Reprogrammable fanzor polynucleotides and uses thereof

Abstract

Systems, methods and composition for targeting polynucleotides are detailed herein. In particular, engineered DNA-targeting systems comprising novel Fanzor polypeptides and a reprogrammable targeting nucleic acid component and methods and application of use are described.

Description

REPROGRAMMABLE FANZOR POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND USES THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 508,473, filed on June 15, 2023, the contents of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] This application contains a sequence listing filed in electronic form as an xml file entitled BROD-5885 WP ST26 with size 15,520,139 bytes created on June 14, 2024. The content of the sequence listing is incorporated herein in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The subject matter disclosed herein is generally directed to Fanzor polypeptide compositions, systems, and methods for targeted polynucleotide modification, particularly gene modification and editing.BACKGROUND

[0004] While there are genome-editing techniques available for producing targeted genome perturbations, there remains a need for new genome engineering technologies that employ innovative strategies and molecular mechanisms that are affordable, easy to set up, scalable, and amenable to targeting multiple positions within a genome or other polynucleotide. Additional desirable tools in genome and polynucleotide engineering and biotechnology would further advance the art.

[0005] Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such a document is available as prior art to the present invention.SUMMARY

[0006] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a non-naturally occurring, engineered composition including a) a Fanzor polypeptide including a Ruv-C nuclease domain, the Ruv-C nuclease domain optionally including Ruv-CI, Ruv-CII, and Ruv-CIII subdomains, and b) an ωRNA component molecule including a scaffold and a reprogrammable spacersequence, ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing the Fanzor polypeptide to a target polynucleotide.

[0007] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide further includes a REC domain, a bridge helix domain, or both.

[0008] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide includes a non-native REC domain, a non-native WED domain, a nonnative Ruv-C domain, a non-native NUC domain, or any combination thereof.

[0009] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide includes about 125 to about 1800 amino acids, optionally wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is about 400 to about 700 amino acids.

[0010] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the reprogrammable spacer sequence includes a spacer of 10 nucleotides to 50 nucleotides in length.

[0011] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the ωRNA component molecule includes a scaffold of about 20 to 200 nucleotides in length.

[0012] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor complex binds a target adjacent motif (TAM) sequence 5' and / or 3'of the target polynucleotide.

[0013] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the target polynucleotide is DNA, optionally wherein the target polynucleotide is double stranded DNA.

[0014] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, further including a homologous recombination donor template including a donor sequence for insertion into a target polynucleotide.

[0015] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, further including a functional domain associated with the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0016] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the functional domain is a transposase, an integrase, a nucleobase deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a recombinase, an integrase, a topoisomerase, a retrotransposon, phosphatase, polymerase, a ligase, a helitron, a helicase, a methylase, a demethylase, a translation activator, a translation repressor, a transcription activator, a transcription repressor, a transcription release factor, a chromatin modifier, a histone modifier, an acetylase, a deacetylase, a reverse transcriptase, a n

[0017] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is operatively coupled to one or more nuclear localization signal polypeptides at a C-terminus, an N-terminus, or both of the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0018] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide includes one or more amino acid mutations as compared to a wild type, whereby the one or more amino acid mutations increase binding and / or interaction with a target DNA and / or an <oRNA component molecule, and / or increase Fanzor activity.

[0019] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide includes one or more mutations of one or more neutral and / or negatively charged amino acids to one or more positively charged amino acids, optionally wherein the one or more mutations is in a WED domain, REC domain, RuvC domain, NUC domain or any combination thereof, and optionally wherein one or more of the one or more mutations are in positions that correspond to a positively charged channel formed by the WED domain, REC domain, and RuvC domain when active and / or interacts with an RNA-DNA heteroduplex formed by the ωRNA component molecule and a target DNA.

[0020] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the one or more amino acid mutations are made in and / or in effective proximity to a DNA interaction region of the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0021] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the one or more amino acid mutations include one or more mutations of FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, 56A-56D, 72D, 74E-74G, 75A-75C, 76B-76D, 77A-77C or any combination thereof, or wherein one or more of the amino acid mutations are at one or more amino acid residues identified in any one or more of FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, 56A-56D, 72D, 74E-74G, 75A-75C, 76B-76D, 77A-77C or any combination thereof or are analogous thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or variant Fanzor polypeptide.

[0022] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide includes (a) a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from: W596NUC, R601NUC, N604NUC, 8598™°, Y602NLJC, R550NUC, C611RuvC, M607RuvC,N 133R KC, relative to SpuF z 1 , or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor varia K, E498R,and T513K relative to SpuFzl or in corresponding mutations thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant; (c) a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from E541, D383, N385, D606, or any combination thereof, relative to SpuFzl, or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant; or (d) any combination of (a)-(d).

[0023] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein Fanzor activity is increased 1 to 50-fold or more as compared to a wild-type Fanzor or a Fanzor lacking one or more nuclear localization signals.

[0024] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is a. a yeast Fanzor polypeptide; b. an amoeba Fanzor polypeptide; c. a protist Fanzor polypeptide; d. a metazoan Fanzor polypeptide; e. an algae Fanzor polypeptide; f. a fungi Fanzor polypeptide; g. a eukaryotic Fanzor polypeptide; h. a Mollusca Fanzor polypeptide; i. from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, Batrachochytrium, or Parasitella; j. a virus Fanzor polypeptide, optionally a Bodo saltans virus Fanzor polypeptide, a Harvforvirus Fanzor polypeptide, Homavirus Fanzor polypeptide, Dishui Lake Large Algae virus 1 Fanzor polypeptide, or Yasmine virus Fanzor polypeptide; k. a Fanzor polypeptide selected from a polypeptide or includes a polypeptide or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in any one or more of Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortholog, or variant thereof; and / or is or includes a polypeptide that is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or 1. any combination of a-k.

[0025] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a vector system including one or more vectors encoding the Fanzor polypeptide, the ωRNA component molecule, or both of the present de

[0026] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an engineered cell including the composition and / or the vector system of the present description.

[0027] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying a target polynucleotide sequence in a cell, comprising introducing a composition of the present description into the cell.

[0028] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein modifying comprises cleaving a DNA polynucleotide.

[0029] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein cleavage occurs distal to a target-adjacent motif (TAM).

[0030] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein cleavage occurs at a spacer annealing site or 3' of the target sequence.

[0031] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein cleavage occurs about 20-22 nucleotides away from the TAM.

[0032] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide, the CDRNA component molecule, or both are provided via one or more polynucleotides encoding the Fanzor polypeptide, the CDRNA component molecule, or both, and wherein the one or more polynucleotides are operably configured to express the Fanzor polypeptide, the CDRNA component molecule, or both.

[0033] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein modifying includes introducing one or more mutations into the target polynucleotide sequence.

[0034] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the one or more mutations include substitutions, deletions, insertions, or any combination thereof.

[0035] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an engineered, non- naturally occurring composition including: (a) a Fanzor polypeptide, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is catalytically inactive, (b) a nucleotide deaminase associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide, and (c) an CDRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding at a target sequence.

[0036] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is selected from a polypeptide, or includes a polypeptide, or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Ex G. 35, FIG.53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77 A- 77C, or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortholog, or variant thereof; and / or is or includes a polypeptide that is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof.

[0037] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the nucleotide deaminase is an adenosine deaminase or a cytidine deaminase.

[0038] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the composition of the present description.

[0039] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more vectors encoding the one or more polynucleotides.

[0040] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a cell or progeny there30-34.

[0041] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of editing nucleic acids in target polynucleotides including delivering the composition of the present disclosure, the one or more polynucleotides of the present disclosure, or one or more vectors of the present disclosure to a cell or population of cells including the target polynucleotides.

[0042] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the target polynucleotides are target sequences within genomic DNA.

[0043] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of editing nucleic acids in target polynucleotides, wherein the target polynucleotides are edited at one or more bases to introduce (a) a G— >A, C, or T mutation; (b) a C— >A, T, or G mutation, (c) a A— >C, T, or G mutation; (d) T— >A, C, or G mutation; or any combination of (a)-(d).

[0044] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an isolated cell or progeny thereof having one or more base edits made using in target polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

[0045] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an engineered, non- naturally occurring composition including: (a) a catalytically dead Fanzor polypeptide, (b) a reverse transcrip x with thecatalytically dead Fanzor polypeptide, and (c) an ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the catalytically dead Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide, the ωRNA component molecule further including a donor template encoding a donor sequence for insertion into the target polynucleotide.

[0046] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the engineered, non-naturally occurring composition of the present description.

[0047] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more vectors encoding one or more components of the engineered, non-naturally occurring composition of the present description.

[0048] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying target polynucleotides including delivering the composition of a composition of the present description, the one or more polynucleotides of the present description, or the one or more vectors of the present description to a cell, or population of cells, including the target polynucleotides, wherein the complex directs the reverse transcriptase to the target sequence and the reverse transcriptase facilitates insertion of a donor sequence encoded by the donor template from the ωRNA component molecule into the target polynucleotide.

[0049] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying target polynucleotides, wherein insertion of the donor sequence: (a) introduces one or more base edits; (b) corrects or introduces a premature stop codon; (c) disrupts a splice site; (d) inserts or restores a splice site; (e) inserts a gene or gene fragment at one or both alleles of the target polynucleotides; or (f) any combination thereof.

[0050] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an isolated cell or progeny thereof including one or more modifications made using a method of modifying target polynucleotides of the present description.

[0051] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an engineered, non- naturally occurring composition including: (a) a Fanzor polypeptide, (b) a non-LTR retrotransposon protein associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide, and (c) an ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide, the ωRNA component molecule further including a donor template encoding a don nd locatedbetween two binding elements capable of forming a complex with the non-LTR retrotransposon protein.

[0052] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is fused to an N-terminus of the non-LTR retrotransposon protein.

[0053] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is engineered to have nickase activity.

[0054] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the ωRNA component molecule directs the Fanzor polypeptide to a target sequence 5' of ta targeted insertion site, and wherein the Fanzor polypeptide generates a strand break at the targeted insertion site.

[0055] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the ωRNA component molecule directs the Fanzor polypeptide to a target sequence 3' of a targeted insertion site, and wherein the Fanzor polypeptide generates a strand break at the targeted insertion site.

[0056] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the donor polynucleotide further includes a polymerase processing element to facilitate 3' end processing of the donor polynucleotide.

[0057] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the donor polynucleotide further includes a homology region on a 5' end of the donor template, a 3' end of the donor template, or both, wherein the homology region has homology to the target sequence.

[0058] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the homology region is from 8 to 25 base pairs.

[0059] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the engineered, non-naturally occurring composition of the present description.

[0060] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more vectors including the one or more polynucleotides of the present description.

[0061] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying a target polynucleotide, the one or more polynucleotides, or one or more vectors to a cell or population of cells including the target polynucleotide, wherein the complex directs the non- LTR retrotransposon protein to the target sequence and the non-LTR retrotransposon proteinfacilitates insertion of the donor polynucleotide from the donor template into the target polynucleotide.

[0062] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying a target polynucleotide, wherein insertion of the donor polypeptide: (a) introduces one or more base edits; (b) corrects or introduces a premature stop codon; (c) disrupts a splice site; (d) inserts or restores a splice site; (e) inserts a gene or gene fragment at one or both alleles of the target polynucleotide; or (f) any combination thereof.

[0063] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an isolated cell or progeny thereof including one or more modifications made using the method of modifying a target polynucleotide of the present description.

[0064] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an engineered, non- naturally occurring composition including: (a) a Fanzor polypeptide, (b) an integrase protein associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide, and optionally a reverse transcriptase, and (c) an ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide, the rωRNA component molecule further including a donor template encoding a donor polynucleotide for insertion into the target polynucleotide and located between two binding elements capable of forming a complex with the integrase protein.

[0065] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is fused to the integrase protein and optionally the reverse transcriptase.

[0066] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is engineered to have nickase activity.

[0067] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the ωRNA component molecule directs the Fanzor polypeptide to a target sequence, and wherein the Fanzor polypeptide generates a nick at a targeted insertion site.

[0068] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the donor polynucleotide further includes a homology region on the 5' end of the donor template, the 3' end of the donor template, or both, wherein the homology region has homology to the target sequence.

[0069] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a engineered, non-naturally occurring composition of t

[0070] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to one or more vectors including the one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a engineered, non-naturally occurring composition of the present disclosure.

[0071] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying a target polynucleotide including delivering an engineered, non-naturally occurring composition of the present description, the one or more polynucleotides of the present description, or one or more vectors of the present description to a cell or population of cells including the target polynucleotide, wherein the complex directs the integrase protein to the target sequence and the integrase protein facilitates insertion of the donor polynucleotide from the donor template into the target polynucleotide.

[0072] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method of modifying a target polynucleotide, wherein insertion of the donor polynucleotide: (a) introduces one or more base edits; (b) corrects or introduces a premature stop codon; (c) disrupts a splice site; (d) inserts or restores a splice site; (e) inserts a gene or gene fragment at one or both alleles of the target polynucleotide; or (f) any combination thereof.

[0073] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an isolated cell or progeny thereof including one or more modifications made using a of method modifying a target polynucleotide of the present disclosure.

[0074] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition for detecting the presence of a target polynucleotide in a sample, including: one or more Fanzor polypeptides possessing collateral activity; at least one ωRNA component including a sequence capable of binding a target polynucleotide and designed to form a complex with the one or more Fanzor polypeptides; a detection construct including a polynucleotide component, wherein the one or more Fanzor polypeptides exhibits collateral nuclease activity and cleaves the polynucleotide component of the detection construct once activated by the target sequence; and optionally, one or more isothermal amplification reagents.

[0075] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is a. a yeast Fanzor polypeptide; b. an amoeba Fanzor polypeptide; c. a protist Fanzor polypeptide; d. a metazoan Fanzor polypeptide; e. an algae Fanzor polypeptide; f. a fungi Fanzor polypeptide; g. a eukaryotic Fanzor polypeptide; h. a Mollusca Fanzor polypeptide; i. from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, Batrachochytrium altans virusFanzor polypeptide, a Harvforvirus Fanzor polypeptide, Homavirus Fanzor polypeptide, Dishui Lake Large Algae virus 1 Fanzor polypeptide, or Yasminevirus r Fanzor polypeptide; k. a Fanzor polypeptide selected from a polypeptide, or includes a polypeptide, or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortho log, or variant thereof; and / or is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof,; or 1. any combination of a-k.

[0076] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the isothermal amplification reagents are loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reagents.

[0077] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, wherein the LAMP reagents include LAMP primers.

[0078] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, further including one or more additives to increase reaction specificity or kinetics.

[0079] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a composition, further including polynucleotide binding beads.

[0080] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method for detecting polynucleotides in a sample, the method including; contacting one or more target polynucleotides with a Fanzor polypeptide, at least one ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and direct sequence-specific binding to one or more target polynucleotides and a detection construct, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide exhibits collateral nuclease activity and cleaves the detection construction once activated by the one or more target polynucleotides; and detecting a signal produced by cleavage of the detection construction thereby detecting the one or more target polynucleotides.

[0081] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method for detecting polynucleotides in a sample, further including amplifying the one or more target polynucleotides using isothermal amplification prior to contacting.

[0082] These and other aspects, objects, features, and advantages of the example embodiments will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of example embodiments.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0083] An understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention may be utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0084] FIG. 1A-1Q - Exploration of the diversity of IS200 / IS605 superfamily nucleases. (FIG. 1A) Evolution between IS200 / IS605 transposon superfamily— encoded nucleases and associated RNAs. Dashed lines reflect tentative / unknown relationships. EC A, last common ancestor. (FIG. IB) Locations of IscB loci and fragments in the / . tetrasporus genome. Intact locus is labeled as “ChlorlscB.” (FIG. 1C) Small RNA-seq of / . tetrasporus. (FIG. ID) WebLogo of ChlorlscB cleavage TAM using a reprogrammed guide in an IVTT TAM screen. (FIG. IE) WebLogo of OgeuIscB TAM using a reprogrammed guide in an IVTT TAM screen. (FIG. IF (SEQ ID NO: 313-321)) Targeted OgeuIscB-mediated indel formation at the VEGFA locus in HEK293FT cells ordered by abundance, with indel size at left. (FIG. 1G) OgeuIscB-mediated indel formation at multiple sites in HEK293T cells. Error bars denote SD. *P < 0.05. (FIG. 1H) Small RNA-seq of RNA from IsrB locus in K. racemifer strain SOSP1- 21. (FIG. II) WebLogo of Desulfovigula thermocuniculi (DthlsrB) TAM using a reprogrammed guide in an IVTT TAM screen. (FIG. 1J) DthlsrB mediates ωRNA -guided nontarget strand nicking in a TAM- and target-dependent manner in an IVTT cleavage assay using 5' strand— specific labeled targets. (FIG. IK) SmallRNA-seq of ωRNA from TnpB locus in K. racemifer strain SOSP1-21. (FIG. IL (SEQ ID NO: 322-323)) Comparison of ωRNA s from K. racemifer IscB and TnpB loci. (FIG. IM (SEQ ID NO: 324)) Secondary structure prediction of KraTnpB-associated ωRNA . (FIG. IN) WebLogo of A. macrosporangiidus TnpB (AmaTnpB) TAM using a reprogrammed guide in an IVTT TAM screen. (FIG. IO) In vitro reconstituted AmaTnpB cleavage of dsDNA substrates in the presence or absence of ωRNA , target, an dependent,target-dependent cleavage of 3' Cy5.5-labeled ssssDDNNAA ssuubbssttrraatteess.. (FIG. IQ) AmaTnpBcleavesa 3' Cy5.5-labeled collateral ssDNA substrate in the presence of TAM- and target-containing dsDNA or target-containing ssDNA substrates. Contig accession and position information for all displayed loci are listed in table S6 of Altae-Tran et al. Science 374: 57-65 (2021).

[0085] FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 325-350) — An alignment of exemplary TnpB sequences.

[0086] FIG. 3A-3B - OMEGA systems are small RNA-guided proteins (FIG. 3A) Schematic of the tnpB locus. TnpB and the associated ωRNA form a ribonucleic protein complex that cleaves DNA complementary to the guide region of the o>RNA. [22, Example 1] (FIG. 3B) Evolutionary relationship between prokaryotic TnpB and eukaryotic Fanzor. Protein domains are annotated as color boxes indicate. It is hypothesized that Fanzor is associated with an coRNA [24, Example 1],

[0087] FIG. 4 - Experimental workflow of small RNA-seq of ωRNA to identify ncRNA. RNA was pulled down using purified Fanzor protein. Small RNAs were then isolated from this pull-down, randomly fragmented, subjected to adaptor ligation, and amplified by PCR. NGS was then used to sequence the RNA reads, which were then mapped to the Fanzor locus.

[0088] FIG. 5 - Experimental workflow of Western blotting to confirm Fanzor protein expression in HEK293FT cells. Cells are lysed by nonionic detergent containing buffer, and insoluble fractions including cellular debris were separated by tabletop centrifugation. Extracted proteins are then subjected to SDS-PAGE. After gel electrophoresis, proteins are transferred to PVDF membranes. These membranes are then incubated with primary antibody specific to epitope-tag attached to Fanzor. After blocking, a secondary antibody (labeled with horseradish peroxidase for chemiluminescence detection) is added to bind to the primary antibody. Chemiluminescence imaging is then used to visualize Fanzor protein expression.

[0089] FIG. 6 - Experimental workflow for assessing Fanzor-mediated cleavage on the human genome. ωRNA expression vector targeting a locus on the human genome and Fanzor protein expression vectors are co-transfected into HEK293FT cells using lipofectamine. After incubation, cells are lysed to make the DNA accessible for sequencing. NGS is used to quantify indels, which are insertions or deletions, at the targeted locus.

[0090] FIG. 7A-7B - Comparisons of Casl2a, TnpB, and Fanzor. (FIG. 7 A) Protein domain organization of Casl2a, TnpB, and Fanzor and their respective sizes (left); RNA guide locus organization and size for Casl2a, TnpB, and Fanzor (right). (FIG. 7B) Crystal structure of Casl2a in com TnpB andFanzor. Although much smaller than Casl2a, Fanzor retains the overall structure of the REC domain and bridge helix domain, both of which are important for RNA guide and target DNA binding.

[0091] FIG. 8A-8E - Reconstitution of Fanzor in human cells. (FIG. 8 A) Secondary structure prediction of the Fanzor minimal ωRNA . The region corresponding to the transposon right end (RE) is highlighted in light blue, and the prospective guide sequence is highlighted in pink. (FIG. SB) dsDNA cleavage by purified Fanzor-ωRNA complex. Cleaved DNA was ligated to adaptors for PCR amplification, and the cleavage position (mapped relative to the TAM (Transposon-Associated Motif)) was identified by next generation sequencing (NGS). Target guide RNA: guide sequence of minimal ωRNA was replaced by 30-nt target sequence. Non-target guide RNA: guide sequence of minimal ωRNA was replaced with a random 30-nt sequence. (FIG. 8C) Western blot showing expression of Fanzor in HEK293FT cells. N- terminal HA-NLS tagged Fanzor and C-terminal NLS-HA tagged Fanzor was expressed in HEK293FT cells with or without minimal ωRNA . Alpha-tubulin was used as a control to confirm cytosolic protein extraction, and histone H3 was used as a control for nuclear protein ex-traction. (FIG. 8D) Localization of Nuclear localization signal (NLS)-tagged Fanzor proteins. N-terminal HA-NLS tagged Fanzor or C-terminal NLS-HA tagged Fanzor was expressed in HEK293FT cells, and localization of Fanzor was examined via an HA-tag antibody. GAPDH was used as a control for cytosolic proteins. Blue: DAPI, Green: HA, Red: GAPDH (yellow: merged green and red signals). (FIG. 8E) Human genome cleavage assay for 12 representative genomic loci. C-terminal NLS-HA tagged Fanzor was expressed together with an ωRNA bearing a 30-nt guide sequence targeting each locus. Genomic DNA was extracted, and each target site was amplified with a specific pair of primers. The amplicons were analyzed by NGS, and the indel rate (%) was quantified by CRISPResso2.

[0092] FIG. 9A-9B - Identification of an optimal ωRNA boosts Fanzor activity in human cells. (FIG. 9 A) Alignment of small-RNA sequencing reads (in blue) across the FZID16 locus. Pink horizontal bars show the 4 scaffold regions of the ωRNA identified and an additional scaffold region constructed with a hepatitis delta virus (HDV) attached to the 3 ’ end. Pink bars also indicate the distance from the FZID16-ORF in bp. (FIG. 9B) Fanzor activity (% indels) in HEK293FT cells at the on-target gID7 locus, off-target gID5 locus, or a no target locus with 5 ωRNA scaffold variants and an EGFP expression vector. An EGFP expression vector was used to control for successful transfection of DNA plasmids.

[0093] FIG. 10A-10E - Structure-guided engineering of Fanzor protein. (FIG. 10A) Crystal structure of site where cleavage is predicted to occur. This pocket region between the RuvC and Nuc lobe is likely where the target DNA will sit during cleavage. Mutated residues, located in this pocket region, are highlighted in red. (FIG. 10B) Gene editing activity (indel percentage) of Fanzor variants harboring mutations near the putative catalytic pocket site. Each N-terminal NLS tagged mutant and C-terminal tagged mutant was co-transfected with pMJ 171 for targeting gID7. All Fanzors were co-expressed with an cnRNA with the optimal scaffold (pMJ 171). Each mutant was constructed with a N-terminal tagged version (blue) and a C- terminal tagged version (pink). Genomic DNA was extracted, and the target site was amplified with a specific pair of primers. The amplicons were analyzed by next generation sequencing, and the indel rate (%) was quantified. (FIG. 10C) To select candidate residues that may be involved in binding to the ωRNA , Fanzor orthologs were aligned to identify conserved positively-charged residues (K, R, or H) that are absent in FZID16. FIG 10C shows alignment of Fanzor ortholgs for 3 mutated sites. (FIG. 10D) Thirty-two candidate mutation sites are shown on the predicted structure of Fanzor. Mutated residues are in red (see Table 5 for a list of mutations). (FIG. 10E) Gene editing activity (indel percentage) of Fanzor variants harboring mutations predicted to interact with the ωRNA . Each N-terminal NLS tagged mutant and C- terminal tagged mutant was co-transfected with pMJ171 for targeting gID7. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the target site was amplified with a specific pair of primers. The amplicons were analyzed by next generation sequencing, and the indel rate (%) was quantified.

[0094] FIG. 11 - Further ωRNA variants for indel activity. Starting from pMJ171, additional 75, 150, 225 bp 5’ extended three ωRNA variants (pMJ204, 205 and 206, respectively) bearing gID7 were transfected with C-terminal NLS tagged FZID16. Higher bars indicate higher indel activities (mean ± s.d.; n=3 independent experiments for pMJ204 to pMJ206, n=4 independent experiments for pMJ162 to pMJ171). N.s.: not significant, **: p < 0.01, * * * : p < 0.001.

[0095] FIG. 12A-12D - Gel electrophoresis images of PCR amplicons for catalytic site directed mutagenesis. Point mutants in FIG. 10A. N-terminal NLS tagged FZID16 (pMJ145) and C-terminal NLS tagged FZID16 (pMJ149) were amplified by PCR for point mutagenesis. Each 2 pl out of 25 pl PCR product was loaded on 1% Agarose gel. ~6 kbp PCR amplicons are expected products for the following KLD reactions. The numbers on the lanes are unique sample numbers. Their detailed information is in Table 5.

[0096] FIG. 13A-13B - Gel electrophoresis images of PCR amplicons for consensus site directed mutagenesis. Point mutants in FIG. 10D. N-terminal NLS tagged FZID16 (pMJ145) and C-terminal NLS tagged FZID16 (pMJ149) were amplified by PCR for point mutagenesis. Each 2 pl out of 25 pl PCR product was loaded on 1% Agarose gel. ~6 kbp PCR amplicons are expected products for the following KLD reactions. The numbers on the lanes are unique sample numbers. Their detailed information is in Table 5.

[0097] FIG. 14 — Identification of eukaryotic TnpB-like proteins. 11 loci are confirmed (named Spu locus vl-vl l). There was no intron. They are well structured by AlphaFold prediction. There are clear transposon ends and ncRNA region was clearly identifiable.

[0098] FIG. 15A-15B (SEQ ID NO: 351 -363) — Spu expresses ncRNA from downstream of a Fanzor open reading frame (ORF).

[0099] FIG. 16A-16C (SEQ ID NO: 364-370) — Experimental strategy and results for a Fanzor RNP pull down assay in yeast and RNAseq analysis. RNP pull down assay with yeast worked for ncRNA identification for Spu.

[0100] FIG. 17 — Strategy for a Fanzor RNP pooled pull down assay. The exemplary strategy shown demonstrates 12 contigs in 1 transformation for IL of yeast culture.

[0101] FIG. 18A-18B — Results for additional candidates with no introns (a single ORF in the transposon). FIG. 18A shows results from Torulaspora delbrueckii. FIG. 18B shows results for Naegleria lovaniensis.

[0102] FIG. 19A-19B — Results for additional candidates with no introns (2-4 ORFs in the transposon. A catalytic DDE was conserved.

[0103] FIG. 20 — Contigs tested in yeast.

[0104] FIG. 21 (SEQ ID NO: 371) — An Spu RNP from yeast and RNAseq results. 87-88 nt at analogous position was always observed.

[0105] FIG. 22A-22B (SEQ ID NO: 372-378, 511) - T. del. RNP from yeast and RNAseq results. No ncRNA was identified from other yeast species Ashbya gossypii or Eremothecium cymbalariae DBVPG#7215.

[0106] FIG. 23A-23C (SEQ ID NO: 379-383) -Nlov Fanzor RNP from yeast and RNAseq results.

[0107] FIG. 24A-24B (SEQ ID NO: 384) Mimiviridae Fanzor RNP from yeast andRNAseq results.

[0108] FIG. 25A-25B (SEQ ID NO: 385-387) — In vitro clevage / TAM screen with Fanzor-RNP from yeast

[0109] FIG. 26 (SEQ ID NO: 388-391) — Results demonstrating that Spu Fanzor is active.

[0110] FIG. 27 — Strategy for identifying suitable Fanzor polypeptides.

[0111] FIG. 28 (SEQ ID NO: 392-418) - Strategy for mining for remote ncRNA guided polypeptides in other locations in the genome.

[0112] FIG. 29 — Loci with an inverted repeat (IR) and guide without a Fanzor gene.

[0113] FIG. 30 — Results demonstrating a conserved region not containing a Fanzor gene.

[0114] FIG. 31 — Fanzor in insects and mollusks.

[0115] FIG. 32 — Ribbon diagram comparison of Fanzors from different organisms.

[0116] FIG.33 — Exemplary evaluation of multiple loci in the same genome (e.g., an insect genome) for determining boundaries. 4 loci are shown. Triangles upstream of the Fanzor (Fz) show repeats in various locations indicating structures of potential RNA structures. Inverted repeats are also indicated.

[0117] FIG. 34 — Evaluation of activity of Fanzor systems with varying omega RNAs.

[0118] FIG. 35 — Evaluation of activity of additional Fanzor variants.

[0119] FIG. 36 — Bioinformatical and expression characterization of a Fanzor polypeptide and DRNA from an exemplary alga (Guillardia theta).

[0120] FIG. 37 (SEQ ID NO: 426) — Predicted secondary structure of the DRNA from G. theta of FIG. 36.

[0121] FIG. 38 (SEQ ID NO: 427-429) Bioinformatical characterization and identification of G. theta predicted transposon ends from the identified G. theta DRNA structure.

[0122] FIG. 39 - Bioinformatical and expression characterization of a Fanzor polypeptide and DRNA from Mollusca (Batillaria attr amentaria?), an exemplary multicellular eukaryotic organism.

[0123] FIG. 40 (SEQ ID NO: 430) - Predicted secondary structure of the DRNA from B. attr amentaria of FIG. 39.

[0124] FIG. 41 - Bioinformatical and expression characterization of Fanzor polypeptides and DRNA identified in Mollusca (Dreissena polymorpha), an exemplary multicellular eukaryotic organism. 4 contigs were evaluated, > RNA was identified in 2 of them.

[0125] FIG. 42A-42B (SEQ ID NO: 431-432) - Predicted secondary structure an exemplary DRNA identified the two contigs from D. polymorpha of FIG. 41.

[0126] FIG. 43 - Bioinformatical and expression characterization of Fanzor polypeptides and DRNA identified in Mollusca (Mercenaria mercenaria), an exemplary multicellular eukaryotic organism. 4 contigs were evaluated, DRNA was identified in 3 of them.

[0127] FIG. 44A-44C (SEQ ID NO: 433-435) - Predicted secondary structure an exemplary PIRNA identified the three contigs from M. mercenaria of FIG. 43.

[0128] FIG. 45A-45C — Bioinformatical analysis and prediction of transposon ends of □ RNA identified in M. mercenaria. Boxes indicate accession numbers of contigs where DRNA was identified of the 4 contigs evaluated. FIG. 45A-45B (SEQ ID NO: 436-445) shows LE and RE transposon end analysis prior to considering DRNA structure. FIG. 45C shows transposon end bioinformatical analysis from the DRNA structure, which clarified the transposon LE and RE ends.

[0129] FIG. 46 - Bioinformatical characterization of Fanzor polypeptides and DRNA identified in aann exemplary fungus (Batrachochy trium salamandrivorans,JAKFGG010000033). FIG. 46 shows analysis of 5 contigs were evaluated. Boxes indicate contigs where DRNA was identified.

[0130] FIG. 47 (SEQ ID NO: 446) - Predicted secondary structure an exemplary DRNA identified from B. salmandrivorans of FIG. 46.

[0131] FIG. 48A-48B - Bioinformatical characterization of Fanzor polypeptides and □ RNA identified in an exemplary fungus (Parasitella parasitica, LN731931 (FIG. 48A) and LN731111 (FIG. 48B)).

[0132] FIG. 49A-49B - Predicted secondary structure of an exemplary fungi (Parasitella parasitica, LN731931 (FIG. 49 A (SEQ ID NO: 447)) and LN731111 (FIG. 49B (SEQ ID NO: 448))).

[0133] FIG. 50A-50D (SEQ ID NO: 449-453) Bioinformatic characterization of smallTnpB-like Fanzor polypeptides from Naegleria lovaniensis (Nlov) and omega RNA.

[0134] FIG. 51 — Results from a TAM screen using Novi Fanzor yeast-RNP RNAseq.

[0135] FIG. 52A-52B (SEQ ID NO: 454-480) — Results from an indel assay in human cells for small TnpB-like Fanzors.

[0136] FIG. 53A-53G — Maps of Nlov Fanzors identified by bioinformatic analysis.

[0137] FIG. 54 (SEQ ID NO: 481-508) — Ternary Fanzor-omega RNA-target DNA complex modeling data based on Fanzor ID 83. The chain ID of the protein is P, the omega RNA is W, the DNA target strand is T and the DNA non-target strand is N

[0138] FIG. 55A-55D — Views of the 3D model structure (FIG. 55A and 55C) and 3D ribbon model (FIG. 55B and 55D) for an exemplary Fanzor-omega RNA-target DNA complex generated from the data shown in FIG. 54. NTS refers to the non-target strand. TS refers to the target strand.

