistors, one of which is positioned beneath each disk in the array (note that most arrays contain nine or more disks, in which case temperature measurements are taken beneath only a subset of the disks in the array).

[0005] The AC signal generator 20 obtains temperature readings from all 32 thermistors (4 arrays × 8 thermistors per array), and a controller within the AC signal generator uses these temperature readings to control the current delivered through each pair of arrays to maintain a temperature below 41°C on the patient's skin. The current itself is delivered to each array via additional wires running from the AC signal generator 20 to each array (i.e., one wire 28 for each array 21-24). The additional wires (not shown) for each array 21-24 are used as common returns for all eight thermistors. Thus, each of the four cables terminating on arrays 21-24 in an existing Optune system has a total of 10 conductors. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0006] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0050200 [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] One aspect of the present invention relates to a first apparatus for applying an alternating electric field to the body of a subject. The first apparatus comprises at least four sets of electrode elements, a connector, at least four first conductors, second conductors, at least four temperature sensors, and a support configured to hold a set of electrode elements against the body of a subject. Each set of electrode elements includes each first electrode element and each second electrode element positioned in thermal contact with each first electrode element. The connector has at least four first pins and second pins. Each of the at least four first conductors provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins and (b) each of the first electrode elements. The second conductors provide a conductive path between the second pins and all of the second electrode elements, and each of the at least four temperature sensors is positioned in thermal contact with each of the sets of electrode elements.

[0008] In some embodiments of the first apparatus, within each set of electrode elements, the area of ​​each second electrode element is at least twice the area of ​​each first electrode element.

[0009] In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the apparatus has at least nine sets of electrode elements, the connector has at least nine first pins, the apparatus has at least nine first conductors, and the apparatus has at least nine temperature sensors.

[0010] In some embodiments of the first apparatus, each temperature sensor comprises a thermistor having a first terminal and a second terminal, the connector having a third pin, and each first conductor providing a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins, (b) each of the first electrode elements, and (c) the first terminals of each thermistor. In these embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a third conductor providing a conductive path between the third pin and at least one second terminal of the thermistor. Optionally, in these embodiments, the second terminals of all thermistors are wired together.

[0011] In some embodiments of the first apparatus, each temperature sensor comprises a thermistor having a first terminal and a second terminal, the connector has a third pin, and each first conductor provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins, (b) each of the first electrode elements, and (c) the first terminal of each thermistor. In these embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a third conductor providing a conductive path between the third pin and at least one second terminal of the thermistor. In these embodiments, the thermistors are wired in series, starting with the first thermistor and ending with the last thermistor. The second terminal of each thermistor except the last thermistor is wired to the first terminal of the respective subsequent thermistor, and the third conductor provides a conductive path between the third pin of the connector and the second terminal of the last thermistor.

[0012] In some embodiments of the first apparatus, each temperature sensor comprises a region of pyroelectric material.

[0013] In some embodiments of the first apparatus, each first electrode element comprises a conductive plate having a dielectric layer disposed on top of it, and each second electrode element comprises a conductive plate having a dielectric layer disposed on top of it, and the support is configured to hold the first electrode element and the second electrode element with respect to the subject's body such that the dielectric layers of the first electrode element and the dielectric layers of the second electrode element face the subject's body.

[0014] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a second apparatus for applying an alternating electric field to a subject's body using at least four sets of electrode elements, each set of electrode elements comprising a first electrode element and a second electrode element positioned in thermal contact with the first electrode element, and each set of electrode elements positioned in thermal contact with a temperature sensor. The second apparatus comprises an AC signal generator that generates an AC output signal. The second apparatus also comprises a connector comprising at least four first and second pins, each first pin corresponding to one of the first electrode elements, and the AC output signal is applied to the second pins. The second apparatus also comprises at least four first switches, each first switch configured to selectively apply or not apply the AC output signal to one of the first pins depending on the state of at least one control signal. The second apparatus also comprises an amplifier configured to accept input from each temperature sensor and generate a corresponding output. The second device also includes a controller configured to set at least one control signal to determine, based on the output of the amplifier, whether or not an AC output signal is applied to each first pin.

[0015] In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the controller is configured to (a) determine, based on the output of the amplifier, if at least one of the first electrode elements is hotter than the other first electrode elements, and (b) set at least one control signal to control the first switch such that an AC signal is not applied to each of at least one of the first pins.

[0016] In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the controller is configured to (a) determine, based on the output of the amplifier, whether at least one of the first electrode elements is hotter than a threshold level, and (b) set at least one control signal to control the first switch such that an AC signal is not applied to each of at least one of the first pins.

[0017] In some embodiments of the second device, the input from the temperature sensor is received via the same first pin corresponding to the first electrode element.

[0018] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a first method for applying an alternating electric field to the body of a subject. The first method includes the step of positioning at least four sets of electrode elements on or inside the body of a subject, each set of electrode elements having an adjustable active region. The first method also includes the steps of exciting each set of electrode elements using its entire active region, measuring the temperature of each set of electrode elements, and reducing the active region of at least one set of electrode elements based on one of the corresponding temperature measurements.

[0019] In some examples of the first method, the active region of a given set of electrode elements is reduced if the electrode elements of the given set are hotter than those of other sets. In some examples of the first method, the active region of a given set of electrode elements is reduced if the electrode elements of the given set are hotter than a threshold level.

[0020] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a second method for applying an alternating electric field to the body of a subject. The second method includes the step of positioning at least four sets of electrode elements on or inside the body of the subject, each set of electrode elements having an adjustable active region. The second method also includes the steps of exciting each of the sets of electrode elements using its entire active region, measuring the temperature of each of the sets of electrode elements, and reducing the active region of at least one of the sets of electrode elements based on one of the corresponding temperature measurements. The positioning step includes positioning at least four first electrode elements on or inside the body of the subject, and positioning at least four second electrode elements on or inside the body of the subject. Each first electrode element is wired together so that it can be excited independently of the other first electrode elements. Each second electrode element is positioned adjacent to and in thermal contact with each of the first electrode elements. The second electrode elements are wired together such that either all of the second electrode elements must be excited collectively, or they may not be excited collectively. The excitation step includes exciting all of the first and second electrode elements. The reduction of the active region includes de-energizing selected first electrode elements based on their respective temperature measurements.

