MAGE transposon system for gene delivery
The piggyBac transposon system efficiently integrates genes into transcriptionally regulated regions, overcoming the limitations of viral vectors by achieving high transposition efficiency and stability with minimal cytotoxicity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/111618
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-08-14
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-13
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-20
AI Technical Summary
Current gene delivery technologies, particularly those relying on viral vectors, face challenges such as safety concerns, side effects, and the need for more efficient and stable gene incorporation methods in animals and humans.
A transposon system of the piggyBac family that preferentially integrates into transcriptionally regulated regions, utilizing a method that involves introducing a transposase and an exogenous sequence flanked by terminal inverted repeats into a cell, allowing for efficient gene insertion and seamless excision.
The system achieves high transposition efficiency and stability, enabling the generation of stably expressed therapeutic proteins and CAR-T cells, with minimal cytotoxicity and no unwanted footprints, thus addressing the limitations of existing gene delivery technologies.
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Figure PCTCN2024111618-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
MAGE TRANSPOSON SYSTEM FOR GENE DELIVERYBACKGROUND
[0001] Transposons, a class of genetic elements capable of migrating and replicating within a host genome, exhibit a fascinating mechanism known as transposition, wherein they change their insertion site. This phenomenon can be categorized into two main types: DNA transposons and retrotransposons. DNA transposons are mobilized through a “cut-and-paste” mechanism, as they are excised from their original location and integrated into a new target site within the genome. The process involves the recognition of end repeats by the encoded transposase enzyme. The first DNA transposon was discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock, and subsequent research revealed that DNA transposons are active in a wide range of organisms. In mammalian cells, researchers commonly employ three highly active DNA transposons: Sleeping Beauty (SB) from the Tcl / mariner superfamily, piggyBac (PB) from the piggyBac superfamily, and Tol2 from the hAT superfamily. These DNA transposons have proven invaluable in various genetic studies, providing insights into genome engineering, gene therapy, and understanding the mechanisms underlying transposition events.
[0002] Among the widely used transposons mentioned above, piggyBac (PB) exhibits the highest transposable activity in human cell lines and primary T cells. During transposition, PB specifically integrates into the TTAA site and achieves seamless excision, leaving no footprint at the excision location. Due to its advantageous genetic engineering properties, PB finds frequent applications in fields such as gene therapy, gene trapping, gene transfer, transgenic animals, gene screening, and others. Mechanisms of PiggyBac transposase can be found in, for example, Chen et al., Nature Communications, 2020, 11: 3446. In addition to the founder PB transposable elements, the PB superfamily comprises two major types of elements: piggyBac-like elements (PBLE) and piggyBac-derived sequences (PGBD) . PB and PBLE share certain characteristics, including a TTAA tandem site repeat (TSD) , a triple aspartate (DDD) pattern, and the C-terminal cysteine-rich structural domain (CRD) in the PB transposase. Some PBLEs have recently been identified in insect species and baculoviruses.
[0003] Several of the prior art gene delivery technologies employed viruses that are associated with potentially undesirable side effects and safety concerns. The majority of current gene-delivery technologies useful for gene therapy rely on virus-based delivery vectors, such as adeno and adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, and other viruses, which have been attenuated to no longer replicate. While there are multiple problems associated with the use of viral vectors, non-viral vector DNA transposons have gained popularity as an alternative due to their lower production costs and reduced risk of viral residues. There are urgent need for a new method to produce transgenic animals and humans with stably incorporated genes, in which the vector containing those genes does not cause disease or other unwanted side effects, for DNA constructs that would be stably incorporated into the tissues and cells of animals and humans, including cells in the resting state that are not replicating. for DNA constructs capable of delivering genes to specific tissues and cells and producing proteins in those animals and humans.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure provides a transposon system of the piggyBac family, which exhibits a preference for integrating into transcriptionally regulated regions.
[0005] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, provided is a method for inserting an exogenous sequence to a target genome in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell (a) a transposase or a polynucleotide encoding the transposase and (b) the exogenous sequence disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the transposase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein transposase recognizes the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR.
[0006] In some embodiments, the transposase is introduced as the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide and the exogenous sequence are on a same vector, or on separate vectors.
[0007] In some embodiments, the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a reverse-complement thereof. In some embodiments, the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, or a reverse-complement thereof. In some embodiments, the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, or a reverse-complement thereof. In some embodiments, the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, or a reverse-complement thereof.
[0008] Also provided, in one embodiments, is an engineered cell with a genome, wherein the genome comprises an exogenous sequence integrated thereinto, wherein the exogenous sequence is disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR are recognizable by a transposase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0009] In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell, preferably a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an immune cell, a cancer cell, or a stem cell.
[0010] In some embodiments, the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a reverse-complement thereof. In some embodiments, the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, or a reverse-complement thereof. In some embodiments, the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, or a reverse-complement thereof. In some embodiments, the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, or a reverse-complement thereof.
[0011] In some embodiments, the exogenous sequence encodes a protein, preferably a therapeutic protein. In some embodiments, the protein is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .
[0012] Another embodiment provides a transposon system comprising: (a) a transposase or a polynucleotide encoding the transposase, and (b) a nucleic acid sequence comprising a coding sequence disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the transposase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein transposase recognizes the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR.
[0013] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the transposase and the nucleic sequence are on the same vector or separate vectors.
[0014] Yet another embodiment provides an engineered transposase, wherein the engineered transposase has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises one or more substitutions, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, in (a) amino acid residues 1-112 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) amino acid residues 273-467 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or (c) amino acid residues 577-626 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the engineered transposase can recognize a nucleic acid sequencing comprising a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) comprising SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0015] In some embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions selected from R15L, R16L, I398V, N437T, N437E, I582L, I586K, T598A, and V604I corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0016] In some embodiments, the transposase comprises substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) I398V and N437E; (2) I398V and N437E; (3) I398V and I586K; (4) I398V and T598A; (5) N437E and I586K; (6) N437E and T598A; (7) I582L and I586K; (8) I582L and V604I; (9) I586K and T598A; (10) I586K and V604I; (11) I398V, N437E and I586K; (12) I398V, N437E and T598A; (13) I398V, I586K and T598A; (14) N437E, I586K and T598A; (15) I398V, N437E, I586K and T598A; (16) I582L and I586K; (17) I582L and T598A; (18) I582L and V604I; I586K and T598A; (20) I586K and V604I; (21) T598A and V604I; (22) I582L, I586K, T598A; (23) I582L, I586K and V604I; (24) I582L, T598A and V604I; and (25) I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0017] In some embodiments, the transposase comprises substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) I398V; (2) N437E; (3) I586K; (4) T598A; (5) I398V and N437E; (6) I398V and N437E; (7) I582L and I586K; (8) I582L and V604I; (9) I586K and V604I; (10) I582L, T598A and V604I; and (11) I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0018] In some embodiments, the transposase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or a sequence having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 while retaining 582L, 586K, 598A, and 604I.
[0019] In another embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the engineered transposase of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant having at least 80%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0020] Also provided is a vector comprising a transposon comprising an open-reading frame (ORF) disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR are recognizable by a transposase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, retroviral vector, or plasmid.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1A-B show the PiggyBac-like element in Lepidoptera. (A) Diagram of Mage transposon flanked by TTAA, as well as the arrangement of the LE and RE TIRs. (B) Structure of Mage transposase (Magease) . N-terminal domain (NTD) . Dimerization and DNA-binding domain (DDBD) . C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) . Gray indicates disordered regions in the structure.