[0139] FIG. 56A-56D — Functional screening of Fanzor mutation variants. (FIG. 56A) N- or C- terminally tagged SpuFanzor wild-type (WT) or variants harboring mutations were screened for indel activity against a target locus in the human genome. (FIG. 56B) R- substitution scanning of untagged Spu Fanzor WT (Fanzor ID 16) or variants harboring point mutations in the WED and / or Bridge Helix domain. (FIG. 56C) Untagged or Tagged WT or SpuFanzor mutation variants harboring mutations in the RuvC domain were screened for indel activity against a target locus in the human genome. (FIG. 56D) Untagged or Tagged WT or SpuFanzor mutation variants harboring various combinations of point mutations were screened for indel activity against a target locus in the human genome.

[0140] FIG. 57 — Architectures of TnpB / Fanzor / Casl2 proteins.

[0141] FIG. 58 — REC architecture of TnpB, Fanzor2 and Fanzor 1 (e.g., ID83). The scaffoldREC (scaREC) can harbor RECI domain.

[0142] FIG. 59A-59B — Comparison of TnpB and Fanzor (ID83) complexed with of a guide molecule (e.g., omega RNA) and target polynucleotide and engineering a minimal guide molecule. (FIG. 59 A) The scaffoldREC + wREC (a WED domain harbored by a REC domain) cover the hybrid spacertarget duplex on one side. The Bridge helix (BH) + bREC cover the other side of the hybrid spacerrtarget duplex. Colors noted in FIG. 59 A are represented in greyscale. The guide RNA of TnpB and some Casl2 proteins contains a core region (referred to as the “nexus area”, which is just a hairpin and interacts the same way with WED / BH areas in TnpB and some Casl2s. (FIG. 59B (SEQ ID NO: 509-510)) The minimal guide can be engineered to contain or model just the “nexus area”.

[0143] FIG. 60A-60L — Modeling Casl2 protein complexes (FIG. 60A-60K show Casl2a-Casl2k, respectively) FIG. 60L shows Casl2mC. 3 Casl2 proteins (Casl2a, Casl2d, and Casl2e) (FIG. 60 A, 60D, and 60E) that contain a secondary wREC (wREC2) domain positioned right after their first REC domain (wRECl). The Casl2 of FIG. 60C may have a REC upstream of the WED. The Casl2 of FIG. 60F was modeled to form a dimer, thus resulting the dimer having two RECs.

[0144] FIG. 61A-61C — Identification and modeling of a secondary wREC (wREC2) in Cpfl (Casl2a) (F

[0145] FFIIGG.. 6622AA--6622CC — Phylogenetic analysis of Fanzor. FIG. 62A, Unrooted phylogenetic tree from representatives mined from Fanzor (Fz) and TnpB. Arrows indicate Fzs experimentally characterized in this study (Spizellomyces punctatus (SpuFzl), Guillardia theta (GtFzl) ', Naegleria lovaniensis (NlovFz2) and Mercenaria mercenaria (MmeFz2)). A detailed tree is shown on FIG. 68). FIG. 62B, Domain architectures of Acidamanococcus sp. Casl2 (AsCasl2a), Deinococcus radiodurans ISDra2 TnpB, SpuFzl, GtFzl, NlovFz2, and MmeFz2 determined from structural analysis (see FIG. 69). FIG. 62C, (SEQ ID NO: 3844-3847) Top: Micrographs of S. punctatus, G. theta and N. lovaniensis and a photograph of M. mercenaria. Representative images from 3 independent cultures are shown. Middle: Small RNA-seq for RNPs of 4 representative Fz orthologs expressed in S. cerevisiae (n=3 independent technical replicates). Bottom: Secondary structure prediction of IORNAS for the 4 representative orthologs. When the ωRNA overlaps the Fz gene, the stop codon is shown in orange; when not overlapping, the distance to the stop codon is indicated with an arrow. Guide region is shown in green and oriented vertically for comparison.

[0146] FIG. 63A-63G — Biochemical characterization of Fanzor. FIG. 63A, Scheme of TAM identification screen in S. cerevisiae. FIG. 63B, (SEQ ID NO: 3848-3855) TAMs of 4 representative Fz orthologs (SpuFzl, GtFzl, NlovFz2 and MmeFz2) and Sanger sequencing traces of the dsDNA targets with PSP 1 target sequence matching reprogrammed ωRNA guides. The non-templated addition of a final base is an artifact of the polymerase (as a terminal A in the TS trace and a terminal T in the NTS trace). Cleavage sites are indicated by blue triangles. TS: target strand; NTS: non-target strand. FIG. 63C, SpuFzl -mediated target dsDNA cleavage with TAM mutations. Target dsDNA substrates were column-purified after proteinase treatment and run on a 2% agarose gel. FIG. 63D, SpuFzl -mediated target dsDNA cleavage dependence on divalent metal ions. Target dsDNA substrates were column-purified after proteinase treatment and run on a 2% agarose gel. All experiments except this panel were performed with Mg2+. FIG. 63E, Temperature dependence of SpuFz 1 -mediated target dsDNA cleavage activity. All experiments except this panel were performed at 37°C. FIG. 63F, SpuFzl only cleaves target dsDNA. Target nucleic acid species were column-purified after proteinase treatment and run on a 2% agarose gel (for dsDNA) or denaturing PAGE gel (for ssDNA, dsRNA and ssRNA). The gels were imaged with SYBR Gold (for dsDNA) or using Cy3 (for ssDNA) and Cy5 (for dsRNA and ssRNA) channels. FIG. 63G, SpuFzl does not exhibit collateral activity on Cy5.5-labeled collateral dsDNA, Cy 5.5 -labeled collateral ssDNA,Cy5-labeled collateral dsRNA or Cy5-labeled collateral ssRNA. Representative gel images from 3 independent technical replicates are shown.

[0147] FIG. 64A-64H — Human genome engineering with Fanzor. FIG. 64A, (SEQ ID NO: 3856-3860) Workflow for testing Fz activity in HEK293FT cells. FIG. 64B-64D, Indel rates and average indel length generated by SpuFzl (FIG. 64B), NlovFz2 (FIG. 64C) and MmeFz2 (FIG. 64D) at 8 genomic loci in HEK293FT cells. Left: Average indel (%), data are presented as mean values + / - standard deviation (n=3). Right: Average indel length at B2M target site. FIG. 64E, (SEQ ID NO: 3861-3862) Secondary structure prediction of canonical (left) and ghost (right) ωRNA s for SpuFzl . Identical nucleotides between canonical and ghost ωRNA are highlighted in yellow. Guide region has been abbreviated for visualization purposes. FIG. 64F, SpuFzl activity at B2M with canonical ωRNA , modified ωRNA and ghost ωRNA scaffolds. Average indel (%), data are presented as mean values + / - standard deviation (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed t-test. *, p <0.05; **, p<0.01. FIG. 64G, Indel activity of combinatorial SpuFzl point mutants at B2M. Average indel (%), data are presented as mean values + / - standard deviation (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed t-test. *, p <0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001; ****, p <0.0001. FIG. 64H, SpuFzl- v2 activity at 12 human genomic loci. Average indel (%), data are presented as mean values + / - standard deviation (n=3).

[0148] FIG. 65A-65F — Structure of SpuFanzorl. FIG. 65A, Domain organization of SpuFzl. White regions represent the flexible loop. FIG. 65B, Cryo-EM map of SpuFz 1- ωRNA -target DNA complex. FIG. 65C, Structural model of SpuFz 1 -ωRNA -target DNA complex. REC domain is colored in gray, WED domain is colored in yellow as represented in greyscale, RuvC domain is colored in light blue as represented in greyscale, NUC domain is colored in pink as represented in greyscale, ωRNA is colored in purple as represented in greyscale, DNA target strand (TS) is colored in red, and DNA non-target strand (NTS) is colored in blue as represented in greyscale. FIG. 65D, (SEQ ID NO: 3863) Diagram of SpuFzl ωRNA and trimmed variants. FIG. 65E, SpuFz l-v2 activity at B2M with trimmed ωRNA variants. Average indel (%), data are presented as mean values + / - standard deviation (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed t-test. *, p <0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001; ****, p <0.0001. FIG. 65F, (SEQ ID NO: 3864) Minimal SpuFzl ωRNA design.

[0149] FIG. 66 — Schematic of ωRNA and target DNA recognition. The amino acid residues that engage in interactions with nucleic acids are highlighted in colored boxes, withthe colors specified by the domains where these residues reside. Hydrogen bonds and salt bridges are shown by dashed lines. Hydrophobic interactions are shown by solid lines.

[0150] FIG. 67 — Fanzor, TnpB and Casl2. OMEGA systems are the ancestors of CRISPR- Cas systems. The ancestral coProtein TnpB became associated with CRISPR arrays and evolved into Casl2 in prokaryotes and into Fz in eukaryotes. Casl2 works as a CRISPR effector protein for adaptive immunity. TnpB helps propagate insertion sequences in which it is encoded. The biological roles of Fzs remain unknown. mProteins Fz and TnpB are relatively compact proteins (400-700 and 400-500 aa, respectively) compared to Casl2 proteins (1000-1500 aa).

[0151] FIG. 68 — Phylogenetic tree of Fanzor and TnpB. Phylogenetic tree built from the RuvC region of hits detected from structural and profile mining of Fanzor. Blue, black and yellow leaves indicate the domain annotation of the contig where the hit is found respectively eukaryotes, viruses and prokaryotes. Fanzor 1 and Fanzor2 clades are shown respectively in blue and pink. Fanzors and TnpB of interest are indicated by arrows. The bars forming the blue inner ring are proportional to the size of the Fanzors in aa as annotated in the database. The middle ring indicates the domains of life from which the Fanzor / TnpB is found (light gray: bacteria, dark gray: archaea, yellow: viruses, blue: eukaryotes). The outer ring displays the taxonomy of the organism in which the Fanzor / TnpB is found (red: bacteria, dark red: archaea, brown: phage and archaeal viruses, pink: eukaryotic viruses, beige: giant viruses, dark green to yellow gradient: fungi, light green gradient: protists, , dark blue: opisthokonta (choanoflagellata), crimson: arthropoda, purple: mollusks, and light blue to dark blue gradient: plants with Chlorophyta, Streptophyta, and Cryptophyceae. The green triangles in the outer ring indicate clusters of hits from contigs annotated to be eukaryotes and represent putative eukaryotic radiations. Black trapezoid shapes indicate the two branches containing giant viruses and bacterial hosts.

[0152] FFIIGG.. 6699 — Structural overview and comparative analysis of representative Fanzor proteins. Structural comparison of ISDra2 TnpB (PDB: 8H1J), NlovFz2 (AlphaFold model, AF), MmeFz2 (AF), SpuFzl (AF), GtFzl (AF) and AsCasl2a (PDB: 5B43). Color coding represents common structural regions. Arrows highlight the hypothesized evolutionary progression from TnpB to Fanzors and Casl2a. Fanzorl, Fanzor2 and Casl2a likely emerged independently from TnpBs and acquired various extensions in the N-terminal region (N-term), REC domain, RuvC domain and NUC domain. The extensions in Fanzorl (represented by SpuFzl and GtFzl) involve the REC and RuvC domains, which form a channel that is similar to the one found

[0153] FIG. 70A-70D - Fanzor and standalone ghost loci architecture. FIG. 70 A, Top: Comparison of loci architecture for Fz gene and ghost in S. punctatus and comparison of their Weblogo inverted repeat sequences (IR). IRs are shown as blue triangles, TAM regions as orange rectangles, Fz gene as a light blue arrow, ωRNA regions as medium blue rectangles with a downstream light blue rectangle showing the guide (spacer region). Fanzor and ghost loci share similar but distinct IRs. Bottom: Comparison of loci architecture for Fz gene and ghost in G. theta, N. lovaniensis, and M. mercenaria. FIG. 70B, Sequences alignments of ghost loci from IR to IR. Schematic of the architecture is shown on top of the alignment. Conservation is shown as bits on the top row. In the alignment, grey color indicates identity, black color indicates differences and lines indicate gaps. The sequences are sorted according to a phylogenetic tree made from the full nucleotide sequences in FastTree. IRs and ωRNA regions are strongly conserved across all ghost loci. FIG. 70C, (SEQ ID NO: 3865-3866) Sequence alignment of the ωRNA region or IR of a Fanzor locus and a ghost locus. Nucleotide background colors highlight differences between ωRNA s. FIG. 70D, (SEQ ID NO: 3867- 3870) Small RNA-seq of Fanzor loci from S', punctatus shows expression of associated ωRNA s.

[0154] FIG. 71 - Small RNA-seq of RNPs of Fz orthologs expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Small RNA-seq of RNPs of Fz orthologs expressed in S. cerevisiae mapped to the Fz loci. RE, transposon right end.

[0155] FIG. 72A-72D - Human genome targeting activity of Fanzor, TnpB and Casl2. FIG. 72 A, (SEQ ID NO: 3871-3897) Indels generated by Fzs at the B2M locus ordered by abundance, with indel size at left. Left: SpuFzl. Middle: NlovFz2. Right: MmeFz2. FIG. 72B, Indel rates and average indel length generated by ISDra2 TnpB, AsCasl2a and AsCasl2fl at 8 genomic loci in HEK293FT cells. Left: The average indel (%) generated is shown with an error bar showing standard deviation (n=3). Right: Indel pattern from -50 to +20 bp with inset showing the indel pattern spanning 10-bp deletion to 5-bp insertion. FIG. 72C, Targeting SpuFzl, NlovFz2 and MmeFz2 to a representative B2M locus in HEK293FT cells with ωRNA s containing guides of various lengths. The average indel (%) generated is shown with an error bar showing standard deviation (n=3). Left: SpuFzl. Middle: NlovFz2. Right: MmeFz2. FIG. 72D, Indel activity (relative to WT) of 111 single point mutants measured in HEK293T cells at a representative B2M locus. Red arrows indicate the five mutations tested further in a combinatorial manner. The average indel (%) generated is shown with an error bar showingstandard deviation (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed t-test. Significant increase compared to WT is indicated by (*). *, p <0.05; ****, p <0.0001.

[0156] FIG. 73A-73F - Cryo-EM data processing for the SpuFz 1 -ωRNA -target DNA complex. FIG. 73A, Flow chart of cryo-EM data analysis. FIG.73B, Representative cryo-EM image from 8,727 movies. FIG. 73C, Representative and 2D averages. FIG. 73D, Angular distribution of the SpuFzl -ωRNA -target DNA particles in the final round of 3D refinement. FIG. 73E, Sharpened EM density maps colored by local resolution as calculated by CryoSPARC. FIG. 73F, The ‘gold-standard’ FSC curves of the SpuFz 1 -ωRNA -target DNA complex.

[0157] FIG. 74A-74G - Structure of the ωRNA and target DNA recognition. FIG. 74A, The overall structure of the SpuFz 1 -ωRNA -target DNA complex. Domain structure shown in surface and by colors. FIG. 74B, Electrostatic surface potential of SpuFzl. FIG. 74C, (SEQ ID NO: 3898-3900) Schematic of the ωRNA and target DNA. Disordered regions are enclosed in a dashed box. FIG. 74D, Structural model of the ωRNA and target DNA. FIG. 74E-74G, The structural details of the interaction between stem loop 1 and SpuFzl.

[0158] FIG. 75A-75C - TAM recognition by SpuFzl. FIG. 75A-75B, Interactions between the TAM and SpuFzl. FIG. 75C, Interactions between the end of the TAM and the WED domain loop of SpuFzl .

[0159] FIG. 76A-76D - The structure of RuvC and NUC domains and the active site of SpuFzl. FIG. 76A, Structure of a DNA target strand segment bound to the RuvC and NUC domains of SpuFzl. FIG. 76B, Electrostatic surface potential of the RuvC and NUC domains. FIG. 76C, Structural details of the active site. FIG. 76D, Structure of the zinc finger motif in the NUC domain of SpuFzl .

[0160] FIG. 77A-77I — Structure comparison of SpuFzl with ISDra2 TnpB. FIG. 77A, Domain architecture of SpuFzl. FIG. 77B, Overall structure of the SpuFzl -ωRNA — target DNA complex. FIG. 77C, Domain architecture of ISDra2 TnpB. FIG. 77D, Overall structure of the ISDra2 TnpB-ωRNA — target DNA complex (PDB code: 8H1J). Corresponding domains across structures are color-coded. FIG. 77E, Nucleic acid structure comparison. SpuFzl ’s ωRNA lacks the pseudoknot structure inherent to ISDra2 TnpB. FIG. 77F, WED domain structure comparison. In contrast to the WED domain of ISDra2 TnpB, SpuFz 1 exhibits three inserted small alpha helical structures, which provides interactions with TAM motifs of target DNA. FIG. 77G, REC domain structure comparison. An additional sequence of 136 aa is inserted within th vC domainstructure comparison. The helices of SpuFzl ’s RuvC domain are extended and interact with the additional part of the REC domain, providing enhanced structural protection for the RNAZDNA heteroduplex compared to ISDra2 TnpB. FIG. 771, NUC domain structure comparison. Both SpuFzl and ISDra2 TnpB share a conserved CCCC zinc finger motif in the NUC domain. The additional NUC structure in SpuFzl aids in stabilizing the 5’ end of its ωRNA , which forms interactions with the RNA / DNA heteroduplex.

[0161] FIG. 78A-78B — Uncropped gel images used in Example 15 FIG. 78A, Agarose gels. FIG. 78B, TBE-Urea gels.

[0162] FIG. 79A-79C - Structural overview of Fanzorl complexes. Schematic locus and cryo-EM structure of the Fzl-ωRNA -target DNA complex from Spizellomyces punctatus (SpuFzl) (FIG. 79A), Guillardia theta (GtFzl) (FIG. 79B), and Parasitella parasitica (PpFzl) (FIG. 79C). REC domain is colored gray, WED domain is colored yellow as represented in greyscale, RuvC domain is colored cyan as represented in greyscale, TNB domain is colored pink as represented in greyscale, Fanzor RuvC Insertion (FRI) domain is colored light cyan as represented in greyscale; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cyclophilinl (ScCypl) is colored green as represented in greyscale, ωRNA is colored purple, DNA target strand (TS) is colored red as represented in greyscale, and DNA non-target strand (NTS) is colored blue as represented in greyscale.

[0163] FFIIGG.. 8800AA--8800CC — Structural Diversity of Fanzorl. (FIG. 80A) Structural comparison of the RuvC and TNB domains across GtFzl (left), SpuFzl (middle), and PpFzl (right). The dashed box indicates the FRI domain of PpFzl. (FIG. SOB) Comparative analysis of ωRNA structures between GtFzl, SpuFzl, and PpFzl. EM density is shown transparently. The ωRNA scaffold is colored purple as represented in greyscale, and the guide is green as represented in greyscale. (FIG. 80C) Schematic of the ωRNA in GtFzl, SpuFzl, and PpFzl (SEQ ID NO: 3901-3904).

[0164] FIG. 81A-81C - Comparative analysis of DNA recognition by Fanzorl. (FIG. 81 A) Recognition of the TAM duplex by GtFzl (left), SpuFzl (middle), and PpFzl (right). The TAM sequence is highlighted in pink as represented in greyscale. (FIG. 81B) Interactions involved in TAM recognition, showing a conserved structural feature among GtFzl, SpuFzl, and PpFzl. Specifically, an arginine (R) residue from a loop in the REC domain inserts into the groove of the TAM duplex. The N-terminal end of the alpha-4 helix from the REC domain, along with a short helix from the WED domain, recognizes the TAM base groups in a similar orientation. Diff ique TAMsequences. (FIG. 81C) Initiation of the R-loop by the loop from the WED domain. Protein domains and ωRNA are colored as in FIG. 79A-79C and FIG. 80A-80C, the DNA target strand (TS) is colored red as represented in greyscale, and the DNA non-target strand (NTS) is colored blue as represented in greyscale.

[0165] FIG. 82A-82D - Catalytic triad of Fanzorl and other RuvC nucleases. (FIG. 82 A) Conserved catalytic motifs in the RuvC domain are shared among TnpB, Fz2, Fzl , and Casl2a. (FIG. 82B) Secondary structure of a canonical RuvC nuclease. (FIG. 82C) Structural details of the catalytic sites in SpuFzl, GtFzl (which contains a non-canonical N in place of the canonical D in the third position), and PpFzl . (FIG. 82D) In vitro cleavage activity of SpuFzl wild-type, D606A, D606N.

[0166] FIG. 83A-83E - Structural features of GtFzl. (FIG. 83 A) Structures of the GtFzl- ωRNA binary complex and the GtFzl -coRNA -target DNA ternary complex. Protein domains, ωRNA , and target DNA are colored as in FIG. 79A-79C, FIG. 80A-80C, and FIG. 81A-81C. (FIG. 83B) Comparison of the GtFzl binary (white) and ternary (green, as represented in greyscale) complexes. (FIG. 83C) The EM map of the GtFzl ternary complex displays the NTS loading into the RuvC domain. GtFzl is colored gray, ωRNA is colored purple as represented in greyscale, and DNA is colored red as represented in greyscale. (FIG. 83D) Electrostatic potential mapping in GtFzl illustrates the DNA binding channel. The green dashed circle, as represented in greyscale, indicates the channel for the DNA NTS binding. The white dashed circle indicates the channel for guide / TS heteroduplex binding. (FIG. 83E) 3D Variability Analysis (3DVA) reveals the conformational dynamics of SL1 and the RuvC / TNB domains. EM maps of the first frame (left) and the last frame (middle) are shown from the same viewpoint to highlight the conformational change. The right panel displays a structural alignment of the models from the first frame and the last frame.

[0167] FIG. 84A-84K - RuvC dsDNA loading and the lid regulation in SpuFzl. (FIG. 84 A) Structure of SpuFzl State III. dsDNA is bound to the large cleft formed by REC / RuvC / TNB domains. The dsDNA is bent by about 137° and the tip contacts the catalytic site of RuvC. SpuFzl is colored white, ωRNA is colored purple as represented in greyscale, TS is colored red as represented in greyscale, NTS is colored blue as represented in greyscale. The dsDNA bound to RuvC is shown in surface and colored in gold as represented in greyscale and tan as represented in greyscale for each strand. The catalytic site in the RuvC domain is circled with a dashed line. A schematic diagram of the ternary complex formation is shown below. Substrate was used.(FIG. 84B) Structure of SpuFzl State IV. dsDNA is bound to the large cleft formed by REC / RuvC / TNB domains in a distinct conformation from State III. SpuFzl is colored white, ωRNA is colored purple as represented in greyscale, TS is colored red as represented in greyscale, NTS is colored blue as represented in greyscale. The dsDNA bound to RuvC is shown in surface and colored in gold as represented in greyscale and tan as represented in greyscale for each strand. The catalytic site in the RuvC domain is circled with a dashed red line. A schematic diagram of the ternary complex formation is shown below. Substrate ds3, where TS is unmodified and NTS is partially modified. (FIG. 84C) Close-up of charge interactions in the structure of SpuFzl State III between residues of the TNB domain and dsDNA loaded onto the RuvC domain. (FIG. 84D) In the structure of SpuFzl State III, residue R631 in the C-terminus loop of the RuvC domain, together with ¥541, occupy the groove in the dsDNA that is bound to the RuvC domain. The catalytic site in the RuvC domain is circled with a dashed line. (FIG. 84E) In the structure of SpuFzl State IV, interactions formed by Q152, N159, and R514 stabilize the unwound DNA strand, which was not observed in State III. The catalytic site in the RuvC domain is circled with a dashed line. (FIG. 84F) Structural alignment of SpuFzl State III (green as represented in greyscale) and State IV (pink as represented in greyscale) showing that the dsDNA bound to the RuvC domain of these two states displays distinct conformations. The a5 of the REC domain is shifted by 2 A. (FIG. 84G) The EM maps of SpuFzl State I, State V, and State VI illustrate the conformational changes of the lid. In State I, an 8 -bp guide / DNA duplex is formed. The lid is in an upward orientation, and no DNA is loaded onto the RuvC domain, representing an inactive state. In State V, a 15- bp guide / DNA duplex is formed. The lid is in a downward orientation, and the DNA TS is loaded onto the RuvC domain, representing an active state. In State VI, a 15-bp guide / DNA duplex is formed. The lid density is weak due to its structural flexibility. The DNA density is observed around the RuvC domain. Schematic diagrams of ternary complex formation are shown below (substrate ds2, TS is partially modified and NTS is unmodified; substrate ds5, TS is fully modified and NTS is unmodified; substrate ds6, TS is unmodified and NTS is fully modified). (FIG. 84H) Structural alignment of the lid of SpuFzl in the inactive state (I) (white) with the active state (V) (cyan as represented in greyscale). The short helix of the lid in the active state is released. (FIG. 841) Electrostatic potential mapping in SpuFzl illustrates the structural changes from the inactive state (I) to the active state (V). The catalytic site is circled with a dashed line. The downward conformation of the lid forms a small cleft on the RuvC andTNB domain, al proach thecatalytic site. (FIG. 84 J) Interactions of the lid in SpuFzl State V. The lid is sandwiched by the guide / TS heteroduplex and the DNA segment loaded onto the RuvC domain. Hydrogen bonds are shown with dashed lines. (FIG. 84K) Structural alignment of SpuFzl in the inactive state (I) with the active state (V). The entire complex in the inactive state is colored white. For the active state, the RuvC domain is colored cyan as represented in greyscale, ωRNA is colored purple as represented in greyscale, and the DNA TS is colored red as represented in greyscale. The inset shows the detailed conformational change at the 5' end of the mRNA, along with the TNB domain. This change is driven by the formation of the 15-bp guide / DNA heteroduplex.

[0168] FIG. 85A-85J - PpFzl DNA loading and cleavage mechanisms. (FIG. 85A-85D) Structures illustrating the activation stages of PpFzl, detailing the conformational changes, DNA loading, and cleavage processes. Protein domains, ωRNA , and target DNA are colored as in FIG. 84A-84K. (FIG. 84E) Structural alignment of the lid of PpFzl comparing the inactive state (I) (white) with the intermediate state (II) (cyan as represented in greyscale). (FIG. 85F) Structural alignment of the REC domain comparing the inactive state (I), intermediate state (II), and active state (III). (FIG. 85G) Structural alignment at the 5' end of the ωRNA and the TNB domain comparing the inactive state (I), intermediate state (II), and active state (III). (FIG. 85H) Predicted Local Distance Difference Test (pLDDT) scores for the lid on the RuvC domain of Casl2s, Fzs, and TnpBs. (FIG. 851) Length ranges of the lid in Casl2s, Fzs, and TnpBs. (FIG. 85J) Structural alignment of the REC domain comparing the active states of GtFzl (red as represented in greyscale), SpuFzl (gray), and PpFzl (white).

[0169] The figures herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily drawn to scale.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTSGeneral Definitions

[0170] Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Definitions of common terms and techniques in molecular biology may be found in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2ndedition (1989) (Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis); Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4thedition (2012) (Green and Sambrook); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1987) (F.M. Ausubel et al. eds.); the series Methods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.): PCR 2: A Practical Approach (1995) (MJ. MacPhers ry Manual(1988) (Harlow and Lane, eds.): Antibodies A Laboratory Manual, 2ndedition 2013 (E.A. Greenfield ed.); Animal Cell Culture (1987) (R.I. Freshney, ed.); Benjamin Lewin, Genes IX, published by Jones and Bartlett, 2008 (ISBN 0763752223); Kendrew et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0632021829); Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 9780471185710); Singleton etal., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology 2nd ed., J. Wiley & Sons (New York, N.Y. 1994), March, Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons (New York, N.Y. 1992); and Marten H. Hofker and Jan van Deursen, Transgenic Mouse Methods and Protocols, 2ndedition (2011).

[0171] As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include both singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0172] The term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequent described event, circumstance or substituent may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

[0173] The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers and fractions subsumed within the respective ranges, as well as the recited endpoints.

[0174] The terms “about” oorr “approximately” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as a parameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, are meant to encompass variations of and from the specified value, such as variations of -+- / -10% or less, + / -5% or less, + / -!% or less, and + / -0.1% or less of and from the specified value, insofar such variations are appropriate to perform in the disclosed invention. It is to be understood that the value to which the modifier “about” or “approximately” refers is itself also specifically, and preferably, disclosed.

[0175] As used herein, a “biological sample” may contain whole cells and / or live cells and / or cell debris. The biological sample may contain (or be derived from) a “bodily fluid”. The present invention encompasses embodiments wherein the bodily fluid is selected from amniotic fluid, aqueous humour, vitreous humour, bile, blood serum, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, cerumen (earwax), chyle, chyme, endolymph, perilymph, exudates, feces, female ejaculate, gastric acid, gastric juice, lymph, mucus (including nasal drainage and phlegm), pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pus, rheum, saliva, sebum (skin oil), semen, sputum, synovial fluid, sweat, tears, urine, vaginal secretion, vomit and mixtures of one or more thereof. Bi from bodilyfluids. Bodily fluids may be obtained from a mammal organism, for example by puncture, or other collecting or sampling procedures. The biological sample can be obtained from an environment (e.g., water source, soil, air, and the like). The biological sample can be obtained from a plant or algae. The biological sample can contain prokaryotic organisms. Biological samples can be obtained via any suitable collection or harvesting technique including active and passive collection / harvesting methods, including but not limited to, puncture, cutting, digging, filtering, bagging, draining, and / or the like.

[0176] The terms “subject,” “individual,” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals include, but are not limited to, murines, simians, humans, farm animals, sport animals, and pets. Tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro are also encompassed.

[0177] Various embodiments are described hereinafter. It should be noted that the specific embodiments are not intended as an exhaustive description or as a limitation to the broader aspects discussed herein. One aspect described in conjunction with a particular embodiment is not necessarily limited to that embodiment and can be practiced with any other embodiment(s). Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” or “an example embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some, but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention. For example, in the appended claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

[0178] All publications, published patent documents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as though each individual publication, published patent document, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference.OVERVIEW

[0179] Fanzor (Fz) was reported in 2013 to be a eukaryotic TnpB-IS200 / IS605-like protein encoded by transposable elements (TEs), and it was initially suggested that Fzs (and prokaryotic TnpBs) regulate TE activity possibly via methyltransferase activity7. More recently, TnpB was reported to be part of a new class of RNA-guided system termed OMEGA (Obligate Mobile Element-guided Activity)4’6. OMEGA systems encompass an RNA-guided endonuclease protein (i.e., TnpB, IscB, IsrB) and a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcribed from the transposon end region (called ωRNA )4. OMEGA systems are the ancestors of CRISPR-Cas systems, and TnpB evolved into the single RNA-guided endonuclease, Casl2. TnpB also shares remote homology with Fz4. These findings raise the possibility that Fz may be a eukaryotic type of CRISPR-Cas / OMEGA system. By combining phylogenomic, biochemical and structural studies, applicants sought to determine the enzymatic activity and mechanism of Fz and reprogram it for human genome editing.

[0180] Embodiments disclosed herein provide engineered Fanzor systems that function as re-programmable nucleases. The Fanzor system comprises a Fanzor polypeptide and a nucleic acid component capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing the complex to a target polynucleotide. The Fanzor systems and Fanzor / nucleic acid component complexes may also be referred to herein as OMEGA (Obligate Mobile Element Guided Activity) systems or complexes, or Q systems or complexes for short. Fanzor systems are a distinct type of Q system, which further include IscB, IsrB, IshB, and TpnB systems. The nucleic acid component of Q systems is structurally distinct from other RNA-guided nucleases, such as CRISPR-Cas systems, and may also be referred to as a ωRNA . In certain example embodiments, the Fanzor systems are RNA-predominate, that is the nucleic acid component makes a larger contribution to the overall size of the Fanzor complex relative to other RNA- guided nuclease systems such as CRISPR-Cas.

[0181] While Fanzor proteins were known to exist within certain eukaryotic species, See e.g., Bao & Jurka, Mobile DNA, 412, (2013), Applicants characterize for the first time that Fanzor systems function as polynucleotide-guided nucleases, provide a characterization of the polynucleotide component, and demonstrate that such systems can be engineered and reprogrammed for a wide variety of gene editing and diagnostic purposes. The present disclosure provides compositions and methods of use thereof. In general, the compositions may comprise engineered and reprogrammable Fanzor systems that allow more flexible and effective strateg n exampleembodiments, the engineered Fanzor systems disclosed herein may cleave or nick the target polynucleotide. Other modifications which enable further modification and / or editing of target polynucleotides are disclosed in further detail below. The nucleic acid component may be an RNA. The nucleic acid component is also referred to herein as an ωRNA .

[0182] In one embodiment, the Fanzor systems and related compositions may specifically target single-strand or double-strand DNA. In one embodiment, the Fanzor system may bind and cleave double-strand DNA. In one embodiment, the Fanzor system may bind to doublestranded DNA without introducing a break to either of the strands. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides or nuclease / nucleic acid component complexes may open, disrupting the continuity of one of the two DNA strands, thereby introducing a nick of the double stranded DNA.