[0021] In some examples of the second method, de-energizing a given first electrode element is done when that given first electrode element is hotter than other first electrode elements.

[0022] In some examples of the second method, de-energizing a given first electrode element is performed when the given first electrode element is hotter than a threshold level. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0023] [Figure 1] This is a schematic diagram of the conventional Optune® system for delivering TTFields. [Figure 2A]A diagram showing the positioning of a transducer array on a person's head for treating a brain tumor. [Figure 2B] A diagram showing the positioning of a transducer array on a person's head for treating a brain tumor. [Figure 2C] A diagram showing the positioning of a transducer array on a person's head for treating a brain tumor. [Figure 2D] A diagram showing the positioning of a transducer array on a person's head for treating a brain tumor. [Figure 3] A schematic diagram of a transducer array used to apply TTFields to a subject's body. [Figure 4A] A diagram showing each approach for positioning a temperature sensor in thermal contact with an electrode element within a transducer array. [Figure 4B] A diagram showing each approach for positioning a temperature sensor in thermal contact with an electrode element within a transducer array. [Figure 4C] A diagram showing each approach for positioning a temperature sensor in thermal contact with an electrode element within a transducer array. [Figure 5] A diagram showing a transducer array that performs individual control of currents passing through nine different regions of the transducer array. [Figure 6] A block diagram of a system that uses four copies of the transducer array of FIG. 5 to apply TTFields to a subject. [Figure 7] A diagram showing another transducer array that performs individual control of currents passing through nine different regions of the transducer array. [Figure 8] A block diagram of a system that uses four copies of the transducer array of FIG. 7 to apply TTFields to a subject. [Figure 9] A schematic diagram of a circuit suitable for implementing each switch within banks 1L and 1R in the embodiments of FIGS. 6 and 8. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0024] Various embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings, where similar reference numbers indicate similar elements.

[0025] While the approach shown in Figure 1 above is highly effective for delivering TTFields to tumors, the therapeutic efficacy is reduced if good electrical contact is not maintained between each element in the four transducer arrays 21-24 and the human body. This can occur, for example, when the hydrogel under one or more elements of the transducer array dries out over time or due to hair growth under one or more elements.

[0026] For example, suppose there are nine electrode elements E in each transducer array 21-24, and the hydrogel under a single electrode element E on the previous transducer array 21 dries out, and sufficient hydrogel is present under (a) all the other electrode elements E in that transducer array 21, and (b) all the electrode elements E in the other transducer arrays 22-24. In this situation, the resistance between a single electrode element E and the human body is higher than the resistance between any of the other electrode elements and the human body. Such an increase in resistance causes the temperature of the single electrode element E to rise higher than that of the other electrode elements.

[0027] In this situation, since all electrode elements E in each transducer array 21-24 are wired in parallel, the AC signal generator 20 must limit the current applied to the entire front / rear pair of transducer arrays 21, 22 in order to keep the temperature of a single electrode element E on the front array 21 below 41°C, even if the temperature of all the remaining electrode elements E on the front and rear transducer arrays 21, 22 is below 41°C. Such a reduction in current can result in a corresponding reduction in the strength of the electric field in the tumor, potentially reducing the efficacy of the treatment.

[0028] One possible approach to address this situation is to wire a separate conductor to each of the nine electrode elements (as opposed to the conventional approach of wired all electrode elements together in parallel). When this approach is implemented, it becomes possible to switch off the AC signal to any electrode element that is overheating without switching off the AC signal to the other electrode elements on the same array. This approach is referred to herein as the "individually addressable electrode approach".

[0029] However, completely switching off an electrode element using an individually addressable electrode approach could increase the current passing through the remaining electrode elements, thereby raising their temperature. In addition, completely switching off an electrode element could have adverse effects on the distribution of the electric field within the subject's body. Furthermore, the inventors determined that in most situations, a current reduction of less than 20% prevents any given electrode element from overheating. As a result, completely switching off an electrode element using an individually addressable electrode approach may be considered excessive. The embodiments described below mitigate or minimize the problems identified in this paragraph by replacing each prior art electrode element with a set of electrode elements.

[0030] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a transducer array 50 containing nine sets of electrode elements 52 / 53 used to apply TTFields to a subject's body. Each set contains a first electrode element 52 and a second electrode element 53 arranged in thermal contact with each other. The entire array 50 contains at least four sets of first and second electrode elements 52 / 53 (for example, nine sets 52 / 53 in the embodiment shown in Figure 3, or another number between 4 and 50). A separate first conductor is wired to each first electrode element 52, allowing the AC signal to be switched on or off independently to any given one of the first electrode elements 52. However, all of the second electrode elements 53 are wired in parallel to the second conductor, meaning that as soon as the AC signal is applied to the second conductor, the AC signal reaches all of the second electrode elements 53.

[0031] In some preferred embodiments, the area of ​​the second electrode element 53 in any given set is at least twice the area of ​​each of the first electrode elements 51. For the purposes of discussion, assume that in any given set of electrode elements 52 / 53, 70% of the total area is occupied by the second electrode element 53 and 30% of the total area is occupied by the first electrode element 52. When delivering TTFields, the current passing through the electrode elements 52 / 53 in any given set is related to the active region of that set. Consequently, when a given AC voltage is applied to both the first electrode element 52 and the second electrode element 53, the full measurement of the current (i.e., 100%) passes through the set 52 / 53. However, if the same AC voltage is applied only to the second electrode element 53 and not to the first electrode element 52, the current passing through the entire set 52 / 53 drops from 100% to a lower level (e.g., 80%).

[0032] Assume that an AC voltage is applied to the second electrode element 53 via the second conductor during a time interval (e.g., a 1-second interval). Furthermore, assume that during this same time interval, the same AC voltage is applied to the first electrode element 52 in the set of electrode elements 52 / 53 labeled X (via the corresponding first conductor), but the AC voltage is not applied to the first electrode element 52 in the set of electrode elements 52 / 53 labeled Z. In this situation, since the current is related to the active region, the complete measurement of the current (i.e., 100%) passes through the set 52 / 53 labeled X, while a lower current passes through the second set 52 / 53 labeled Z.