[0022] FIG. 2A-G show the high transposition activity of Mage in various mammalian cells. (A) Donor and helper plasmids are used in human cells. LE and RE mark the left and right transposon end sequences, respectively. EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; Ef1-α, Ef1-α promoter; puro, puromycin resistance gene. Helper plasmids: CMV, CMV promoter; transposase, the transposase (Mage, hySB100X, hyPB) coding gene. (B) The transposition of Mage, hyper Sleep Beauty 100X, and hyper Piggybac elements containing puromycin antibiotic resistance genes from transfected plasmids to the HeLa genome was measured in the presence and absence of transposase by selection for puromycin antibiotic-resistant cells. Numbers of HeLa cell colonies obtained from transfection carrying the puromycin resistance cassette transposon and transposase (1: 1 ratio) in a 10cm plate. (C) Counting of clones with IMageJ. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) . (D) Representative flow cytometry analysis of Jurkat cells electroporated with EGFP-carrying transposon plasmids and transposase. Cells stably expressing an integrated EGFP gene were identified 2 weeks after transfection. The x-axis represented the intensity of EGFP, and the Y-axis represented the frequency of events. (E) Statistics of GFP- positive T cells after 14 days of electroporation. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) . (F) Stimulation of primary T cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and nucleofection with Mage in a range of doses of EGFP-carrying transposon and transposase plasmids (1: 5, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, 5: 1, 1: 0 transposon: transposase. Each sample’s total transfected DNA was adjusted to 6 μg using a pCMV-hyPB plasmid. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) . (G) GFP-positive cells were selected by FACS of T cells electroporated for 14 days, the genome was extracted, and the number of transposon copies in T cells with different ratios of transposon transposase was calculated. The copy number determined was normalized to the genomic copy number for RNaseP. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) .
[0023] FIG. 3A-C show the genome-wide distribution of Mage insertion sites. (A) Footprints left after Mage transposase-mediated excision. The donor TTAA site is highlighted in red. (B) The WebLogo diagrams represent common sequences for Mage transposon insertions. The x-axis denotes the upstream and downstream regions flanking the vector integration site. The letter’s height reflects the level of base conservation, while the y-axis indicates bit of information. The insertion position is shown by the black triangle. (C) Comparison of Mage, SB100X, and hyPB in the human genome. Genomic distribution data of Mage from three independent experiments (Mage-1, Mage-2, Mage-3) . The random insertion frequency is set to 1, and the red and blue colors stand for the higher and lower insertion frequencies, respectively. ‘TSS’ , transcriptional start site; ‘UTR’ , untranslated region; ‘Upst’ , upstream.
[0024] FIG. 4A-E show Transposition activities of Mage transposase mutants. (A) Schematic representation of transposition. (B) The frequency of Mage transposase mutant transposition is indicated by GFP fluorescence expression, determined by FACS analysis, and normalized to Mage. Relative transposition efficiency was calculated as the percentage of GFP-positive cells 14d after delivery over the percentage of GFP-positive cells 1 d after delivery. Positive control, wild-type (wt) Mage, is set to 100%. When the students’ t-test yielded p-values less than 0.05, means were deemed statistically significant. On all data figures, asterisks are placed above the bars to indicate the statistical significance of the difference in relation to the positive control. p < 0.05 (*) ; p < 0.01 (**) ; p < 0.01 (***) . Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 5 independent experiments) . (C) Same region combination mutation. Mutant 1, R15L; 2, R16L; 3, I398V; 4, N437T; 5, N437E; 6, I582L; 7, I586K; 8, T598A; 9, V604I. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) . (D) Highly active single amino acid switch combinations. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) (E) Relative efficiencies of the Mage, 6789 mutant, hyPB, and hySB100X. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n = 3 independent experiments) .
[0025] FIG. 5A-G show the hyMage-generated NKG2D CAR T cell and functional analysis. NKG2D CAR and control CAR constructs were used in the present study. To simplify the detection of CAR expression by flow cytometry analysis, a Strep-Tag II (STII) tag was added. (B) Representative flow cytometry analysis of T cells transfected with NKG2D CAR hyMG transposons. T cells were derived from healthy donors and enriched for CAR-positive cells by co-culture with K562a. The x axis shows fluorescence from STII, and the y axis shows fluorescence from CD3. The experiment was repeated three times using cells from three different T-cell donors. (C) The average number of NKG2D CAR transgene insertions in each CAR T-cell genome by three independent assays from three different T-cell donors. Data are shown as mean values; s. d. (D) Cytolytic activity of NKG2D CAR T cells generated by hyMG transposons. Delfia EuTDA cytotoxicity assay (4 h EuTDA culturing) was used to assess tumor cell lysis efficiency. Data were obtained from n = 3 independent experiments with n = 3 different T cell donors. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, s. d. (E) Experimental procedure for animal studies using hyMage-generated NKG2D CAR-T cells. NCG mice were i. p. injected with 2×106 HCT116-luc cells on day 0. Four groups of mice (4 mice per group) received i. p. injection of PBS, T cells (NT) , ctrl T cells (CD19-CAR-T) , and NKG2D CAR-T cells on day 7 (1×107 cells per mouse) . On days 7, 14, 21, and 28, bioluminescent imaging of tumor signals was carried out. (F) The bioluminescence image for the indicated time is displayed. (G) The bioluminescence flux measurements from each mouse in the corresponding group were plotted on days 7 and 28.
[0026] FIG. 6A-D show that (A) The expression of Mage plasmids has little effect on HeLa cell viability. HeLa cells were transfected with varying amounts of transposon vectors to investigate the potential cytotoxicity of Mage transposon plasmid expression. The control group (Ctrl) was HeLa cells and HeLa cells plus lipo3000 transfection reagent respectively. The CCK8 assay was used to determine relative cell viability. There was no statistically significant difference between the Mage transposon and control groups (one-way ANOVA) . Data are presented as mean values with standard deviations (SD) . (n = 3 separate experiments) . (B) High transposition activity of Mage in T cells. Transposition assay demonstrating the activity of Mage delivered using an EGFP expression plasmid in T cells. The control (Ctrl) cells did not contain Mage transposase plasmid. Data are shown as mean values; error bars, SD. (n=3 independent experiments) . (C) Schematic diagram of the structure of NKG2D CAR used in this study. The 2nd-Gen CAR construct is made up of the 4-1BB costimulatory domain and DAP12, while the control CAR is made up of an anti-CD19 scFv in place of the NKG2D ectodomain. The identification of CAR expression is facilitated by the use of the Strep-Tag II (STII) tag. (D) The phenotype of NKG2D CAR-positive cells generated with hyMage after expansion with irradiated K562A feeder cells. The chart displays the results of two additional T cell donors’ flow tests.
[0027] It will be recognized that some or all of the figures are schematic representations for purpose of illustration.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] The following description sets forth exemplary embodiments of the present technology. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.
[0029] Definitions
[0030] It is to be understood that as used in the specification and in the claims, “a” or “an” can mean one or more, depending upon the context in which it is used. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” can mean that at least one cell can be utilized.
[0031] The term “nucleic acid” , or “polynucleotide” includes double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, RNA, antisense nucleic acids, siRNA, and polynucleotide strands.
[0032] Mage Transposon Systems
[0033] The present disclosure describes new transposon systems and their uses for efficient integration of exogenous sequences into a target genome. A representative transposon system of the present disclosure, Mage, is a piggyBac-like system discovered in the genomes of Lepidoptera species.
[0034] The Mage system (as illustrated in FIG. 1A-B) includes a transposase (Magease) and corresponding terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) enclosing an exogenous sequence for transposition. The Magease consists of a single open-reading frame (ORF) that encodes a 627 amino-acid protein (FIG. 1B and SEQ ID NO: 1) . The TIRs are flanked by TTAA tetranucleotides and exhibit asymmetry, comprising a 60-bp left-end TIR (LE TIR or LE60) and a 34-bp right-end TIR (RE TIR or RE34) (FIG. 1A) . The catalytic domain of the Magease (residues 273–467) contains a triple aspartate (DDD) motif responsible for catalytic DNA cleavage and joining reactions. In addition to the catalytic domain, a unique all-α-helical domain (denoted Dimerization and DNA-binding domain, DDBD) is formed by the convergence of residues 113–272 and 468–547. This domain plays an important role in knitting the protein together and interacts with the TIRs. The Cysteine-rich domain (CRD, residues 577–626) , connected to the C-terminal end of the DDBD through an extended linker, is important for transposase activity and is important for TIR binding. The transposase also contains a ~100 amino acid long N-terminal disordered region (NTD) whose function is currently unknown, but is contemplated to help the “fine-tuning” of transposition and functions in the piggyBac-originated co-opted genes.