[0183] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein include applications of the compositions herein, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and methods of detection. Delivery of the proteins and systems disclosed is also provided, including to a variety of cells and via a variety of particles and vectors.FANZOR COMPOSITIONS

[0184] In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein are directed to compositions comprising an engineered Fanzor and / or ωRNA capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor and directing site-specific binding of the Fanzor to a target sequence on a target polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Fanzor and / or ωRNA is capable of complexing with an ion, such as calcium, magnesium, manganese, or any combination thereof.Fanzor Polypeptides

[0185] Fanzor polypeptides (also referred to herein as Fanzor proteins) of the present invention may comprise a Ruv-C-like or RuvC domain and one or more other domains such as a WED domain, REC domain, Bridge-Helix domain, NUC domain, or any combination thereof. Exemplary Fanzor sequences are shown or encoded by those in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A- 18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is a homolog, ortholog, or variant of a polypeptide in, or is encoded by a polypeptide as in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Ta 21, Table22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A- 75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is or comprises a polypeptide that is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is or comprises a polypeptide that is 80%, to / or 80.5%, 81%, 81.5%, 82%, 82.5%, 83%, 83.5%, 84%, 84.5%, 85%, 85.5%, 86%, 86.5%, 87%, 87.5%, 88%, 88.5%, 89%, 89.5%, 90%, 90.5%, 91%, 91.5%, 92%, 92.5%, 93%, 93.5%, 94%, 94.5%, 95%, 95.5%, 96%, 96.5%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.5%, 100% percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof. . In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is a polypeptide as shown and described in relation with FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, and / or FIG. 56A-56D. The RuvC domain may be a split RuvC domain comprising a RuvC-I, RuvC-II, and RuvC-III subdomains. The Fanzor may further comprise one or more of a HTH domain, a bridge helix domain, a REC domain, a zinc finger domain, or any combination thereof. Fanzor polypeptides do not comprise an HNH domain. In one example embodiment, Fanzor proteins comprise, starting at the N-terminus a HTH domain, a RuvC-I sub-domain, a bridge helix domain, a RuvC-II subdomain, a zinger finger domain, and a RuvC-III sub-domain. In one example embodiment, the RuvC-III sub-domain forms the C -terminus of the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0186] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more mutations in the WED, REC, NUC, Bridge Helix domain, RuvC domain, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from 310, 35, 36, 308, 319, 320, 323, 323, 405, 406, 408, 409, 484, 486, 487 or any combination thereof relative to Fanzor ID 16 or in position(s) analogous there to in analogous, heter the Fanzorpolypeptide comprises a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328,329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347,348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385,386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404,405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423,424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442,443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461,462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480,481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, or any combination thereof relative to Fanzor ID 16 or in position(s) analogous there to in analogous, heterologous, or orthologous to Fanzor ID 16. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from 469, 485, 490, 491, 508, 513, 524, 527, 528, 398, 400, 392, 192, 604, 607, 614, 615, 609, 613, 522, 538,503, or any combination thereof relative to Fanzor ID 16 or in position(s) analogous there to in analogous, heterologous, or orthologous to Fanzor ID 16. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises a mutation at one or more amino aicds selected from 310, 487, 300, 498, 513, or any combination thereof relative to Fanzor ID16 or in position(s) analogous there to in analogous, heterologous, or orthologous to Fanzor ID16. In some embodiments, the amino acids(s) are independently mutated to R, K, H, A, V, P, D, E, I, or W.

[0187] In one example embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides are or range between 125 and 1800 amino acids in size, such are or range between 125 and 30, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380,390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570,580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760,770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950,960, 970, 980, 990, 1000, 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070, 1080, 1090, 1100, 1110,1120, 1130, 1140, 1150, 1160, 1170, 1180, 1190, 1200, 1210, 1220, 1230, 1240, 1250, 1260,1270, 1280, 1290, 1300, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1340, 1350, 1360, 1370, 1380, 1390, 1400, 1410,1420, 1430, 1440, 1450, 1460, 1470, 1480, 1490, 1500, 1510, 1520, 1530, 1540, 1550, 1560,1570, 1580, 159 700, 1710,1720, 1730, 1740, 1750, 1760, 1770, 1780, 1790, or / to 1800 amino acids in size or any value or range of values therein. In one example embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides are or range between about 400 and about 700 amino acids in size. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptides are or range between about 400, to / or about 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700 amino acids in size or any value or range of values therein.

[0188] In certain example embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptides are or range between 125 and 850 amino acids in size. In certain example embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptides are between 175 and 800 amino acids in size, between 200 and 790 amino acids in size, between 200 and 780 amino acids in size, between 200 and 770 amino acids in size, between 200 and760 amino acids in size, between 200 and 750 amino acids in size, between 200 and 740 amino acids in size, between 200 and 730 amino acids in size, between 200 and 720 amino acids in size, between 200 and 720 amino acids in size, between 200 and 710 amino acids in size, between 200 and 700 amino acids in size, between 200 and 690 amino acids in size, between 200 and 680 amino acids in size, between 200 and 670 amino acids in size, between 200 and660 amino acids in size, between 200 and 650 amino acids in size, between 200 and 640 amino acids in size, between 200 and 630 amino acids in size, between 200 and 620 amino acids in size, between 200 and 610 amino acids in size, between 200 and 600 amino acids in size, between 200 and 590 amino acids in size, between 200 and 580 amino acids in size, between200 and 570 amino acids in size, between 200 and 560 amino acid, between 200 between 550 amino acids, between 200 and 540 amino acids, between 200 and 530 amino acids, between 200 and 520 amino acids, between 200 and 510 amino acids, between 200 and 500 amino acids, between 200 and 490 amino acids, between 200 and 480 amino acids, between 200 and 470 amino acids, between 200 and 460 amino acids, between 200 and 450 amino acids, between 200 and 440 amino acids, between 200 and 430 amino acids, between 200 and 420 amino acids, between 200 and 410 amino acids, between 210 and 500 amino acids, between 220 and 500 amino acids, between 230 and 500 amino acids, between 240 and 500 amino acids, between250 and 500 amino acids, between 260 and 500 amino acids, between 270 and 500 amino acids, between 280 and 500 amino acids, between 290 and 500 amino acids, between 300 and 500 amino acids, between 250 and 490 amino acids, between 250 and 480 amino acids, between250 and 490 amino acids, or between 250 and 600 amino acids. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is between 300 and 500 amino acids, or between 350 and 450 amino acids. Fanzor polypeptides ma etween thesize of a TnpB polypeptide and Casl2a, or Type 2 Fanzor polypeptides, which are typically smaller in size than a TnpB polypeptide.

[0189] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is a Fanzor polypeptide from a metazoan, fungi, protist, or a dsDNA virus capable of infecting a eukaryote. See e.g., Bao et al. 2013. Mob DNA. 2013; 4:12 doi: 10.1186 / 1759-8753-4-12, particularly at Table 1, Supplementary material additional files 1 and 3. In some embodiments, is a Fanzor protein or functional domain thereof as set forth in Bao et al. 2013. Mob DNA. 2013; 4:12 doi: 10.1186 / 1759-8753-4-12.

[0190] In one example embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide may be derived from (a) a yeast Fanzor; (b) an amoeba Fanzor; (c) a protist Fanzor; (d) a metazoan Fanzor; (e) an algae Fanzor; (f) a fungi Fanzor; (g) a eukaryotic Fanzor; (h) a Mollusca Fanzor; (i) from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, Batrachochytrium, or Parasitella; (j) a virus Fanzor, optionally a Bodo saltans virus, a Harvforvirus, Homavirus, Dishui Lake Large Algae virus 1, or Yasminevirus Fanzor; (k) a Fanzor selected from a polypeptide, or comprises a polypeptide, or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in any one or more of Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A- 18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortholog, or variant thereof; and / or is or comprises a polypeptide that is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof; or (1) any combination of (a)-(k).

[0191] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, Batrachochytrium, or Parasitella. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batrachochytrium, orParasitella. In so ymbalaria,Ashbya gossypii, Spizellomyces punctatus, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Naegleria lovaniensis, or Rhizopus microspores. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is from Spizellomyces punctatus. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is from Bodo saltans virus, a Harvforvirus, Homavirus, Dishui Lake Large Algae virus 1.

[0192] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is a eukaryotic Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is from an organism of the genus Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, or Naegieria. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is from Batillaria attramentaria, Dreissena polymorpha, Mercenaria mercenaria, or Naegleria lovaniensis.

[0193] In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides may comprise a modified naturally occurring protein, functional fragment or truncated version thereof, or a non-naturally occurring protein. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more domains originating from other Fanzor polypeptides, more particularly originating from different organisms. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides may be designed by in silico approaches. Examples of in silico protein design have been described in the art and are therefore known to a skilled person.

[0194] In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is a homologue or ortholog to a TnpB polypeptide from Epsilonproteobacteria bacterium, or Actinoplanes lobatus strain DSM 43150, Actinomadura celluolosilytica strain DSM 45823, Actinomadura namibiensis strain DSM 44197, Alicyclobacillus macrosprangiidus strain DSM 17980, Lipingzhangella halophila strain DSM 102030, or Ktedonobacter recemifer. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is a homologue or ortholog from Ktedonobacter racemifer or comprises a conserved RNA region with similarity to the 5 ’ ITR of K. racemifer Fanzor loci. See e.g., Table 5, FIG. 2 of U.S. Provisional Application 63 / 282,352. In an aspect, the Fanzor polypeptide encodes 5’ ITR / RNA (with RNA on the 3’ strand), Fanzor (3’ strand), and lastly 3’ ITR. In one example embodiment, the Fanzor may comprise a Fanzor protein or a Fanzor homolog, found in eukaryotic genomes.

[0195] The Fanzor polypeptides also encompass homologs or orthologs of Fanzor polypeptides whose sequences are specifically described herein. The terms “ortholog” and “homolog” are well known in the art. By means of further guidance, a “homolog” of a protein as used herein is a protein of the same species which performs the same or a similar function as the protein it is a homolog of. Homologous proteins may be, but need not be, structurally related, or are on herein is aprotein of a different species which performs the same or a similar function as the protein it is an orthologue of. Orthologous proteins may but need not be structurally related or are only partially structurally related. In particular embodiments, the homolog or ortholog of a Fanzor polypeptide such as those referred to herein has a sequence homology or identity of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% with a Fanzor polypeptide. In further embodiments, the homolog or ortholog of a Fanzor polypeptide has a sequence identity of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% with a wildtype Fanzor polypeptide, in particular embodiment a Fanzor sequence identified in Table 1 or a polypeptide, or a polypeptide encoded by a sequence or portion thereof identified in Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E- 74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, the homolog or ortholog of a Fanzor polypeptide such as those referred to herein has a sequence homology or identity of 80%, to / or 80.5%, 81%, 81.5%, 82%, 82.5%, 83%, 83.5%, 84%, 84.5%, 85%, 85.5%, 86%, 86.5%, 87%, 87.5%, 88%, 88.5%, 89%, 89.5%, 90%, 90.5%, 91%, 91.5%, 92%, 92.5%, 93%, 93.5%, 94%, 94.5%, 95%, 95.5%, 96%, 96.5%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.5%, or about 100% to a wildtype Fanzor polypeptide or a polypeptide encoded by a sequence or portion thereof identified in Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof.

[0196] In particular embodiments, a homolog or ortholog is identified according to its domain structure and / or function. In embodiments, the homolog or ortholog comprises catalytic residues and / or domains as defined herein, including any as identified in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof. Sequence alignments conducted as described herein, as well as folding studies and domain predictions as taught herein can aid in the identification of a homolog or ortholog with the structural and fu larly thosewith conserved residues, including catalytic residues, and domains of Fanzor polypeptides, such as any of those identified or encoded by a sequence in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E- 74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof.

[0197] In one embodiment, the Fanzor loci comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). An inverted terminal repeat may be present on the 5’ or 3’ end of the Fanzor sequence. In an aspect, the inverted terminal repeat may comprise between about 20 to about 40 nucleotides, for example, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides. In embodiments, the 1TR comprises about 25 to 35 nucleotides, about 28 to 32 nucleotides. In an aspect, the ITR shares similarity with one or more inverted terminal repeats with sequences encoding TnpB polypeptides. In one embodiment, the 5’ ITR or 3’ITR of Fanzor has a sequence homology or identity of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98% or at least 99% identity with an TnpB 5’ ITR or 3’ ITR. In an embodiment, the 5’ ITR of the Fanzor is homologous to the 5’ ITR of the TnpB.

[0198] In one embodiment, the Fanzor loci comprises a region of high conservation beyond the sequence encoding the polypeptide that indicates the presence of RNA at the 5’ end of the Fanzor loci. In an aspect, the region upstream of the 5’ ITR of Fanzor comprises a region encoding an RNA species that comprises a guide sequence.

[0199] Fanzor Domains. As demonstrated in e.g., the Working Examples herein, the Fanzor polypeptide can have, in addition to the RuvC domain, a WED and / or REC domain, a NUC domain, a Bridge-Helix domain, or any combination thereof. As demonstrated in e.g., the Working Examples, Fanzor polypeptides have a conserved core domain architecture with Cast 2 and TnpB that includes a WED region and a RuvC region. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide consists or comprises the core domain structure. As demonstrated in the Working Examples herein the Fanzor polypeptides adopt a bilobal architecture that includes a recognition (REC) lobe and a nuclease (NUC) lobe. The REC lobe contains a REC domain and a WED domain. The NIC lobe is composed of a RuvC domain and a NUC domain. During activity, the target DNA duplex containing a TAM sequence can be surrounded by the REC and WED domains. The heteroduplex of the ωRNA and target DNA is accommodated by a positively charged channel formed by the REC domain and the RuvC domain.

[0200] In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises at least one RuvC-like or RuvC nuclease domain. The RuvC domain may comprise conserved catalytic amino acids indicative of the RuvC catalytic residue. In an example embodiment, the RuvC catalytic residue may be referenced relative to 186D, 270E or 354D of TnpB polypeptide 488601079; to 172D, 254E, or 337D of TnpB polypeptide 297565028; or to 179D, 268E, or 35 ID of TnpB polypeptide 257060308. See e.g., Altae-Tran et al. Science. 374:57-65 (2021) and / or U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 282,352, particularly at Table 1 A. The catalytic residue may be referenced relative to 195D, 277E, or 36 ID of the sequence alignment in FIG. 2. In an aspect, the RuvC domain may comprise multiple subdomains, e.g., RuvC-I, RuvC-II and RuvC -III. The subdomains may be separated by interval sequences on the amino acid sequence of the protein.

[0201] In one embodiment, examples of the RuvC domain include any polypeptides a structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC domain described in the art. For example, the RuvC domain may share a structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC of Cas9. In some examples, the RuvC domain may have an amino acid sequence that share at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity with RuvC domains known in the art.

[0202] In some examples, the RuvC domain comprise RuvC-I sub-domain, RuvC-II subdomain, and RuvC-III sub-domain. Examples of the RuvC-I sub-domain also include any polypeptides having structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC-I domain described in the art. For example, the RuvC-I domain may share a structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC-I found in bacterial or archaeal species, including CRISPR Cas proteins such as Cas9. In some examples, the RuvC domain may have an amino acid sequence that share at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 5%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity with RuvC-I domain. The RuvC-II domain also include any polypeptides a structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC-II domain described in the art. For example, the RuvC- II domain may share a structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC-II of Cas9. In some examples, the RuvC domain may have an amino acid sequence that share at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 5%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity with RuvC-II domains. The RuvC-III domai sequencesimilarity to a RuvC-III domain described in the art. For example, the RuvC-III domains may share a structural similarity and / or sequence similarity to a RuvC-III of Cas9. In some examples, the RuvC domain may have an amino acid sequence that share at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 5%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity with RuvC-III domains.

[0203] For example, and as described in the art (e.g., Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with nucleic acid component molecule and target DNA, Nishimasu et al. Cell, 2014) the RuvC domain of Cas9 consists of a six-stranded mixed p-sheet (pl, p2, p5, pl 1, p 14 and pi 7) flanked by a-helices (a33, a34 and a39— a45) and two additional two-stranded antiparallel P-sheets (P3 / p4 and 015 / 016). It has been described that the RuvC domain of Cas9 shares structural similarity with the retroviral integrase superfamily members characterized by an RNase H fold, such as Escherichia coli RuvC (PDB code 1HJR, 14% identity, root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) of 3.6 K for 126 equivalent Ca atoms) and Thermus thermophilus RuvC (PDB code 4LD0, 12% identity, rmsd of 3.4 A for 131 equivalent Ca atoms). E. coli RuvC is a 3-layer alpha-beta sandwich containing a 5-stranded beta-sheet sandwiched between 5 alpha-helices. RuvC nucleases have four catalytic residues (e.g., Asp7, Glu70, His 143 and Asp 146 in T. thermophilus RuvC), and cleave Holliday junctions (or structurally analogous cruciform junctions) through a two-metal mechanism. AsplO (Ala), Glu762, His983 and Asp986 of the Cas9 RuvC domain are located at positions similar to those of the catalytic residues of T. thermophilus RuvC. The RuvC-like domain of the Fanzor polypeptides may comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the catalytic residues similar to the Cas9 protein.

[0204] In embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is a nuclease. In one embodiment, the Fanzor and nucleic acid component can direct sequence-specific nuclease activity. The cleavage may result in a 5’ overhang, 3’ overhang, or blunt ends. The cleavage may occur distal to a target-adjacent motif (TAM) and may occur at the site of the spacer (guide) annealing site or 3’ of the target sequence. In an embodiment, the Fanzor cleaves at multiple positions within and beyond the nucleic acid component annealing site. In an embodiment, DNA cleavage occurs 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more base pairs distal to the TAM and results in a 5’ overhang, 3 ’overhang, or blunt ends. In some embodiments, DNA cleavage occurs about 20-22 base pairs distal to the TAM.

[0205] In an embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active, i.e., possesses nuclease activity, over a temperature range of from about 4°C to about 80°C. In an embodiment, the Fanzor polypepti ge of about4°C to about 70°C. In an embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active, i.e., possesses nuclease activity, over a temperature range of about 37°C to about 80°C. In an embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active, i.e., possesses nuclease activity, over a temperature range of about 37°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is active at a temperature of about 4°C, to / or 5°C, 6°C, 7°C, 8°C, 9°C, 10°C, 11°C, 12°C, 13°C, 14°C, 15°C, 16°C, 17°C, 18°C, 19°C, 20°C, 21°C, 22°C, 23°C, 24°C, 25°C, 26°C, 27°C, 28°C, 29°C, 30°C, 31°C, 32°C, 33°C, 34°C, 35°C, 36°C, 37°C, 38°C, 39°C, 40°C, 41°C, 42°C, 43°C, 44°C, 45°C, 46°C, 47°C, 48°C, 49°C, 50°C, 51°C, 52°C, 53°C, 54°C, 55°C, 56°C, 57°C, 58°C, 59°C, 60°C, 61°C, 62°C, 63°C, 64°C, 65°C, 66°C, 67°C, 68°C, 69°C, 70°C, 71°C, 72°C, 73°C, 74°C, 75°C, 76°C, 77°C, 78°C, 79°C, 80°C. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is active at a temperature of about 4°C, to / or 5°C, 6°C, 7°C, 8°C, 9°C, 10°C, 11°C, 12°C, 13°C, 14°C, 15°C, 16°C, 17°C, 18°C, 19°C, 20°C, 21°C, 22°C, 23°C, 24°C, 25°C, 26°C, 27°C, 28°C, 29°C, 30°C, 31°C, 32°C, 33°C, 34°C, 35°C, 36°C, 37°C, 38°C, 39°C, 40°C, 41°C, 42°C, 43°C, 44°C, 45°C, 46°C, 47°C, 48°C, 49°C, 50°C, 51°C, 52°C, 53°C, 54°C, 55°C, 56°C, 57°C, 58°C, 59°C, 60°C, 61°C, 62°C, 63°C, 64°C, 65°C, 66°C, 67°C, 68°C, 69°C, 70°C. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is active at a temperature of about 37°C to / or 38°C, 39°C, 40°C, 41°C, 42°C, 43°C, 44°C, 45°C, 46°C, 47°C, 48°C, 49°C, 50°C, 51 °C, 52°C, 53°C, 54°C, 55°C, 56°C, 57°C, 58°C, 59°C, 60°C, 61 °C, 62°C, 63°C, 64°C, 65°C, 66°C, 67°C, 68°C, 69°C, 70°C, 71 °C, 72°C, 73°C, 74°C, 75°C, 76°C, 77°C, 78°C, 79°C, 80°C. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is active at a temperature of about 37°C to / or 38°C, 39°C, 40°C, 41°C, 42°C, 43°C, 44°C, 45°C, 46°C, 47°C, 48°C, 49°C, 50°C, 51 °C, 52°C, 53°C, 54°C, 55°C, 56°C, 57°C, 58°C, 59°C, 60°C, 61 °C, 62°C, 63°C, 64°C, 65°C, 66°C, 67°C, 68°C, 69°C, 70°C. In an embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active from about 37°C to about 75°C, from about 37°C to about 70°C, from about 37°C to about 65°C, from about 37°C to about 60°C, from about 37°C to about 55°C, from about 37°C to about 50°C, from about 37°C to about 45°C. In an example embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active in the range of 37°C to 65°C. In an example embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active in the range of 45°C to 65°C. In an example embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is active in the range of 45°C to 60°C.

[0206] In embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptides also encompasses homologs or orthologs of Fanzor polypeptides whose sequences are specifically described herein. The terms “ortholog” and “homolog” are well known in the art. By means of further guidance, a “homolog” of a protein as used herein is a protein of the same species which performs the same or a similar func ut need notbe structurally related, or are only partially structurally related. An “ortholog” of a protein as used herein is a protein of a different species which performs the same or a similar function as the protein it is an orthologue of. Orthologous nucleases may but need not be structurally related, or are only partially structurally related. In particular embodiments, the homolog or ortholog of a Fanzor polypeptides such as referred to herein has a sequence homology or identity of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% with a Fanzor polypeptide. In further embodiments, the homolog or ortholog of a Fanzor polypeptide has a sequence identity of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% with a wildtype Fanzor polypeptide, in particular embodiment the Fanzor sequence identified in Table 1. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide displays collateral activity. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide does not display collateral activity. In an aspect, the Fanzor polypeptide possesses collateral activity once triggered by target recognition. In an aspect, upon binding to the target sequence, the Fanzor polypeptide will non-specifically cleave polynucleotide sequences, e.g., DNA. The target-activated nonspecific nuclease activity of Fanzor is also referred to herein as collateral activity.

[0207] In some embodiments, the Fanzor protein displays nuclease activity towards a double stranded DNA target. In an embodiment, the Fanzor protein displays nuclease activity towards both ssDNA and dsDNA target sequences. In an embodiment, the Fanzor protein displays nuclease activity towards both ssDNA and dsDNA wherein a TAM may not be necessary to cut a ssDNA target.

[0208] In embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is a nuclease. In one embodiment, the Fanzor and nucleic acid component molecule can direct sequence-specific nuclease activity. The Fanzor polypeptides provided herein may also exhibit RNA-guided recombinase activity. The homology to the RuvC domain and relatedness to the DDE family of recombinases indicate potential recombinase activity. In an embodiment the Fanzor polypeptides detailed herein exhibit a lack of nuclease activity, or reduced nuclease activity, and are provided with a transposable element, e.g. transposase, integrase, recombinase, allowing for RNA-guided target specific modifications.Exemplary Fanzor Polypeptides

[0209] In certain example embodiments, the Fanzor protein is, comprises or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in any one or more of Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Exam B, FIG. 20,FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG.75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or is or comprises a portion thereof, such as a functional domain or thereof. Exemplary functional domains include a RuvC domain,WED domain, REC domain, Bridge-Helix domain, NUC domain or any combination thereof.In certain example embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is encoded by a sequence or portion thereof set forth in Table 8, Table 9, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG.20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G,FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof.