[0033] The first electrode element 52 and the second electrode element 53 in any given set 52 / 53 are shaped and positioned such that they are in thermal contact with each other (i.e., shaped and positioned such that heating the first electrode element 52 heats the second electrode element 53, and vice versa). It should be noted that the thermal contact between the first electrode element 52 and the second electrode element 53 may be indirect thermal contact with an intervening component placed between the first electrode element 52 and the second electrode element 53. One preferred approach to achieving thermal contact between the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 in any given set is to shape these electrode elements 52, 53 as an alternating helix (not shown) or as an alternating grid helix (as shown in Figure 3). In alternative embodiments, different alternating patterns (e.g., alternating stripes or alternating comb patterns) may be used. In this regard, by arranging the first and second electrode elements 52 and 53 alternately, the thermal contact between the first and second electrode elements 52 and 53 is improved, and temperature changes between these elements are minimized.

[0034] The temperature sensors are positioned in thermal contact with each set of electrode elements 52 / 53 (here again, the thermal contact may be indirect). The number of temperature sensors is preferably equal to the number of sets of electrode elements. For example, if four sets of electrode elements 52 / 53 are used, there are four temperature sensors. In some embodiments, thermistors are used as temperature sensors.

[0035] Figure 4A shows a first approach for positioning a temperature sensor (e.g., a thermistor 54) in thermal contact with the first and second electrode elements 52, 53. In this approach, the thermistor 54 is positioned in the opening space between the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 within each set 52 / 53 so that the thermistor 54 is positioned in thermal contact with both the first and second electrode elements 52, 53. Figure 4B shows a second approach for positioning the temperature sensor. In this approach, the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 occupy almost the entire area of ​​the set 52 / 53, and the thermistor 54 is positioned on the back side of the set 52 / 53 so that the thermistor 54 is positioned in thermal contact with both the first and second electrode elements 52, 53. This approach is particularly well-suited when the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 are implemented using the respective wiring of a flexible circuit. Two approaches for using a set of thermistors as a temperature sensor are described below with respect to Figures 5-8.

[0036] Figure 4C shows a third approach for positioning the temperature sensor. In this approach, the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 occupy approximately the entire area of ​​the set 52 / 53, and temperature sensing is performed by positioning a region of pyroelectric material (not shown) by making thermal contact behind both the first and second electrode elements 52, 53. This approach is also particularly well suited when the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 are implemented using the respective wiring of a flexible circuit. A description of how the region of pyroelectric material is used to sense temperature is provided below.

[0037] The embodiments described herein advantageously provide the ability to reduce the current flowing through a given region of the transducer array 50 without completely interrupting the current flowing through that region.

[0038] One approach to controlling the current flowing through each region of the transducer array is to (1) start with the conventional configuration shown in Figure 1, (2) reconfigure each electrode element E to resemble the shape of the second electrode element 53 shown in Figure 3, (3) add nine additional electrode elements having a shape like the first electrode element 52 shown in Figure 3 and alternating with the original electrode elements E, and (4) add additional conductors leading to each new electrode element so that each new electrode element can be excited individually. While this approach is feasible, it requires nearly doubling the number of conductors in each cable leading to the transducer array. For example, in a transducer array with nine controllable regions, a total of 20 wires would be needed in each cable (i.e., one to provide common access to all of the original electrode elements, nine to provide individual access to each of the nine new electrode elements, an additional nine for signals from the thermistors, plus one additional wire to act as a common return to all nine thermistors). Such a significant increase in the number of wires within each cable tends to make the cable less flexible and more difficult to handle, potentially making the system harder to use and reducing patient compliance.

[0039] The embodiments described below advantageously provide the ability to control the current flowing through separate regions of the transducer array 50 without excessively increasing the number of conductors in the cable terminating on the transducer array. These embodiments can be used to implement a system that distributes the function of outputting current (to generate TTFields) and obtaining temperature readings into mutually exclusive time slots or stages. In these systems, the same set of conductors can be used to output current and input temperature readings, since the temperature readings are not obtained at exactly the same moment while the transducer array is outputting current. This advantageously reduces the total number of conductors that must be included in each cable.

[0040] One suitable approach to distributing the function of outputting current and obtaining temperature readings into mutually exclusive time slots or stages is to (i) output current for a certain time interval (e.g., 1 second), then switch off the current, and then (ii) spend a short period (e.g., 10 milliseconds) obtaining a temperature measurement, and then repeat these two steps (i) and (ii) alternately in order (e.g., 12-18 hours daily). The operation of the system during each of these stages (i.e., the power output stage and the temperature reading stage) is described below for various embodiments.

[0041] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of the transducer array 50 that provides individual control over the current passing through nine different regions of the transducer array 50 during the current output stage. As described below in relation to Figure 6, four copies of the transducer array 50 are preferably used to administer TTFields therapy to a human head (or other body part).

[0042] Each transducer array 50 includes at least four sets of electrode elements 52 / 53. Each set 52 / 53 includes a first electrode element 52 and a second electrode element 53 positioned in thermal contact with each other. For the sake of easier reference to the embodiment in Figure 5, the first electrode elements 52 are labeled E1 to E9 and the second electrode elements 53 are labeled A1 to A9. The shapes and positioning of the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 relative to each other are as described above in relation to Figures 3 and 4 (note that the shapes and positioning are not shown in Figure 5 in order to facilitate the viewing of the electrical interactions between various components). The electrode elements 52 / 53 of each set are positioned in different regions of the transducer array 50, and the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 in any given set are positioned in thermal contact with each other.

[0043] The first and second electrode elements 52 and 53 each have a conductive substrate with a dielectric layer placed on top of it. The conductive substrate may be made using a thin layer of metal. The dielectric layer may be made using a layer of ceramic material or polymer with a high dielectric constant (e.g., at least 20).