[0035] Mage has demonstrated robust activity in diverse mammalian cells and shares the advantageous characteristics of seamless excision with piggyBac. Moreover, it enables the generation of stably expressed CAR-T cells for use in gene therapy, highlighting its potential in cancer treatments.
[0036] As demonstrated in the experimental examples, Mage is highly active in cultured HeLa and Jurkat cells, as well as in primary T cells. Moreover, Mage was compared to hyper SB100X and hyper piggyBac, currently the most active forms of Sleeping Beauty (SB) and PiggyBac (PB) transposases. Mage’s activity was the highest in Jurkat cells. In terms of transposition efficiency, the inventors investigated various ratios and doses of transposon: transposase plasmids in vitro. It was discovered that the most efficient ratio was 5: 1 between transposon and transposase. Accordingly, it is contemplated that the copy number of transposons into the genome can be controlled with the quantity and ratio of transposons and transposases, thereby mitigating the potential risk of Mage transposons inducing mutations in the host genome.
[0037] Importantly, footprinting experiments have shown that Mage is capable of precisely repairing gaps caused by excised transposons without the need for DNA synthesis, which is a highly attractive advantage. In contrast, transposons that require DNA synthesis for gap repair may lead to undesired mutations in host genes if their excision generates footprints. The presence of active transposase in the cell allows transposons, including Mage and PB, to be recognized and reintegrated into new positions in the genome. The seamless excision properties of Mage ensure that it does not introduce unwanted footprints when transposase persistence is maintained.
[0038] As demonstrated in the examples, the transposition efficiency of Mage can be further increased by incorporating certain mutations. Three types of mutations were tested, including (1) mutations of hydrophobic amino acids into hydrophilic amino acids; (2) replacement of acidic amino acids with basic amino acids; (3) incorporation of naturally occurring sequence variants into the transposase. Out of 39 potential mutations, 9 single amino acid mutations (Table 2) resulted in further improved transposase activities. Moreover, when some of these single amino acid mutations were combinations, synergism resulted. This exercise led to the identification of hyMage (FIG. 4E) which included mutations I582L, I586K, T598A, and V604I (SEQ ID NO: 9, with an example coding sequence in SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0039] The advent of CAR T technology has created a novel way of immunotherapy with its effective treatment of hematological cancers, giving hope for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, NKG2D CARs were transferred into human primary T cells by hyMage. As shown in the examples, a single infusion of NKG2D CAR T cells was sufficient to treat tumors in mice loaded with HCT116 intestinal cancer, resulting in tumor inhibition at 28 days (FIG. 5F) . Even better therapeutic outcome can be achieved if multiple infusions of CAR T cell therapy are taken.
[0040] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a method for inserting an exogenous sequence to a target genome in a cell with one or more of the instantly disclosed transposon systems. In one embodiment, the method entails introducing into a cell (a) a transposase or a polynucleotide encoding the transposase and (b) the exogenous sequence disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR, or 5’ TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR, or 3’ TIR) recognizable by the transposase. Each of these elements is discussed in further detail below.
[0041] In some embodiments, the transposase is the identified Mage transposase, which have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The domain structures and their functions of the Mage transpose has been analyzed. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the Mage protein includes a ~100 amino acid long N-terminal disordered region (NTD) , a catalytic domain (residues 273–467) , responsible for catalytic DNA cleavage and joining reactions, an all-α-helical domain (DDBD, residues 113–272 and 468–547) , a cysteine-rich domain (CRD, residues 577–626) and a triple aspartate (DDD) motif. In addition, the C-terminal DDBD portion is connected to the CRD through a linker.
[0042] Moreover, various mutations to the Mage protein have been designed and tested, based on the understanding of the domains and their functions. While some of the mutants had increased transposition efficiency, all of them at least retained the transposase activity. Therefore, the instant data have demonstrated that variations can be made to the Mage protein while retaining its activity. Accordingly, it is with the scope of the present disclosure that variants of the Mage protein can also be used for transposition. In some embodiments, the transpose of the present disclosure has at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, a variant of Mage includes one, two, three, four or five amino acid substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the substitutions are conservative.
[0043] The Mage transposase recognizes transposons flanked by a LE-TIR and a RE-TIR. The native sequences of LE-TIR and RE-TIR have been identified. The core LE-TIR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 and the extended sequence is presented in SEQ ID NO: 4. The core RE-TIR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 and the extended sequence is presented in SEQ ID NO: 6. It is contemplated that variations / mutations are allowed in the LE-TIR and RE-TIR.
[0044] In some embodiments, the LE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 (or a reverse-complement of each of them, such as SEQ ID NO: 7) .
[0045] In some embodiments, the LE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 (or a reverse-complement of each of them) . In some embodiments, the sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 at least includes the full sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0046] In some embodiments, the RE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 (or a reverse-complement of each of them, such as SEQ ID NO: 8) .
[0047] In some embodiments, the RE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 (or a reverse-complement of each of them) . In some embodiments, the sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 at least includes the full sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0048] It is readily appreciated that the transposition systems can be in cis or trans. In a cis configuration, the transposase-coding nucleic acid sequence and the TIRs can be on the same nucleic acid molecule. For instance, the TIRs can flank the transposase, optionally with additional protein-coding sequences. In a trans configuration, the TIRs and their enclosed sequence are on a separate nucleic acid molecule. Upon introduction into a target cell, the transposase can identify the TIRs and initiate transposition.
[0049] As demonstrated, during transposition, the transposase helps to insert the exogenous sequence flanked by the TIRs, along with the two TIRs, into a target genome. As Mage was identified from Lepidoptera and only native in those species, any other types of cells, upon such transposition, would include, in addition to the exogenous sequence, the two flanking TIRs. In other words, such engineered cells can be readily identified by virtue of their inclusion of the TIR sequences in the cells’ genome. As provided, an advantage of the Mage transposon system is that it leaves no trace once the inserted exogenous sequence is excised from the target genome.
[0050] Accordingly, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides an engineered cell that includes a genome, wherein the genome includes an exogenous sequence integrated thereinto, wherein the exogenous sequence is disposed between a LE-TIR and a RE-TIR of the present disclosure, as discussed above.
[0051] In some embodiments, the cell is a cell that is not from a Lepidoptera species. In some embodiments, the cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell, preferably a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an immune cell, a cancer cell, or a stem cell. In some embodiments, the exogenous sequence encodes a protein, preferably a therapeutic protein.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the exogenous sequence that encodes a protein (or open reading frame, ORF) contains a start codon, i.e., a combination of three subsequent nucleotides coding usually for the amino acid methionine (ATG) , at its 5’-end and a subsequent region which usually exhibits a length which is a multiple of 3 nucleotides. An ORF is preferably terminated by a stop-codon (e.g., TAA, TAG, TGA) . Typically, this is the only stop-codon of the open reading frame. Thus, an open reading frame is preferably a nucleotide sequence, consisting of a number of nucleotides that may be divided by three, which starts with a start codon (e.g., ATG) and which preferably terminates with a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TGA, or TAG) . The open reading frame may be isolated or it may be incorporated in a longer nucleic acid sequence, for example in a vector or an mRNA.