[0210] Table 1 provides a list of example Fanzor systems and the location of their loci in example source organisms.Table 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1-312)GCA_000708835.1_ASM70883vl_geno Klebsormidium nitens DNA, scaffold: kfl00709, whole1 mic | DF237658 genome shotgunsequence. _GCA_000708835.1_ASM70883vl_geno Klebsormidium nitens DNA, scaffold: kfl01217, whole2 mic | DF 238166 genome shotgunsequence. _GCA_000708835.1_ASM70883vl_geno GCA_000708835.1 _ASM70883 v l_genomic_|_<unknown3 mic | Cunknown name> name>. _GCA_002925995 ,2_T_m_triunguis- GCA_002925995.2_T_m_triunguis-4 2 0 genomic | cunknown name> 2.0 genomic | cunknown name>. _GC A_009430475. l_Amar_v 1 _genomi c_ GC A_009430475.1 _Amar_v 1 _genomic_|_<unknown_na5 I Cunknown name> me> _GCA_009025955.1_ASM902595vl_gen GCA_009025955.1 _ASM902595 v 1 _genom ic_|_<u nknow6 omic I Cunknown name> n name>. _GCA_009026005.1_ASM902600vl_gen GCA_009026005.1 _ASM902600v 1 _genomic_|_<unknow7 omic I cunknown name> n name>. _GCA_009602685.1_ASM960268vl_gen GCA_009602685.1_ASM960268vl_genomic_|_<unknow8 omic I cunknown name> n name>. _GCA_009829735.1_ASM982973vl_gen Pyropia yezoensis cultivar RZ chromosome 2, whole9 omic I CM020619 genome shotgunsequence. _GCA_009829735.1_ASM982973vl_gen GCA_009829735.1_ASM982973vl_genomic_|_<unknow10 omic | Cunknown name> n name>. _GCA 003956735. l_Pr 102_V2_genomic GC A_003956735.1 _Pr 102_V 2 genomic | cunknown na11 J Cunknown name> me>. _GCA 001278165.1 SOD158v2_genomi GCA_001278165.1 SOD158v2 genomic | <unknown na12 c | Cunknown naGCA 001933325._ _ _ _ _ _ __ _13 mic | Cunknown name> name>. _GCA_001933455.1_CC2176_v l_genom GC A_001933455.1 _CC2176_v 1 _gcnomic_|_<unknown_n14 ic I Cunknown name> ame>.GCA_001955675.1_CC101 l_vl_genom GCA_001955675. l_CC101 l_vl_genomic_|_<unknown_n15 ic | Cunknown name> ame>. _GCA_001933345.1_CC 1008_v l_genom GCA_001933345.1 _CC 1008_v 1 genomic | Cunknown n16 ic | <unknown name> ame>. _GCA_001933465.1_CC2186_v l_genom GCA 001933465.1 CC2186 vl genomic | Cunknown n17 ic I cunknown name> ame>.GCA_001278145. l_SOD69v2_genomic GCA_001278145. l_SOD69v2_genomic_|_<unknown_na18 | <unknown name> mc>. _GCA 009720205. l_ASM972020vl_gen Chlorella vulgaris strain NJ-7 NJ-7_scaffold00028, whole19 omic | VATV01000028 genomeshotgun sequence. _Chlorella vulgaris strain UTEX259GC A_009720215. l_ASM972021 v l_gen UTEX259_scaffold00042, wholegenome shotgun20 omic | VATWO 1000042 _ sequence. _GCA_004335795.1_ASM433579vl_gen GC A—004335795.1 ASM433579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unknow21 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>. _GCA_004335865.1_ASM433586vl_gen GCA_004335865.1 _ASM433586v 1 _genomic_|_<unknow22 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>. _GCA 009848525. l_Psojae2019. I geno GCA_009848525.1_Psojae2019.1_genomic_|_<unknown_23 mic | <unknown name> _ name>. _GCA_000149755.2_P.sojae_V3.0_geno Phytophthora sojae unplaced genomic scaffold24 mic | JH159153 _ PHYSOscaffold 3, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _GCA_004335715.1_ASM433571vl_gen Chlamydomonas sp. WS7, whole genome shotgun25 omic | QAXLO 1002383 _ sequence. _GCA_004335755.1_ASM433575vl_gen Chlamydomonas sp. WS3, whole genome shotgun26 omic | QAXMO 1002383 _ sequence. _GCA_010203745. l_Muccir l_3_genomi Mucor lusitanicus strain MU402 FB192scaffold_3, whole27 c | JAAECE010000003 _ genomeshotgun sequence. _GCA_001638945.1 Mucci2 genomic | GCA_001638945.1 _Mucci2_genomic_|_<unknown_name28 <unknown name> _GCA_010014875.1_ASM1001487vl_ge Psitteuteles goldiei isolate Piper_X7F3MAPY 5K, whole29 nomic | JAAAKHO 10039255 genome shotgunsequence.Digenea simplex isolate OPJ-GCA_004798425.1_ASM479842vl_gen A 18N ODE_contig_02773+_length_42877_cov_ 1 , whole30 omic | RXNZO 1001972 _ genome shotgunsequence.GCA_011763775.1_ASM1176377vl_ge GCA_011763775.1_ASM1176377vl_genomic_|_<unkno31 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.GCA_01 1763815.1_ASM1 176381 v1_ge GCA_01 1763815.1_ASM1 176381v1_genomic_|_<unkno32 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.GCA_000587855.1_B50_genomic_|_<u33 nknown name> _ GCA 000587855.1 B50 genomic I <unknown name>.GCA 000697435. l_RhiVarB7584- GCA 000697435. l_RhiVarB7584-34 1.0 genomic | <unknown name> _ 1.0 genomic I <unknown name>.GCA 000812005.1 ASM81200vl_geno GCA_000812005.1 ASM81200vl_genomic_|_<unknown35 mic | <unknown name> _ name>.GC A 000812005.1 ASM81200v I geno GCA_000812005.1 ASM81200vl_genomic_|_<unknown36 mic | <unknown name> _ name>.GCA_902505575.1 Diploid assembly g GCA_902505575.1 _Diploid_assembly_genornic_|_<unkn37 enomic | <unknown name> _ own name>.GCA 000330985.1 DBM FJ V1. I gen GCA 000330985. l DBM FJ Vl . l_genomic_|_<unknow38 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>.GCA_000333055.2_SMSTG_v2.0_geno GCA_000333055.2 SMSTG v2.0 genomic | <unknown39 mic | <unknown name> _ name>.GCA_000338815.2_SMST21v2.0_geno Phytophthora lateralis SMST21 unplaced genomic40 mic | KQ479608 _ scaffoldscf 4885 1206, whole genome shotgun sequence.GC A 002891735.1 _T etSoc 1 genomic | GCA_002891735. I TetSoc l_genomic_|_<unknown_nam41 <unknown name> _GC A_002891735.1 _TetSoc 1 _genomic_| GCA_002891735. l_TetSoc l_genomic_|_<unknown_nam42 <unknown name> _GC A_002891735.1 _TetSoc 1 _genomic_| GCA_002891735. l_TetSoc l_genomic_|_<unknown_nam43 <unknown name> _GCA_012979215.1_ASM1297921vl_ge Spodoptera frugiperda isolate AFR2017 ctg4, whole44 nomic | WUTJ01000333 genome shotgunsequence.GCA_012979215.1_ASM1297921vl_ge Spodoptera frugiperda isolate AFR2017 ctg30, whole45 nomic | WUTJ01000224 _ genome shotgunsequence.GCA 011064685. l_ZJU_Sfru_1.0_geno Spodoptera frugiperda isolate Faw-zju chromosome 32,46 mic | CM021696 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.GCA_011064685. l_ZJU_Sfru_1.0_geno Spodoptera frugiperda isolate Faw-zju chromosome 7,47 mic | CM021671 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.GCA_009829735.1_ASM982973vl_gen Pyropia yezoensis cultivar RZ chromosome 3, whole48 omic | CM020620 _ genome shotgunsequence.GCA_009829735.1_ASM982973vl_gen Pyropia yezoensis cultivar RZ chromosome 1 , whole49 omic | CM020618 _ genome shotgunsequence.GCA_000931965.1_ASM93196vl_geno GCA_000931965.1_ASM93196vl genomic | <unknown50 mic | <unknown name> _ name>.GCA_002806785.1_ASM280678vl_gen GCA_002806785.1_ASM280678vl_genomic_|_<unknow51 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>.GCA_012922725.1_ASM1292272vl_ge GCA_012922725.1_ASM1292272vl_genomic_|_<unkno52 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.GCA_012922805.1_ASM1292280vl_ge GCA_012922805.1 ASM 1292280vl genomic | <unkno53 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.GCA 013036735.1 ASM1303673vl ge GCA 013036735.1 ASM 1303673vl_genomicJ_<unkno54 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.GCA_003055205.1_ASM305520vl_gen Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain JGTA-S1 Scaffold_5,55 omic | PEFXO 1000029 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.GCA_004143675.1_ASM414367vl_gen Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain CYJ0356 omic | RZHNO 1000008 000007F arrow pilon, wholegenome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF5SW-GCA_012922695.1_ASM1292269vl_ge F2NODE_21_length_302823_cov_l 14.905287, whole57 nomic | JABBMUO 10000021 _ genome shotgunsequence.GCA_012922825.1_ASM1292282vl_ge GCA_012922825.1_ASM1292282vl_genomic_|_<unkno58 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF6SW-GCA_0l2922835.1_ASM1292283v1_ge B2NODE 100_length_46004_cov_97.333703, whole59 nomic | JABBYNO 10000100 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF2SG-GC A O 13030385.1 ASM 1303038 v l_ge BlNODE_97_length_4601 I cov l 14.621740, whole60 nomic I JABENEO 10000097 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF6SG-GC A O 13030405.1 ASM 1303040v l_ge B lNODE_49_length_l 39707_cov_99.078472, whole61 nomic | JABENFO 10000049 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF8SG-GCA_013030415.1_ASM1303041vl_ge B lNODE_98_length_46004_cov_l 00.932654, whole62 nomic | JAB ENHO 10000098 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF3SG-GCA_013036305.1_ASM1303630vl_ge BlNODE_95_length_46022_cov_l 16.600109, whole63 nomic | JABBHWO 10000095 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IFCSG-GCA_013036385.1_ASM1303638vl_ge B lNODE_96_length_46033_cov_83.106254, whole64 nomic I JABBHYO 10000096 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF2*SW-GCA_013036445.1_ASM1303644v l_ge F 1NODE_102_length_46028_cov_72.672085, whole65 nomic | JABBIAO 10000102 genome shotgun sequence.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF8SW-GCA 013036475.1_ASM1303647v l_ge FlNODE_97_length_47253_cov_95.890177, whole66 nomic I JABBIBO 10000097 genome shotgun sequence.GCA 013036505.1_ASM1303650v l_ge GCA 013036505.1 ASM 1303650vl_genomic_|_<unkno67 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF1SW-GCA_013036515.1 ASM1303651vl ge FlNODE 18 length 302847 cov 68.964399, whole68 nomic | JARhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF4SW-GCA_013036595.1_ASM1303659vl_ge F2NODE_12_length_398650_cov_66.964822, whole69 nomic | JABBIFO 10000012 genome shotgun sequence. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF3SW-GCA_013036615.1_ASM1303661vl_ge F2NODE_21_length_302850_cov_72.478738, whole70 nomic | JABB IGO 10000021 genome shotgun sequence. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF2*SW-GCA_013036665.1_ASM1303666v l_ge B 1NODE 100_length_46004_cov_89.506325, whole71 nomic | JABB IIP 10000100 genome shotgun sequence. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF8SW-GCA_013036715.1_ASM1303671vl_ge B3NODE 10 l_length_46013_cov_80.269244, whole72 nomic I JABBIJ010000101 genome shotgun sequence. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IIF6SW-GCA_013036755.1_ASM1303675vl_ge B2NODE_99_length_46002_cov_97.487055, whole73 nomic | JABBIL010000099 genome shotgun sequence. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF8SW-GCA 013036805.1 ASM1303680vl ge P2N ODE 21 length 302849 co v 99.676420, whole74 nomic | JABB IMO 10000021 genome shotgun sequence. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF8SW-GCA_013036825.1_ASM1303682vl_ge B2NODE_91_length_46003_cov_108.885816, whole75 nomic | JABB INO 10000091 genome shotgun sequence. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF7SW-GCA_013036835.1_ASM1303683vl_ge B 3NODE_100_length_46122_cov_90.899514, whole76 nomic I JABB IO010000100 genome shotgun sequence. _GCA_013036895.1_ASM1303689vl_ge GC A_013036895.1 _ASM 1303689 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno77 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain IF1SW-GCA 013036955.1 ASM1303695v l_ge B lNODE_94_length_4602 l_cov_96.461431, whole78 nomic I JABBIRO 10000094 genome shotgun sequence. _GCA_001600475.1_JCM_3O513_assem Pilasporangium apinafurcum DNA, scaffold: scaffold_107,79 bly vOOl genomic I BCKD01000108 strain: JCM30513, whole genome shotgun sequence. _GCA 001600475.1_JCM_3O513_assem Pilasporangium apinafurcum DNA, scaffold: scaffold_189,80 bly vOO 1 genomic | BCKD01000190 strain: JCM3O513, whole genome shotgun sequence. _ GCA_004764695.1_ASM476469vl_gen GCA_004764695.1 _ASM476469v 1 genomic | <unknow81 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _GCA_004764695. l_ASM476469vl_gen GCA_004764695.1 _ASM476469v 1 genomic | <unknow82 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _GCA 004764695. l_ASM476469vl_gen GCA_004764695.1 _ASM476469v 1 genomic | <unknow83 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _GCA_004764695. l_ASM476469vl_gen GC A_004764695.1 _ASM476469v 1 _genomic_|_<unknow84 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _GCA_000333075 ,3_PhyKer238_432v3_ GC A_000333075.3_PhyKer238_432 v3_genomic_|_<unkn85 genomic I <unknown name> own name>. _GCA_000333095 ,2_PhyKer629_l v2_ge GCA_000333095 ,2_PhyKer629_l v2_genomic_|_<unkno86 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _GCA_OOO333115 ,2_PhyKer844_4v2_ge GCA_000333115.2_PhyKer844_4v2_genomic_|_<unkno87 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _GCA_001021125.1_ASM102112vl_gen GCA_001021125. l_ASM102112vl_genomic_|_<unknow88 omic I <unknown name> n name>. _Chlorella vulgaris strain UTEX259GC A 009720215. l_ASM972021 v l_gen UTEX259_scaffold00042, wholegenome shotgun89 omic | VATWO 1000042 _ sequence. _GC A_001712635 ,2_PfChile5 v2.0_geno GC A_001712635 ,2_PfChile5 v2.0_genomic_|_<unknown_90 mic | <unknown name> _ name>. _GC A_001712635 ,2_PfChile5 v2.0_geno Nothophytophthora sp. ChileS scaffold_10711, whole91 mic | MBAC02010711 _ genome shotgunsequence. _GCA_000708835.1 ASM70883vl geno Klebsormidium nitens DNA, scaffold: kflO1583, whole92 mic | DF23GCA_000708835.1_ASM70883vl_geno Klebsormidium nitens DNA, scaffold: kf!01013, whole93 mic | DF237962 genome shotgunsequence. _GC A 000812005.1_ASM81200v l_geno Coccomyxa sp. LA000219 unplaced genomic scaffold94 micj KN714628 scaffold40, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _GCA_000812005.1_ASM81200vl_geno GCA_000812005.1_ASM81200vl_genomic_|_<unknown95 mic | <unknown name> name>. _GCA_001586965.3_ASM158696v3_gen GCA_001586965.3_ASM 158696v3_genomic_|_<unknow96 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _GCA_001586965.3_ASM158696v3_gen GCA_001586965.3_ASM 158696v3_genomic_|_<unknow97 omic I <unknown name> n name>. _GCA_002192655 ,2_ASM219265 v2_gen GCA_002192655 ,2_ASM219265v2 genomic | <unknow98 omic I <unknown name> n name>. _GCA 002192655 ,2_ASM219265 v2_gen GCA_002192655.2_ASM219265v2_genomic_|_<unknow99 omic I <unknown name> n name>. _10 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM Tetraselmis striata strain LANL1001 Tetraselmis_3046,0 RT genomic I VCJN01003028 whole genomeshotgun sequence. _10 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM Tetraselmis striata strain LANL1001 Tetraselmis_3046,1 RT genomic | VCJN01003028 whole genomeshotgun sequence. _10 GCA 009720205.1 ASM972020vl gen GCA 009720205.1 ASM972020v I genomic | <unknow2 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _10 GCA_001021125.1_ASM102112vl_gen GCA_001021125. l_ASM102112vl_genomic_|_<unknow3 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _10 GCA_012845835.1_ASM1284583vl_ge GCA_012845835.1 ASM 1284583 vl genomic | <unkno4 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _10 GCA_001742925. l_Okinawa_mozuku_ Cladosiphon okamuranus DNA, scaffold: oki-5 S I .0 genomic | DF977970 s rams scaffold 286, wholegenome shotgun sequence.10 GCA_012845835.1_ASM1284583vl_ge Undaria pinnatifida isolate A029 HiC_scaffold_23, whole6 nomic | JAB AKD010000023 genomeshotgun sequence. _10 GCA_012845835.1_ASM1284583vl_ge Undaria pinnatifida isolate A029 HiC_scaffold_23, whole7 nomic | JAB AKD010000023 genomeshotgun sequence. _Rhipicephalus microplus strain Deutsch10 GCA_013435995.1_ASM1343599v l_ge ScK7wFR_23227;HRSCAF=77848, whole genome8 nomic | WOVZO 1023221 _ shotgun sequence. _10 GCA 013339745.1_ASM1333974v l_ge GCA_013339745.1_ASM1333974vl_genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _11 GCA 000004825. l_PolPal_Dec2009_ge Polysphondylium pallidum PN500 unplaced genomic0 nomic | GL290995 _ scaffoldPPL scaffoldl3, whole genome shotgun sequence.11 GCA 000004825. I PolPal_Dec2009_ge GCA_000004825.1_PolPal_Dec2009_genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _11 GCA_000149755.2_P.sojae_V3.0_geno Phytophthora sojae unplaced genomic scaffold2 mic | JH159159 PHYSOscaffold 9, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _Phytophthora sojae strain11 GCA 009848525. l_Psojae2019. l_geno P6497P6497_smrtdenovo_ONT 10kb_corrected_contig_3,3 mic | WWEI01000003 whole genome shotgunsequence. _11 GCA 002891735. I TetSoc l_genomic_| GCA_002891735. I TetSoc l_genomic_|_<unknown_nam4 <unknown name>11 GC A_002891735.1 _T etSoc 1 _genomic_| GCA_002891735. l_TetSoc l_genomic_|_<unknown_nam5 <unknown name>11 GCA_004764695. l_ASM476469vl_gen GCA_004764695.1 _ASM476469v 1 genomic | <unknow6 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _11 GCA_004764695. l_ASM476469vl_gen GCA_004764695. l_ASM476469v l_genomic_|_<unknow7 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _11 GCA_004764695.1_ASM476469vl_gen GCA_004764695.1 _ASM476469v 1 _genomic_|_<unknow8 omic I <unknown name> n name>. _11 GCA_004764695.1_ASM476469vl_gen Schizochytrium sp. TIOOl scaffold6_size4854460, whole9 omic I SMSOO 1000034 genomeshotgun sequence.12 GCA_004764695.1_ASM476469vl_gen Schizochytrium sp. TIO01 scaffold4_size9043229, whole0 omic | SMSOO 1000032 _ genomeshotgun sequence.12 GCA 004764695. l_ASM476469vl_gen Schizochytrium sp. TIO01 scaffbld9_size5018410, whole1 omic | SMSOO 1000037 _ genomeshotgun sequence.12 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM Tetraselmis striata strain LANL1001 Tetraselmis_2972,2 RT genomic | VCJN01002955 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.12 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM Tetraselmis striata strain LANL1001 Tetraselmis_2972,3 RT genomic | VCJN01002955 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.12 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM Tetraselmis striata strain LANL1001 Tetraselmis_2972,4 RT genomic | VCJN01002955 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.12 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM Tetraselmis striata strain LANL1001 Tetraselmis_2972,5 RT genomic | VCJN01002955 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence.12 GC A O 13167095.1 ASM 1316709v l_ge Daphnia carinata strain WSL Contig00030, whole genome6 nomic | WJBHO 1000312 _ shotgunsequence.12 GC A O 13167095.1 ASM 1316709v l_ge Daphnia carinata strain WSL Contig00030, whole genome7 nomic | WJBH01000312 _ shotgunsequence.12 GC A_000193105.1 Acas 2.0 genomic GCA_000193105.1 _Acas_2.0 genomic | <unknown na8 | <unknown name> me>.Acanthamoeba castellanii str. Neff unplaced genomic12 GCA_000313135. l_Acastellanii.strNEF scaffoldscf? 180000084776, whole genome shotgun9 F vl genomic | KB007908 _ sequence.13 GCA_013030395.1_ASM1303039vl_ge GCA_013030395.1_ASM 1303039vl_genomic_|_<unkno0 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA_013036355.1_ASM1303635vl_ge GCA_013036355. l_ASM1303635vl_genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA_013036525.1_ASM1303652vl_ge GCA_013036525.1_ASM 1303652v l_genomic_|_<unkno2 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA_012922765.1_ASM1292276vl_ge GCA_012922765. l_ASM1292276vl_genomic_|_<unkno3 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA_013036365.1_ASM1303636vl_ge GC A_013036365.1 _ASM 1303636v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno4 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA_013036655.1_ASM1303665v l_ge GCA_013036655. l_ASM1303665vl_genomic_|_<unkno5 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno6 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.13 GCA 009663345. l_TniFNL_draft_asse GCA 009663345.1 _TniFNL_draft_assembly_genomic_|_8 mbly genomic | <unknown name> <unknown name>.13 GCA_003590095.1 tnl genomic | <un9 known name> _ GCA 003590095.1 tnl genomic I <unknown name>.GCA_902809745.2_Scenedesmus- Tetradesmus acuminatus strain SAG 38.81 genome14 acuminatus-SAG- assembly, contig:scf7180000027569, whole genome0 38.81 genomic | CADDIJ020000232 shotgun sequence. GCA_902809745.2_Scenedesmus- Tetradesmus acuminatus strain SAG 38.81 genome14 acuminatus-SAG- assembly, contig:scf7180000030319, whole genome1 38.81 genomic | CADDIJ020002999 shotgun sequence. GCA_902809745.2_Scenedesmus- Tetradesmus acuminatus strain SAG 38.81 genome14 acuminatus-SAG- assembly, contig:scf7180000028938, whole genome2 38.81 genomic | CADDIJ020002356 shotgun sequence. GCA_902809745.2_Scenedesmus- Tetradesmus acuminatus strain SAG 38.81 genome14 acuminatus-SAG- assembly, contig:scf7180000027504, whole genome3 38.81 genomic | CADDIJ020002159 shotgun sequence. GCA_902809745.2_Scenedesmus- Tetradesmus acuminatus strain SAG 38.81 genome14 acuminatus-SAG- assembly, contig:scf7180000028326, whole genome 4 38.81 genomic | CADDIJ020003124 shotgun sequence. 14 GCA 002192655 2 ASM219265 v2 gen GCA 002192655 2 ASM219265v2 genomic | <unknow 5 omic | <unk14 GCA_002192655.2_ASM219265 v2_gen Mamestra configurata isolate AAFC colony scaffold565,6 omic | NDFZ01005234 _ whole genomeshotgun sequence. _14 GCA 002192655.2 ASM219265 v2_gen Mamestra configurata isolate AAFC colony7 omic | NDFZ01003509 _ scaffold!0821, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _14 GCA_002192655 ,2_ASM219265 v2_gen GCA_002192655 ,2_ASM219265 v2_genomic_|_<unknow8 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>. _14 GCA_013283005.1_ASM1328300vl_ge GCA_013283005.1_ASM1328300vl_genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _15 GCA_013283005.1_ASM1328300vl_ge Paralithodes platypus isolate Beidaihe-2018 chromosome0 nomic | CM023285 _ 33, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _15 GCA_013283005.1_ASM1328300vl_ge GCA_013283005.1_ASM1328300vl_genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _15 GCA_013283005.1_ASM1328300vl_ge Paralithodes platypus isolate Beidaihe-2018 chromosome2 nomic | CM023342 _ 85, wholegenome shotgun sequence.15 GC A_000143045.1 pug genomic | <un3 known name> GCA 000143045.1 pug genomic | <unknown name>.Pythium ultimum DAOM BRI 44 unplaced genomic15 GC A_000143045.1 pug genomic | GE scaffoldscf l 117875582025, whole genome shotgun4 376622 sequence. _15 GCA_001638945. l_Mucci2_genomic_|_ GCA_001638945.1 _Mucci2_genomic_|_<unknown_name5 <unknown name>15 GC A_010203745.1 _Muccir 1 3 genomi GCA_010203745.1 Muccirl 3 genomic | <unknown na6 c | <unknown name> me>. _15 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _15 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. 1 _ASM 1343579 v l_gcnomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _15 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_745, whole genome9 nomic | JACB WV010000810 shotgunsequence . _16 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_79, whole genome0 nomic I JACB WV010000681 shotgun sequence. _16 GCA_001278225.1_SODL51 v2_genomi GC A_001278225.1 _SODL51 v2 genomic I <unknown n1 c I <unknown name> ame>. _16 GCA 001933405.1_CC 1048_v l_genom GCA 001933405.1 CC 1048_v 1 genomic | <unknown n2 ic I <unknown name> ame>. _16 GCA 001933315.1_CC2184_v l_genom GCA 001933315.1 _CC2184_v l_genomicj_<unknown_n3 ic I <unknown name> ame>. _Phytophthora ramorum strain EU 1 isolate16 GCA 001933485.1 CC2187_v l_genom CC2187scf^l 1801_ I O22.contig_ 1 , whole genome shotgun4 ic | MLJG01001351 sequence. _Phytophthora ramorum strain EU 1 isolate16 GCA OO 1933395. I CC 1033_v l_genom CC1033scfU55018_1045.contig_l, whole genome shotgun5 ic | MLJBO 1001374 sequence. _Phytophthora ramorum strain EU2 isolate16 GCA_001278135. l_SOD58v2_genomic SOD58 / 12scf_18997_724.contig_l, whole genome6 | LHTS01000796 shotgun sequence. _Phytophthora ramorum strain EU2 isolate SOD 136 / 1116 GCA 001278215.1_SOD136v2_genomi unplaced genomicscaffold scf_18210_l 167, whole7 c I KQ439796 genome shotgun sequence. _16 GCA_002892825.2_ISE6_asm2.2_dedup Ixodes scapularis tig00386297, whole genome shotgun8 licated genomic J PKSA02002535 sequence. _16 GCA_002892825.2_ISE6_asm2.2_dedup Ixodes scapularis tig02189122, whole genome shotgun9 licated genomic J PKS A02004961 sequence. _17 GCA_002892825.2_ISE6_asm2.2_dedup Ixodes scapularis tig02189161, whole genome shotgun0 licated genomic I PKSA02003809 sequence. _17 GCA_002892825.2_ISE6_asm2.2_dedup Ixodes scapularis tig00387840, whole genome shotgun1 licated genomic I PKSA02001876 sequence17 GCA_002892825.2_ISE6_asm2.2_dedup Ixodes scapularis tig00021533, whole genome shotgun2 licated genomic | PKSA02012815 _ sequence.17 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SMRT_genomic_|_<u3 RT genomic | <unknown name> _ nknown name>.17 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SMRT_genomic_|_<u4 RT genomic | <unknown name> _ nknown name>.17 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SMRT_genomic_|_<u5 RT genomic | <unknown name> _ nknown name>.17 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno6 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.17 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 genomic | <unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.17 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.17 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno0 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA 013435795.1 ASM1343579vl ge GCA 013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomicJ_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno2 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno3 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno4 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno5 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno6 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.18 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno0 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA O 13435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno2 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA O 13435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno3 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA O 13435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno4 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl genomic | <unkno5 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno6 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.19 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno0 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. I ASM 1343579vl_gcnomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno2 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno3 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno4 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 genomic | <unkno5 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno6 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.20 GCA 013435795.1 ASM1343579vl ge GCA 013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomicJ_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>.Ectocarpus sp. CCAP 1310 / 34 strain Bftl5b genome21 GCA_902602495.3 Esub Assebmy2 ge assembly, contig:ESUB_scaffoldl789, whole genome 0 nomic | CACKRE030000866 _ shotgun sequence. 21 GC A_902705575.1 _Esub_Assebmy_co GC A_902705575.1 _Esub_Assebmy_complete_genomic_|1 mplete genomic | <unknown name> <unknown name>. 21 GCA_004335615.1_ASM433561vl_gen2 omic | QAXIO 1000449 _ Chloroidium sp. JM, whole genome shotgun sequence. 21 GCA_004335625.1_ASM433562vl_gen3 omic | QAXJO 1000001 _ Chloroidium sp. CF, whole genome shotgun sequence. 21 GCA_009848525. l_Psojae2019. l_geno GC A_009848525.1 _Psoj ae2019.1 genomic | <unknown4 mic | Cunknown name> _ name>. _ 21 GCA_000149755.2_P.sojae_V3.0_geno Phytophthora sojae unplaced genomic scaffold5 mic | JH159151 _ PHYSOscaffold 1, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _ 21 GCA_000149755.2_P.sojae_V3.0_geno Phytophthora sojae unplaced genomic scaffold6 mic | JH159153 _ PHYSOscaffold 3, wholegenome shotgun sequence. _ 21 GCA 000697135. l_RhiOry99- 133- Rhizopus oryzae 99-133 ctg7180000127893_l, whole7 1.0 genomic | JNDX01002515 _ genome shotgunsequence. _ 21 GCA 000697195. l_MucRam97- 1192- GCA 000697195. l_MucRam97-l 192-8 1.0 genomic | <unknown name> 1.0 genomic | <unknown name>. _Rhizopus oryzae strain GL4021 GCA 011800955.1 ASM1180095vl_ge NODE 85 l_length_14818_cov 42.072, wholegenome9 nomic | JAANRMO1OOOO85O shotgun sequence. _Rhizopus oryzae strain GL5322 GCA 011800985.1_ASM1180098vl_ge NODE S 15_length_14818_cov 40.9535, whole genome 0 nomic | JAANRLO 10000814 shotgun sequence. _Rhizopus oryzae strain GL3822 GCA_011801035.1_ASM1180103v l_ge NODE_838_length_14818_cov_43.3954, whole genome1 nomic I JAANRN010000837 shotgun sequence. _Rhizopus oryzae strain GL3122 GCA_011801055.1_ASM1180105v l_ge NODE_808_length_14835_cov_30.4701, whole genome2 nomic | JAANROO 10000807 shotgun sequence. _Rhizopus oryzae strain GL4922 GC A O 11801645.1_ASM 1180164v l_ge NODE_2740_length_3061_cov_55.1477, whole genome3 nomic I JAANRB010002740 shotgun sequence. _Rhizopus oryzae strain GL4122 GCA 011950945.1 ASM1195094vl_ge NODE_833_length_1471 l_cov_37.6819, whole genome4 nomic | JAANRDO 10000833 shotgun sequenceRhizopus oryzae strain GL3722 GC A_011952145.1_ASM 1195214v l_ge NODE_815_length_14869_cov_40.4539, whole genome5 nomic I JAANRIO 10000815 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL3222 GC A_011952175.1_ASM 1195217v l_ge N ODE 791 _length_l 5684_cov_35.334, wholegenome6 nomic | JAANRK010000790 shotgun sequence.22 GCA_011764265.1_ASM1176426vl_ge GCA_011764265.1_ASM1176426vl_genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.22 GCA_011801385.1_ASM1180138V l_ge GCA_011801385.1 ASM1180138vl genomic | <unkno8 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.22 GCA 011764225.1_ASM1176422vl_ge GCA 011764225.1 ASM1176422vl genomic | <unkno9 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL4623 GCA 011801305.1 ASM1180130v l_ge NODE_866_length_l 3693_cov 40.8166, whole genome0 nomic | JAANRS010000865 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL2223 GCA_011801335.1_ASM1180133vl_ge NODE 97 l_length_l 3318_cov_41.8099, whole genome1 nomic I JAANRPO 10000857 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL4423 GCA_011801505.1_ASM1180150vl_ge N ODE_1015_length_l 2499_cov_36.2515 , whole genome2 nomic | JAANRU010001014 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL5223 GCA_011801555.1_ASM1180155V l_ge N ODE_993_length_l 2636_cov_42.0685 , whole genome3 nomic | JAANRX010000993 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL3423 GCA_011801575.1_ASM1180157v l_ge NODE_980_length_12936_cov_43.8233, whole genome4 nomic | JAANRWO 10000980 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL5623 GCA 01 1801605.1 ASM1 180160v1_ge NODE_989_length_12605_cov_56.0753, whole genome5 nomic I JAANRT010000988 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GIA 323 GCA 011950985.1_ASM1195098vl_ge NODE_987_length_12605_cov_ 19.5725, whole genome6 nomic | JAANRFO 10000987 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL4223 GCA_011951285.1_ASM1195128vl_ge NODE_1004_length_12767_coy 22.8081, whole genome7 nomic | J AANRG010001004 shotgun sequence.Rhizopus oryzae strain GL723 GCA_011952115.1_ASM119521 lvl_ge N ODE_863_length_l 2471 _cov_25.2721, wholegenome8 nomic | JAANRIO 10000863 _ shotgun sequence.23 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.24 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno0 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.24 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.24 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A O 13435795.1 ASM 1343579 v 1 genomic | <unkno2 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.24 GCA_001483015.1_ASM148301vl_gen GCA_001483015.1 ASM 148301 v 1 _genomic_|_<unknow3 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>.24 GCA_001482985.1_ASM148298vl_gen Phytophthora nicotianae strain race 1 scaffold991, whole4 omic | LNFPO 1001009 _ genomeshotgun sequence.24 GCA_003328465.1_A8M332846vl_gen Phytophthora nicotianae strain JM01 scaffold_166, whole5 omic | NIODO 1000166 _ genomeshotgun sequence.24 GCA 000365545. l_Phyt_para_CJO 1 Al GCA_000365545.1_Phyt_para_CJ01Al_Vl_genomic_|_<6 VI genomic | <unknown name> unknown name>.Phytophthora nicotianae strain BL 16224 GCA 012658955. l USDA Pnic BL 162 Contig 2713:Phytophthora,whole genome shotgun7 1.0 genom24 GCA_003730235.1_ASM373023vl_gen GCA_003730235.1_ASM373023vl_genomic_8 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _24 GCA_004335795.1_ASM433579vl_gen GC A_004335795.1 ASM433579 v 1 genomic9 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _25 GCA_004335865.1_ASM433586vl_gen GCA_004335865.1 _ASM433586v 1 _genomic_0 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _25 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic1 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic2 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 genomic3 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno4 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno5 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno6 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GCA 013435795.1 ASM1343579vl ge GCA 013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomicJ_<unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _25 GC A_000193105.1 Acas 2.0 genomic GCA 000193105.1 Acas 2.0 genomic | <unknown na8 I <unknown name> me>. _25 GCA_000826445. l_Acanthamoeba_quin GCA_000826445.1_Acanthamoeba_quina_genomic_|_<u9 a genomic | <unknown name> nknown name>. _26 GCA_002284615 ,2_Dunsal l_v._2_geno GC A_002284615.2_Dunsal 1 _v._2_genomic_|_<unknown0 mic | <unknown name> name>. _26 GCA_002284615 ,2_Dunsal l_v._2_geno GCA_002284615 ,2_Dunsal l_v._2_genomic_|_<unknown1 mic | <unknown name> name>. _26 GCA_004335715.1_ASM433571vl_gen GCA_004335715.1_ASM433571 v l_genomic_|_<unknow2 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _26 GCA_004335755.1_ASM433575vl_gen GCA_004335755. l_ASM433575v l_genomic_|_<unknow3 omic I <unknown name> n name>. _26 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SMRT_genomic_|_<u4 RT genomic I <unknown name> nknown name>. _26 GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SM GCA_006384855.1_TSEL_PacBio_SMRT_genomic_|_<u5 RT genomic I <unknown name> nknown name>. _26 GCA 001185145.1 ASM118514vl_gen Balamuthia mandrillaris strain CDC-V039 unitig_3077,6 omic I LFUI01000036 whole genomeshotgun sequence. _26 GCA 001185145.1 ASM118514vl_gen Balamuthia mandrillaris strain CDC-V039 unitig_577,7 omic I LFUI01000239 whole genomeshotgun sequence. _26 GCA_008828725.1_ASM882872vl_gen GCA_008828725.1_ASM882872vl_genomic_|_<unknow8 omic | <unknown name> n name>. _26 GCA 000978595. I S J6. I genomicJ J Saccharina japonica cultivar Ja scaffoldl56, whole genome9 XRI01000156 shotgunsequence. _27 GCA_902705575.1_Esub_Assebmy_co GCA_902705575.1 Esub Assebmy complete genomic |0 mplete genomic | <unknown name> <unknown name>. _Ectocarpus sp. CCAP 1310 / 34 strain BftlSb genome27 GCA_902602495.3_Esub_Assebmy2_ge assembly, contig:ESUB_scaffold2929, whole genome1 nomic | CACKRE030002068 _ shotgun sequence. _27 GCA_902602495.3_Esub_Assebmy2_ge GCA_902602495.3_Esub_Assebmy2_genomic_|_<unkno2 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _27 GCA_004764655. l_pasteur_ecto_instagr Ectocarpus sp. Ec32 chromosome 6, whole genome3 aal genomic | CM015678 _ shotgun sequence. _27 GCA_000310025.1_ASM31002vl_geno GCA_000310025.1_ASM31002vl_genomic_|_<unknown4 mic | <unknown name> _ name>. _27 GCA_902602495.3_Esub_Assebmy2_ge GCA_902602495.3_Esub_Assebmy2_genomic_|_<unkno5 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>T1 GCA_011763795.1_ASM1176379vl_ge GCA_011763795.1_ASM1176379vl_genomic_6 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _27 GCA_011763585.1_ASM1176358v l_ge GCA_011763585.1 ASM1176358vl_gcnomic_7 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _27 GCA_011763855.1_ASM1176385vl_ge GCA_011763855.1_ASM1176385vl_genomic_8 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _27 GCA_011763895.1_ASM1176389vl_ge GCA_011763895.1_ASM1176389vl_genomic_9 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_0 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 genomic1 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno2 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno3 nomic I <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno4 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GCA 013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA 013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomicJ_<unkno5 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _28 GC A_902705575.1 _Esub_Assebmy_co GCA_902705575.1 Esub Assebmy complete genomic |6 mplete genomic | Cunknown name> <unknown name>. _28 GCA_902602495.3 Esub Assebmy2 ge GCA_902602495.3_Esub_Assebmy2_genomic_|_<unkno7 nomic | <unknown name> wn name>. _Ectocarpus sp. CCAP 1310 / 34 strain Bftl5b genome28 GCA_902602495 ,3_Esub_Assebmy2_ge assembly, contig:ESUB_scaffold2929, whole genome8 nomic | CACKRE030002068 _ shotgun sequence. _28 GCA_000338815.2_SMST21v2.0_geno GCA_000338815 ,2_SMST21 v2.0_genomic_|_<unknown_9 uric | <unknown name> _ name>. _29 GCA_000149735.1_ASM14973vl_geno GC A_000149735.1 _ASM 14973 v 1 _genomic_|_<unknown0 mic | <unknown name> _ name>. _29 GCA_000340395.2_CC2275_v2_genom GCA 000340395.2 CC2275 v2 genomic I <unknown n1 ic | <unknown name> _ ame>. _29 GCA OO 1278155. l_SOD22v2_genomic GCA 001278155. l_SOD22v2_genomic_|_<unknown_na2 | <unknown name> _ me>. _29 GCA OO 1278235.1JSOD169v2_genomi GCA 001278235.1 SOD169v2_genomic_|_<unknown_na3 c | <unknown name> _ me>. _29 GCA_001933335.1_CC12475vl_genom GCA OO 1933335.1 CC 12475 v 1 genomic | <unknown n4 ic | <unknown name> _ ame>. _29 GCA OO 1933415.1 CC2168_v l_genom GCA_001933415.1 CC2168 vl genomic | <unknown n5 ic | <unknown name> _ ame>. _29 GCA_000336535.2_EU2_996_3_v2_gen GCA_000336535.2_EU2_996_3_v2_genomic_|_<unknow6 omic | <unknown name> _ n name>. _29 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_633, whole genome7 nomic | JACBWV010000423 _ shotgunsequence. _29 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795.1 ASM 1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _29 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno9 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge GCA_013435795. l_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno0 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>. _30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_288, whole genome2 nomic | JACBWVO 10000660 _ shotgunsequence. _30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_151, whole genome3 nomic | JACBWV010000673 shotgunsequence30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_865, whole genome4 nomic | JACBWVO 10000099 _ shotgunsequence .30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_354, whole genome5 nomic | JACBWV010000587 _ shotgunsequence .30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_216, whole genome6 nomic | JACBWV010000592 _ shotgunsequence .30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_511, whole genome7 nomic | JACBWVO 10000626 _ shotgunsequence .30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GC A_013435795.1 _ASM 1343579 v 1 _genomic_|_<unkno8 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.30 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_920, whole genome9 nomic | JACBWV010000392 _ shotgunsequence.31 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_358, whole genome0 nomic | JACBWV010000579 _ shotgunsequence.31 GCA 013435795.1_ASM1343579v l_ge GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_genomic_|_<unkno1 nomic | <unknown name> _ wn name>.31 GCA_013435795.1_ASM1343579vl_ge Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L scaffold_511 , whole genome2 nomic | JACBWV010000626 shotgunsequence.Protein Modifications

[0211] The Fanzor polypeptide may comprise one or more modifications. As used herein, the term “modified” with regard to a Fanzor polypeptide generally refers to a Fanzor polypeptide having one or more modifications or mutations (including point mutations, truncations, insertions, deletions, chimeras, fusion proteins, etc.) compared to the wild-type counterpart from which it is derived. By derived is meant that the derived enzyme is largely based, in the sense of having a high degree of sequence homology with, a wildtype enzyme, but that it has been mutated (modified) in some way as known in the art or as described herein.

[0212] The modified proteins, e.g., modified Fanzor polypeptide may be catalytically inactive (also referred as dead). As used herein, a catalytically inactive or dead nuclease may have reduced, or no nuclease activity compared to a wildtype counterpart nuclease. In some cases, a catalytically inactive or dead nuclease may have nickase activity. In some cases, a catalytically inactive or dead nuclease may not have nickase. Such a catalytically inactive or dead nuclease may not make either double-strand or single-strand break on a target polynucleotide but may still bind or otherwise form complex with the target polynucleotide.