[0044] In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, all of the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 are held in place by a support structure 59. The support structure is configured to hold the electrode elements against the subject's body so that the dielectric layers of the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 face the subject's body and can be positioned in contact with the subject's body. Optionally, the support structure may include a flexible backing 59 (e.g., a layer of foam material). A layer of hydrogel is preferably placed between the dielectric layers of the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 and the subject's body when the transducer array 50 is placed against the subject's body. The configuration of the support structure 59 may be carried out using any of the various conventional approaches that will be apparent to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to self-adhesive fabric, foam, or plastic sheeting.

[0045] Each transducer array 50 also has a connector 57 used to transmit electrical signals within and from the transducer array 50. The connector 57 has at least four first pins and second pins. In the illustrated embodiment, the number of first pins is the same as the number of first electrode elements 52, with each first pin corresponding to one of these first electrode elements 52. In the illustrated embodiment, there is only a single second pin labeled A. Note that, as used herein, the term “pin” can refer to either a male or female pin of the connector 57.

[0046] Each first electrode element 52 (labeled E1 to E9) is wired to each first pin of the connector 57 via its respective individual first conductor. More specifically, each first conductor provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins in the connector 57 and (b) each of the conductive substrates of the first electrode elements 52 (E1 to E9). These first conductors are numbered 1 to 9 just above the “wire routing” block 55 (which runs the individual conductors together through a single cable 56). In some preferred embodiments, the electrical connection to each first electrode element 52 comprises one or more wires on a flexible circuit and / or one or more conductive wires.

[0047] The connector 57 has individual first pins corresponding to each individual first electrode element 52, and a conductive path exists between each first pin and one of the first electrode elements 52. Therefore, a system that meshes with the connector 57 can selectively excite or not excite each individual first electrode element 52 by applying or not applying an AC signal to each first pin on the connector 57. In contrast, all of the second electrode elements 53 (labeled A1 to A9) are connected via a conductive path to the node labeled "A" (for example, both wired in series or parallel) and gradually terminate over the second pins of the connector 57. As a result, a system that meshes with the connector 57 must or may not selectively excite all of the second electrode elements 53 by applying or not applying an AC signal to the second pins on the connector 57.

[0048] Therefore, when the system that meshes with the connector 57 applies an AC signal to the second pin on the connector 57, any given individual region of the transducer array 50 will either (a) allow a full level of current to pass through (i.e., when each first electrode element 52 is excited) or (b) allow a lower level of current to pass through (i.e., when each first electrode element 52 is not excited). This advantageously provides the ability to reduce the current flowing through a given region of the transducer array 50 without completely blocking the current flowing through that region.

[0049] Next, we will discuss the operation of the embodiment in Figure 5 during the temperature reading phase. Each transducer array 50 also includes at least four temperature sensors, each positioned in thermal contact with one of each of the electrode elements 52 / 53 in the set. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5, the temperature sensors are implemented using thermistors 54, one thermistor positioned relative to each set 52 / 53 such that thermistor 54 can sense the temperature of the first and second electrode elements 52, 53 in its set. This may be achieved, for example, using one of the approaches described above with respect to Figures 4A to 4B. Each thermistor 54 has a first terminal (i.e., the lower terminal of the thermistor in Figure 5) and a second terminal (i.e., the upper terminal of the thermistor in Figure 5).

[0050] In this embodiment, each first conductor provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins in the connector 57, (b) each of the conductive substrates of the first electrode elements 52 (E1 to E9), and (c) the first terminal of the corresponding thermistor 54.

[0051] In the thermistor-based embodiment shown in Figure 5, each transducer array 50 has a third conductor that provides a conductive path between a third pin of a connector 57 (labeled C in Figure 5) and at least one second terminal of the thermistor 54 (i.e., the upper terminal in Figure 5). In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, all second terminals of the thermistor are wired together. In this embodiment, the third conductor provides a conductive path between the third pin of the connector 57 and all second terminals of the thermistor 54. The third conductor may optionally be implemented using multiple segments of wire and / or multiple wires on a flexible circuit.

[0052] The connector 57 has individual first pins corresponding to the first terminals of each thermistor 54, and a conductive path exists between each first pin and one of the thermistors 54, so the system that meshes with the connector 57 has access to the first terminals of each thermistor 54. In addition, the system that meshes with the connector 57 also has access to the second terminals of each thermistor 54, since the second terminals of all thermistors 54 are all wired together and connected to a third pin (labeled C). As a result, the system that meshes with the connector 57 can measure the resistance of any of the thermistors 54 during the temperature reading stage. This may be achieved, for example, by sending a known power through each thermistor 54 and measuring the voltage that appears across each thermistor.

[0053] In particular, each given first pin on the connector 57 performs two functions, as each of the individual first electrode elements 52 corresponds to one of the individual thermistors 54 (during the current output phase) and each of the individual thermistors 54 (during the temperature reading phase). This reduces the number of wires that must be included in each cable 56, which then advantageously makes the cable more flexible and less cumbersome.

[0054] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a system that uses four copies of the transducer array 50 (described above in relation to Figure 5) to apply TTFields to a subject. In Figure 6, these four copies are labeled 50A, 50P, 50L, and 50R, where A, P, L, and R mean front, rear, left, and right, respectively. The lower part of Figure 6 shows the AC voltage generator 35 and the "CAD box" 30 as separate blocks, the latter including the temperature measuring block 32, the controller 34, and a group of switches 1L, 2L, 3L, 1R, 2R, and 3R. In some embodiments, the components within the two blocks 35, 30 may be physically separated within two separate housings. However, in alternative embodiments, the components within these two blocks 35, 30 are combined within a single housing.

[0055] For simplicity, only the left and right channels are shown in Figure 6. However, the remaining channels (i.e., the front and rear channels) operate in the same manner as the left and right channels, respectively. In addition, for simplicity, each transducer array 50 in Figure 6 is shown with only four first electrode elements 52 and four thermistors 54. However, actual systems are expected to have a larger number of first electrode elements and thermistors (e.g., between 9 and 30), and a larger number of other specific components (e.g., switches, conductors, etc.) depending on the number of first electrode elements 52 actually used within each transducer array 50.