[0053] In some embodiments, the exogenous protein is a therapeutic protein that can be helpful in treating a disease or condition in a patient. Examples include:
[0054] Insulin -used to treat diabetes;
[0055] Phenylalanine hydroxylase -used to treat PKU (Phenylketonuria) disease;
[0056] Erythropoietin -used to treat anemia;
[0057] Filgrastim (G-CSF) -used to treat neutropenia;
[0058] Interferons -used to treat cancer, multiple sclerosis, and viral infections;
[0059] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors -used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease;
[0060] Monoclonal antibodies -used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and some viral infections;
[0061] Follitropin alfa -used to treat infertility;
[0062] Coagulation factor -used to treat bleeding disorders, such as Hemophilia;
[0063] Enzyme replacement therapy enzymes -used to treat lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher’s disease; and
[0064] Growth hormone -used to treat growth hormone deficiency.
[0065] In some embodiments, the exogenous protein is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . Exemplary CAR structure elements comprise an antigen binding domain, a hinge region / spacer domain, a transmembrane domain, one or more costimulatory domains, and an intracellular activation domain.
[0066] A CAR antigen can be selected from the group consisting of ErbB2 (HER2 / neu) , carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) , epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) , CD19, CD20, CD30, CD40, disialoganglioside GD2, ductal-epithelial mucine, gp36, TAG-72, glycosphingolipids, glioma-associated antigen, B-human chorionic gonadotropin, alphafetoprotein (AFP) , lectin-reactive AFP, thyroglobulin, RAGE-1, MN-CA IX, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, RU1, RU2, intestinal carboxyl esterase, mut hsp70-2, M-CSF, prostase, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) , PAP, NY-ESO-1, LAGA-la, p53, mutated p53, prostein, PSMA, survivin and telomerase, prostate-carcinoma tumor antigen-1 (PCTA-1) , MAGE, MAGE-A1, ELF2M, neutrophil elastase, ephrin B2, CD22, insulin growth factor (IGF1) -1, IGF-II, IGFI receptor, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule presenting a tumor-specific peptide epitope, 5T4, ROR1, Nkp30, NKG2D, tumor stromal antigen, the extra domain A (EDA) of fibronectin, the extra domain B (EDB) of fibronectin, the Al domain of tenascin-C (TnC Al, ) fibroblast associated protein (fap) , CD3, CD4, CD8, CD24, CD25, CD33, CD34, CD133, CD138, CTLA-4, B7-1 (CD80) , B7-2 (CD86) , endoglin, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, an HIV-specific antigen HIV gpl20, an EBV-specific antigen, a CMV-specific antigen, an HPV-specific antigen, an HBV-specific antigen, an HCV-specific antigen, a Lassa Virus-specific antigen, an Influenza Virus-specific antigen, CD38, CA-125, MUC-1, CD44, surface adhesion molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) , high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) , epithelial tumor antigen, IL-13R-a2, GD2, GD3, prostate-specific antigen, melanoma-associated antigen, mutated ras, folate binding protein, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41, CD123, CD23, CD56, c-Met, HERV-K, IL-11Ralpha, kappa chain, lambda chain, CSPG4, HER1-HER2 in combination, and HER2-HER3 in combination.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the antigen is a NKG2D CAR.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the CAR structure includes an NKG2D ectodomain, an IgG4 hinge region, a 4-1BB (CD137) costimulatory domain, and a DAP12 activation domain.
[0069] Nucleic acid sequences that do not encode protein can also be delivered into a cell using the transposon or transposon system provided herein. The present invention provides a new and effective method for delivering RNAs, such as shRNA, siRNA, or miRNA, using the transposon provided herein. This method can be used to treat various conditions and diseases and is a method of providing gene therapy. In such embodiments, the transposase can be expressed by a cell-specific promoter to limit incorporation into a specific cell, and / or a cell-specific promoter could be used to express an RNA to a target gene.
[0070] Mutated Mage transposase
[0071] As demonstrated, manipulation of the transposon TIRs or the transposase proteins can enhance transposition efficiency. For instance, one or more mutations can be introduced in the NTD, catalytic domain, or CRD. In some embodiments, no mutations are introduced to the DDBD domain (s) .
[0072] In certain embodiments, a mutant transposase of the present disclosure includes one or more substitutions (as compared to the native Mage protein in SEQ ID NO: 1) in (a) amino acid residues 1-112 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) amino acid residues 273-467 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or (c) amino acid residues 577-626 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the transposase does not include mutation in residues 113-272 and 468-547 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 1-112 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 273-467 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 577-626 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 1-112 and 273-467 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 1-112 and 577-626 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the transposase comprises one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 273-467 and 273-467 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the transposase includes one or more substitutions in amino acid residues 1-112, 273-467 and 577-626 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the transposase includes one or more substitutions selected from R15L, R16L, I398V, N437T, N437E, I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0076] The mutations can be combined in the same region, or a combination of the highly active single amino acids, which result in a higher or comparable transposition efficiency as compared with the wild type Mage transposition efficiency. In certain embodiments, the piggyBac transposase includes amino acid residue substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) I398V and N437E; (2) I398V and N437E; (3) I398V and I586K; (4) I398V and T598A; (5) N437E and I586K; (6) N437E and T598A; (7) I582L and I586K; (8) I582L and V604I; (9) I586K and T598A; (10) I586K and V604I; (11) I398V, N437E and I586K; (12) I398V, N437E and T598A; (13) I398V, I586K and T598A; (14) N437E, I586K and T598A; (15) I398V, N437E, I586K and T598A; (16) I582L and I586K; (17) I582L and T598A; (18) I582L and V604I; (19) I586K and T598A; (20) I586K and V604I; (21) T598A and V604I; (22) I582L, I586K, T598A; (23) I582L, I586K and V604I; (24) I582L, T598A and V604I; and (25) I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the transposase includes amino acid residue substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) I398V; (2) N437E; (3) I586K; (4) T598A; (5) I398V and N437E; (6) I398V and N437E; (7) I582L and I586K; (8) I582L and V604I; (9) I586K and V604I; (10) I582L, T598A and V604I; and (11) I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0078] An enhanced transposition efficiency by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, as compared with a wild type transposase, can be achieved with the mutated transposase provided herein.
[0079] The present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the transposases provided herein. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant of at least 80% (or at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are mRNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are DNA.
[0080] In the transposon system provided herein, the proper ratio of the transposon: transposase enhances the transposition efficiency. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the transposon: transposase molar ratio (copies of vectors) can range from 1: 10 to 20: 1, such as 1: 9, 1: 8, 1: 7, 1: 6, 1: 5, 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, or 15: 1.
[0081] In some embodiments, the transposon: transposase molar ratio is at least 3: 1, 4: 1, 4.5: 1, or 5: 1. In some embodiments, the transposon: transposase molar ratio is from 4: 1 to 10: 1, or from 4: 1 to 8: 1, from 4: 1 to 7: 1, from 4: 1 to 6: 1, or from 4.5: 1 to 5.5: 1, without limitation.
[0082] Mage Transposons
[0083] The present disclosure, in some embodiments also provides recombinant transposons that include protein-coding sequence flanked by a LE-TIR and a RE-TIR. In some embodiments, the transposon does not exist in nature.
[0084] The transposon of an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a protein-coding sequence flanked by a LE-TIR and a RE-TIR. The native sequences of LE-TIR and RE-TIR have been identified. The core LE-TIR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 and the extended sequence is presented in SEQ ID NO: 4. The core RE-TIR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 and the extended sequence is presented in SEQ ID NO: 6. It is contemplated that variations / mutations are allowed in the LE-TIR and RE-TIR.
[0085] In some embodiments, the LE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 (or a reverse-complement of each of them, such as SEQ ID NO: 7) .
[0086] In some embodiments, the LE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 (or a reverse-complement of each of them) . In some embodiments, the sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 at least includes the full sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0087] In some embodiments, the RE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 (or a reverse-complement of each of them, such as SEQ ID NO: 8) .