[0213] In an embodiment, eukaryotic homologues of bacterial Fanzor may be utilized in the present invention. These TnpB-like proteins, Fanzor 1 and Fanzor 2 while having a shared amino acid motif in their C-terminal half regions, are variable in their N terminal regions. See,Bao et al., Homologues of bacterial TnpB_IS605 are widespread in diverse eukaryotic transposable elements. Mobile DNA 4, 12 (2013). Doi: 10.1186 / 1759-8753-4-12. In an aspect, the conserved sequence between TnpB and Fanzor comprise D-X(125, 275)-[TS]-[TS]-X-X-[C4 zinc finger]-X(5,50)-RD. Fanzor proteins, in addition to varying in their N- terminal region from TnpB have higher diversity, with Fanzor proteins associated with different transposons and compositions. With Applicant’s discovery of the nucleic acid component and mechanism for reprogramming TnpB polypeptide activity, the similarity of the Fanzor systems may allow for similar use and applications.

[0214] In one embodiment, the modifications of the Fanzor polypeptide may or may not cause an altered functionality. By means of example, modifications which do not result in an altered functionality include for instance codon optimization for expression into a particular host, or providing the nuclease with a particular marker (e.g., for visualization). Modifications with may result in altered functionality may also include mutations, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, truncations (including split nucleases), etc., as well as chimeric nucleases (e.g., comprising domains from different orthologues or homologues) or fusion proteins. Fusion proteins may without limitation include, for instance, fusions with heterologous domains or functional domains (e.g., localization signals, catalytic domains, etc.). In one embodiment, various different modifications may be combined (e.g., a mutated nuclease which is catalytically inactive and which further is fused to a functional domain, such as for instance to induce DNA methylation or another nucleic acid modification, such as including without limitation, a break (e.g. by a different nuclease (domain)), a mutation, a deletion, an insertion, a replacement, a ligation, a digestion, a break or a recombination). As used herein, “altered functionality” includes without limitation an altered specificity (e.g., altered target recognition, increased (e.g., “enhanced” Fanzor polypeptide) or decreased specificity, or altered TAM recognition), altered activity (e.g. increased or decreased catalytic activity, including catalytically inactive nucleases or nickases), and / or altered stability (e.g. fusions with destabilization domains). Examples of all these modifications are known in the art. It will be understood that a “modified” nuclease as referred to herein, and in particular a “modified” Fanzor polypeptide or system or complex preferably still has the capacity to interact with or bind to the polynucleic acid (e.g., in complex with the nucleic acid component molecule). Such modified Fanzor polypeptide can be combined with the deaminase protein or active domain thereof as described herein.

[0215] In one embodiment, an unmodified Fanzor polypeptides may have cleavage activity. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides may direct cleavage of one or both nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) strands at the location of or near a target sequence, such as within the target seque sequencesassociated with the target sequence. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptides may direct cleavage of one or both DNA or RNA strands within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, or more base pairs or nucleotides from the first or last nucleotide of a target sequence. In one embodiment, the cleavage may be staggered, i.e., generating sticky ends. In one embodiment, the cleavage is a staggered cut with a 5’ overhang. In one embodiment, the cleavage is a staggered cut with a 5’ overhang of 1 to 5 nucleotides, preferably of 4 or 5 nucleotides. In particular embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptides cleave DNA strands.

[0216] In one embodiment, a Fanzor polypeptide may be mutated with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated Fanzor lacks the ability to cleave one or both strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence. As a further example, two or more catalytic domains of a Fanzor polypeptide (e.g., RuvC) may be mutated to produce a mutated Fanzor polypeptide substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity. In one embodiment, a Fanzor polypeptide may be considered to substantially lack all polynucleotide cleavage activity when the polynucleotide cleavage activity of the mutated enzyme is no more than 25%, no more than 10%, no more than 5%, no more than 1%, no more than 0.1%, no more than 0.01% of the nucleic acid cleavage activity of the non-mutated form of the enzyme; an example can be when the nucleic acid cleavage activity of the mutated form is nil or negligible as compared with the non-mutated form.

[0217] In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide may comprise one or more modifications resulting in enhanced activity and / or specificity, such as including mutating residues that stabilize the targeted or non-targeted strand. In one embodiment, the altered or modified activity of the engineered Fanzor polypeptide comprises increased targeting efficiency or decreased off-target binding. In one embodiment, the altered activity of the engineered Fanzor polypeptide comprises modified cleavage activity. In one embodiment, the altered activity comprises increased cleavage activity as to the target polynucleotide loci. In one embodiment, the altered activity comprises decreased cleavage activity as to the target polynucleotide loci. In one embodiment, the altered activity comprises decreased cleavage activity as to off-target polynucleotide loci. In one embodiment, the modified nuclease comprises a modification that alters association of the protein with the nucleic acid molecule comprising RNA, or a strand of the target polynucleotide loci, or a strand of off-target polynucleotide loci. In an aspect of the invention, the engineered Fanzor polypeptide comprises a modification that alters formation of the Fanzor polypeptide and related complex. In one embodiment, th off-targetpolynucleotide loci. Accordingly, in one embodiment, there is increased specificity for target polynucleotide loci as compared to off-target polynucleotide loci. In other embodiments, there is reduced specificity for target polynucleotide loci as compared to off-target polynucleotide loci. In one embodiment, the mutations result in decreased off-target effects (e.g., cleavage or binding properties, activity, or kinetics), such as in case for Fanzor polypeptide for instance resulting in a lower tolerance for mismatches between target and Nucleic acid component. Other mutations may lead to increased off-target effects (e.g., cleavage or binding properties, activity, or kinetics). Other mutations may lead to increased or decreased on-target effects (e.g., cleavage or binding properties, activity, or kinetics). In one embodiment, the mutations result in altered (e.g., increased or decreased) activity, association or formation of the functional nuclease complex. Examples mutations include positively charged residues and / or (evolutionary) conserved residues, such as conserved positively charged residues, in order to enhance specificity. In one embodiment, such residues may be mutated to uncharged residues, such as alanine.Nuclear Localization Sequences

[0218] In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide is fused to one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLSs), such as about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs. In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the amino-terminus, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the carboxy-terminus, or a combination of these (e.g., zero or at least one or more NLS at the amino-terminus and zero or at one or more NLS at the carboxy terminus). When more than one NLS is present, each may be selected independently of the others, such that a single NLS may be present in more than one copy and / or in combination with one or more other NLSs present in one or more copies. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises at most 6 NLSs. In one embodiment, an NLS is considered near the N- or C-terminus when the nearest amino acid of the NLS is within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more amino acids along the polypeptide chain from the N- or C-terminus. Non-limiting examples of NLSs include an NLS sequence derived from: the NLS of the SV40 virus large T-antigen, having the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 512); the NLS from nucleoplasmin (e.g. the nucleoplasmin bipartite NLS with the sequence KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK (SEQ ID NO: 513); the c-myc NLS having the amino acid sequence PAAKRVKLD (SEQ ID NO: 514) or RQRRNELKRSP (SEQ ID N sequenceNQSSNFGPMKGGNFGGRSSGPYGGGGQYFAKPRNQGGY (SEQ ID NO: 516); the sequence RMRIZFKNKGKDTAELRRRRVEVSVELRKAKKDEQILKRRN (SEQ ID NO: 517) of the IBB domain from importin-alpha; the sequences VSRKRPRP (SEQ ID NO: 518) and PPKKARED (SEQ ID NO: 519) of the myoma T protein; the sequence PQPKKKPL (SEQ ID NO: 425) of human p53; the sequence SALIKKKKKMAP (SEQ ID NO: 520) of mouse c- abl IV; the sequences DRLRR (SEQ ID NO: 521) and PKQKKRK (SEQ ID NO: 522) of the influenza virus NS1; the sequence RKLKKKIKKL (SEQ ID NO: 523) of the Hepatitis virus delta antigen; the sequence REKKKFLKRR (SEQ ID NO: 524) of the mouse Mxl protein; the sequence KRKGDEVDGVDEVAKKKSKK (SEQ ID NO: 525) of the human poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase; and the sequence RKCLQAGMNLEARKTKK (SEQ ID NO: 526) of the steroid hormone receptors (human) glucocorticoid. In general, the one or more NLSs are of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of the Fanzor polypeptide in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In general, strength of nuclear localization activity may derive from the number of NLSs in the Fanzor polypeptide, the particular NLS(s) used, or a combination of these factors. Detection of accumulation in the nucleus may be performed by any suitable technique. For example, a detectable marker may be fused to the Fanzor polypeptide, such that location within a cell may be visualized, such as in combination with a means for detecting the location of the nucleus (e.g., a stain specific for the nucleus such as DAPI). Cell nuclei may also be isolated from cells, the contents of which may then be analyzed by any suitable process for detecting protein, such as immunohistochemistry, Western blot, or enzyme activity assay. Accumulation in the nucleus may also be determined indirectly, such as by an assay for the effect of complex formation (e.g., assay for DNA cleavage or mutation at the target sequence, or assay for altered gene expression activity affected by complex formation and / or Fanzor polypeptide activity), as compared to a control no exposed to the Fanzor polypeptide or complex, or exposed to a Fanzor polypeptide lacking the one or more NLSs. In one embodiment of the herein described Fanzor polypeptide protein complexes and systems the codon optimized Fanzor polypeptides comprise an NLS attached to the C-terminal of the protein. In one embodiment, other localization tags may be fused to the Fanzor polypeptide, such as without limitation for localizing the Fanzor polypeptide to particular sites in a cell, such as organelles, such as mitochondria, plastids, chloroplast, vesicles, Golgi, (nuclear or cellular) membranes, ribosomes, nucleolus, ER, cytoskeleton, vacuoles, centrosome, nucleosome, granules, centrioles, etc.

[0219] In one embodiment of the invention, at least one nuclear localization signal (NLS) is attached to the nucleic acid sequences encoding the Fanzor polypeptide. In preferred embodiments at least one or more C-terminal or N-terminal NLSs are attached (and hence nucleic acid molecule(s) coding for the Fanzor polypeptide can include coding for NLS(s) so that the expressed product has the NLS(s) attached or connected). In a preferred embodiment a C-terminal NLS is attached for optimal expression and nuclear targeting in eukaryotic cells, preferably human cells. The invention also encompasses methods for delivering multiple nucleic acid components, wherein each nucleic acid component is specific for a different target locus of interest thereby modifying multiple target loci of interest. The nucleic acid component of the complex may comprise one or more protein-binding RNA aptamers. The one or more aptamers may be capable of binding a bacteriophage coat protein.Linkers

[0220] In some preferred embodiments, the functional domain is linked to a Fanzor polypeptide (e.g., an active or a dead Fanzor polypeptide) to target and activate epigenomic sequences such as promoters or enhancers. One or more Nucleic acid components directed to such promoters or enhancers may also be provided to direct the binding of the Fanzor polypeptide to such promoters or enhancers.

[0221] The term “associated with” is used here in relation to the association of the functional domain to the Fanzor polypeptide protein or the adaptor protein. It is used in respect of how one molecule ‘associates’ with respect to another, for example between an adaptor protein and a functional domain, or between the Fanzor polypeptide protein and a functional domain. In the case of such protein-protein interactions, this association may be viewed in terms of recognition in the way an antibody recognizes an epitope. Alternatively, one protein may be associated with another protein via a fusion of the two, for instance one subunit being fused to another subunit. Fusion typically occurs by addition of the amino acid sequence of one to that of the other, for instance via splicing together of the nucleotide sequences that encode each protein or subunit. Alternatively, this may essentially be viewed as binding between two molecules or direct linkage, such as a fusion protein. In any event, the fusion protein may include a linker between the two subunits of interest (i.e., between the enzyme and the functional domain or between the adaptor protein and the functional domain). Thus, in one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide protein or adaptor protein is associated with a functional domain by binding thereto. In other embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide or adaptor proteinis associated with a functional domain because the two are fused together, optionally via an intermediate linker.

[0222] The term “linker” as used in reference to a fusion protein refers to a molecule which joins the proteins to form a fusion protein. Generally, such molecules have no specific biological activity other than to join or to preserve some minimum distance or other spatial relationship between the proteins. However, in one embodiment, the linker may be selected to influence some property of the linker and / or the fusion protein such as the folding, net charge, or hydrophobicity of the linker.

[0223] Suitable linkers for use in the methods of the present invention are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, straight or branched-chain carbon linkers, heterocyclic carbon linkers, or peptide linkers. However, as used herein the linker may also be a covalent bond (carbon-carbon bond or carbon-heteroatom bond). In particular embodiments, the linker is used to separate the Fanzor polypeptide and the nucleotide deaminase by a distance sufficient to ensure that each protein retains its required functional property. Preferred peptide linker sequences adopt a flexible extended conformation and do not exhibit a propensity for developing an ordered secondary structure. In one embodiment, the linker can be a chemical moiety which can be monomeric, dimeric, multimeric or polymeric. Preferably, the linker comprises amino acids. Typical amino acids in flexible linkers include Gly, Asn and Ser. Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the linker comprises a combination of one or more of Gly, Asn and Ser amino acids. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala, also may be used in the linker sequence. Exemplary linkers are disclosed in Maratea et al. (1985), Gene 40: 39-46; Murphy et al. (1986) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 8258-62; U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,233; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,180. For example, GlySer linkers GGS, GGGS (SEQ ID NO: 527) or GSG can be used. GGS, GSG, GGGS (SEQ ID NO: 527) or GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 528) linkers can be used in repeats of 3 (such as (GGS)a (SEQ ID NO: 529), (GGGGS)s (SEQ ID NO: 530) or 5, 6, 7, 9 or even 12 or more, to provide suitable lengths. In some cases, the linker may be (GGGGS)3-IS (SEQ ID NO: 530-542), For example, in some cases, the linker may be (GGGGS)3-II (SEQ ID NO: 530-538), e.g., GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 528), (GGGGS)2(SEQ ID NO: 543), (GGGGS)3(SEQ ID NO: 530), (GGGGS)4(SEQ ID NO: 531), (GGGGS)s (SEQ ID NO: 532), (GGGGS)e (SEQ ID NO: 533), (GGGGS)7(SEQ ID NO: 534), (GGGGS)s (SEQ ID NO: 535), (GGGGS)g (SEQ ID NO: 536), (GGGGS)io (SEQ ID NO: 537), or (GGGGS)n(SEQ ID NO: 538).

[0224] In particular embodiments, linkers such as (GGGGS)3 (SEQ ID NO: 530) are preferably used herein. (GGGGS)6(SEQ ID NO: 533), (GGGGS)g (SEQ ID NO: 536) or (GGGGS)i2 (SEQ ID NO: 539) may preferably be used as alternatives. Other preferred alternatives are (GGGGS)i (SEQ ID NO: 528), (GGGGS)4(SEQ ID NO: 531), (GGGGS)5(SEQ ID NO: 532), (GGGGS)7(SEQ ID NO: 534), (GGGGS)s (SEQ ID NO: 535), (GGGGS)w (SEQ ID NO: 537), or (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 538). In yet a further embodiment, LEPGEKPYKCPECGKSFSQSGALTRHQRTHTR (SEQ ID NO: 544) is used as a linker. In yet an additional embodiment, the linker is an XTEN linker. In particular embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is linked to the deaminase protein or its catalytic domain by means of an LEPGEKPYKCPECGKSFSQSGALTRHQRTHTR (SEQ ID NO: 544) (linker. In further particular embodiments, Fanzor polypeptide is linked C-terminally to the N -terminus of a deaminase protein oorr its catalytic domain by mmeeaannss of an LEPGEKPYKCPECGKSFSQSGALTRHQRTHTR ((SEQ ID NO: 544)) linker. In addition, N- and C-terminal NLSs can also function as linker (e.g., PKKKRKVEASSPKKRKVEAS (SEQ ID NO: 545)).

[0225] Examples of linkers are shown in Table 2 below.Table 2GGS GGTGGTAGTGGS GGTGGTAGTGGAGGGAGCGGCGGTTCA (SEQ ID NO: 547) x 3 (SEQIDNO:546)GGS ggtggaggaggctctggtggaggcggtagcggaggcggagggtcgGGTGGTAGTGGAGGGAGC x7 G GCGGTTCA (SEQ ID NO: 549) (SEQID NO: 548)XTE TCGGGATCTGAGACGCCTGGGACCTCGGAATCGGCTACGCCCGAAAGT N (SEQ ID NO: 550) _Z- Gtggataacaaatttaacaaagaaatgtgggcggcgtgggaagaaattcgtaacctgccgaacctgaacggctggc EFGR agatgaccgcgtttattgcgagcctggtggatgatccgagccagagcgcgaacctgctggcggaagcgaaaaaact _Shor gaac gatgcgcaggcgccgaaaaccggcggtggttctggt (SEQ ID NO: 551) tGSA Ggtggttctgccggtggctccggttctggctccagcggtggcagctctggtgcgtccggcacgggtactgcgggtg T gc actggcagcggttccggtactggctctggc (SEQ ID NO: 552)

[0226] Linkers may be used between the Nucleic acid component molecules and the functional domain (activator or repressor), or between the Fanzor polypeptide and the functional domain. The linkers may be used to engineer appropriate amounts of “mechanical flexibility”.

[0227] In one embodiment, the one or more functional domains are controllable, e.g., inducible.

[0228] Other suitable functional domains can be found, for example, in International Application Publication No. WO 2019 / 018423, for example, at

[0678] -

[0692] , incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary functional domains are further detailed elsewhere herein.Optimized Fanzor Polypeptides

[0229] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is optimized to have increased binding and / or interaction with a target DNA and / or an GDRNA component molecule, and / or increase Fanzor activity (such as cleavage or other activity). In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is optimized by introducing one or more mutations in the Fanzor polypeptide as compared to a wild-type, control, and / or Fanzor polypeptide not having the one or more mutations. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations increase binding and / or interaction with a target DNA and / or an ωRNA component molecule, and / or increase Fanzor activity. In some embodiments Fanzor activity is increased 1 to 50 fold or more, e.g., 1, to / or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, to / or 50 fold or more. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations comprise one or more mutations of one or more neutral and / or negatively charged amino acids to one or more positively charged amino acids (e.g., Lys, His, or Arg). In some embodiments, 1-50 or more residues are mutated. In some embodiments, the mutations are made in and / or within effective proximity to the catalytic pocket or DNA interaction region of the Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, the mutations are made between a RuvC domain and nuclease domain of the Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, the one or morethe Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more mutations of one or more neutral and / or negatively charged amino acids to one or more positively charged amino acids. In some embodiemnts, the one or more mutations is in a WED domain, REC domain, RuvC domain, NUC domain or any combination thereof, and optionally wherein one or more of the one or more mutations are in positions that correspond to the positively charged channel formed by the WED, REC, and RuvC domains when active and / or interacts with an cule and atarget DNA. In certain example embodiments, the one or more mutations comprise one or more mutations of FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, 56A-56D, 72D, 74E-74G, 75A-75C, 76B-76D, 77A-77C or any combination thereof or are mutations corresponding thereto in a homologue or orthologue Fanzor polypeptide, such as any of those of the present invention described herein. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations are at one or more of the amino acid residues identified in any one or more of FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, 56A-56D, 72D, 74E-74G, 75A-75C, 76B-76D, 77A-77C or any combination thereof or are at a position analogous thereto in a homologue or orthologue Fanzor polypeptides, such as any of those of the present invention described herein. In some embodiments, a reference Fanzor is a SpuFzl, GtFzl, NovlFz2, or MmeFz2. In certain example embodiments, the one or more mutations at sites in the Fanzor polypeptide as shown in FIG. 10D or in positions analogous thereto in other Fanzor polypeptides, e.g., homologues, orthologues, or variants.

[0230] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more of the following mutations: D300R, C310R, D487K, E498R, T5I3K relative to SpuFzl or in corresponding mutations thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises D300R, C310R, D487K, E498R, and T513K mutations relative to SpuFzl or in corresponding mutations thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant. In some embodiments, a Fanzor polypeptide comprising one or more D300R, C310R, D487K, E498R, and / or T513K mutations has increased activity as measured by increase in indel formation as compared to a Fanzor polypeptide not having the same mutations.

[0231] In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more mutations in the WED, NUC and / or RuvC domain, where the one or more mutations are at amino acid positions selected from W596NUC, R601NUC, N604NUC, S598NUC, Y602NUC, R550NUC, C611RuvC, M607RuvC, W603NUC, L583NUC, K562NUC, R564NUC, S567NUC, R572NUC, Q482RuvC, R315WED, R317WED, K312WED, R481RUVC, K25WED, R268RECand R157REC, Q148REC, R407RUVC, R420RUVC, 8269^, R268REC, K440RUVC, R260REC, R96REC, Q129REC, and N133REC, R291WED, QI 30RbC, N133RbC, relative to SpuFzl, or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations at positions selected from W596NUC, R601NUC, N604NUC, S598NUC, Y602NUC, RSSO^, C611RuvC, M607RUVC, W603NUC, LSSS™0, K562NUC, R564NUC, S567NUC, R572NUC, Q482RUVC, R315WED, R317WED, K312WED, R481RUVC, K25WED, R268RECand R157REC, Q148REC, R407RuvC, R420RuvC, S269REC, R268R, Q130REC,N 133Rtc, relative to SpuF z 1 , or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant modulate binding, interaction, and / or activity at or with a target nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) and / or an omega RNA In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more mutations at residues E541, D383, N385, D606, or any combination thereof, relative to SpuFzl, or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant. In some embodiments, mutations at residues E541, D383, N385, D606, or any combination thereof, relative to SpuFzl, or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant modulate binding or other interaction with an ion(s), such as magnesium.Chimeric Fanzors having a Non- Native REC domain[0232J In some embodiments, the Fanzor is a chimeric Fanzor and contains one or more non-native REC domains. In some embodiments, the one or more non-native REC domains replace one or more native REC domains. In some embodiments, the one or more non-native REC domains are in addition to native REC domain(s) in the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0233] In one example embodiment, the non-native REC domain is a Cas REC domain. In on example embodiment, the REC domain is a Type II Cas REC domain. In one example embodiment, the non-native REC domain is a Type V REC domain. In one example embodiment, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12a REC domain. In one example embodiment, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12b REC domain. In one example embodiment, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12c REC domain. In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12d REC domain. In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain is a Casl2e REC domain. In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12 wREC2 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12a wREC2 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain is a Cas 12d wREC2 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain is a Casl2e wREC2 domain.

[0234] In some embodiments, the non-native REC2 domain is 80-100 percent identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 649-651. In some embodiments, the non-native REC2 domain is 80 to / or 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 percent identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 649-651.

[0235] In some embodiments, the non-native REC domain(s) are fused or coupled to (e.g., via a linker) to the Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments the non-native REC domain(s) are fused or coupled to the N-terminus and / or C -terminus of the Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, th mino acidsbetween the N- and C -terminus of the Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, the one or more non-native REC domains are inserted downstream of a native RECI (e.g., a native wRECl) domain in a Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, a non-native REC domain is inserted in a Fanzor polypeptide at S246 in Fanzor ID83, at N259 in Fanzor ID16, at KI 65 in Fanzor ID89, at G210 in Fanzor ID36, or in analogous positions in homolog or ortholog Fanzor polypeptides. In some embodiments where the non-native REC domain(s) are linked to the Fanzor polypeptide by one or more linkers, the linker is a flexible or rigid linker. In some embodiments where the non-native REC domain(s) are linked to the Fanzor polypeptide by one or more linkers, the linker is a Gly-Ser linker. Exemplary linkers, including Gly-Ser linkers are generally known in the art described in other contexts herein. It will be appreciated that such linkers can be used in this context to link the non-native REC domain to the Fanzor polypeptide. Without being bound by theory, the non-native REC domains may modify Fanzor polypeptide activity.Nucleic Acid Component Molecules ωRNA Component Molecules

[0236] The Fanzor systems described herein may further comprise one or more nucleic acid component molecules. Such nucleic acid components may comprise RNA, DNA, or combinations thereof and include modified and non-canonical nucleotides as described further below. At least one of the one or more nucleic acid component molecules in a Fanzor system described herein are DRNA, which are also referred to herein as DRNA component molecules. The > RNA can comprise a reprogrammable spacer sequence, also referred to herein as a guide sequence, and a scaffold that interacts with the Fanzor polypeptide. DRNA may form a complex (fl complex) with a Fanzor polypeptide, and direct sequence-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide. In the context of the present invention, the Fanzor polypeptide and CRN A comprise modifications to the polypeptide or nucleic acid component, or both, such that one or more of the polypeptide, or the nucleic acid component, are the complex have structurally distinct features from naturally occurring systems. In one example embodiment, the I RNA is a single molecule comprising a scaffold sequence and a spacer sequence. In certain example embodiments, the spacer is 5’ of the scaffold sequence. In one example embodiment, the DRNA may further comprise a conserved nucleic acid sequence between the scaffold and spacer portions.

[0237] In embodiments, the DRNA comprises a spacer sequence and a scaffold sequence, e.g., a conserved nucleotide sequence. In embodiments, the DRNA comprises about 45 to about250 nucleotides, such as about 45, 46, 47 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127,128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 17, 138, 19, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146,147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 11, 162, 163, 164, 165,166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180. 181, 182, 183, 184,185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203,204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 2340, 241,242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, to / or about 250 nucleotides, or any numerical range therein.

[0238] The scaffold sequence therefore typically comprises conserved regions, with the scaffold comprising about 20 to about 200 nucleotides, about 50 to 180, about 80 to 175 nucleotides, or about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 ,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,39 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, to / or 200 or more nt, or any range of values therein. In an aspect, the nucleic acid component scaffold comprises one conserved nucleotide sequence. In embodiments, the conserved nucleotide sequence is on or near a 5’ end of the scaffold.

[0239] The DRNA may further comprise a spacer, which can be re-programmed to replace the naturally occurring spacer sequence with an engineered spacer sequence that directssite- specific binding to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide that is different than the naturally occurring target polynucleotide. The spacer may also be referred to herein as part ofthe DRNA scaffold or DRNA and may comprise an engineered heterologous sequence. In some embodiments, the RNA species comprises the RNA conserved region + guide sequence, which is distinct from but generally related to the DR + spacer configuration of CRISPR-Cas systems.

[0240] In one embodiment, the spacer length of the DRNA is from 10 to 30 or 10 to 50 nt.In one embodiment, the spacer length of the DRNA is at least 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the spacer length is from 10 to 40 nucleotides, from 15 to 30 nt, 15 to 17 nt, e.g., 15, 16, or 17 nt, from 17 to 20 nt, e.g., 17, 18, 19, or 20 nt, from 20 to 24 nt, e.g., 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nt, from 23 to 25 nt, e.g., 23, 24, or 25 nt, from 24 to 27 nt, e.g., 24, 25, 26, or 27 nt, from 27 to 30 nt, e.g., 27, 28, 29, or 30 nt, from 30 to 35 nt, e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 35 nt, or 35 nt or longer. In example embodiments, the spacer sequence is 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 4748, 49, or 50 nt. In some embodiments, the space length is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, to / or 50 nt, or any range of values therein. In some embodiments, the space length is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 to / or 40 nt, or any range of values therein. In some embodiments, the space length is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 to / or 30 nt, or any range of values therein.

[0241] In one embodiment, the sequence of the DRNA is selected to reduce the degree secondary structure within the DRNA. In one embodiment, about or less than about 75%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or fewer of the nucleotides of the nucleic acidtargeting Nucleic acid component participate in self-complementary base pairing when optimally folded. Optimal folding may be determined by any suitable polynucleotide folding algorithm. Some programs are based on calculating the minimal Gibbs free energy. An example of one such algorithm is mFold, as described by Zuker and Stiegler (Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981), 133-148). Another example of a folding algorithm is the online webserver RNAfold, developed at Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Vienna, using the centroid structure prediction algorithm (see e.g., A.R. Gruber et al., 2008, Cell 106(1): 23- 24; and PA Carr and GM Church, 2009, Nature Biotechnology 27(12): 1151-62).

[0242] As Applicant demonstrates in the Working Examples herein, in some embodiments, the DRNA comprises a minimal scaffold (gRNA) that contains a core region that is capable of interacting with Wedge (WED)ZBridge Helix (BH) domains, particularly the wREC domainsand a spacer that is binds a target nucleotide sequence. See e.g., FIG. 59A-59B. In some embodiments, the minimal scaffold (gRNA) is a hairpin. WED, BH, and analogous domains are also described in context of TnpB and / or IscBs and Casl2. See e.g., Altae-Tran et al., Science. 2021. 374(6563): 57-65, Karvelis et al. Nature. 2021: 599(7886):692-696, Bao and Jurka et al. Mobile DNA. 2013: 4: Article 12, and Swarts et al. Mol. Cell. 2017. 66(2):221-233 and Zhang et al, Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Nov; 27(11): 1069—1076.

[0243] Exemplary DRNAs are described in the Working Examples herein. In some embodiments the DRNAs comprises all or a portion or region of (e.g., spacer (also referred to herein as the guide), scaffold or other region) an DRNA of Table 13.

[0244] As used herein, a heterologous DRNA is an DRNA that is not derived from the same species as the Fanzor polypeptide, or comprises a portion of the molecule, e.g., spacer, that is not derived from the same species as the Fanzor polypeptide. For example, a heterologous DRNA of a Fanzor polypeptide derived from species A comprises a polynucleotide derived from a species different from species A, or an artificial polynucleotide.

[0245] In a particular embodiment, the DRNA comprises a spacer sequence linked to a conserved nucleotide sequence, wherein the conserved nucleotide sequence may comprise one or more stem loops or optimized secondary structures. In particular embodiments, the conserved nucleotide sequence has a minimum length of 16 nts and a single stem loop. In further embodiments the conserved nucleotide sequence has a length longer than 16 nts, preferably more than 17 nts, and has more than one stem loops or optimized secondary structures. In particular embodiments, the spacer sequence may be linked to all or part of the natural conserved nucleotide sequence. In particular embodiments, certain aspects of the □ RNA architecture can be modified, for example by addition, subtraction, or substitution of features, whereas certain other aspects of architecture are maintained. Preferred locations for engineered DRNA modifications, including but not limited to insertions, deletions, and substitutions include Nucleic acid component termini and regions of the DRNA that are exposed when complexed with Fanzor polypeptide and / or target.

[0246] In one embodiment, the DRNA forms a stemloop with a separate non-covalently linked sequence, which can be DNA or RNA. In particular embodiments, the sequences forming the Nucleic acid component molecule are first synthesized using the standard phosphoramidite synthetic protocol (Herdewijn, P., ed., Methods in Molecular Biology Col 288, Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Methods and Applications Humana Press New Jersey(2012)). In one embodiment, these sequences can be functionalized to contain an appropriate functional group for ligation using the standard protocol known in the art (Hermanson, G. T., Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press (2013)). Examples of functional groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, amine, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid active ester, aldehyde, carbonyl, chlorocarbonyl, imidazolylcarbonyl, hydrozide, semicarbazide, thio semicarbazide, thiol, maleimide, haloalkyl, sufonyl, ally, propargyl, diene, alkyne, and azide. Once this sequence is functionalized, a covalent chemical bond or linkage can be formed between this sequence and the conserved nucleotide sequence. Examples of chemical bonds include, but are not limited to, those based on carbamates, ethers, esters, amides, imines, amidines, aminotrizines, hydrozone, disulfides, thioethers, thioesters, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, sulfonamides, sulfonates, fulfones, sulfoxides, ureas, thioureas, hydrazide, oxime, triazole, photolabile linkages, C-C bond forming groups such as Diels-Alder cyclo-addition pairs or ring-closing metathesis pairs, and Michael reaction pairs.

[0247] In one embodiment, these stem-loop forming sequences can be chemically synthesized. In one embodiment, the chemical synthesis uses automated, solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis machines with 2 ’-acetoxyethyl orthoester (2’-ACE) (Scaringe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1998) 120: 11820-11821; Scaringe, Methods Enzymol. (2000) 317: 3-18) or 2’-thionocarbamate (2’-TC) chemistry (Dellinger et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011) 133: 11540-11546; Hendel et al., Nat. Biotechnol. (2015) 33:985-989).

[0248] The repeat:anti repeat duplex will be apparent from the secondary structure of the nucleic acid component. It may be typically a first complimentary stretch after (in 5’ to 3’ direction) the poly U tract and before the tetraloop; and a second complimentary stretch after (in 5’ to 3’ direction) the tetraloop and before the poly A tract. The first complimentary stretch (the “repeat”) is complimentary to the second complimentary stretch (the “anti-repeat”). As such, they Watson-Crick base pair to form a duplex of dsRNA when folded back on one another. As such, the anti-repeat sequence is the complimentary sequence of the repeat and in terms to A-U or C-G base pairing, but also in terms of the fact that the anti-repeat is in the reverse orientation due to the tetraloop.

[0249] In an embodiment of the invention, modification of nucleic acid component molecule architecture comprises replacing bases in stemloop 2. For example, in one embodiment, “actf ’ (“acuu” in RNA) and “aagt” (“aagu” in RNA) bases in stemloop2 are replaced with “cgcc” and “gcgg”. In one embodiment, “actt” and “aagt” bases in stemloop2 are replaced with c iment, thecomplimentary GC-rich regions of 4 nucleotides are “cgcc” and “gcgg” (both in 5’ to 3’ direction). In one embodiment, the complimentary GC-rich regions of 4 nucleotides are “gcgg” and “cgcc” (both in 5’ to 3’ direction). Other combination of C and G in the complimentary GC-rich regions of 4 nucleotides will be apparent including CCCC and GGGG.