[0056] The system in Figure 6 can measure the temperature of the thermistor 54 in the left channel 50L during the temperature reading phase by controlling electronically controlled switches in group 2L (which may be done using bidirectional analog switches) to subsequently select each thermistor. For example, switches C and 1 should be closed to select thermistor T1, and switches C and 2 should be closed to select thermistor T2, and so on. After one of the given thermistors T1-T4 in the transducer array 50L has been selected, the temperature measuring block (TMB) 32 can determine the temperature of the thermistor by measuring the resistance of the thermistor. This may be achieved, for example, by using a current source that generates a known current (e.g., 150 μA) positioned within the TMB 32 such that a known current is delivered regardless of which thermistor is selected by the group of switches 2L at any given moment. The known current generates a voltage across the selected thermistors (T1-T4), and the temperature of the selected thermistor can be determined by measuring this voltage. The controller 34 then executes a program to select each thermistor T1 to T4, and then measures the voltage generated across each thermistor (indicating the temperature at the selected thermistor). Examples of suitable hardware and procedures that may be used to obtain temperature readings from each thermistor are described in Patent Document 1, which is incorporated herein by reference in whole.

[0057] Measuring the temperature of thermistor 54 in the right channel 50R is achieved using the same approach as described above for the left channel 50L, except that the group of switches 2R is used instead of group 2L. The corresponding group switches (not shown) are also provided for the other channels 50A and 50P, and a similar approach is used for these channels as well.

[0058] During the current output phase, within a given time interval (e.g., 1 second), the AC voltage generator 35 is assumed to be applying an AC signal between the L and R terminals. This AC signal is applied to the A terminals of the left and right transducer arrays 50L and 50R, meaning that the output of the AC voltage generator is applied to all of the second electrode elements 53 (A1 to A4). Based on the temperature readings obtained from the thermistors 54 (T1 to T4) during the temperature reading phase, the controller 34 controls the switches in group 1L to either turn the current (generated in the AC voltage generator 35) on or off for each of the corresponding first electrode elements 52 (E1 to E4) during the next current output phase. For example, all four switches in group 1L should be closed to leave full current in all four sets 52 / 53. To reduce the current passing through the E1 / A1 set 52 / 53 of the electrode element (see Figure 5), switch 1 in group 1L should be opened, and to reduce the current passing through the E2 / A2 set 52 / 53 of the electrode element, switch 2 in group 1L should be opened, and so on.

[0059] Controlling the current delivered through individual first electrode elements during the current output stage can therefore be used to reduce the current passing through a given region when that region begins to heat up. This is advantageous because it can prevent overheating without completely cutting off the current passing through the given region.

[0060] In some embodiments, the controller 34 may be programmed to maintain the temperature in all regions below a safety threshold (e.g., below 41°C) as follows: It begins by closing all switches 1-4 in group 1L so that a complete measurement of the current (i.e., 100%) passes through each set of electrode elements 52 / 53 during the current output stage. Then, during the temperature reading stage, based on the signal arriving via the TMB 32, the controller 34 determines whether the temperature in each region exceeds an upper threshold (e.g., 40°C) which is below the safety threshold. If the controller 34 detects this condition, it reduces the current passing through the warmer regions by cutting off the signal to the first electrode elements 32 in those regions during the next current output stage. In particular, this procedure only reduces the current passing through a specific region of the transducer array 50, and does not reduce the current passing through the rest of the transducer array 50.

[0061] In an optional configuration, the controller 34's decision to switch off a given first electrode element 52 may be based on the rate at which the corresponding thermistor 54 heats up (as measured via the temperature sensor 54 and TMB 32 during two or more temperature reading stages with time intervals between them). More specifically, if the controller 34 recognizes that a given thermistor 54 is heating up faster than expected, the controller 34 may, during a subsequent current output stage, actively open the switch supplying the corresponding first electrode element 52.

[0062] Optionally, the controller 34 can control the current flowing through any given region on the transducer array 50 based on real-time temperature measurement. For example, when the temperature in a given region reaches 40°C, the controller 34 can open the switch supplying the corresponding first electrode element 52, reducing the current flowing through the corresponding region during the current output phase. The controller 34 then waits until the temperature measured using the temperature sensor 54 falls below a second temperature threshold (e.g., below 38°C). Once the temperature falls below this second temperature threshold, the controller 34 can close the switch supplying the corresponding first electrode element 52, restoring the current flowing through the corresponding region during the current output phase to its original value.

[0063] Individually switching the current to each first electrode element 52 in the right channel 50R is achieved using the same approach as described above for the left channel 50L, except that the group of switches 1R is used instead of group 1L. Corresponding groups of switches (not shown) are also provided for the other channels 50A, 50P, and a similar approach is used for these channels as well.

[0064] In some preferred embodiments, the AC signal generator 35 delivers an AC current through the front / rear array 50A / 50P during a first period (e.g., 1 second) to induce an electric field with a first direction through a tumor in the subject's body, and then delivers an AC current through the left / right array 50L / 50R during a second period (e.g., 1 second) to induce an electric field with a second direction through the tumor, and then repeats steps (a) and (b) for the duration of the treatment. In these embodiments, the controller 34 may decide whether to switch each first electrode element 52 on or off just before each 1-second time interval.

[0065] Optionally, an additional group of switches 3L may be provided. Each switch in this group is wired in parallel with a corresponding thermistor T1-T4 such that when one of switches 1-4 is closed, one of thermistors T1-T4 is short-circuited.

[0066] The reason for including the additional group of switches 3L is that (a) current from the AC voltage generator 35 flows through the first electrode element 52 of the left channel 50L, the subject's body, and the first electrode element 52 of the right channel 50R during the current output phase, and (b) if the power to any of the first electrode elements 52 of the left channel 50L is cut off by the corresponding switch in group 1L, current may sneak out through the thermistor 54 in the left channel 50L. For example, suppose only switch #2 in group 1L is cut off (i.e., open). Switches #1, 3, and 4 are on (i.e., closed), so the AC voltage generator 35 applies voltage to electrode elements E1, E3, and E4. Thermistors T1 and T2 provide a path for current to flow from E1 to E2, thermistors T3 and T2 provide a path for current to flow from E3 to E2, and thermistors T4 and T2 provide a path for current to flow from E4 to E2. This is equivalent to a parallel combination of E1, E3, and E4 wired in series with E2. Since the number of thermistors in this parallel combination increases linearly with the number of the first electrode elements 52, the current in a single thermistor E2 (wired in series with the parallel combination) can be considerable. The system is given the ability to prevent power loss in that single thermistor E2 by including an optional additional group switch 3L and closing the corresponding switch #2 in group 3L.