[0088] In some embodiments, the RE-TIR includes the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 (or a reverse-complement of each of them) . In some embodiments, the sequence having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 at least includes the full sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0089] In some embodiments, the recombinant transposon is provided as a vector, such as viral vector, a retroviral vector, or a plasmid. In some embodiments, a composition is provided that includes the transposon and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, a cell is provided that encloses the transposon.
[0090] In some embodiments, the cell is a cell that is not from a Lepidoptera species. In some embodiments, the cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell, preferably a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an immune cell, a cancer cell, or a stem cell. In some embodiments, the exogenous sequence encodes a protein, preferably a therapeutic protein, such as those discussed below.
[0091] Recombinant transposon system
[0092] The transposase encoding sequence does not need to be included in the transposon itself in order to enable transposition. If the gene to be delivered is very large, the transposon can just include that gene, while the transposase encoding sequence can be delivered separately. This way, the technology can allow better control, and delivery of very large exogenous genes to a target cell. In such embodiments, one or more exogenous gene sequence (s) can be included in the single ORF of the transposon in the correct orientation for translation. In some embodiments, it is in a reverse-complement orientation.
[0093] The one or more exogenous gene sequences within the ORF can be operably linked via self-cleaving peptide sequences, such as 2A self-cleaving peptide. The one or more exogenous gene (s) are integrated to the target genome and expressed.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the transposon comprises one or more ORFs. In some embodiments, at least one of the ORFs is in a reverse-complement orientation.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the transposon comprises one or more ORFs, such that each ORF encodes an exogenous protein separately. In certain embodiments, the transposon comprises one or more ORFs, and at least one of the ORFs encodes one or more exogenous proteins.
[0096] In some embodiments, the Mage transposase-encoding sequence can also be inserted to the single ORF, 5’ of the exogenous gene sequence (s) . In some embodiments, the one or more exogenous gene are operably linked to the transposase encoding sequence via a self-cleaving peptide sequence, such as 2A self-cleaving peptide.
[0097] In some embodiments, the Mage transposase-encoding sequence can be inserted into a separate ORF in the transposon. In some embodiments, the transposase encoding sequence can be inserted to a separate ORF in the transposon, while one or more exogenous genes sequence are inserted in a single ORF and are operably linked via a self-cleaving peptide sequence, such as 2A self-cleaving peptide.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the recombinant Mage transposon system includes a Mage transposon that contains one or more exogenous genes and a Mage transposase-encoding sequence cassette that is separately delivered and expressed.
[0099] In the present disclosure, the transposon polynucleotide and / or the transposase expression cassette are configured in a proper vector with necessary regulatory sequence (s) for gene delivery and expression in an eukaryotic host cell, such as a promoter, an enhancer, and polyA sequence that are commonly known in the art. One or more exogenous genes may each be operably linked to a separate promoter and other regulatory sequence (s) , or may all be operably linked to the same promoter and other regulatory sequence (s) .
[0100] In one embodiment, one or more exogenous genes are linked to a single promoter and other regulatory sequence (s) and each gene is separated by a cleavage site or a proportion of a signal sequence.
[0101] An exogenous gene selected for stable incorporation is designed to encode any desired protein or peptide or nucleic acid or to regulate any cellular response. In some embodiments, the desired proteins or peptides are released from cells into the surrounding environment, the lymphatic system, or the vascular system. In some embodiments, the desired proteins or peptides are deposited in an egg or milk. In other embodiments, the desired proteins or peptides may be directed to an axon, to a hepatocyte cell membrane for release into the bloodstream, to the membrane of a B lymphocyte for release into the circulation, or to the membrane of a T lymphocyte.
[0102] The promoters are constitutive or inducible. The promoters can be commonly used promoters, such as an EF-1α or a CMV promoter, or a cell type-specific or tissue-specific promoter, for example, promoters specific for endocrine cells, such as insulin-producing islet cells, hypophyseal growth hormone-producing cells, or estrogen-producing follicular cells are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and may be incorporated into the transposon of the present invention in order to provide gene therapy, by modulating hormone synthesis and secretion. A liver-specific promoter such as the G6P promoter or vitellogenin promoter provides for activation of the transposase gene and incorporation of the gene of interest in the cells of the liver but not into the germline and other cells generally. Specific tumor cells, such as ovarian cancer cells, are known to produce and release specific molecules. Promoters specific for these cells, and other cancerous cells, are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and may be incorporated into the transposon of the present invention in order to provide gene therapy, perhaps by producing inhibitory RNA in these cells or by producing proteins or peptides that interfere with cancer cell function or replication.
[0103] Table A. Mage transposon system sequences
[0104] Gene Delivery and Gene Editing
[0105] The Mage transposon systems disclosed here are suitable for delivering exogenous genes to a target cell, such as a mammalian cell.
[0106] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for integrating an exogenous polynucleotide to the genome of a target cell. In one embodiment, the method entails introducing to the cell the polynucleotide comprising the Mage transposon of the instant disclosure.
[0107] In some embodiments, the transposase-encoding sequence and the exogenous gene are included in the same transposon polynucleotide. In some embodiments, only the exogenous gene is included in the transposon polynucleotide, while the transposase-encoding sequence is delivered separately on a different polynucleotide.
[0108] In some embodiments, the delivery is in vitro. In some embodiments, the delivery is in vivo or ex vivo. In some embodiments, the transposon polynucleotide is delivered by parenteral means, or locally.
[0109] The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intra-articular injection and infusion.
[0110] Delivery can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the transposon polynucleotide of the disclosure into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
[0111] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene-engineered cell comprising the transposon provided herein. The gene-engineered cell can be a somatic cell, a lymphocyte, a stem cell, or a tumor cell.
[0112] It is to be understood that any cell may be targeted for incorporation of a desired gene to provide gene therapy. Such cells may include, without limitation, endocrine cells or cancer cells. Promoters specific for selected endocrine cells, such as insulin-producing islet cells, hypophyseal growth hormone-producing cells, or estrogen-producing follicular cells are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and may be incorporated into the transposon-based vectors of the present invention in order to provide gene therapy, by modulating hormone synthesis and secretion. Endocrine disorders and associated conditions of over or underproduction of hormones are known to be one of ordinary skill in the art and many such conditions are described in textbooks such as Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th ed., Williams, R. H. et al., eds. 2002, W. B. Saunders. Specific cancerous cells, such as ovarian cancer cells, are known to produce and release specific molecules. Promoters specific for these cells, and other cancerous cells, are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and may be incorporated into the transposon-based vectors of the present invention in order to provide gene therapy, perhaps by producing inhibitory RNA in these cells or by producing proteins or peptides that interfere with cancer cell function or replication.
[0113] Additional gene targets, especially related to cancer, are oncogenes and also genes involved in cellular functions such as cell division, microtubule production and spindle formation, growth factors, growth factor receptors, oncoproteins, and signal transduction pathways associated with transducing signals associated with the function of cancerous cells. It is to be understood that a gene target may be a particular protein or enzyme involved in a multistep process associated with cell function. For example, an enzyme that is a component in a metabolic pathway of several enzymes may be disrupted using inhibitory RNA, thereby affecting the function of this metabolic pathway.
[0114] A lymphocyte may comprise a T cell, a B cell , and a nature killer (NK) cell. In certain embodiments, the T cell comprises a cell selected from the group consisting of (i) a CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocyte cell selected from the group consisting of a naive CD8+ T cell, a central memory CD8+ T cell, an effector memory CD8+ T cell, and a bulk CD8+ T cell; (ii) a CD4+ T helper lymphocyte cell selected from the group consisting of a naive CD4+ T cell, a central memory CD4+ T cell, an effector memory CD4+ T cell, and a bulk CD4+ T cell; (iii) a precursor T cell; and (iv) a hematopoietic stem cell.
[0115] The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the transposon system provided herein, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant , or vehicle.
[0116] In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. Further, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” will generally be a non-toxic solid, semisolid , or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material , or formulation auxiliary of any type.