[0250] In one aspect, the stemloop 2, e.g., “ACTTgtttAAGT” (SEQ ID NO: 553) can be replaced by any “XXXXgtttYYYY”, e.g., where XXXX and YYYY represent any complementary sets of nucleotides that together will base pair to each other to create a stem.

[0251] As used herein, the term “spacer” may also be referred to as a “guide sequence.” In one embodiment, the degree of complementarity of the spacer sequence to a given target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more. In certain example embodiments, the Nucleic acid component molecule comprises a spacer sequence that may be designed to have at least one mismatch with the target sequence, such that a RNA duplex formed between the sequence and the target sequence. Accordingly, the degree of complementarity is less than 99%. For instance, where the spacer sequence consists of 24 nucleotides, the degree of complementarity is more particularly about 96% or less. In particular embodiments, the spacer sequence is designed to have a stretch of two or more adjacent mismatching nucleotides, such that the degree of complementarity over the entire sequence is further reduced. For instance, where the spacer sequence consists of 24 nucleotides, the degree of complementarity is more particularly about 96% or less, more particularly, about 92% or less, more particularly about 88% or less, more particularly about 84% or less, more particularly about 80% or less, more particularly about 76% or less, more particularly about 72% or less, depending on whether the stretch of two or more mismatching nucleotides encompasses 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 nucleotides, etc. In one embodiment, aside from the stretch of one or more mismatching nucleotides, the degree of complementarity, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more. Optimal alignment may be determined with the use of any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting example of which include the Smith- Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows- Wheeler Transform (e.g., the Burrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustal X, BEAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies; available at www.novocraft.com), ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, CA), SOAP (available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and Maq (available at maq.sourceforge ucleic acidcomponent molecule) to direct sequence-specific binding of a nucleic acid -targeting complex to a target nucleic acid sequence may be assessed by any suitable assay. For example, the components of a Nucleic acid component system sufficient to form a nucleic acid-targeting complex, including the Nucleic acid component molecule sequence to be tested, may be provided to a host cell having the corresponding target nucleic acid sequence, such as by transfection with vectors encoding the components of the nucleic acid-targeting complex, followed by an assessment of preferential targeting (e.g., cleavage) within the target nucleic acid sequence, such as by Surveyor assay as described herein. Similarly, cleavage of a target nucleic acid sequence (or a sequence in the vicinity thereof) may be evaluated in a test tube by providing the target nucleic acid sequence, components of a nucleic acid-targeting complex, including the sequence to be tested and a control sequence different from the test DRNA , and comparing binding or rate of cleavage at or in the vicinity of the target sequence between the test and control URN A molecule sequence reactions. Other assays are possible, and will occur to those skilled in the art. A spacer sequence, and hence a nucleic acid-targeting DRNA may be selected to target any target nucleic acid sequence.

[0252] A DRNA, and hence a nucleic acid-targeting spacer, may be selected to modify the target specific to of the Omega complex to target target nucleic acid sequences other than those sequences naturally targeted by the Omega complex. The target sequence may be DNA. The target sequence may be any RNA sequence. In one embodiment, the target sequence may be a sequence within a RNA molecule selected from the group consisting of messenger RNA (mRNA), pre-mRNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), double stranded RNA (dsRNA), non-coding RNA (ncRNA), long non-coding RNA (IncRNA), and small cytoplasmatic RNA (scRNA). In some preferred embodiments, the target sequence may be a sequence within a RNA molecule selected from the group consisting of mRNA, pre-mRNA, and rRNA. In some preferred embodiments, the target sequence may be a sequence within an RNA molecule selected from the group consisting of ncRNA, and IncRNA. In some more preferred embodiments, the target sequence may be a sequence within an mRNA molecule or a pre-mRNA molecule.

[0253] In one embodiment, the DRNA forms a stem loop with a separate non-covalently linked sequence, which can be DNA or RNA. In particular embodiments, the sequences forming the Nucleic acid component are first synthesized using the standard phosphoramiditesynthetic protocol (Herdewijn, P., ed., Methods in Molecular Biology Col 288, Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Methods and Applications, Humana Press, New Jersey (2012)). In one embodiment, these sequences can be functionalized to contain an appropriate functional group for ligation using the standard protocol known in the art (Hermanson, G. T., Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press (2013)). Examples of functional groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, amine, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid active ester, aldehyde, carbonyl, chlorocarbonyl, imidazolylcarbonyl, hydrazide, semicarbazide, thio semicarbazide, thiol, maleimide, haloalkyl, sufonyl, ally, propargyl, diene, alkyne, and azide. Once this sequence is functionalized, a covalent chemical bond or linkage can be formed between this sequence and the conserved nucleotide sequence. Examples of chemical bonds include, but are not limited to, those based on carbamates, ethers, esters, amides, imines, amidines, aminotrizines, hydrozone, disulfides, thioethers, thioesters, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, sulfonamides, sulfonates, sulfones, sulfoxides, ureas, thioureas, hydrazide, oxime, triazole, photolabile linkages, C-C bond forming groups such as Diels-Alder cyclo-addition pairs or ring-closing metathesis pairs, and Michael reaction pairs.

[0254] In one embodiment, these stem-loop forming sequences can be chemically synthesized. In one embodiment, the chemical synthesis uses automated, solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis machines with 2 ’-acetoxyethyl orthoester (2’-ACE) (Scaringe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1998) 120: 11820-11821; Scaringe, Methods Enzymol. (2000) 317: 3-18) or 2’-thionocarbamate (2’-TC) chemistry (Dellinger et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011) 133: 11540-11546; Hendel et al., Nat. Biotechnol. (2015) 33:985-989).

[0255] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid component molecule comprises non-naturally occurring nucleic acids and / or non-naturally occurring nucleotides and / or nucleotide analogs, and / or chemically modifications. Preferably, these non-naturally occurring nucleic acids and non-naturally occurring nucleotides are located outside the Nucleic acid component sequence. Non-naturally occurring nucleic acids can include, for example, mixtures of naturally and non- naturally occurring nucleotides. Non-naturally occurring nucleotides and / or nucleotide analogs may be modified at the ribose, phosphate, and / or base moiety. In an embodiment of the invention, a Nucleic acid component nucleic acid comprises ribonucleotides and nonribonucleotides. In one such embodiment, a Nucleic acid component comprises one or more ribonucleotides and one or more deoxyribonucleotides. In an embodiment of the invention, theNucleic acid component comprises one or more non-naturally occurring nucleotide or nucleotide analog such as a nucleotide with phosphorothioate linkage, a locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotide comprising a methylene bridge between the 2' and 4' carbons of the ribose ring, or bridged nucleic acids (BNA). Other examples of modified nucleotides include 2’-O- methyl analogs, 2'-deoxy analogs, or 2 -fluoro analogs. Further examples of modified bases include, but are not limited to, 2 -aminopurine, 5 -bromo-uridine, pseudouridine, inosine, 7- methylguanosine. Examples of Nucleic acid component chemical modifications include, without limitation, incorporation of 2'-O-methyl (M), 2'-O-methyl 3 'phosphorothioate (MS), S -constrained ethyl(cEt), or 2'-O-methyl 3 'thioPACE (MSP) at one or more terminal nucleotides. Such chemically modified Nucleic acid components can comprise increased stability and increased activity as compared to unmodified Nucleic acid components, though on-target vs. off-target specificity is not predictable. (See, Hendel, 2015, Nat Biotechnol. 33(9):985-9, doi: 10.1038 / nbt.3290, published online 29 June 2015 Ragdarm et al., 0215, PNAS, E7110-E7111; Allerson et al., J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48:901-904; Bramsen et al., Front. Genet., 2012, 3:154; Deng et al., PNAS, 2015, 112:11870-11875; Sharma et al., MedChemComm., 2014, 5:1454-1471; Hendel et al., Nat. Biotechnol. (2015) 33(9): 985-989; Li et al., Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2017, 1, 0066 D01:10.1038 / s41551-017-0066). In one embodiment, the 5’ and / or 3’ end of a Nucleic acid component is modified by a variety of functional moieties including fluorescent dyes, polyethylene glycol, cholesterol, proteins, or detection tags. (See Kelly et al., 2016, J. Biotech. 233:74-83). In one embodiment, a Nucleic acid component comprises ribonucleotides in a region that binds to a target sequence and one or more deoxyribonucleotides and / or nucleotide analogs in a region that binds to the Fanzor polypeptide. In an embodiment, deoxyribonucleotides and / or nucleotide analogs are incorporated in engineered Nucleic acid component structures. In one embodiment, 3-5 nucleotides at either the 3’ or the 5’ end of a Nucleic acid component is chemically modified. In one embodiment, only minor modifications are introduced in the seed region, such as 2’-F modifications. In one embodiment, 2’-F modification is introduced at the 3’ end of a Nucleic acid component. In one embodiment, three to five nucleotides at the 5’ and / or the 3’ end of the Nucleic acid component are chemically modified with 2’-O-methyl (M), 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate (MS), S-constrained ethyl(cEt), or 2’-O-methyl 3’ thioPACE (MSP). Such modification can enhance genome editing efficiency (see Hendel et al., Nat. Biotechnol. (2015) 33(9): 985-989). In one embodiment, all of the phosphodiester bonds of a Nucleic acid component are su disruption.In one embodiment, more than five nucleotides at the 5 ’ and / or the 3 ’ end of the Nucleic acid component are chemically modified with 2’-O-Me, 2’-F or S-constrained ethyl(cEt). Such chemically modified Nucleic acid component can mediate enhanced levels of gene disruption (see Ragdarm et al., 0215, PNAS, E7110-E7111). In an embodiment of the invention, a Nucleic acid component is modified to comprise a chemical moiety at its 3’ and / or 5’ end. Such moieties include, but are not limited to amine, azide, alkyne, thio, dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO), or Rhodamine. In certain embodiment, the chemical moiety is conjugated to the Nucleic acid component by a linker, such as an alkyl chain. In one embodiment, the chemical moiety of the modified Nucleic acid component can be used to attach the Nucleic acid component to another molecule, such as DNA, RNA, protein, or nanoparticles. Such chemically modified Nucleic acid component can be used to identify or enrich cells generically edited by a Fanzor polypeptide and related systems (see e.g., Lee et al., eLife, 2017, 6:e25312, DOI: 10.7554).

[0256] In some embodiments, a sequence can be added to the DRNA to increase stability and / or otherwise influence 2D or 3D structure, and / or interactions with the Fanzor polypeptide. In some embodiments, such a sequence is added to the 5 ’ end, 3 ’ end, or both of the > RNA or nucleic acid component. In some embodiments, such a sequence is added within the scaffold of an DRNA or nucleic acid component. In some embodiments, the sequence is a hepatitis delta virus sequence. In some embodiments, the sequence is not a hepatitis delta virus sequence.

[0257] In a particular embodiment, the conserved nucleotide sequence may be modified to comprise one or more protein-binding RNA aptamers. In a particular embodiment, one or more aptamers may be included such as part of optimized secondary structure. Such aptamers may be capable of binding a bacteriophage coat protein as detailed further herein.

[0258] In embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide utilizes the Nucleic acid component scaffold comprising a polynucleotide sequence that facilitates the interaction with the Fanzor protein, allowing for sequence specific binding and / or targeting of the Nucleic acid component molecule with the target polynucleotide. Chemical synthesis of the Nucleic acid component scaffold is contemplated, using covalent linkage using various bioconjugation reactions, loops, bridges, and non-nucleotide links via modifications of sugar, inter-nucleotide phosphodiester bonds, purine and pyrimidine residues. Sletten et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2009) 48:6974- 6998; Manoharan, M. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. (2004) 8: 570-9; Behlke etal., Oligonucleotides (2008) 18: 305-19; Watts, et al., Drug. Discov. Today (2008) 13: 842-55; Shukla, et al., ChemMedChem olid-phaseoligonucleotide synthesis machines with 2 ’-acetoxyethyl orthoester (2’-ACE) (Scaringe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1998) 120: 11820-11821; Scaringe, Methods Enzymol. (2000) 317: 3-18) or 2’-thionocarbamate (2’-TC) chemistry (Dellinger et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011) 133: 11540-11546; Hendel et al., Nat. Biotechnol. (2015) 33:985-989).

[0259] In certain example embodiments, the scaffold and spacer may be designed as two separate molecules that can hybridize or covalently joined into a single molecule. Covalent linkage can be via a linker (e.g., a non-nucleotide loop) that comprises a moiety such as spacers, attachments, bioconjugates, chromophores, reporter groups, dye labeled RNAs, and non- naturally occurring nucleotide analogues. More specifically, suitable spacers for purposes of this invention include, but are not limited to, polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycols, polyalcohols, polypropylene glycol or mixtures of ethylene and propylene glycols), polyamines group (e.g., spennine, spermidine and polymeric derivatives thereof), polyesters (e.g., poly(ethyl acrylate)), polyphosphodiesters, alkylenes, and combinations thereof. Suitable attachments include any moiety that can be added to the linker to add additional properties to the linker, such as but not limited to, fluorescent labels. Suitable bioconjugates include, but are not limited to, peptides, glycosides, lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, diacyl glycerols and dialkyl glycerols, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, enzyme substrates, steroids, biotin, digoxigenin, carbohydrates, polysaccharides. Suitable chromophores, reporter groups, and dye-labeled RNAs include, but are not limited to, fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and rhodamine, chemiluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, and bioluminescent marker compounds. The design of example linkers conjugating two Nucleic acid components are also described in WO 2004 / 015075.

[0260] The linker (e.g., a non-nucleotide loop) can be of any length. In one embodiment, the linker has a length equivalent to about 0-16 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the linker has a length equivalent to about 0-8 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the linker has a length equivalent to about 0-4 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the linker has a length equivalent to about 2 nucleotides. Example linker design is also described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2011 / 008730.Escorted Nucleic Acid Components

[0261] In particular embodiments, the compositions or complexes have one or more nucleic acid component molecules with a functional structure designed to improve or otherwise modify a nucleic acid component molecule structure, architecture, stability, genetic expression, delivery, transpo

[0262] In some embodiments, such a structure can include an aptamer. Aptamers are biomolecules that can be designed or selected to bind tightly to other ligands, for example using a technique called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX; Tuerk C, Gold L: “Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.” Science 1990, 249:505-510). Nucleic acid aptamers can for example be selected from pools of random-sequence oligonucleotides, with high binding affinities and specificities for a wide range of biomedically relevant targets, suggesting a wide range of therapeutic utilities for aptamers (Keefe, Anthony D., Supriya Pai, and Andrew Ellington. "Aptamers as therapeutics." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9.7 (2010): 537-550). These characteristics also suggest a wide range of uses for aptamers as drug delivery vehicles (Levy-Nissenbaum, Etgar, et al. "Nanotechnology and aptamers: applications in drug delivery." Trends in biotechnology 26.8 (2008): 442-449; andHicke BJ, Stephens AW. “Escort aptamers: a delivery service for diagnosis and therapy.” J Clin Invest 2000, 106:923-928.). Aptamers may also be constructed that function as molecular switches, responding to a que by changing properties, such as RNA aptamers that bind fluorophores to mimic the activity of green fluorescent protein (Paige, Jeremy S., Karen Y. Wu, and Samie R. Jaffrey. "RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein." Science 333.6042 (2011): 642-646). It has also been suggested that aptamers may be used as components of targeted siRNA therapeutic delivery systems, for example targeting cell surface proteins (Zhou, Jiehua, and John J. Rossi. "Aptamer-targeted cell-specific RNA interference." Silence 1.1 (2010): 4).

[0263] Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the nucleic acid component molecule is modified, e.g., by one or more aptamer(s) designed to improve nucleic acid component molecule delivery, including delivery across the cellular membrane, to intracellular compartments, or into the nucleus. Such a structure can include, either in addition to the one or more aptamer(s) or without such one or more aptamer(s), moiety(ies) so as to render the nucleic acid component molecule deliverable, inducible or responsive to a selected effector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid component molecule is responsive to a one or more particular conditions, such as normal or pathological physiological conditions, including without limitation pH, hypoxia, O2 concentration, temperature, protein concentration, enzymatic concentration, lipid structure, light exposure, mechanical disruption (e.g., ultrasound waves), magnetic fields, electric fields, electromagnetic radiation, or any combination thereof. Such responsiveness can also be referred to as an inducible system.

[0264] In some example embodiments, light responsiveness of an inducible system may be achieved via the activation and binding of cryptochrome-2 and CIB1. Blue light stimulation induces an activating conformational change in cryptochrome-2, resulting in recruitment of its binding partner CIB1. This binding is fast and reversible, achieving saturation in < 15 sec following pulsed stimulation and returning to baseline < 15 min after the end of stimulation. These rapid binding kinetics result in a system temporally bound only by the speed of transcription / translation and transcript / protein degradation, rather than uptake and clearance of inducing agents. Crytochrome-2 activation is also highly sensitive, allowing for the use of low light intensity stimulation and mitigating the risks of phototoxicity. Further, in a context such as the intact mammalian brain, variable light intensity may be used to control the size of a stimulated region, allowing for greater precision than vector delivery alone may offer.

[0265] Energy sources such as electromagnetic radiation, sound energy or thermal energy may induce the Nucleic acid component molecule. Advantageously, the electromagnetic radiation is a component of visible light. In a preferred embodiment, the light is a blue light with a wavelength of about 450 to about 495 nm. In an especially preferred embodiment, the wavelength is about 488 nm. In another preferred embodiment, the light stimulation is via pulses. The light power may range from about 0-9 mW / cm2. In a preferred embodiment, a stimulation paradigm of as low as 0.25 sec eveiy 15 sec should result in maximal activation.

[0266] The chemical or energy sensitive Nucleic acid component may undergo a conformational change upon induction by the binding of a chemical source or by the energy allowing it act as a nucleic acid component and have the Fanzor polypeptide system or complex function. The invention can involve applying the chemical source or energy so as to have the nucleic acid component function and the Fanzor polypeptide system or complex function; and optionally further determining that the expression of the genomic locus is altered.

[0267] There are several different designs of this chemical inducible system: 1. ABI-PYL based system inducible by Abscisic Acid (ABA) (see, e.g., stke.sciencemag.org / cgi / content / abstract / sigtrans;4 / 164 / rs2), 2. FKBP-FRB based system inducible by rapamycin (or related chemicals based on rapamycin) (see, e.g., nature, com / nmeth / j oumal / v2 / n6 / full / nmeth763.html), 3. GID 1 -GAI based system inducible by Gibberellin (GA) (see, e.g., nature.com / nchembio / joumal / v8 / n5 / full / nchembio.922.html).

[0268] A chemical inducible system can be an estrogen receptor (ER) based system inducible by 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) (see, e.g., pnas.org / content / 104 / 3 / 1027. abstract). A mutated ligand-b es into thenucleus of cells upon binding of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. In further embodiments of the invention any naturally occurring or engineered derivative of any nuclear receptor, thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, estrogen receptor, estrogen-related receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor may be used in inducible systems analogous to the ER based inducible system.

[0269] Another inducible system is based on the design using Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel-based system inducible by energy, heat or radio-wave (see, e.g., sciencemag. org / content / 336 / 6081 / 604). These TRP family proteins respond to different stimuli, including light and heat. When this protein is activated by light or heat, the ion channel will open and allow the entering of ions such as calcium into the plasma membrane. This influx of ions will bind to intracellular ion interacting partners linked to a polypeptide including the nucleic acid component and the other components of the Fanzor polypeptide / Nucleic acid component molecule complex or system, and the binding will induce the change of sub-cellular localization of the polypeptide, leading to the entire polypeptide entering the nucleus of cells. Once inside the nucleus, the nucleic acid component protein, and the other components of the Fanzor polypeptide / Nucleic acid component molecule complex will be active and modulating target gene expression in cells.

[0270] While light activation may be an advantageous embodiment, sometimes it may be disadvantageous especially for in vivo applications in which the light may not penetrate the skin or other organs. In this instance, other methods of energy activation are contemplated, in particular, electric field energy and / or ultrasound which have a similar effect.

[0271] Electric field energy is preferably administered substantially as described in the art, using one or more electric pulses of from about 1 Volt / cm to about 10 kVolts / cm under in vivo conditions. Instead of or in addition to the pulses, the electric field may be delivered in a continuous manner. The electric pulse may be applied for between 1 ps and 500 milliseconds, preferably between 1 ps and 100 milliseconds. The electric field may be applied continuously or in a pulsed manner for 5 about minutes.

[0272] As used herein, ‘electric field energy’ is the electrical energy to which a cell is exposed. Preferably the electric field has a strength of from about 1 Volt / cm to about 10 kVolts / cm or more under in vivo conditions (see WO97 / 49450).

[0273] As used herein, the term “electric field” includes one or more pulses at variable capacitance and voltage and including exponential and / or square wave and / or modulated wave and / or modulate should betaken to include reference the presence of an electric potential difference in the environment of a cell. Such an environment may be set up by way of static electricity, alternating current (AC), direct current (DC), etc., as known in the art. The electric field may be uniform, non- uniform or otherwise, and may vary in strength and / or direction in a time dependent manner.

[0274] Single or multiple applications of electric field, as well as single or multiple applications of ultrasound are also possible, in any order and in any combination. The ultrasound and / or the electric field may be delivered as single or multiple continuous applications, or as pulses (pulsatile delivery).

[0275] Electroporation has been used in both in vitro and in vivo procedures to introduce foreign material into living cells. With in vitro applications, a sample of live cells is first mixed with the agent of interest and placed between electrodes such as parallel plates. Then, the electrodes apply an electrical field to the cell / implant mixture. Examples of systems that perform in vitro electroporation include the Electro Cell Manipulator ECM600 product, and the Electro Square Porator T820, both made by the BTX Division of Genetronics, Inc (see U.S. Pat. No 5,869,326).

[0276] The known electroporation techniques (both in vitro and in vivo) function by applying a brief high voltage pulse to electrodes positioned around the treatment region. The electric field generated between the electrodes causes the cell membranes to temporarily become porous, whereupon molecules of the agent of interest enter the cells. In known electroporation applications, this electric field comprises a single square wave pulse on the order of 1000 V / cm, of about 100 .mu.s duration. Such a pulse may be generated, for example, in known applications of the Electro Square Porator T820.

[0277] Preferably, the electric field has a strength of from about 1 V / cm to about 10 kV / cm under in vitro conditions. Thus, the electric field may have a strength of 1 V / cm, 2 V / cm, 3 V / cm, 4 V / cm, 5 V / cm, 6 V / cm, 7 V / cm, 8 V / cm, 9 V / cm, 10 V / cm, 20 V / cm, 50 V / cm, 100 V / cm, 200 V / cm, 300 V / cm, 400 V / cm, 500 V / cm, 600 V / cm, 700 V / cm, 800 V / cm, 900 V / cm, 1 kV / cm, 2 kV / cm, 5 kV / cm, 10 kV / cm, 20 kV / cm, 50 kV / cm or more. More preferably from about 0.5 kV / cm to about 4.0 kV / cm under in vitro conditions. Preferably the electric field has a strength of from about 1 V / cm to about 10 kV / cm under in vivo conditions. However, the electric field strengths may be lowered where the number of pulses delivered to the target site are increased. Thus, pulsatile delivery of electric fields at lower field strengths is envisaged.

[0278] Preferably, the application of the electric field is in the form of multiple pulses such as double pulses ng strengthand / or capacitance. As used herein, the term “pulse” includes one or more electric pulses at variable capacitance and voltage and including exponential and / or square wave and / or modulated wave / square wave forms.

[0279] Preferably, the electric pulse is delivered as a waveform selected from an exponential wave form, a square wave form, a modulated wave form and a modulated square wave form.

[0280] A preferred embodiment employs direct current at low voltage. Thus, Applicants disclose the use of an electric field which is applied to the cell, tissue or tissue mass at a field strength of between 1 V / cm and 20V / cm, for a period of 100 milliseconds or more, preferably 15 minutes or more.

[0281] Ultrasound is advantageously administered at a power level of from about 0.05 W / cm2 to about 100 W / cm2. Diagnostic or therapeutic ultrasound may be used, or combinations thereof.

[0282] As used herein, the term “ultrasound” refers to a form of energy which consists of mechanical vibrations the frequencies of which are so high they are above the range of human hearing. Lower frequency limit of the ultrasonic spectrum may generally be taken as about 20 kHz. Most diagnostic applications of ultrasound employ frequencies in the range 1 and 15 MHz' (From Ultrasonics in Clinical Diagnosis, P. N. T. Wells, ed., 2nd. Edition, Publ. Churchill Livingstone [Edinburgh, London & NY, 1977]).

[0283] Ultrasound has been used in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. When used as a diagnostic tool ("diagnostic ultrasound"), ultrasound is typically used in an energy density range of up to about 100 mW / cm2 (FDA recommendation), although energy densities of up to 750 mW / cm2 have been used. In physiotherapy, ultrasound is typically used as an energy source in a range up to about 3 to 4 W / cm2 (WHO recommendation). In other therapeutic applications, higher intensities of ultrasound may be employed, for example, HIFU at 100 W / cm up to 1 kW / cm2 (or even higher) for short periods of time. The term "ultrasound" as used in this specification is intended to encompass diagnostic, therapeutic and focused ultrasound.

[0284] Focused ultrasound (FUS) allows thermal energy to be delivered without an invasive probe (see Morocz et al 1998 Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.8, No. 1, pp.136-142. Another form of focused ultrasound is high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) which is reviewed by Moussatov et al in Ultrasonics (1998) Vol.36, No.8, pp.893-900 and TranHuuHue et

[0285] Preferably, a combination of diagnostic ultrasound and a therapeutic ultrasound is employed. This combination is not intended to be limiting, however, and the skilled reader will appreciate that any variety of combinations of ultrasound may be used. Additionally, the energy density, frequency of ultrasound, and period of exposure may be varied.

[0286] Preferably, the exposure to an ultrasound energy source is at a power density of from about 0.05 to about 100 Wcm-2. Even more preferably, the exposure to an ultrasound energy source is at a power density of from about 1 to about 15 Wcm-2.

[0287] Preferably, the exposure to an ultrasound energy source is at a frequency of from about 0.015 to about 10.0 MHz. More preferably the exposure to an ultrasound energy source is at a frequency of from about 0.02 to about 5.0 MHz or about 6.0 MHz. Most preferably, the ultrasound is applied at a frequency of 3 MHz.

[0288] Preferably the exposure is for periods of from about 10 milliseconds to about 60 minutes. Preferably the exposure is for periods of from about 1 second to about 5 minutes. More preferably, the ultrasound is applied for about 2 minutes. Depending on the particular target cell to be disrupted, however, the exposure may be for a longer duration, for example, for 15 minutes.

[0289] Advantageously, the target tissue is exposed to an ultrasound energy source at an acoustic power density of from about 0.05 Wcm-2 to about 10 Wcm-2 with a frequency ranging from about 0.015 to about 10 MHz (see WO 98 / 52609). However, alternatives are also possible, for example, exposure to an ultrasound energy source at an acoustic power density of above 100 Wcm-2, but for reduced periods of time, for example, 1000 Wcm-2 for periods in the millisecond range or less.

[0290] Preferably, the application of the ultrasound is in the form of multiple pulses; thus, both continuous wave and pulsed wave (pulsatile delivery of ultrasound) may be employed in any combination. For example, continuous wave ultrasound may be applied, followed by pulsed wave ultrasound, or vice versa. This may be repeated any number of times, in any order and combination. The pulsed wave ultrasound may be applied against a background of continuous wave ultrasound, and any number of pulses may be used in any number of groups.

[0291] Preferably, the ultrasound may comprise pulsed wave ultrasound. In a highly preferred embodiment, the ultrasound is applied at a power density of 0.7 Wcm-2 or 1.25 Wcm- 2 as a continuous wave. Higher power densities may be employed if pulsed wave ultrasound is used.

[0292] Use of ultrasound is advantageous as, like light, it may be focused accurately on a target. Moreover, ultrasound is advantageous as it may be focused more deeply into tissues unlike light. It is therefore better suited to whole-tissue penetration (such as but not limited to a lobe of the liver) or whole organ (such as but not limited to the entire liver or an entire muscle, such as the heart) therapy. Another important advantage is that ultrasound is a non-invasive stimulus which is used in a wide variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. By way of example, ultrasound is well known in medical imaging techniques and, additionally, in orthopedic therapy. Furthermore, instruments suitable for the application of ultrasound to a subject vertebrate are widely available and their use is well known in the art.

[0293] In particular embodiments, the Nucleic acid component molecule is modified by a secondary structure to increase the specificity of the Fanzor polypeptide and related system, and the secondary structure can protect against exonuclease activity and allow for 5 ’ additions to the nucleic acid component sequence also referred to herein as a protected nucleic acid component molecule.

[0294] In one aspect, the invention provides for hybridizing a “protector RNA” to a sequence of the nucleic acid component molecule, wherein the “protector RNA” is an RNA strand complementary to the 3 ’ end of the nucleic acid component molecule to thereby generate a partially double-stranded nucleic acid component. In an embodiment of the invention, protecting mismatched bases (i.e., the bases of the nucleic acid component molecule which do not form part of the nucleic acid component sequence) with a perfectly complementary protector sequence decreases the likelihood of target DNA binding to the mismatched base pairs at the 3 ’ end. In particular embodiments of the invention, additional sequences comprising an extended length may also be present within the nucleic acid component molecule such that the nucleic acid component comprises a protector sequence within the nucleic acid component molecule. This “protector sequence” ensures that the nucleic acid component molecule comprises a “protected sequence” in addition to an “exposed sequence” (comprising the part of the nucleic acid component sequence hybridizing to the target sequence). In particular embodiments, the nucleic acid component molecule is modified by the presence of the protector nucleic acid component to comprise a secondary structure such as a hairpin. Advantageously there are three or four to thirty or more, e.g., about 10 or more, contiguous base pairs having complementarity to the protected sequence, the nucleic acid component sequence or both. It is advantageous that the protected portion does not impede thermodynamics target. Byproviding such an extension including a partially double stranded nucleic acid component molecule, the nucleic acid component molecule is considered protected and results in improved specific binding of the Fanzor polypeptide / nucleic acid component molecule complex, while maintaining specific activity.

[0295] In particular embodiments, use is made of a truncated nucleic acid component (tru- nucleic acid component), i.e., a nucleic acid component molecule which comprises a nucleic acid component sequence which is truncated in length with respect to the canonical nucleic acid component sequence length. As described by Nowak et al. (Nucleic Acids Res (2016) 44 (20): 9555-9564), such nucleic acid component molecules may allow catalytically active Fanzor polypeptide to bind its target without cleaving the target DNA. In particular embodiments, a truncated nucleic acid component is used which allows the binding of the target but retains only nickase activity of the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0296] In one embodiment, conjugation of triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) to oligonucleotide components may be used to improve delivery, for example delivery to select cell types, for example hepatocytes (see International Patent Publication No. WO 2014 / 118272 incorporated herein by reference; Nair, JK et al., 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society 136 (49), 16958-16961). This is considered to be a sugar-based particle and further details on other particle delivery systems and / or formulations are provided herein. GalNAc can therefore be considered to be a particle in the sense of the other particles described herein, such that general uses and other considerations, for instance delivery of said particles, apply to GalNAc particles as well. A solution-phase conjugation strategy may for example be used to attach triantennary GalNAc clusters (mol. wt. ~2000) activated as PFP (pentafluorophenyl) esters onto 5'-hexylamino modified oligonucleotides (5'-HA ASOs, mol. wt. ~8000 Da; Ostergaard et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2015, 26 (8), pp 1451—1455). Similarly, poly(acrylate) polymers have been described for in vivo nucleic acid delivery (see WO2013158141 incorporated herein by reference). In further alternative embodiments, pre-mixing Fanzor polypeptide nanoparticles (or protein complexes) with naturally occurring serum proteins may be used in order to improve delivery (Akinc A et al, 2010, Molecular Therapy vol. 18 no. 7, 1357-1364).

[0297] Screening techniques are available to identify delivery enhancers, for example by screening chemical libraries (Gilleron J. et al., 2015, Nucl. Acids Res. 43 (16): 7984-8001). Approaches have also been described for assessing the efficiency of delivery vehicles, such aslipid nanoparticles, which may be employed to identify effective delivery vehicles for components (see Sahay G. et al., 2013, Nature Biotechnology 31, 653-658).Target Adjacent Motifs (TAMs)

[0298] The Fanzor systems disclosed may recognize a target adjacent motif (TAM) in order to recognize and bind a target sequence on a target polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid-guided nucleases described herein (e.g., a Fanzor polypeptide and / or system) and related compositions do not contain a TAM requirement. The precise sequence and length requirements for the TAM will differ depending on the nucleic acid-guided nucleases used. In some examples, TAMs are typically 2-5 base pair sequences adjacent the protospacer (that is, the target sequence). In one example embodiment, the TAM is 3’ adjacent to the target polynucleotide. In another example embodiment, the TAM is 5’ adjacent to the target sequence of the target polynucleotide.

[0299] In one embodiment, the cleavage site is distant from the Target Adjacent Motif (TAM), e.g., the cleavage occurs after the nth nucleotide on the non-target strand and after the nucleotide on the targeted strand. In one embodiment, the cleavage site occurs after an identified nucleotide (counted from the TAM) on the non-target strand and after the further identified nucleotide (counted from the TAM) on the targeted strand. In one embodiment, a vector encodes a nucleic acid-targeting effector protein that may be mutated with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated nucleic acid-targeting effector protein lacks the ability to cleave one or both DNA and RNA strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence.