[0067] To achieve this (in these embodiments, which include an additional group of switches 3L), the controller 34 may be programmed so that whenever one of the switches in group 1L is opened, the corresponding switch in group 3L is closed. This prevents the thermistor 54 associated with the first electrode element 52 that is switched off from losing too much power, as described in the previous paragraph.

[0068] In these embodiments, which include an additional group of switches 3L, individual bypass of each thermistor 54 in the right channel 50R is achieved using the same approach as described above in relation to the left channel 50L, except that the group of switches 3R is used instead of group 3L. Corresponding group switches (not shown) are also provided for the other channels 50A, 50P, and a similar approach is used for these channels as well.

[0069] Figure 7 shows a second embodiment of the transducer array 150 that provides individual control over the current passing through nine different regions of the transducer array 150 during the current output stage. As described below in relation to Figure 8, four copies of the transducer array 150 are preferably used to administer TTFields therapy to a human head (or other body part).

[0070] Each transducer array 150 includes at least four sets of electrode elements 152 / 153. Each set 152 / 153 includes a first electrode element 152 and a second electrode element 153, each positioned in thermal contact with the others. For ease of reference, the first electrode elements 152 are labeled E1 to E9, and the second electrode elements 153 are labeled A1 to A9. The first and second electrode elements 152 and 153 are similar to the first and second electrode elements 52 and 53 in the embodiments of Figures 5 and 6 described above, respectively. The electrode elements 152 and 153 of each set are positioned in different regions of the transducer array 150, and the first and second electrode elements 152 and 153 in any given set are positioned in thermal contact with the others.

[0071] The first and second electrode elements 152 and 153 are held in place by a support structure 159, which is similar to the support structure 59 in the embodiment of Figure 5.

[0072] Each transducer array 150 also has a connector 157 used to transmit electrical signals within and from the transducer array 150. The connector 157 has at least four first pins and two second pins. In the illustrated embodiment, the number of first pins is the same as the number of first electrode elements 152, with each first pin corresponding to one of these first electrode elements 152. In the illustrated embodiment, there is only a single second pin labeled A. Note that, as used herein, the term “pin” can refer to either the male or female pins of the connector 157.

[0073] Each transducer array 150 also has at least four first conductors, the number of which depends on the number of first electrode elements 152. For example, in the embodiment shown in Figure 7, which includes nine first electrode elements 152, there are nine first conductors. Each of these first conductors provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins in the connector 157 and (b) each of the conductive substrates of the first electrode elements 152 (E1-E9). These first conductors are labeled 1-9 just above the “wire routing” block 155 (which runs the individual conductors together within a single cable 156). As in the embodiment of Figure 5, each of these first conductors may optionally be implemented using multiple segments of wire and / or multiple wirings on a flexible circuit.

[0074] Similar to the embodiments shown in Figures 5 and 6, the system that meshes with the connector 157 can selectively excite or not excite each first electrode element 152 individually by applying or not applying an AC signal to each first pin on the connector 157 during the current output stage. However, since all of the second electrode elements 153 are wired together, applying or not applying an AC signal to the second pin on the connector 157 must or must not selectively excite all of the second electrode elements 153 together. Thus, any given individual region of the transducer array 150 can either (a) allow a full level of current to pass through (i.e., when each first electrode element 152 is excited) or (b) allow a lower level of current to pass through (i.e., when each first electrode element 152 is not excited).

[0075] Next, we will discuss the operation of the embodiment in Figure 7 during the temperature reading phase. Each transducer array 150 also includes at least four temperature sensors, each positioned in thermal contact with one of the electrode elements 152, 153 of the set. As in the embodiments of Figures 5 and 6, the temperature sensors may be implemented using thermistors 154. Each thermistor 154 has a first terminal (i.e., the lower terminal of the thermistor in Figure 7) and a second terminal (i.e., the upper terminal of the thermistor in Figure 7). In these embodiments, each first conductor provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins in the connector 157, (b) each of the conductive substrates of the first electrode elements 152 (E1 to E9), and (c) the first terminal of the corresponding thermistor 154.

[0076] In particular, the multiple thermistors 154 in this embodiment of Figure 7 are arranged in series, starting with the first thermistor (i.e., the upper left in Figure 7) and ending with the last thermistor (i.e., the lower right in Figure 7). The second terminal of each thermistor, except for the last one, is wired to the first terminal of the subsequent thermistor.

[0077] Each transducer array 150 has a third conductor that provides a conductive path between the third pin of the connector 157 and the second terminal of the last thermistor 154 (i.e., the upper terminal of the thermistor in the lower right of Figure 7). The third conductor may optionally be implemented using multiple segments of wire and / or multiple wires on a flexible circuit.

[0078] The connector 157 has individual first pins corresponding to each individual first electrode element 152, and a conductive path exists between each first pin and each of the first electrode elements 152. Therefore, the system that meshes with the connector 157 can selectively excite or de-excite each individual first electrode element 152 by applying or not applying a signal to each first pin on the connector 157 during the current output phase. Since any given pair of terminals of the thermistor 154 are wired to different pins on the connector 157, the system that meshes with the connector 157 has access to both terminals of each thermistor 154. As a result, the system that meshes with the connector 157 can measure the resistance of either thermistor 154 during the temperature reading phase.

[0079] In particular, each given first pin on the connector 157 performs two functions, as each of the individual first electrode elements 152 corresponds to one of the individual thermistors 154 (during the current output phase) and each of the individual thermistors 154 (during the temperature reading phase). This reduces the number of wires that must be included in each cable 156, which then advantageously makes the cable more flexible and less cumbersome.