[0117] The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable , or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil , and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents such as acetates, citrates or , phosphates. Antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; and agents for the adjustment of tonicities such as sodium chloride or dextrose are also envisioned. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin, incorporated herein by reference. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen-binding polypeptide, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration. The parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
[0118] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of generating an engineered cell, comprising transducing the cell with the transposon system provided herein, thereby introducing exogenous polynucleotide (s) into the cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a lymphocyte, a stem cell, or a tumor cell.
[0119] In certain embodiments, the cell is a T cell. In certain embodiments, the exogenous polynucleotide encodes a CAR. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises expanding the cell population. In certain embodiments, the cell expanding is conducted ex vivo or in vitro. The expanding step includes culturing the T cell population in the presence of (i) the tamoxifen, the metabolite of tamoxifen, or the analog of tamoxifen, (ii) , the activating stimulator comprising an anti-CD3 and / or an anti-CD28, and (iii) at least one homeostatic cytokine, such that the T cell population expands sufficiently for use as a cell infusion.
[0120] EXAMPLES
[0121] The following examples are included to demonstrate specific embodiments of the disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques to function well in the practice of the disclosure, and thus can be considered to constitute specific modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0122] Example 1. Experimental Methods and Materials
[0123] Genome searches
[0124] Sequence searches for piggyBac-like elements were performed to detect the presence of coding sequences related to selected PLE transposons in RepBase and GenBank. The top 10-30 nonoverlapping hits (E-value<10-5) were extracted, along with 500 bp of flanking sequences, aligned using the ClustalW program. For each filtered transposon, the coding sequences were predicted by using Open Reading Frame (ORF) Finder and the domains were predicted by using the HMM hmmscan program. Transposons that had a “DDE_Tnp_1_7” domain, domain score>150, and domain length>275 were selected as candidates.
[0125] Evolutionary relationships
[0126] The evolutionary history of the candidates was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates was taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50%bootstrap replicates were collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Poisson correction method and were in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site. This analysis was based on amino acid sequences. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair (pairwise deletion option) . There was a total of 975 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X.
[0127] Plasmid construction
[0128] The backbone plasmid for kanamycin resistance was obtained from pMAX-cloning (Lonza) , SB transposon element TIR sequences from pT2 / BH (Plasmid #26556, Addgene) . The human elongation factor-1a promoter was used as a promoter (EF1a_mCherry_P2A_Hygro_Barcode, plasmid #120426, Addgene) to initiate the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) or puromycin resistance cassette. Transposase and promoter sequences from pCMV (CAT) T7-SB100 (Plasmid #34879. Addgene) . Above sequences were synthesized (GenScript) to obtain pMAX-SB / Ef1a-GFP, pMAX-SB / Ef1a-puromycin, and pCMV-SB100X. pCMV-hySB100X constructed by The Mut Express II Fast Mutagenesis Kit V2 (Vazyme) .
[0129] The PB and Mage transposon vector were constructed as follows. 5’TIR and 3’TIR of PB and Mage sequences were digested with BsaI-EcoRI and EcoRI-BsaI respectively and ligated to BsaI fragment of pMAX-SB / Ef1a-GFP, resulting in pMAX-PB and pMAX-Mage. To construct the transposon vector pMAX-PB / Ef1a-GFP and pMAX-Mage / Ef1a-GFP, the BamHI-NsiI fragment containing the EGFP was released from pMAX-SB / Ef1a-GFP and cloned into the BamHI-NsiI sites of pMAX-PB or pMAX-Mage. To construct the transposon vector pMAX-PB / Ef1a-puromycin and pMAX-Mage / Ef1a-puromycin, the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) followed by a puromycin resistance cassette cloned into pMAX-SB / Ef1a-GFP and pMAX-PB / Ef1a-GFP backbone plasmids with EcoRI-SalI restriction sites through EcoRI-XhoI. To create hyperactive PB and Mage transposase expression vector pCMV-hyPB and pCMV-Mage, the hyperactive PB and Mage transposase-containing fragments were released by AgeI-SalI digestion and cloned into the AgeI-SalI site of pCMV-SB100X respectively, resulting in pCMV-hyPB and pCMV-Mage.
[0130] The NKG2D CAR vector consists of the extracellular structure of human NKG2D (NKG2D ED; Uniprot: P26718-1; aa 83-216) , the IgG4 hinge region, the CD28 transmembrane region, the DAP12 signaling motif, and the intracellular stimulatory structure of 4-1BB. The control CAR is a replacement of NKG2D with anti-CD19 scFv. The NKG2D CAR sequence was custom synthesized and cloned into SB, PB and , Mage donor plasmids by EcoRI-SalI, respectively.
[0131] The sequences of piggyBac TIRs, Mage TIRs, hyperactive PB transposase-coding sequence, Mage transposase-coding sequence, NKG2D CAR, and CD19 CAR sequence were synthesized (GenScript) . Mage-relevant sequences are shown in Table A.
[0132] Colony formation
[0133] A total of 4×104 HeLa cells were co-transfected with 250 ng of a donor plasmid containing the puromycin resistance gene and 250 ng of a helper DNA plasmid using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . Following transfection, cells were trypsinized and 3,000 cells were subsequently seeded onto 10 cm plates for stable integration of transposons. The selection was performed using a concentration of 0.4 μg / ml puromycin (Beyotime Biotechnology) . After a 2-week selection period, surviving colonies were fixed with 10%formalin, stained with crystal violet, and quantified.
[0134] Transposition assays
[0135] To determine the transposition efficiency of various transposons in Jurkat cells, a total of 8×106 Jurkat cells (ATCC) were electroporated with 4μg of transposon (pMAX-Mage / EF1α-GFP, pMAX-SB / EF1α-GFP, or pMAX-PB / EF1α-GFP) along with 4μg of transposase (pCMV-Mage, pCMV-hyMage, pCMV-hySB100X, or pCMV-hyPB) . Electric pulses were delivered using a BTX Electro Square Porator EM830 (Harvard Apparatus) . After electroporation, cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and cultured for 14 days. At least three independent experiments were conducted to compare the relative transposition efficiencies in vitro.
[0136] To determine the transposition efficiency in T cells, TransAct (Miltenyi Biotech) was employed to stimulate T cells derived from cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells using AIM-V medium (Life Technologies) , supplemented with 5%fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 300 IU / mL interleukin-2 (R&D Systems) . On the following day, 8×106 T cells were transfected with 4μg of pMAX-Mage / EF1α-GFP and 4μg of pCMV-Mage using the P3 Primary Cell 4D Nucleofector Kit (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) on a 4D Nucleofector device. The next day, transfected cells were analyzed for GFP expression by flow cytometry (ACEA Biosciences) .
[0137] Flow Cytometry
[0138] The flow cytometry data were analyzed using FlowJo vX. 0.7 software (Beckman Coulter) . To assess the transposition efficiency of the EGFP expression transposon, 5×105 cells were sampled after 14 days of cell culture and subjected to analysis for green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression using the FITC channel. The expression of CAR T cell NKG2D was determined by detecting the Strep II tag (GenScript) .
[0139] Real-time PCR of transposon copy number
[0140] GFP+ T cells and NKG2D CAR T cells extracted genomic DNA (Vazyme) . Dpn I restriction enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to digest the genomic DNA and remove any residual unintegrated plasmid. AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme) was employed for qPCR analysis. To determine the average number of integrated Mage-transposons, specific primers targeting the EGFP reporter gene were used. Standard curves were generated by performing serial dilutions of the respective transposon plasmids with known copy numbers. Similarly, to measure the average copy number of transposons integrating the NKG2D CAR into cells, a set of primers targeting the NKG2D gene were used. Standard curves were generated using serial dilutions of the respective transposon plasmids with known copy numbers. To ensure comparability between samples, all measurements were normalized to the number of genomic RNaseP copies. RNaseP, which is typically present at 2 copies per genome in human cells, was chosen as the normalization control.