[0300] In one example embodiment the TAM sequence is TCAG. In another example embodiment, the TAM sequence is TCAA. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is or comprises TAA. In some embodiments, the TAM sequences are or comprise TTAA. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is or comprises TAG. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is 5’-NNTTAAN-3’. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is 5’-NNTTAA-3’. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is 5’-NNNTAG-3’. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is 5’-(A)NCCG-3’. In some embodiments the TAM sequence is 5’ -C ATA-TAM sequence- 3’. In some embodiments the TAM sequence is 5’ -TTAAN- 3’. In some embodiments, the TAM sequence is 5’ -CCG- 3’. TAM identification and specificity may be identified, for example, using the methods disclosed in the Examples section below.HDR Donor Templates

[0301] In one embodiment, the compositions and systems herein may further comprise one or more nucleic acid templates. In some cases, the nucleic acid template may comprise one or more polynucleotides. In certain cases, the nucleic acid template may comprise coding sequences for one or more polynucleotides. The nucleic acid template may be a DNA template.

[0302] The donor polynucleotide may be used for editing the target polynucleotide. In some cases, the donor polynucleotide comprises one or more mutations to be introduced into the target polynucleotide. Examples of such mutations include substitutions, deletions, insertions, or a combination thereof. The mutations may cause a shift in an open reading frame on the target polynucleotide. In some cases, the donor polynucleotide alters a stop codon in the target polynucleotide. For example, the donor polynucleotide may correct a premature stop codon. The correction may be achieved by deleting the stop codon or introduces one or more mutations to the stop codon. In other example embodiments, the donor polynucleotide addresses loss of function mutations, deletions, or translocations that may occur, for example, in certain disease contexts by inserting or restoring a functional copy of a gene, or functional fragment thereof, or a functional regulatory sequence or functional fragment of a regulatory sequence. A functional fragment refers to less than the entire copy of a gene by providing sufficient nucleotide sequence to restore the functionality of a wild type gene or non-coding regulatory sequence (e.g., sequences encoding long non-coding RNA). In certain example embodiments, the systems disclosed herein may be used to replace a single allele of a defective gene or defective fragment thereof. In another example embodiment, the systems disclosed herein may be used to replace both alleles of a defective gene or defective gene fragment. A “defective gene” or “defective gene fragment” is a gene or portion of a gene that when expressed fails to generate a functioning protein or non-coding RNA with functionality of a corresponding wild-type gene. In certain example embodiments, these defective genes may be associated with one or more disease phenotypes. In certain example embodiments, the defective gene or gene fragment is not replaced but the systems described herein are used to insert donor polynucleotides that encode gene or gene fragments that compensate for or override defective gene expression such that cell phenotypes associated with defective gene expression are eliminated or changed to a different or desired cellular phenotype.

[0303] In an embodiment of the invention, the donor polynucleotide may include, but not be limited to, genes or gene fragments, encoding proteins or RNA transcripts to be expressed, regulatory eleme the donorpolynucleotides may comprise left end and right end sequence elements that function with transposition components that mediate insertion.

[0304] In certain cases, the donor polynucleotide manipulates a splicing site on the target polynucleotide. In some examples, the donor polynucleotide disrupts a splicing site. The disruption may be achieved by inserting the polynucleotide to a splicing site and / or introducing one or more mutations to the splicing site. In certain examples, the donor polynucleotide may restore a splicing site. For example, the polynucleotide may comprise a splicing site sequence.

[0305] The donor polynucleotide to be inserted may has a size from 10 base pair or nucleotides to 50 kb in length, e.g., from 50 to 40k, from 100 and 30 k, from 100 to 10000, from 100 to 300, from 200 to 400, from 300 to 500, from 400 to 600, from 500 to 700, from 600 to 800, from 700 to 900, from 800 to 1000, from 900 to from 1100, from 1000 to 1200, from 1100 to 1300, from 1200 to 1400, from 1300 to 1500, from 1400 to 1600, from 1500 to 1700, from 600 to 1800, from 1700 to 1900, from 1800 to 2000 base pairs (bp) or nucleotides in length.SYSTEMS AND COMPLEXES

[0306] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides nucleic acid-targeting systems. Such systems may be used to target, modify, and otherwise manipulate a nucleic acid. In one embodiment, the systems comprise the Fanzor polypeptide and one or more ωRNA s. The Fanzor polypeptide may have nuclease activity, e.g., capable of cleaving DNA. In some embodiments the Fanzor polypeptide may, or be engineered to have nickase activity, e.g., capable of generating a single-strand break on a double-strand nucleic acid such as dsDNA or dsRNA.

[0307] In some examples, two or more of the components in a system herein may form a complex. For example, the components are separate molecules but interact with each other directly or indirectly. In certain two or more of the components in a system herein may be comprised in a fusion protein.

[0308] As used herein, “target sequence” refers to a sequence to which a rωRNA is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a ωRNA promotes the formation of a polynucleotide targeting complex. Full complementarity is not necessarily required, provided there is sufficient complementarity to cause hybridization and promote formation of a nucleic acid-targeting complex. A target sequence may comprise DNA polynucleotides. In one embodiment, a target sequence is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell. In one eukaryoticcell, for example, mitochondrion or chloroplast. A sequence or template that may be used for recombination into the targeted locus comprising the target sequences is referred to as an “editing template” or “editing sequence”. In aspects of the invention, an exogenous template may be referred to as an editing template. In an aspect the recombination is homologous recombination.

[0309] In one embodiment, formation of a nucleic acid-targeting complex (comprising a guide RNA hybridized to a target sequence and complexed with one or more nucleic acidtargeting effector proteins) results in cleavage of one or both nucleic acid strands in or near (e.g., within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or more base pairs from) the target sequence. In one embodiment, one or more vectors driving expression of one or more elements of a nucleic acid-targeting system are introduced into a host cell such that expression of the elements of the nucleic acid-targeting system direct formation of a nucleic acid-targeting complex at one or more target sites. For example, a Fanzor polypeptide and a inRNA could each be operably linked to separate regulatory elements on separate vectors. Alternatively, two or more of the elements expressed from the same or different regulatory elements, may be combined in a single vector, with one or more additional vectors providing any components of the nucleic acid- targeting system not included in the first vector. Fanzor system elements combined in a single vector may be arranged in any suitable orientation, such as one element located 5 ’ with respect to (“upstream” of) or 3’ with respect to (“downstream” of) a second element. The coding sequence of one element may be located on the same or opposite strand of the coding sequence of a second element, and oriented in the same or opposite direction. In one embodiment, a single promoter drives expression of a transcript encoding a Fanzor and a ωRNA embedded within one or more intron sequences (e.g., each in a different intron, two or more in at least one intron, or all in a single intron). In one embodiment, the Fanzor polypeptide and ωRNA s are operably linked to and expressed from the same promoter.

[0310] The present disclosure encompasses computational methods and algorithms to predict new Fanzor polypeptides, identify the components, and new Fanzor systems therein. In some examples, a computational method of identifying novel Fanzor polypeptide loci analysis of the candidates may be conducted by searching metagenomics databases for additional homologs.

[0311] In one aspect the identifying all predicted protein coding genes is carried out by comparing the identified genes with Fanzor polypeptide specific profiles and annotating them according to NC on resourcethat consists of a collection of well-annotated multiple sequence alignment models for ancient domains and full-length proteins. These are available as position-specific score matrices (PSSMs) for fast identification of conserved domains in protein sequences via RPS-BLAST. CDD content includes NCBI-curated domains, which use 3D-structure information to explicitly define domain boundaries and provide insights into sequence / structure / function relationships, as well as domain models imported from a number of external source databases (Pfam, SMART, COG, PRK, TIGRE AM).

[0312] In a further aspect, the case-by-case analysis is performed using PSI-BLAST (Position-Specific Iterative Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). PSI-BLAST derives a position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) or profile from the multiple sequence alignment of sequences detected above a given score threshold using protein— protein BLAST. This PSSM is used to further search the database for new matches and is updated for subsequent iterations with these newly detected sequences. Thus, PSI-BLAST provides a means of detecting distant relationships between proteins.

[0313] In another aspect, the case-by-case analysis is performed using HHpred, a method for sequence database searching and structure prediction that is as easy to use as BLAST or PSI-BLAST and that is at the same time much more sensitive in finding remote homologs. In fact, HHpred’ s sensitivity is competitive with the most powerful servers for structure prediction currently available. HHpred is the first server that is based on the pairwise comparison of profile hidden Markov models (HMMs). Whereas most conventional sequence search methods search sequence databases such as UniProt or the NR, HHpred searches alignment databases, like Pfam or SMART. This greatly simplifies the list of hits to a number of sequence families instead of a clutter of single sequences. All major publicly available profile and alignment databases are available through HHpred. HHpred accepts a single query sequence or a multiple alignment as input. Within only a few minutes it returns the search results in an easy-to-read format similar to that of PSI-BLAST. Search options include local or global alignment and scoring secondary structure similarity. HHpred can produce pairwise query-template sequence alignments, merged query-template multiple alignments (e.g., for transitive searches), as well as 3D structural models calculated by the MODELLER software from HHpred alignments.Specialized Systems

[0314] In one embodiment, the system is a Fanzor-based system that is capable of performing a specialized function or activity. For example, the Fanzor protein may be fused, operably couple functionalsdomains. In certain example embodiments, the Fanzor protein may be a catalytically dead Fanzor protein and / or have nickase activity. A nickase is an Fanzor protein that cuts only one strand of a double stranded target. In such embodiments, the catalytically inactive Fanzor or nickase provide a sequence specific targeting functionality via the Nucleic acid component that delivers the functional domain to or proximate a target sequence.

[0315] It is also envisaged that the Fanzor complex as a whole may be associated with two or more functional domains. For example, there may be two or more functional domains associated with the Fanzor polypeptide, or there may be two or more functional domains associated with the nucleic acid component (via one or more adaptor proteins or aptamers), or there may be one or more functional domains associated with the Fanzor polypeptide and one or more functional domains associated with the nucleic acid component.

[0316] In one embodiment, one or more functional domains are associated with a Fanzor polypeptide via an adaptor protein, for example as used with the modified guides of Konnerman et al. (Nature 517, 583—588, 29 January 2015). In one embodiment, the one or more functional domains is attached to the adaptor protein so that upon binding of the Fanzor polypeptide to the RNA molecule and target, the functional domain is in a spatial orientation allowing for the functional domain to function in its attributed function.

[0317] In one embodiment, one or more functional domains are associated with a dead nucleic acid component. In one embodiment, a complex with active Fanzor polypeptide directs gene regulation by a functional domain at on gene locus while a functional domain associated with the nucleic acid component directs DNA cleavage by the active Fanzor polypeptide at another. In one embodiment, nucleic acid components are selected to maximize selectivity of regulation for a gene locus of interest compared to off-target regulation. In one embodiment, nucleic acid components are selected to maximize target gene regulation and minimize target cleavage. Loops of the nucleic acid component may be extended, without colliding with the Fanzor polypeptide by the insertion of distinct loop(s) or distinct sequence(s) that may recruit adaptor proteins that can bind to the distinct loop(s) or distinct sequence(s). The adaptor proteins may include but are not limited to orthogonal polynucleotide-binding protein / aptamer combinations that exist within the diversity of bacteriophage coat proteins. A list of such coat proteins includes, but is not limited to: QP, F2, GA, ft, JP501, M12, R17, BZ13, JP34, JP500, KU1, Mi l, MX1, TW18, VK, SP, FI, ID2, NL95, TW19, AP205, <|)Cb5, |Cb8r, ^Cbl2r, <|)Cb23r, 7s and PRR1. These adaptor proteins or orthogonal RNA binding proteins can further recruit effector p .

[0318] Example functional domains that may be fused to, operably coupled to, or otherwise associated with a Fanzor protein can be or include, but are not limited to a nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain, a nuclear export signal (NES) domain, a translational activation domain, a transcriptional activation domain (e.g. VP64, p65, MyoDl, HSF1, RTA, and SET7 / 9), a translation initiation domain, a transcriptional repression domain (e.g., a KRAB domain, NuE domain, NcoR domain, and a SID domain such as a SID4X domain), a nuclease domain (e.g., FokI), a histone modification domain (e.g., a histone acetyltransferase), a light inducible / controllable domain, a chemically inducible / controllable domain, a transposase domain, a homologous recombination machinery domain, a recombinase domain, a ligase domain, a topoisomerase domain, an integrase domain, and combinations thereof. Methods for generating catalytically dead Fanzor or a nickase Fanzor can be adapted from approaches in Cas9 proteins, see, for example, WO 2014 / 204725, Ran et al. Cell. 2013 Sept 12; 154(6): 1380- 1389, known in the art and incorporated herein by reference Briefly, one or more mutations in the catalytic domain of the RuvC domain and / or the HNH domain of the Fanzor protein can be introduced that may reduce or abolish NHEJ activity. In an aspect, at least one mutation in the RuvC domain and at least one mutation in the HNH domain is provided.

[0319] In one embodiment, the functional domains can have one or more of the following activities: nucleobase deaminse activity, reverse transcriptase activity, retrotransposase activity, transposase activity, integrase activity, recombinase activity, topoisomerase activity, ligase activity, polymerase activity, helicase activity, methylase activity, demethylase activity, translation activation activity, translation initiation activity, translation repression activity, transcription activation activity, transcription repression activity, transcription release factor activity, histone modification activity, nuclease activity (e.g. VirD2), single-strand RNA cleavage activity, double-strand RNA cleavage activity, single-strand DNA cleavage activity, double-strand DNA cleavage activity, molecular switch activity, chemical inducibility, light inducibility, and nucleic acid binding activity. In one embodiment, the one or more functional domains may comprise epitope tags or reporters. Non-limiting examples of epitope tags include histidine (His) tags, V5 tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags. Examples of reporters include, but are not limited to, glutathione-S-fransferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and auto-

[0320] The one or more functional domain(s) may be positioned at, near, and / or in proximity to a terminus of the effector protein (e.g., a Fanzor protein). In embodiments having two or more functional domains, each of the two can be positioned at or near or in proximity to a terminus of the effector protein (e.g., a Fanzor protein). In one embodiment, such as those where the functional domain is operably coupled to the effector protein, the one or more functional domains can be tethered or linked via a suitable linker (including, but not limited to, GlySer linkers) to the effector protein (e.g., a Fanzor protein). When there is more than one functional domain, the functional domains can be same or different. In one embodiment, all the functional domains are the same. In one embodiment, all of the functional domains are different from each other. In one embodiment, at least two of the functional domains are different from each other. In one embodiment, at least two of the functional domains are the same as each other.

[0321] In one embodiment, histone modifying domains are also preferred. Exemplary histone modifying domains are discussed below. Transposase domains, HR (Homologous Recombination) machinery domains, recombinase domains, and / or integrase domains are also preferred as the present functional domains. In one embodiment, DNA integration activity includes HR machinery domains, integrase domains, recombinase domains and / or transposase domains.

[0322] In one embodiment, the DNA cleavage activity is due to a nuclease. In one embodiment, the nuclease comprises a Fokl nuclease. See, “Dimeric CRISPR RNA-guided FokI nucleases for highly specific genome editing”, Shengdar Q. Tsai, Nicolas Wyvekens, Cyd Khayter, Jennifer A. Foden, Vishal Thapar, Deepak Reyon, Mathew J. Goodwin, Martin J. Aryee, J. Keith Joung Nature Biotechnology 32(6): 569-77 (2014), relates to dimeric RNA- guided Fokl Nucleases that recognize extended sequences and can edit endogenous genes with high efficiencies in human cells.

[0323] Functional domains may be used to regulate transcription, e.g., transcriptional repression. Transcriptional repression is often mediated by chromatin modifying enzymes such as histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and deacetylases (HDACs). Repressive histone effector domains are known and an exemplary list is provided below. Proteins and functional truncations of small size to facilitate efficient viral packaging (for instance via AAV) are preferred. In general, however, the domains may include HDACs, histone methyltransferases (HMTs), and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitors, as well as HD AC and HMT recruiting proteins. The fu C EffectorDomains, HDAC Recruiter Effector Domains, Histone Methyltransferase (HMT) Effector Domains, Histone Methyltransferase (HMT) Recruiter Effector Domains, or Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor Effector Domains.

[0324] In one embodiment, the functional domain may be a Methyltransferase (HMT) Effector Domain. Preferred examples include NUE, vSET, EHMT2 / G9A, SUV39H1, dim-5, KYP, SUVR4, SET4, SET1, SETD8, and TgSET8. NUE is exemplified in the present Examples and, although preferred, it is envisaged that others in the class will also be useful.

[0325] In one embodiment, the functional domain may be a Histone Methyltransferase (HMT) Recruiter Effector Domain. Preferred examples include Hpla, PHF19, and NIPP1.

[0326] In one embodiment, the functional domain may be Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor Effector Domain. Preferred examples include SET / TAF-1J3.

[0327] In some cases, the target endogenous (regulatory) control elements (such as enhancers and silencers) in addition to a promoter or promoter-proximal elements. Thus, the invention can also be used to target endogenous control elements (including enhancers and silencers) in addition to targeting of the promoter. These control elements can be located upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS), starting from 200bp from the TSS to lOOkb away. Targeting of known control elements can be used to activate or repress the gene of interest. In some cases, a single control element can influence the transcription of multiple target genes. Targeting of a single control element could therefore be used to control the transcription of multiple genes simultaneously.

[0328] Targeting of putative control elements on the other hand (e.g., by tiling the region of the putative control element as well as 200bp up to lOOkB around the element) can be used as a means to verify such elements (by measuring the transcription of the gene of interest) or to detect novel control elements (e.g., by tiling lOOkb upstream and downstream of the TSS of the gene of interest). In addition, targeting of putative control elements can be useful in the context of understanding genetic causes of disease. Many mutations and common SNP variants associated with disease phenotypes are located outside coding regions. Targeting of such regions with either the activation or repression systems described herein can be followed by readout of transcription of either a) a set of putative targets (e.g., a set of genes located in closest proximity to the control element) or b) whole-transcriptome readout by e.g., RNAseq or microarray. This would allow for the identification of likely candidate genes involved in the disease phenotype. Such candidate genes could be useful as novel drug targets.

[0329] In one embodiment, the one oorr mmoorree ffuunnccttiioonnaall ddoommaaiinnss comprise an acetyltransferase, preferably a histone acetyltransferase. These are useful in the field of epigenomics, for example in methods of interrogating the epigenome. Methods of interrogating the epigenome may include, for example, targeting epigenomic sequences. Targeting epigenomic sequences may include the Nucleic acid component being directed to an epigenomic target sequence. In one embodiment, epigenomic target sequence may include a promoter, silencer or an enhancer sequence. The functional domains may be acetyltransferases domains. Examples of acetyltransferases aarree known but may include, histone acetyltransferases. In one embodiment, the histone acetyltransferase may comprise the catalytic core of the human acetyltransferase p300 (Gerbasch & Reddy, Nature Biotech 6th April 2015).

[0330] Further examples of specialized Fanzor systems are discussed in further detail below.Fanzor Base Editing Systems

[0331] The present disclosure also provides for base editing systems. In some example embodiments, the Fanzor system is a base editing system. In some embodiments, the Fanzor base-editing system is a DNA base editing system. In some embodiments, the Fanzor baseediting system is an RNA base editing system. In general, such a system may comprise a n deaminase (e.g., an adenosine deaminase or cytidine deaminase) associated or coupled with (e.g., fused or linked to) with a Fanzor polypeptide. The Fanzor polypeptide may be a catalytically inactive, or dead Fanzor polypeptide, dFanzor. In certain examples, the nucleobase deaminase is a mutated form of an adenosine deaminase. The mutated form of the adenosine deaminase may have both adenosine deaminase and cytidine deaminase activities.

[0332] In some examples, the present disclosure provides an engineered, non-naturally occurring composition comprising: a dFanzor, a nucleobase deaminase associated or coupled with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the dFanzor, and a CDRNA capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor protein and directing site-specific binding at a target sequence at or adjacen to a single nucleotide or nucleotide base pair to be edited.

[0333] The Fanzor base editor can be a cytosine base editor (CBEs) and / or adenine base editor (ABEs). In general, CBEs convert a OG base pair into a T*A base pair (Komor et al. 2016. Nature. 533:420-424; Nishida et al. 2016. Science. 353; and Li et al. Nat. Biotech. 36:324-327) and ABEs convert an A*T base pair to a GeC base pair, which is facilitated by the nucleobase daminase associated or coupled with the Fanzor polypeptide. Collectively, CBEs and ABEs can m C, and G toA). Rees and Liu. 2018. Nat. Rev. Genet. 19(12): 770-788, particularly at Figures lb, 2a-2c, 3a-3f, and Table 1.

[0334] Generally, a Fanzor CBEs contain a cytidine deaminase that is fused or otherwise coupled to (e.g., linked or tethered) to a Fanzor protein and Fanzor ABEs contain an adenosine deaminase fused or otherwise coupled to (linked or tethered) to Fanzor protein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can be modified using a Fanzor base editing system.

[0335] In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase is fused or otherwise coupled to the N-terminus of a Fanzor polypeptide, the C-terminus of a Fanzor polypeptide, or both. In some embodiments, the deaminase is fused or otherwise coupled at an amino acid or between two contiguous amino acids of a Fanzor polypeptide between the N- and C-terminus of the Fanzor polypeptide.

[0336] In some examples, the base editing systems may comprise an intein-mediated transsplicing system that enables in vivo delivery of a base editor, e.g., a split-intein cytidine base editors (CBE) or adenine base editor (ABE) engineered to trans-splice. Examples of such base editing systems include those described in Colin K.W. Lim et al., Treatment of a Mouse Model of ALS by In Vivo Base Editing, Mol Ther. 2020 Jan 14. pii: 81525-0016(20)30011-3. doi: 10.1016 / j.ymthe.2020.01.005; and Jonathan M. Levy et al., Cytosine and adenine base editing of the brain, liver, retina, heart and skeletal muscle of mice via adeno-associated viruses, Nature Biomedical Engineering volume 4, pages 97—110 (2020), which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and can be adapted for use with the Fanzor base editing systems of the present invention.

[0337] Examples of base editing systems include those described in International Patent Publication Nos. WO 2019 / 071048 (e.g. paragraphs

[0933] -

[0938] ), WO 2019 / 084063 (e.g., paragraphs

[0173] -

[0186] ,

[0323] -

[0475] ,

[0893] -

[1094] ), WO 2019 / 126716 (e.g., paragraphs

[0290] -

[0425] ,

[1077] -

[1084] ), WO 2019 / 126709 (e.g., paragraphs

[0294] -

[0453] ), WO 2019 / 126762 (e.g., paragraphs

[0309] -

[0438] ), WO 2019 / 126774 (e.g., paragraphs

[0511] -

[0670] ), Cox DBT, et al., RNA editing with CRISPR-Casl3, Science. 2017 Nov 24;358(6366):1019-1027; Abudayyeh OO, et al., A cytosine deaminase for programmable single-base RNA editing, Science 26 Jul 2019: Vol. 365, Issue 6451, pp. 382-386; Gaudelli NM et al., Programmable base editing of A*T to G*C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage, Nature volume 551, pages 464-471 (23 November 2017); Komor AC, et al., Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage. Nature. 2016 May 19;533(760 n of Cas9-independent off-target DNA editing by cytosine base editors, Nat Biotechnol (2020). doi.org / 10.1038 / s41587-020-0414-6; and Richter MF et al., Phage-assisted evolution of an adenine base editor with improved Cas domain compatibility and activity, Nat Biotechnol (2020). doi.org / 10.1038 / s41587-020-0453-z, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and can be used to adapt to the Fanzor polypeptides and systems.Exemplary CBEs and Cytidine Deaminases

[0338] As previously discussed, Fanzor CBEs generally contain a cytidine deaminase. The term “cytidine deaminase” or “cytidine deaminase protein” or “cytidine deaminase activity” as used herein refers to a protein, a polypeptide, or one or more functional domain(s) of a protein or a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing a hydrolytic deamination reaction that converts a cytosine (or an cytosine moiety of a molecule) to an uracil (or a uracil moiety of a molecule), as shown below. In some embodiments, the cytosine-containing molecule is a cytidine (C), and the uracil-containing molecule is a uridine (U). The cytosine-containing molecule can be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). In certain examples, a cytidine deaminase may be a cytidine deaminase acting on RNA (CD AR).

[0339] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is derived from one or more metazoa species, including but not limited to, mammals, birds, frogs, squids, fish, flies and worms. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is a human, primate, cow, dog rat or mouse cytidine deaminase. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase of the base editor system is a human, rat or lamprey cytidine deaminase. In some embodiments, cytidine deaminases that can be used in the base editing system of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, members of the enzyme family known as apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing complex (APOBEC) family deaminase, an activation-induced deaminase (AID), or a cytidine deaminase 1 (CDA1). In particular embodiments, the deaminase in an APOBEC 1 deaminase, an APOBEC2 deaminase, an APOBEC3A deaminase, an APOBEC3B deaminase, an APOBEC3C deaminase, and APOBEC3D deaminase, an APOBEC3E deaminase, an APOBEC3F deaminase an APOBEC3G deaminase, an APOBEC3H deaminase, or an APOBEC4 deaminase.

[0340] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an apolipoprotein B mRNA- editing complex (APOBEC) family deaminase, an activation-induced deaminase (AID), or a cytidine deaminase 1 (CDA1). In particular embodiments, the deaminase in an APOBEC 1 deaminase, an APOBEC2 deaminase, an APOBEC3 A deaminase, an APOBEC3B deaminase, an APOBEC3C deaminase, and APOBEC3D deaminase, an APOBEC3E deaminase, an APOBEC3F de ase, or anAPOBEC4 deaminase. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is a human APOBEC, including, but not limited to, hAPOBECl or hAPOBEC3. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is a human AID.

[0341] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises human APOBEC 1 full protein (hAPOBECl) or the deaminase domain thereof (hAPOBECl -D) or a C-terminally truncated version thereof (hAPOBEC-T). In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an APOBEC family member that is homologous to hAPOBECl, hAPOBEC-D or hAPOBEC-T. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises human AID1 full protein (hAID) or the deaminase domain thereof (hAID-D) or a C-terminally truncated version thereof (hAID- T). In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an AID family member that is homologous to hAID, hAID-D or hAlD-T. In some embodiments, the hAlD-T is a hAID which is C- terminally truncated by about 20 amino acids.

[0342] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an APOBEC 1 deaminase comprising one or more mutations corresponding to W90A, W90Y, R118A, H121R, H122R, R126A, R126E, or R132E in rat APOBEC1, or an APOBEC3G deaminase comprising one or more mutations corresponding to W285A, W285Y, R313A, D316R, D317R, R320A, R320E, or R326E in human APOBEC3G.

[0343] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises the wild-type amino acid sequence of a cytosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the cytosine deaminase sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of the cytosine deaminase is changed according to specific needs.

[0344] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase or engineered adenosine deaminase with cytidine deaminase activity is capable of targeting cytosine in a DNA single strand. In certain example embodiments the cytidine deaminase activity edits on a single strand present outside of the binding component e.g., bound Fanzor protein. In other example embodiments, the cytidine deaminase may edit at a localized bubble, such as a localized bubble formed by a mismatch at the target edit site but the guide sequence. In certain example embodiments, the cytidine deaminase contains mutations that help focus the area of activity (e.g., editing window) such as those disclosed in Kim et al., Nature Biotechnology (2017) 35(4):371-377 (doi:10.1038 / nbt.3803.

[0345] Certain mutations of APOBEC 1 and APOBEC3 proteins have been described in Kim et al., Nature Bi arris et al.Mol. Cell (2002) 10:1247-1253, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the APOBEC1 and / or APOBEC3 contained in a Fanzor base editing system contain one or more mutaions described in Kim et al., Nature Biotechnology (2017) 35(4):371-377 (doi:10.1038 / nbt.3803); and Harris et al. Mol. Cell (2002) 10:1247- 1253.

[0346] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an APOBEC1 deaminase comprising one or more mutations at amino acid positions corresponding to W90, R118, H121, H122, R126, or R132 in rat APOBEC1, or an APOBEC3G deaminase comprising one or more mutations at amino acid positions corresponding to W285, R313 , D316, D317X, R320, or R326 in human APOBEC3G.

[0347] IInn some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises a mutation at tryptophane90of the rat APOBEC1 amino acid sequence, or a corresponding position in a homologous APOBEC protein, such as tryptophane285of APOBEC3G. In some embodiments, the tryptophane residue at position 90 is replaced by a tyrosine or phenylalanine residue (W90Y or W90F).

[0348] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises a mutation at Arginine118of the rat APOBEC 1 amino acid sequence, or a corresponding position in a homologous APOBEC protein. In some embodiments, the arginine residue at position 118 is replaced by an alanine residue (R118A).

[0349] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises a mutation at Histidine121of the rat APOBEC 1 amino acid sequence, or a corresponding position in a homologous APOBEC protein. In some embodiments, the histidine residue at position 121 is replaced by an arginine residue (H121R).

[0350] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises a mutation at Histidine122of the rat APOBEC 1 amino acid sequence, or a corresponding position in a homologous APOBEC protein. In some embodiments, the histidine residue at position 122 is replaced by an arginine residue (H122R).

[0351] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises a mutation at Arginine126of the rat APOBEC 1 amino acid sequence, or a corresponding position in a homologous APOBEC protein, such as Arginine320of APOBEC3G. In some embodiments, the arginine residue at position 126 is replaced by an alanine residue (R126A) or by a glutamic acid (R126E).

[0352] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises a mutation at arginine132of the APOBEC1 amino acid sequence, or a corresponding position in a homologous APOBEC protein. In some embodiments, the arginine residue at position 132 is replaced by a glutamic acid residue (R132E).

[0353] In some embodiments, to narrow the width of the editing window, the cytidine deaminase may comprise one or more of the mutations: W90Y, W90F, R126E and R132E, based on amino acid sequence positions of rat APOBEC 1, and mutations in a homologous APOBEC protein corresponding to the above.

[0354] In some embodiments, to reduce editing efficiency, the cytidine deaminase may comprise one or more of the mutations: W90A, R118 A, R132E, based on amino acid sequence positions of rat APOBEC 1 , and mutations in a homologous APOBEC protein corresponding to the above. In particular embodiments, it can be of interest to use a cytidine deaminase enzyme with reduced efficiency to reduce off-target effects.

[0355] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is wild-type rat APOBEC 1 (rAPOBECl, or a catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the rAPOBEC 1 sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of rAPOBECl is changed according to specific needs.

[0356] rAPOBECl:MSSETGPVAVDPTLRRRIEPHEFEVFFDPRELRKETCLLYEINWGGRHSIWRHTSQNT NKHVEVNFIEKFTTERYFCPNTRCSITWFLSWSPCGECSRAITEFLSRYPHVTLFIYIARLYHHADPRNRQGLRDLISSGVTIQIMTEQESGYCWRNFVNYSPSNEAHWPRYPHLW VRLYVLELYCIILGLPPCLNILRRKQPQLTFFTIALQSCHYQRLPPHILWATGLK (SEQ ID NO: 554).

[0357] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is wild-type human APOBEC 1 (hAPOBECl) or a catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the hAPOBEC 1 sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of hAPOBECl is changed according to specific needs.

[0358] APOBEC 1:MTSEKGPSTGDPTLRRRIEPWEFDVFYDPRELRKEACLLYEIKWGMSRKIWRSSGKNTTNHVEVNFIKKFTSERDFHPSMSCSITWFLSWSPCWECSQAIREFLSRHPGVTLVIYVARLFWHMDQQNRQGLRDLVNSGVTIQIMRASEYYHCWRNFVNYPPGDEAHWPQYPPLWMMLYALELHCIILSLPPCLKISRRWQNHLTFFRLHLQNCHYQTIPPHILLATGLI HPSVAWR (SE

[0359] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is wild-type human APOBEC3G (hAPOBEC3G) or a catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the hAPOBEC3G sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of hAPOBEC3G is changed according to specific needs.

[0360] hAPOBEC3G.MELKYHPEMRFFHWFSKWRKLHRDQEYEVTWYISWSPCTKCTRDMATFLAEDPKV TLTIFVARLYYFWDPDYQEALRSLCQKRDGPRATMKIMNYDEFQHCWSKFVYSQRE LFEPWNNLPKYYILLHIMLGEILRHSMDPPTFTFNFNNEPWVRGRHETYLCYEVERMHNDTWVLLNQRRGFLCNQAPHKHGFLEGRHAELCFLDVIPFWKLDLDQDYRVTCFT S W SPCF SC AQEMAKF1SKN KH VSLC1FTAR1 YDDQGRCQEGLRTL AEAG AK1S1MTYS EFKHCWDTFVDHQGCPFQPWDGLDEHSQDLSGRLRAILQNQEN (SEQ ID NO: 556).

[0361] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is wild-type Petromyzon marinus CD Al (pmCDAl) or a catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the pmCDAl sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of pmCDAl is changed according to specific needs.

[0362] pmCDAl:MTDAEYVRIHEKLDIYTFKKQFFNNKKSVSHRCYVLFELKRRGERRACFWGYAVNK PQSGTERGIHAEIFSIRKVEEYLRDNPGQFTINWYSSWSPCADCAEKILEWYNQELRG NGHTLKIWACKLYYEKNARNQIGLWNLRDNGVGLNVMVSEHYQCCRKIFIQSSHN QLNENRWLEKTLKRAEKRRSELSIMIQVKILHTTKSPAV (SEQ ID NO: 557).