[0080] Figure 8 is a block diagram of a system that uses four copies of the transducer array 150 (described above in relation to Figure 7) to apply TTFields to a subject. In Figure 8, these four copies are labeled 150A, 150P, 150L, ​​and 150R, where A, P, L, and R mean front, rear, left, and right, respectively. The lower part of Figure 8 shows the AC voltage generator 35 and the "CAD box" 130 as separate blocks, the latter including a temperature measuring block 132, a controller 134, and a group of switches 1L, 2L, 3L, 1R, 2R, and 3R. In some embodiments, the components within these two blocks 35, 130 may be physically separated within two separate housings. However, in alternative embodiments, the components within these two blocks 35, 130 are combined within a single housing.

[0081] For simplicity, only the left and right channels are shown in Figure 8. However, the remaining channels (i.e., the front and rear channels) operate in the same manner as the left and right channels, respectively. In addition, for simplicity, each transducer array 150 in Figure 8 is shown with only four first electrode elements 152 and four thermistors 154. However, actual systems are expected to have a larger number of first electrode elements and thermistors (e.g., between 9 and 30), and a larger number of other specific components (e.g., switches, conductors, etc.) depending on the number of first electrode elements 152 actually used within each transducer array 150.

[0082] The system in Figure 8 can measure the temperature of thermistor 154 in the left channel 150L during the temperature reading stage by controlling electronically controlled switches in groups 2L and 3L (which may be done using bidirectional analog switches) to subsequently select each thermistor. For example, switches 1 and 2 should be closed to select thermistor T1, switches 2 and 3 should be closed to select thermistor T2, switches 3 and 4 should be closed to select thermistor T3, and switches 4 and N should be closed to select the last thermistor (i.e., T4 in Figure 8). After one of the given thermistors T1 to T4 in the transducer array 150L has been selected, the temperature measurement block 132 can determine the temperature of that thermistor by measuring its resistance, as described above in relation to Figure 6.

[0083] Measuring the temperature of thermistor 154 in the right channel 150R is achieved using the same approach as described above for the left channel 150L, ​​except that the group of switches 2R and 3R are used instead of groups 2L and 3L. The corresponding group switches (not shown) are also provided for the other channels 150A and 150P, and a similar approach is used for these channels as well.

[0084] During the current output phase, within a given time interval (e.g., 1 second), the AC voltage generator 35 is assumed to be applying an AC signal between the L and R terminals. This AC signal is applied to the A terminals of the left and right transducer arrays 150L and 150R, meaning that the output of the AC voltage generator is applied to all of the second electrode elements 153 (A1-A4). Based on the temperature readings obtained from thermistors 154 (T1-T4) during the temperature reading phase, the controller 134 controls the switches in groups 1L and 1R (and the corresponding switches in the front and rear channels, not shown) to either turn the current (generated in the AC voltage generator 35) on or off for each of the corresponding first electrode elements 152 (E1-E4) during the next current output phase, as described above in relation to Figure 6. For example, all four switches in group 1L should be closed to leave full current in all four sets 152 / 153. To reduce the current passing through the E1 / A1 set 152 / 153 of the electrode element (see Figure 7), switch 1 in group 1L should be opened, and to reduce the current passing through the E2 / A2 set 152 / 153 of the electrode element, switch 2 in group 1L should be opened, and so on.

[0085] Similar to the embodiments shown in Figures 5 and 6, controlling the current delivered through individual first electrode elements during the current output stage can be used to reduce the current passing through a given region when that region begins to heat up, which is advantageous in that it can prevent overheating without completely blocking the current passing through the given region.

[0086] In alternative embodiments, instead of using a thermistor to implement the temperature sensor (as described above in relation to Figures 5-8), temperature sensing may be performed using multiple regions of a pyroelectric material. Examples of suitable pyroelectric materials include PVDF homopolymers, PVDF organic derivatives such as P(VDF-TrFE), and PVDF ceramic composites, where PVDF is poly(vinylidene fluoride) and TrFE is trifluorinated ethylene. In some embodiments, the pyroelectric material is Piezotech® RT-FC, which is a P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer. In some embodiments, the regions of the pyroelectric material may be polymer layers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorinated ethylene-trifluorinated ethylene chloride) and / or poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorinated ethylene-1-fluorinated ethylene chloride).

[0087] The first and second electrode elements each have a front and a rear surface. Each region of the pyroelectric material has a front and a rear surface, and the front surface of each region of the pyroelectric material is in electrical and thermal contact with the rear surface of the first / second electrode element of each set. Additional electrode regions are in contact with the rear surface of the regions of the pyroelectric material.

[0088] Electrical and thermal contact between the front surfaces of each region of the pyroelectric material and the rear surfaces of the first / second electrode elements of each set may be achieved by positioning these two surfaces in direct contact with each other (for example, by depositing or spraying the first and second electrode elements onto the regions of the pyroelectric material during manufacturing). Alternatively, another layer of material that does not obstruct electrical and thermal contact may be placed between these two surfaces.

[0089] Since the first and second electrode elements are each positioned in thermal contact with one of the regions of the pyroelectric material, a temperature change in any given set of the first / second electrode elements causes a corresponding temperature change in each region of the pyroelectric material. This temperature change generates a pyroelectric voltage across the opposing surfaces of each region of the pyroelectric material. The instantaneous value of this pyroelectric voltage can be measured via the first electrode element and the additional electrode regions. Due to the thermal contact between the first and second electrode elements and each region of the pyroelectric material, the measured electrical signals indicate not only the temperature change in each region of the pyroelectric material, but also the temperature change of the first / second electrode elements in each respective set.

[0090] The dielectric material region may be a separate portion of the flexible polymer separated by gaps. Alternatively, the dielectric material region may be a region within a single continuous sheet of the flexible polymer material.

[0091] Pyroelectric materials do not generate output based on their absolute temperature. Instead, they generate electrical output that is a function of temperature change. The first and second electrode elements are positioned in thermal contact with their respective regions of the pyroelectric material, each possessing similar characteristics. Therefore, if the electrode elements in a given set are hotter than those in another set, the temperature fluctuation in the given set will be greater than the temperature fluctuation in the other set. This will generate a greater electrical output in the region of the pyroelectric material positioned in contact with the given set than in the region of the pyroelectric material positioned in contact with the other set.