[0141] Cytotoxicity Assay
[0142] HeLa cells were transfected with varying concentrations of the transposon donor plasmid, helper plasmid, and pMAX-cloning (Lonza) to investigate any potential cytotoxic effects induced by the Mage transposon. Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (MCE) . Approximately 5×103 HeLa cells were seeded per well in a 96-well plate one day prior to transfection. Transfection of plasmids into HeLa cells was performed using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . After 3 days, the cells were treated with a Cell Counting Kit-8 solution, and the relative cell viability was determined by measuring the absorbance at 490 nm using a Microplate Absorbance Reader (Tecan) .
[0143] To detect the cytolytic activity of CAR-modified T cells, a non-radioactive method was employed, specifically the DELFIA EuTDA Cytotoxicity Reagents kit (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) .
[0144] Footprint assay
[0145] The transfection was performed using Lipo3000 transfection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . A total of 3×105 HeLa cells were transfected with 500 ng of the donor plasmid containing the puromycin resistance gene (pMAX-Mage / EF1α-GFP) and 500 ng of the helper plasmid (pCMV-Mage) . After two days of transfection, the genome was extracted using the FastPure Cell / Tissue DNA Isolation Mini Kit (Vazyme) . Approximately 500 ng of the genome was used for PCR, and the PCR primers were designed on the vector backbone outside of Mage TIR. Following PCR amplification, the PCR products were cloned into the pMD20-T vector (TAKARA) . The footprint resulting from transposon excision was identified through sequencing (TsingKe) .
[0146] Constructing and sequencing a library of integration sites
[0147] Puromycin-resistant HeLa genomic DNA was extracted using the FastPure Cell / Tissue DNA Isolation Mini Kit (Vazyme) . Enhanced-specificity Tag-PCR was conducted following the published protocol. In brief, tagmentation was performed using 500 ng of gDNA and the Illumina DNA prep kit (Illumina) . Subsequently, the first-round PCR and the second nested PCR were carried out using KAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix (Kapa Biosystems) . The PCR products were size-selected using KAPA Pure Beads (KAPA Biosystems) . Purified samples were quantified using a Qubit Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . The sequence libraries generated from Tag-PCR were sequenced on a Nova6000 next sequencing platform with paired-end 250 bp reads (Illumina) .
[0148] Site-directed mutagenesis of the Mage transposase
[0149] The Mut Express II Fast Mutagenesis Kit V2 (Vazyme) was utilized for constructing the Mage transposase targeted mutations. The PCR primers were designed using the ‘CE Design’ software. The experiments were conducted following the manufacturer’s instructions. To confirm the presence of the desired mutation, individual clones on LB plates were purified using the QIAprep spin miniprep kit (QIAGEN) and subjected to Sanger sequencing (TsingKe) .
[0150] Preparation and expansion of CAR-T cells
[0151] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) used in this study were purchased from Milestone Biotechnologies. To obtain αβ T cells, human PBMCs were activated with TransAct (Miltenyi Biotech) and cultured in AIM-V medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with 5%fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 300 IU / mL interleukin-2 (R&D Systems) . After 3-5 days of incubation, αβ T cells were harvested. Human PBMCs were stimulated to generate γδ T cells by treating them with 5 mM Zometa (Sigma-Aldrich) and 300 IU / mL IL-2 in AIM-V medium supplemented with 5%fetal bovine serum. γδ T cells were collected three to five days after incubation.
[0152] The electroporation methods for αβ T cells and γδ T cells were similar. A total of 1×107 cells were electroporated with 5 μg of transposase and 10 μg of NKG2D CAR / CD19 CAR donor plasmid. The electroporation was performed using the EO-115 program of the 4D-Nucleofector system (Lonza) . Subsequent to electroporation, feeder K562 cells expressing the CD64, CD86, and CD137L markers (hereafter referred to as K562A) were irradiated with 50 Gy γ radiation (Blood Center, Wuhan) and co-cultured with CAR-T cells. In AIM-V medium supplemented with 5%fetal bovine serum and 300 IU / mL IL-2, the electroporated T cells and feeder cells were seeded at a 1: 2 ratio and cultured for 9-11 days. The culture medium was renewed every 2-3 days.
[0153] To expand non-modified T cells or electroporated CD19 CAR T cells, T cells were co-cultured with γ-irradiated K562A cells at a ratio of 1: 50. Additionally, 60 ng / mL of OKT3 was added at the start of co-culture and replaced with 300 IU / mL of IL-2 medium at 2-3 day intervals.
[0154] Xenograft mouse model
[0155] The Animal Care and Use Committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology approved all animal experiments. Female NCG mice aged 6 to 8 weeks were intraperitoneally injected with 2×106 firefly-luciferase-expressing HCT116 tumor cells to establish tumor models. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of 1×107 NKG2D CAR-modified T cells. Unmodified T cells or PBS-treated mice were used as controls. Tumor progression was assessed using bioluminescence imaging. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and administered 0.3 mg of D-luciferin per gram of body weight, followed by in vivo imaging (Biospace Lab) . The acquired iMages were analyzed using M3 Vision software (Biospace Lab) . Statistical Analysis
[0156] Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software) . Data comparisons between two conditions were conducted using unpaired t-tests or one-way ANOVA. All error bars show the Standard Deviation (SD) . Statistically significant differences were considered as follows: p ≥ 0.05 (ns) , p < 0.05 (*) , p < 0.01 (**) , p < 0.001 (***) , and p <0.0001 (****) .
[0157] Example 2. Mage is a new PiggyBac-like element
[0158] Thirty-three PLE sequences were identified in the genomes of Lepidoptera by high-throughput virtual screening. The evolutionary relationships among these PLEs were determined by constructing a phylogenetic tree based on the “DDE_Tnp_1_7” domain sequences. Notably, several PLEs (NL6, Pb21, SF484, PF676, DP51, SE923, Tni422, HA79, PJ63) exhibited no transposase activity in the pre-experiment, indicating a lower likelihood of possessing transpositional functions. Conversely, the SF45 (hereafter renamed as “Mage” ) showed positive transposase activity in the pre-experiment, suggesting that Mage had the potential to acquire hyperactive activity.
[0159] The structures of the Mage transposon and transposase are illustrated in FIG. 1A-B. The Mage transposase consists of a single open-reading frame (ORF) that encodes a 626 amino-acid protein (FIG. 1B) , with terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) flanking it (FIG. 1A) . The Mage TIRs exhibit asymmetry, comprising a 60-bp left-end TIR (LE TIR or LE60) and a 34-bp right-end TIR (RE TIR or RE34) . The catalytic domain of Mage (residues 273–467) , as indicated by the PB structure, adopts the RNaseH-like superfamily fold typical of transposases. In addition to the catalytic domain, a unique all-α-helical domain (denoted Dimerization and DNA-binding domain, DDBD) is formed by the convergence of residues 113–272 and 468–547. This domain plays an important role in knitting the protein together and interacts with the TIRs. The Cysteine-rich domain (CRD, residues 577–626) , connected to the C-terminal end of the DDBD through an extended linker, is important for transposase activity and has been proposed to be the driver of TIR binding.
[0160] Example 3. Mage transposon for efficient transgenesis in diverse mammalian cells
[0161] To investigate the transposition efficiency of Mage in mammalian cells, we compared it to the highly active hyper Sleeping Beauty 100X (hySB100X or hySB) and hyper piggyBac (hyPB) . In this study, we utilized a binary co-transfection assay system and incorporated the TIR sequences and transposase expression cassettes of Mage, hySB100X, and hyPB into the same plasmid backbone to minimize system differences. Initially, we co-transfected HeLa cells with plasmids carrying the puromycin resistance cassette transposon (FIG. 2A, top) and the transposase plasmid (FIG. 2A, bottom) , along with the control of puromycin-carrying transposon alone. The findings revealed that Mage exhibited a high transposition efficiency similar to hyPB (FIG. 2B, C) . Additionally, we assessed the cytotoxicity of Mage in HeLa cells and observed no significant difference in the survival rate between the Mage group and the control group when various transposon vector doses were used for transfection (FIG. 6A) . Consequently, the findings indicate no evidence of increased cytotoxicity resulting from Mage plasmid overexpression.