[0363] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is wild-type human AID (hAID) or a catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the pmCDAl sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of pmCDAl is changed according to specific needs.

[0364] hAID:MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRWAKGRRETYLCYVVKRRDSATSFSLDFGYLRNKNGC HVELLFLRYISDWDLDPGRCYRVTWFTSWSPCYDCARHVADFLRGNPYLSLRIFTARLYFCEDRKAEPEGLRRLHRAGVQIAIMTFKDYFYCWNTFVENHERTFKAWEGLHEN SVRLSRQLRRILLPLYEVDDLRDAFRTLGLLD (SEQ ID NO: 558).

[0365] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is truncated version of hAID (hAID- DC) or a catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprisesone or more mutations in the hAID-DC sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of hAID-DC is changed according to specific needs.

[0366] hAID-DC:MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRWAKGRRETYLCYVVKRRDSATSFSLDFGYLRNKNGCHVELLFLRYISDWDLDPGRCYRVTWFTSWSPCYDCARHVADFLRGNPNLSLRIFTARLYFCEDRKAEPEGLRRLHRAGVQIAIMTFKDYFYCWNTFVENHERTFKAWEGLHEN SVRLSRQLRRILL (SEQ ID NO: 559).

[0367] Additional embodiments of the cytidine deaminase are disclosed in WO WO20 17 / 070632, titled “Nucleobase Editor and Uses Thereof,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0368] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase has an efficient deamination window that encloses the nucleotides susceptible to deamination editing. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the “editing window width” refers to the number of nucleotide positions at a given target site for which editing efficiency of the cytidine deaminase exceeds the half- maximal value for that target site. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase has an editing window width in the range of about 1 to about 6 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the editing window width of the cytidine deaminase is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides.

[0369] Not intended to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that in some embodiments, the length of a linker sequence (such as that coupling a deaminase and a Fanzor) can affect the editing window width. In some embodiments, the editing window width increases (e.g., from about 3 to about 6 nucleotides) as the linker length extends (e.g., from about 3 to about 21 amino acids). In a non-limiting example, a 16-residue linker offers an efficient deamination window of about 5 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the length of the guide molecule (e.g., omega RNA) affects the editing window width. In some embodiments, shortening the guide molecule (e.g., omega RNA) leads to a narrowed efficient deamination window of the cytidine deaminase.

[0370] In some embodiments, mutations to the cytidine deaminase affect the editing window width. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase component of a Fanzor CBE comprises one or more mutations that reduce the catalytic efficiency of the cytidine deaminase, such that the deaminase is prevented from deamination of multiple cytidines per DNA binding event. In some embodiments, tryptophan at residue 90 (W90) of APOB EC 1 or a corresponding tryptophan residue in a homologous sequence is mutated. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polylpeptide is f Y or W90Fmutation. In some embodiments, tryptophan at residue 285 (W285) of APOBEC3G, or a corresponding tryptophan residue in a homologous sequence is mutated. In some embodiments, the Fanzor polypeptide is fused to or linked to an APOBEC3G mutant that comprises a W285Y or W285F mutation.

[0371] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase component of a Fanzor base editor system comprises one or more mutations that reduce tolerance for non-optimal presentation of a cytidine to the deaminase active site. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations that alter substrate binding activity of the deaminase active site. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations that alter the conformation of DNA to be recognized and bound by the deaminase active site. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises one or more mutations that alter the substrate accessibility to the deaminase active site. In some embodiments, arginine at residue 126 (R126) of APOBEC1 or a corresponding arginine residue in a homologous sequence is mutated. In some embodiments, the Fanzor protein is fused to or linked to an APOBEC1 that comprises a R126A or R126E mutation. In some embodiments, tryptophan at residue 320 (R320) of APOBEC3G, or a corresponding arginine residue in a homologous sequence is mutated. In some embodiments, the Fanzor protein is fused to or linked to an APOBEC3G mutant that comprises a R320 A or R320E mutation. In some embodiments, arginine at residue 132 (R 132) of APOBEC1 or a corresponding arginine residue in a homologous sequence is mutated. In some embodiments, the Fanzor protein is fused to or linked to an APOBEC1 mutant that comprises a R132E mutation.

[0372] In some embodiments, the APOBEC 1 domain of the base editor system comprises one, two, or three mutations selected from W90Y, W90F, R126A, R126E, and R132E. In some embodiments, the APOBEC 1 domain comprises double mutations of W90Y and R126E. In some embodiments, the APOBEC1 domain comprises double mutations of W90Y and R132E. In some embodiments, the APOBEC 1 domain comprises double mutations of R126E and R132E. In some embodiments, the APOBEC 1 domain comprises three mutations of W90Y, R126E and R132E.

[0373] Exemplary reference APOBEC sequences are SEQ ID NO: 195-200 of WO 2019 / 005886.

[0374] In some embodiments, one or more mutations in the cytidine deaminase as disclosed herein reduce the editing window width to about 2 nucleotides. In some embodiments, on reduce theediting window width to about 1 nucleotide. In some embodiments, one or more mutations in the cytidine deaminase as disclosed herein reduce the editing window width while only minimally or modestly affecting the editing efficiency of the enzyme. In some embodiments, one or more mutations in the cytidine deaminase as disclosed herein reduce the editing window width without reducing the editing efficiency of the enzyme. In some embodiments, one or more mutations in the cytidine deaminase as disclosed herein enable discrimination of neighboring cytidine nucleotides, which would be otherwise edited with similar efficiency by the cytidine deaminase.

[0375] In some embodiments, the Fanzor CBE comprises one or more copies of the UNG inhibitor, UGI, linked to the Fanzor protein similarly to CRISPR-Cas-based fourth generation Base editors (BE4s). In some embodiments, the F Anzor CBE comprises extended Fanzor- UGI linkers, which, without being bound by theory, can result in the improved product purity. In some embodiments, the Fanzor CBE further contains a Gam protein coupled to the N-terminus of BE4. See e.g., Komor et al., Sci. Adv. 3(8) doi: 10.1126 / sciadv.aao4774 (2017).

[0376] Not intended to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that the cytidine deaminase domain functions to recognize and convert one or more target cytosine (C) residue(s) contained in a single-stranded bubble of n RNA duplex, DNA duplex, or RNA / DNA duplex into (an) uracil (U) residue (s). In some embodiments, the deaminase domain comprises an active center. In some embodiments, the active center comprises a zinc ion. In some embodiments, amino acid residues in or near the active center interact with one or more nucleotide(s) 5’ to a target cytosine residue. In some embodiments, amino acid residues in or near the active center interact with one or more nucleotide(s) 3’ to a target cytosine residue. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase protein recognizes and converts one or more target cytosine residue(s) in a single-stranded bubble of an RNA duplex, DNA duplex, or RNA / DNA duplex into uracil residues(s). In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase protein recognizes a binding window on the single-stranded bubble of an RNA duplex, DNA duplex, or RNA / DNA duplex. In some embodiments, the binding window contains at least one target cytosine residue(s). In some embodiments, the binding window is in the range of about 3 bp to about 100 bp. In some embodiments, the binding window is in the range of about 5 bp to about 50 bp. In some embodiments, the binding window is in the range of about 10 bp to about 30 bp. In some embodiments, the binding window is about 1 bp, 2 bp, 3 bp, 5 bp, 7 bp, 10 bp, 15 bp, 20 bp, 25 bp, 30 bp, 40 bp, 45 bp, 50 bp, 55 bp, 60 bp, 65 bp, 70 bp, 75 bp, 80 bp, 85 bp, 90 bp, 95 bp, or 100 bp.Exemplary Fanzor ABEs and Adenosine Deaminases

[0377] As previously discussed, Fanzor ABEs generally contain an adenosine deaminase. See e.g., Guadellie et al., Nature 551:464-471 (2017). The term “adenosine deaminase” or “adenosine deaminase protein” as used herein refers to a protein, a polypeptide, or one or more functional domain(s) of a protein or a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing a hydrolytic deamination reaction that converts an adenine (or an adenine moiety of a molecule) to a hypoxanthine (or a hypoxanthine moiety of a molecule), as shown below. In some embodiments, the adenine-containing molecule is an adenosine (A), and the hypoxanthine- containing molecule is an inosine (I). The adenine-containing molecule (such as a target polynucleotide) can be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA).

[0378] Without limitation, described herein are exemplary ABEs and adenosine deaminases that can be included in BE system described herein. In some embodiments, the ABE comprises ABEmaxAW, SECURE-ABE, ABE7.10, ABE7.10F148A, ABES, ABE8(V106W), ABESe, ABESe (V106W), ABES / ABESe, ABE7.9, CP1041, CP1028, dCasMINI-ABE, CP-ABEs. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is an ADAR.

[0379] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an engineered adenosine deaminase, which can be coupled to (e.g., fused to or linked to) the Fanzor protein. The engineered adenosine deaminase may comprise one or more mutations herein. In one embodiment, the engineered adenosine deaminase has cytidine deaminase activity. In certain examples, the engineered adenosine deaminase has both cytidine deaminase activity and adenosine deaminase. In some cases, the modifications by base editors herein may be used for targeting post-translational signaling or catalysis. In one embodiment, compositions herein comprise nucleotide sequence comprising encoding sequences for one or more components of a base editing system. A base-editing system may comprise a deaminase (e.g., an adenosine deaminase or cytidine deaminase) fused with a Fanzor polypeptide or a variant thereof. In some cases, the target polynucleotide is edited at one or more bases to introduce a G— >A or C— >T mutation.

[0380] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases included in the Fanzor base editor are members of the enzyme family known as adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), members of the enzyme family known as adenosine deaminases that act on tRNA (ADATs), and other adenosine deaminase domain-containing (AD AD) family members. According to the present disclosure, the adenosine deaminase is capable of targeting adenine in a RNA / DNA and RNA duple 369-3377)demonstrate that ADARs can carry out adenosine to inosine editing reactions on RNA / DNA and RNA / RNA duplexes. In particular embodiments, the adenosine deaminase has been modified to increase its ability to edit DNA in an RNA / DNA heteroduplex (such as that formed between a guide molecule and target DNA and is also referred to herein as the “RNA / DNA hybrid”, “DNA / RNA hybrid” or “double-stranded substrate”) or in an RNA duplex as detailed herein. In particular embodiments, the effector domain comprises the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family of enzymes. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is derived from one or more metazoa species, including but not limited to, mammals, birds, frogs, squids, fish, flies and worms. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a human, squid or Drosophila adenosine deaminase. In particular embodiments, the adenosine deaminase protein or catalytic domain thereof is capable of deaminating adenosine or cytidine in RNA or is an RNA specific adenosine deaminase and / or is a bacterial, human, cephalopod, or Drosophila adenosine deaminase protein or catalytic domain thereof, preferably TadA, more preferably ADAR, optionally huADAR, optionally (hu)ADARl or (hu)ADAR2, preferably huADAR2 or catalytic domain thereof. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a human ADAR, including hADARl, hADAR2, hADAR3. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a Caenorhabditis elegans ADAR protein, including ADR-1 and ADR-2. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a Drosophila ADAR protein, including dAdar. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a squid Loligo pealeii ADAR protein, including sqADAR2a and sqADAR2b. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a human AD AT protein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a Drosophila ADAT protein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a human AD AD protein, including TENR (hADADl) and TENRL (11ADAD2).

[0381] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a TadA protein such as E. coli TadA. See Kim et al., Biochemistry 45:6407-6416 (2006); Wolf et al., EMBO J. 21 :3841-3851 (2002). In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is mouse ADA. See Grunebaum et al., Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 13:630-638 (2013). In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is human ADAT2. See Fukui et al., J. Nucleic Acids 2010:260512 (2010). In some embodiments, the deaminase (e.g., adenosine or cytidine deaminase) is one or more of those described in Cox et al., Science. 2017, November 24; 358(6366): 1019—1027; Komore et al., Nature. 2016 May 19;533(7603):420-4; and Gaudelli et al., Nature. 2017 Nov 23;551(7681):464-471.

[0382] The term “editing selectivity” as used herein refers to the fraction of all sites on a double-stranded substrate that is edited by an adenosine deaminase. Without being bound by theory, it is contemplated that editing selectivity of an adenosine deaminase is affected by the double-stranded substrate’s length and secondary structures, such as the presence of mismatched bases, bulges and / or internal loops.

[0383] In some embodiments, when the substrate is a perfectly base-paired duplex longer than 50 bp, the adenosine deaminase may be able to deaminate multiple adenosine residues within the duplex (e.g., 50% of all adenosine residues). In some embodiments, when the substrate is shorter than 50 bp, the editing selectivity of an adenosine deaminase is affected by the presence of a mismatch at the target adenosine site. Particularly, in some embodiments, adenosine (A) residue having a mismatched cytidine (C) residue on the opposite strand is deaminated with high efficiency. In some embodiments, adenosine (A) residue having a mismatched guanosine (G) residue on the opposite strand is skipped without editing.

[0384] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase protein recognizes and converts one or more target adenosine residue(s) in a double-stranded nucleic acid substrate into inosine residue(s). In some embodiments, the double-stranded nucleic acid substrate is an RNA-DNA hybrid duplex. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase protein recognizes a binding window on the double-stranded substrate. In some embodiments, the binding window contains at least one target adenosine residue(s). In some embodiments, the binding window is in the range of about 3 bp to about 100 bp. In some embodiments, the binding window is in the range of about 5 bp to about 50 bp. In some embodiments, the binding window is in the range of about 10 bp to about 30 bp. In some embodiments, the binding window is about 1 bp, 2 bp, 3 bp, 5 bp, 7 bp, 10 bp, 15 bp, 20 bp, 25 bp, 30 bp, 40 bp, 45 bp, 50 bp, 55 bp, 60 bp, 65 bp, 70 bp, 75 bp, 80 bp, 85 bp, 90 bp, 95 bp, or 100 bp.

[0385] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase protein comprises one or more deaminase domains. Not intended to be bound by a particular theory, it is contemplated that the deaminase domain functions to recognize and convert one or more target adenosine (A) residue(s) contained in a double-stranded nucleic acid substrate into inosine (I) residue(s). In some embodiments, the deaminase domain comprises an active center. In some embodiments, the active center comprises a zinc ion. In some embodiments, during the A-to-I editing process, base pairing at the target adenosine residue is disrupted, and the target adenosine residue is “flipped” out of the double helix to become accessible by the adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, a e or morenucleotide(s) 5’ to a target adenosine residue. In some embodiments, amino acid residues in or near the active center interact with one or more nucleotide(s) 3’ to a target adenosine residue. In some embodiments, amino acid residues in or near the active center further interact with the nucleotide complementary to the target adenosine residue on the opposite strand. In some embodiments, the amino acid residues form hydrogen bonds with the 2’ hydroxyl group of the nucleotides.

[0386] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises human ADAR2 full protein (hADAR2) or the deaminase domain thereof (hADAR2-D). In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is an ADAR family member that is homologous to hADAR2 or HADAR2-D.

[0387] Particularly, in some embodiments, the homologous ADAR protein is human ADAR1 (hADARl) or the deaminase domain thereof (hADARl-D). In some embodiments, glycine 1007 of hADARl -D corresponds to glycine 487 hADAR2-D, and glutamic Acid 1008 of hADARl-D corresponds to glutamic acid 488 of hADAR2-D.

[0388] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the wild-type amino acid sequence of hADAR2-D. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in the hADAR2-D sequence, such that the editing efficiency, and / or substrate editing preference of hADAR2-D is changed according to specific needs. The engineered adenosine deaminase may be fused with a Cas protein, e.g., Cas9, or an engineered form of the Cas protein (e.g., an invective, dead form, a nickase form). In some examples, provided herein include an engineered adenosine deaminase fused with a dead Cas protein or Cas nickase.

[0389] Certain mutations of hADARl and hADAR2 proteins have been described in Kuttan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2012) 109(48):E3295-304; Want et al. ACS Chem Biol. (2015) 10(1 l):2512-9; and Zheng et al. Nucleic Acids Res. (2017) 45(6):3369-337, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Modified Adenosine Deaminase Having C to U Deamination Activity

[0390] In certain example embodiments, directed evolution may be used to design modified ADAR proteins capable of catalyzing additional reactions besides deamination of an adenine to a hypoxanthine. For example, the modified ADAR protein may be capable of catalyzing deamination of a cytidine to a uracil. While not bound by a particular theory, mutations that improve C to U activity may alter the shape of the binding pocket to be more amenable to the mutationson residues the catalytic core and / or residues that contact the RNA target. Examples of mutations on residues in the catalytic core include V351G and K350L, based on amino acid sequence positions of hADAR2-D, and mutations in a homologous ADAR protein corresponding to the above. Examples of mutations on residues on the residues that contact with the RNA target include S486A and S495N, based on amino acid sequence positions of hADAR2-D, and mutations in a homologous ADAR protein corresponding to the above.

[0391] In certain embodiments the adenosine deaminase is engineered to convert the activity to cytidine deaminase. Such engineered adenosine deaminase may also retain its adenosine deaminase activity, i.e., such mutated adenosine deaminase may have both adenosine deaminase and cytidine deaminase activities. Accordingly in some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in positions selected from E396, C451, V351, R455, T375, K376, S486, Q488, R510, K594, R348, G593, S397, H443, L444, Y445, F442, E438, T448, A353, V355, T339, P539, T339, P539, V525 1520, P462 and N579. In particular embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more mutations in a position selected from V351, L444, V355, V525 and 1520. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase may comprise one or more of mutations at E488, V351, S486, T375, S370, P462, N597, based on amino acid sequence positions of hADAR2-D, and mutations in a homologous ADAR protein corresponding to the above.

[0392] In some cases, the adenosine deaminase is double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR). Examples of ADARs include those described Yiannis A Savva et al., The ADAR protein family, Genome Biol. 2012; 13(12): 252, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some examples, the ADAR may be hADARl . In certain examples, the ADAR may be hADAR2. The sequence of 11ADAR2 may be that described under Accession No. AF525422.1.

[0393] In some cases, the deaminase may be a deaminase domain, e.g., a deaminase domain of ADAR (“ADAR-D”). In one example, the deaminase may be the deamina...

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A non-naturally occurring, engineered composition comprising a) a Fanzor polypeptide comprising a Ruv-C nuclease domain, the Ruv-C nuclease domain optionally comprising Ruv-CI, Ruv-CII, and Ruv-CIII subdomains, and b) an ωRNA component molecule comprising a scaffold and a reprogrammable spacer sequence, ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing the Fanzor polypeptide to a target polynucleotide.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide further comprises a REC domain, a bridge helix domain, or both.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide comprises a nonnative REC domain, a non-native WED domain, a non-native Ruv-C domain, a non-native NUC domain, or any combination thereof.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide comprises about 125 to about 1800 amino acids, optionally wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is about 400 to about 700 amino acids.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the reprogrammable spacer sequence comprises a spacer of 10 nucleotides to 50 nucleotides in length.

6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ωRNA component molecule comprises a scaffold of about 20 to 200 nucleotides in length.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor complex binds a target adjacent motif (TAM) sequence 5’ and / or 3 ’of the target polynucleotide.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the target polynucleotide is DNA, optionally wherein the target polynucleotide is double stranded DNA.

9. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a homologous recombination donor template comprising a donor sequence for insertion into a target polynucleotide.

10. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a functional domain associated with the Fanzor polypeptide.

11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the functional domain is a transposase, an integrase, a nucleobase deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a recombinase, an integrase, a topoisomerase, a retrotransposon, phosphatase, polymerase, a ligase, a helitron, a helicase, a methylase, a demethylase, a translation activator, a translation repressor, a transcription activator, a transcription repressor, a transcription release factor, a chromatin modifier, a histone modifier, an acetylase, a deacetylase, a reverse transcriptase, a nuclease.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is operatively coupled to one or more nuclear localization signal polypeptides at a C-terminus, anN-terminus, or both of the Fanzor polypeptide.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid mutations as compared to a wild type, whereby the one or more amino acid mutations increase binding and / or interaction with a target DNA and / or an ωRNA component molecule, and / or increase Fanzor activity.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide comprises one or more mutations of one or more neutral and / or negatively charged amino acids to one or more positively charged amino acids, optionally wherein the one or more mutations is in a WED domain, REC domain, RuvC domain, NUC domain or any combination thereof, and optionally wherein one or more of the one or more mutations are in positions that correspond to a positively charged channel formed by the WED domain, REC domain, and RuvC domain when active and / or interacts with an RNA-DNA heteroduplex formed by the ωRNA component molecule and a target DNA.

15. The composition of claim 13, wherein the one or more amino acid mutations are made in and / or in effective proximity to a DNA interaction region of the Fanzor polypeptide.

16. The composition of claim 13, wherein the one or more amino acid mutations comprise one or more mutations of FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, 56A-56D, 72D, 74E-74G, 75A- 75C, 76B-76D, 77A-77C or any combination thereof, or wherein one or more of the amino acid mutations are at one or more amino acid residues identified in any one or more of FIG. 10C-10E, FIG. 35, 56A-56D, 72D, 74E-74G, 75A-75C, 76B-76D, 77A-77C or any combination thereof or are analogous thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or variant Fanzor polypeptide.

17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide comprises (a) a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from: W596NUC, R601NUC, N604NUC, S598NUC, Y602NUC, R550NUC, C611RuvC, M607RuvC, W603NUC, L583NUC, K562NUC, R564NUC,Q129RFC, and N133REC, R291WED, Q130REC, and N133REC, relative to SpuFzl, or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant; (b) one or more mutations selected from: D300R, C31 OR, D487K, E498R, and T513K relative to SpuFz 1 or in corresponding mutations thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant; (c) a mutation at one or more amino acid residues selected from E541, D383, N385, D606, or any combination thereof, relative to SpuFzl, or in corresponding positions thereto in a homologue, orthologue, or a Fanzor variant; or (d) any combination of (a)-(d).

18. The composition of claim 11, wherein Fanzor activity is increased 1 to 50-fold or more as compared to a wild-type Fanzor or a Fanzor lacking one or more nuclear localization signals.

19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is a. a yeast Fanzor polypeptide; b. an amoeba Fanzor polypeptide; c. a protist Fanzor polypeptide; d. a metazoan Fanzor polypeptide; e. an algae Fanzor polypeptide; f. a fungi Fanzor polypeptide; g. a eukaryotic Fanzor polypeptide; h. a Mollusca Fanzor polypeptide; i. from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, Batrachochy trium, or Parasitellcr, j. a virus Fanzor polypeptide, optionally a Bodo saltans virus Fanzor polypeptide, a Harvforvirus Fanzor polypeptide, Homavirus Fanzor polypeptide, Dishui Lake Large Algae virus 1 Fanzor polypeptide, or Yasminevirus Fanzor polypeptide; k. a Fanzor polypeptide selected from a polypeptide or comprises a polypeptide or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in any one or more of Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortholog, or variant thereof; and / or is or comprises a polypeptide that is 80- 100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or l. any combination of a-k.

20. A vector system comprising one or more vectors encoding the Fanzor polypeptide, the ωRNA component molecule, or both of claim 1.

21. An engineered cell comprising the composition and / or the vector system of claim 1.

22. A method of modifying a target polynucleotide sequence in a cell, comprising introducing the composition of claim 1 into the cell.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein modifying comprises cleaving a DNA polynucleotide.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein cleavage occurs distal to a target-adjacent motif (TAM).

25. The method of claim 24, wherein cleavage occurs at a spacer annealing site or 3’ of the target sequence.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein cleavage occurs about 20-22 nucleotides away from the TAM.

27. The method of claim 23, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide, the ωRNA component molecule, or both are provided via one or more polynucleotides encoding the Fanzor polypeptide, the ωRNA component molecule, or both, and wherein the one or more polynucleotides are operably configured to express the Fanzor polypeptide, the ωRNA component molecule, or both.

28. The method of claim 22, wherein modifying comprises introducing one or more mutations into the target polynucleotide sequence.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the one or more mutations comprise substitutions, deletions, insertions, or any combination thereof.

30. An engineered, non-naturally occurring composition comprising: a. a Fanzor polypeptide, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is catalytically inactive, b. a nucleotide deaminase associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide, and c. an ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding at a target sequence.

31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is selected from a polypeptide, or comprises a polypeptide, or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortholog, or variant thereof; and / or is or comprises a polypeptide that is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22 Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof.

32. The composition of claim 30, wherein the nucleotide deaminase is an adenosine deaminase or a cytidine deaminase.

33. One or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the composition of claim 30.

34. One or more vectors encoding the one or more polynucleotides of claim 33.

35. A cell or progeny thereof genetically engineered to express one or more components of the composition of any one of claims 30-34.

36. A method of editing nucleic acids in target polynucleotides comprising delivering the co leotides ofclaim 33, or one or more vectors of claim 34 to a cell or population of cells comprising the target polynucleotides.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the target polynucleotides are target sequences within genomic DNA.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein the target polynucleotides are edited at one or more bases to introduce (a) a G— >A, C, or T mutation; (b) a C— >A, T, or G mutation, (c) a A— »C, T, or G mutation; (d) T— »A, C, or G mutation; or any combination of (a)-(d).

39. An isolated cell or progeny thereof comprising one or more base edits made using the method of any one of claim 36.

40. An engineered, non-naturally occurring composition comprising: a. a catalytically dead Fanzor polypeptide, b. a reverse transcriptase associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the catalytically dead Fanzor polypeptide, and c. an CDRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the catalytically dead Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide, the rωRNA component molecule further comprising a donor template encoding a donor sequence for insertion into the target polynucleotide.

41. One or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the composition of claim 40.

42. One or more vectors encoding the one or more polynucleotides of claim 41.

43. A method of modifying target polynucleotides comprising; delivering the composition of claim 40, the one or more polynucleotides of claim 41, or the one or more vectors of claim 42 to a cell, or population of cells, comprising the target polynucleotides, wherein the complex directs the reverse transcriptase to the target sequence and the reverse transcriptase facilitates insertion of a donor sequence encoded by the donor template from the ωRNA component molecule into the target polynucleotide.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein insertion of the donor sequence: a. introduces one or more base edits; b. corrects or introduces a premature stop codon; c. disrupts a splice site; d. inserts or restores a splice site; e. inserts a gene or gene fragment at one or both alleles of the target polynucleotides; or f. any combination thereof.

45. An isolated cell or progeny thereof comprising one or more modifications made using the method of claim 43 or 44.

46. An engineered, non-naturally occurring composition comprising: a. a Fanzor polypeptide, b. a non-LTR retrotransposon protein associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide, and c. an ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide, the ωRNA component molecule further comprising a donor template encoding a donor polynucleotide for insertion into the target polynucleotide and located between two binding elements capable of forming a complex with the non-LTR retrotransposon protein.

47. The composition of claim 46, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is fused to an N- terminus of the non-LTR retrotransposon protein.

48. The composition of claim 46, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is engineered to have nickase activity.

49. The composition of claim 46, wherein the ωRNA component molecule directs the Fanzor polypeptide to a target sequence 5’ of ta targeted insertion site, and wherein the Fanzor polypeptide generates a strand break at the targeted insertion site.

50. The composition of claim 46, wherein the ωRNA component molecule directs the Fanzor polypeptide to a target sequence 3’ of a targeted insertion site, and wherein the Fanzor polypeptide generates a strand break at the targeted insertion site.

51. The composition of claim 46, wherein the donor polynucleotide further comprises a polymerase processing element to facilitate 3’ end processing of the donor polynucleotide.

52. The composition of claim 46, wherein the donor polynucleotide further comprises a homology region on a 5 ’ end of the donor template, a 3 ’ end of the donor template, or both, wherein the homology region has homology to the target sequence.

53. The composition of claim 52, wherein the homology region is from 8 to 25 base pairs.

54. One or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the composition of claim 46.

55. One or more vectors comprising the one or more polynucleotides of claim 54.

56. A method of modifying a target polynucleotide comprising; delivering the composition of claim 46, the one or more polynucleotides of claim 54, or one or more vectors of claim 55 to a cell or population of cells comprising the target polynucleotide, wherein the complex directs the non-LTR retrotransposon protein to the target sequence and the non-LTR retrotransposon protein facilitates insertion of the donor polynucleotide from the donor template into the target polynucleotide.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein insertion of the donor polypeptide: a. introduces one or more base edits; b. corrects or introduces a premature stop codon; c. disrupts a splice site; d. inserts or restores a splice site; e. inserts a gene or gene fragment at one or both alleles of the target polynucleotide; or f. any combination thereof.

58. An isolated cell or progeny thereof comprising one or more modifications made using the method of claim 56.

59. An engineered, non-naturally occurring composition comprising: a. a Fanzor polypeptide, b. an integrase protein associated with or otherwise capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide, and optionally a reverse transcriptase, and c. an ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and directing site-specific binding of the complex to a target sequence of a target polynucleotide, the ωRNA component molecule further comprising a donor template encoding a donor polynucleotide for insertion into the target polynucleotide and located between two binding elements capable of forming a complex with the integrase protein.

60. The composition of claim 59, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is fused to the integrase protein and optionally the reverse transcriptase.

61. The composition of claim 59, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is engineered to have nickase activity.

62. The composition of claim 59, wherein the ωRNA component molecule directs the Fanzor polypeptide to a target sequence, and wherein the Fanzor polypeptide generates a nick at a targeted insertion site.

63. The composition of claim 61, wherein the donor polynucleotide further comprises a homology region on the 5’ end of the donor template, the 3’ end of the donor template, or both, wherein the homology region has homology to the target sequence.

64. One or more polynucleotides encoding one or more components of the composition of claim 59.

65. One or more vectors comprising the one or more polynucleotides of claim 64.

66. A method of modifying a target polynucleotide comprising; delivering the composition of claim 59, the one or more polynucleotides of claim 64, or one or more vectors of claim 65 to a cell or population of cells comprising the target polynucleotide, wherein the complex directs the integrase protein to the target sequence and the integrase protein facilitates insertion of the donor polynucleotide from the donor template into the target polynucleotide.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein insertion of the donor polynucleotide: a. introduces one or more base edits; b. corrects or introduces a premature stop codon; c. disrupts a splice site; d. inserts or restores a splice site; e. inserts a gene or gene fragment at one or both alleles of the target polynucleotide; or f. any combination thereof.

68. An isolated cell or progeny thereof comprising one or more modifications made using the method of claim 66.

69. A composition for detecting the presence of a target polynucleotide in a sample, comprising: one or more Fanzor polypeptides possessing collateral activity; at least one ωRNA component comprising a sequence capable of binding a target polynucleotide and designed to form a complex with the one or more Fanzor polypeptides; a detection construct comprising a polynucleotide component, wherein the one or more Fanzor polypeptides exhibits collateral nuclease activity and cleaves the polynucleotide component of the detection construct once activated by the target sequence; and optionally, one or more isothermal amplification reagents.

70. The composition of claim 69, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide is a. a yeast Fanzor polypeptide; b. an amoeba Fanzor polypeptide; c. a protist Fanzor polypeptide; d. a metazoan Fanzor polypeptide; e. an algae Fanzor polypeptide; f. a fungi Fanzor polypeptide; g. a eukaryotic Fanzor polypeptide; h. a Mollusca Fanzor polypeptide; i. from an organism of the genus Eremothecium, Ashbya, Spizellomyces, Torulaspora, Naegleria, Rhizopus, Guillardia, Batillaria, Dreissena, Mercenaria, Batrachochy trium, or Parasitellcr, j. a virus Fanzor polypeptide, optionally a Bodo saltans virus Fanzor polypeptide, a Harvforvirus Fanzor polypeptide, Homavirus Fanzor polypeptide, Dishui Lake Large Algae virus 1 Fanzor polypeptide, or Yasminevirus r Fanzor polypeptide; k. a Fanzor polypeptide selected from a polypeptide, or comprises a polypeptide, or is encoded by a polynucleotide set forth in Table 1, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof, or is a homolog, ortholog, or variant thereof; and / or is 80-100 percent identical to a polypeptide sequence set forth in or that is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in Table l. Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 18, Table 20, Table 21, Table 22, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, FIG. 18A-18B, FIG. 19A-19B, FIG. 20, FIG. 33, FIG. 35, FIG. 53A-53G, FIG. 56A-56D, FIG. 66, FIG 72D, FIG. 74E-74G, FIG. 75A-75C, FIG. 77A-77C, or any combination thereof,; or1. any combination of a-k.

71. The composition of claim 69, wherein the isothermal amplification reagents are loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reagents.

72. The composition of claim 71, wherein the LAMP reagents comprise LAMP primers.

73. The composition of claim 69, further comprising one or more additives to increase reaction specificity or kinetics.

74. The composition of claim 69, further comprising polynucleotide binding beads.

75. A method for detecting polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising; contacting one or more target polynucleotides with a Fanzor polypeptide, at least one ωRNA component molecule capable of forming a complex with the Fanzor polypeptide and direct sequence-specific binding to one or more target polynucleotides and a detection construct, wherein the Fanzor polypeptide exhibits collateral nuclease activity and cleaves the detection construction once activated by the one or more target polynucleotides; and detecting a signal produced by cleavage of the detection construction thereby detecting the one or more target polynucleotides.

76. The method of claim 75, further comprising amplifying the one or more target polynucleotides using isothermal amplification prior to contacting.

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