[0092] The controller compares the temperature fluctuations of all electrode sets by sampling the signals generated by the regions of pyroelectric material positioned in thermal contact with these electrode sets. By analyzing how the electrical characteristics change over time, the controller can determine whether the temperature fluctuation of a given set is greater than that of another set. The controller can then use this information to normalize the temperature of all electrode elements by switching off the first electrode element in the hotter set to reduce the current flowing through the electrode elements in the hotter set.

[0093] Since pyroelectric materials respond to temperature changes (opposite to absolute temperature), a pyroelectric material circulating between 37°C and 37.2°C will produce the same output as the same pyroelectric material circulating between 40°C and 40.2°C. Considering this, simply making the temperatures of all electrode elements in any given transducer array equal, as described above, is not sufficient. Conversely, since the transducer array temperature should be kept below a given threshold (e.g., 40°C), one more piece of information is needed to ensure that the transducer array is not overheating. This additional information is the absolute temperature of at least one set of first / second electrode elements. If the absolute temperatures of a single set of first / second electrode elements are known, and it is known that the temperatures of all electrode elements are equal, then it is certain that the electrode elements are not hotter than the threshold temperature.

[0094] With this in mind, at least one absolute temperature sensor (e.g., a thermistor) is positioned in thermal contact with at least one set of first / second electrode elements, and the system includes circuitry so that a controller can determine the temperature of the thermistor (and thereby determine the temperature of the electrode elements in thermal contact with the thermistor).

[0095] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a circuit suitable for implementing the groups 1L and 1R in the embodiments of Figures 6 and 8 described above, and the corresponding switches within the groups for the front and rear channels (not shown). The circuit includes two field-effect transistors (FETs) 66, 67 connected in series, configured to allow current to pass in either direction. An example of a suitable FET for this circuit is the BSC320N20NSE (Infineon Technologies AG, Neubiberg, Germany) (note that the diodes shown in Figure 9 are inherently contained within the FETs 66, 67 themselves). The series combination of the two FETs 66, 67 either transmits or interrupts the flow of electricity, depending on the state of the control input arriving from one of the digital outputs of the controller 34 described above. When the series combination is transmitted, current can flow between the shared conductor and each of the first electrode elements 52. On the other hand, when the series combination of FETs 66, 67 is not transmitted, no current flows between the shared conductor and each of the first electrode elements 52.

[0096] In the embodiments described above in relation to Figures 5 and 7, all electrode elements 52 and 53 are capacitively coupled, and the support structure 59 is configured to hold the electrode elements 52 and 53 against the subject's body so that the dielectric layers of the electrode elements 52 and 53 face the subject's body and can be positioned in contact with the subject's body. However, in alternative embodiments, uncapacitively coupled electrode elements may be used. In this case, the dielectric layer of each electrode element is omitted, and in this case, the support structure 59 holds the electrode elements 52 and 53 against the subject's body so that the conductive surfaces of the electrode elements 52 and 53 face the subject's body and can be positioned in contact with the subject's body. Optionally, in these embodiments, a layer of hydrogel may be placed between the conductive surfaces of the electrode elements 52 and 53 and the subject's body when the transducer array 50 is placed against the subject's body.

[0097] Although the present invention is disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, many changes, modifications, and variations to the embodiments described are possible without departing from the scope and domain of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but is intended to encompass the entire scope as defined by the following claims and their equivalents. [Explanation of symbols]

[0098] 20 AC signal generators 21 Transducer Arrays 22 transducer arrays 23 Transducer Arrays 24 transducer array 30 CAD boxes 32 Temperature measurement block 34 controllers 35 AC voltage generator 50 transducer array 52 Electrode elements 53 Electrode elements 54 Thermistor 56 Cables 57 Connectors 59 Support structure 66 Field-effect transistors 67 Field-effect transistor 132 Temperature measurement block 134 Controllers 150 transducer array 152 Electrode elements 153 Electrode element 154 Thermistor 156 Cable 157 Connectors 159 Support structure E electrode element

Claims

1. A device for applying an alternating electric field to a subject's body, Each set of electrode elements comprises at least four sets of electrode elements, each including a first electrode element and a second electrode element positioned in thermal contact with the respective first electrode element. A connector having at least four first pins and a second pin, At least four first conductors, each providing a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins and (b) each of the first electrode elements, A second conductor providing a conductive path between all of the second pins and the second electrode elements, Each of the set of electrode elements is positioned in thermal contact with at least four temperature sensors An apparatus comprising a support configured to hold the set of electrode elements against the body of the subject.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in each of the sets of electrode elements, the area of ​​each second electrode element is at least twice the area of ​​each first electrode element.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus has at least nine sets of electrode elements, the connector has at least nine first pins, the apparatus has at least nine first conductors, and the apparatus has at least nine temperature sensors.

4. Each of the aforementioned temperature sensors includes a thermistor having a first terminal and a second terminal. The connector has a third pin, Each of the first conductors provides a conductive path between (a) each of the first pins, (b) each of the first electrode elements, and (c) the first terminal of each thermistor. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a third conductor providing a conductive path between the third pin and at least one of the second terminals of the thermistor.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the second terminals of all the thermistors are all connected by wire.

6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the thermistors are wired together in series, starting with the first thermistor and ending with the last thermistor, and the second terminal of each of the thermistors except the last thermistor is wired together with the first terminal of the respective subsequent thermistor, and the third conductor provides a conductive path between the third pin of the connector and the second terminal of the last thermistor.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the temperature sensors comprises a region of pyroelectric material.

8. Each of the first electrode elements comprises a conductive plate having a dielectric layer disposed on top of it, Each of the aforementioned second electrode elements comprises a conductive plate having a dielectric layer disposed on top of it, The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support is configured to hold the first electrode element and the second electrode element with respect to the body of the subject such that the dielectric layer of the first electrode element and the dielectric layer of the second electrode element face the body of the subject.

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