[0162] We then explored whether Jurkat cells could also exhibit active transposition using the Mage transposon. To accurately measure Mage transposition in Jurkat cells, we employed a fluorescent reporter system (FIG. 2A, middle) . Jurkat cells were co-transfected with a transposon plasmid containing the EGFP gene and a transposase plasmid. Two weeks later, flow cytometry was performed to assess transposition efficiency based on the presence of green fluorescent cells expressing the EGFP reporter gene consistently. Notably, Mage demonstrated twofold higher activity as compared to hyPB and exhibited greater activity than hySB (FIG. 2D-E) .
[0163] It is known that the presence of transposon transposition activity in immortalized cell lines does not guarantee efficient and stable gene transfer in primary cells. Hence, we evaluated the transposition activity of Mage in primary T cells. By co-electroporating T cells with the Mage transposon carrying the EGFP gene and transposase, we achieved successful Mage-mediated transgenesis (approximately 20%efficiency, calculated as the percentage of stable EGFP expression among all transfected cells; FIG. 6B) . Interestingly, we observed that the integration efficiency of the Mage transposon in Jurkat cells was comparable to that in T cells. This similarity is likely due to Jurkat cells being T cells derived from human peripheral blood leukemia. Consequently, Jurkat cells can serve as a convenient and cost-effective alternative to T cells for assessing the effectiveness of transposons.
[0164] Overall, these findings indicate that Mage is a highly active transposon with promise for use as a genetic tool capable of efficiently genetically engineering a variety of mammalian cell types and therapeutically relevant primary human T cells.
[0165] Example 4. Transposition efficiency of Mage at different ratios
[0166] In many transposon applications, it is important to titrate the transposon component to regulate the number of transposon insertions in the genome of each transposon cell. Maintaining a low copy number is advantageous for loss-of-function mutations and therapeutic purposes. Conversely, somatic mutations in cancer genes often require a cumulative effect of multiple insertions in the same cells. Therefore, we investigated how the transposition effectiveness of Mage-transfected T cells changes under different ratios of transposon and transposase DNA plasmids, considering the significant transposition activity of Mage on T cells. We performed nucleofection of T cells using the transposon donor plasmid pMAX-Mage / Ef1α-GFP and the transposase plasmid pCMV-Mage in the following ratios: 1: 5, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, and 5: 1 (transposon: transposase DNA plasmids) . As a control, the transposon cassette alone (1: 0) was transfected. To maintain a consistent total amount of electroporated DNA, we supplemented the number of DNA with the control plasmid pCMV-hyPB. The results demonstrated similar integration efficiency for the ratios of 1: 5, 1: 2, 1: 1, and 2: 1. However, when the ratio reached 5: 1, the integration efficiency was significantly higher compared to the other ratios (p<0.05) (FIG. 2F) .
[0167] To assess the correlation between transposable activity and the number of integrations per cell, the transgene copy number of each cell was determined after 14 days of electroporation. The copy numbers for the 1: 5 and 5: 1 ratios were found to be similar, as were the copy numbers for the 2: 1 and 1: 2 ratios. The 1: 5 and 5: 1 ratios exhibited slightly higher copy numbers compared to the 1: 2 and 2: 1 ratios, while the 1: 1 ratio showed the lowest copy number (excluding the 1: 0 ratio data) (FIG. 2G) .
[0168] Example 5. Genomic insertion patterns of Mage in human cells
[0169] Only the piggyBac transposon exhibits a seamless excision property among eukaryotic DNA transposons. This means that upon removal, the excised genome can restore the original TTAA sequence. In our subsequent foot-printing studies of the Mage transposon, we made an intriguing discovery: the Mage transposase demonstrates the same seamless excision property as piggyBac. It is capable of excising the Mage transposon without leaving any trace at the excision site (FIG. 3A) . To evaluate the integration sites of Mage at the primary DNA sequence level, we employed sequence logo analysis. The results revealed that the Mage transposon system integrates into the TTAA target sequence. The central insertion site of TTAA is surrounded by a plural sequence of A or T (FIG. 3B) , similar to the pattern reported for the piggyBac transposon. It is widely known that different transposons exhibit nonrandom target site preferences at the genome-wide scale. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of the insertion bias of Mage transposons in the HeLa genome. To gain insights into the target site selection properties of the Mage system in HeLa cells, we performed high-throughput sequencing to map 19, 167 integration sites within the genome for Mage. In order to compare the integration profiles of Mage with SB100X and PB, we utilized published datasets of human cell integration sites. As a control, we also generated a computational dataset representing random integration. When compared to random integration, Mage exhibited a slight preference for insertion in CpG islands, transcription units, and transcriptional regulatory regions. Notably, there was a strong bias for insertion at DNase sites and the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) . However, Mage demonstrated a weaker preference for insertion at these sites compared to PB. Overall, Mage showed a weaker propensity to insert at transcriptional units, transcriptional regulatory regions, CpG islands and DNase loci compared to PB. In certain transcriptional areas (excluding the 5’ UTR regions) , Mage displayed a pattern of insertion closer to the random insertion pattern of SB100X (FIG. 3C) .
[0170] Example 6. Screening for hyperactive Mage transposase mutants
[0171] To derive a potential hyperactive version of the Mage transposase, we performed transposase engineering by single-amino-acid substitutions based on the Magease-DNA complexes. The putative 39 mutagenesis points were described in Table 1. Subsequently, we evaluated the transposition efficiency of these 39 mutant transposases in Jurkat cells. In the transposition assay, a donor plasmid carrying the EGFP expression gene transposon was co-transfected with a helper plasmid encoding either the wt Mage transposase or a mutant variant (FIG. 4A) .
[0172] Table 1. Mutations
[0173] Out of the 39 mutant transposases, we identified nine candidates that exhibited higher relative transposition efficiency compared to the wt Mage (FIG. 4B, Table 2) . Among these candidates, four mutations demonstrated particularly high relative transposition efficiency: I398V (133%, p=0.015) , N437E (134%, p=0.014) , I586K (140%, p=0.002) , and T598A (129%, p=0.029) (FIG. 4B) . Further analysis of the domain organization of the Mage transposase revealed specific amino acid substitutions associated with these mutations: R15L and R16L in the N-terminal domain; I398V, N437T, and N437E in the catalytic domain; and I582L, I586K, T598A, and V604I in the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) (Table 2) .
[0174] Next, we examined the potential synergistic enhancement of transposition efficiency by combining some of these nine mutant loci. We explored two different approaches for combining mutations: (1) all possible combinations of the four single amino acid mutations with the highest relative transposition efficiency, and (2) combinations of mutations within the same domain. The first strategy involved combining four highly active mutants (I398V, N437E, I586K, and T598A) . Overall, most of the mutant combinations displayed substantial levels of transposition activity as compared to wtMage, indicating the viability of this combination approach. Notably, mutation 35 (i.e., combination of mutations 3 + 5) (P = 0.031) exhibited the highest transposition efficiency at 137%relative to wtMage (FIG. 4B) . Conversely, a group of mutants represented by 57, 357, 378, 578, and 3578 showed a moderate reduction in transposition efficiency, ranging from 76%to 95%compared to wtMage.
[0175] The second strategy aimed to avoid interference between mutations in different domains. Specifically, we considered two mutations in the N-terminus region (R15L and R16L) , three mutations in the catalytic domain (I398V, N437T, and N437E) , and four mutations in the CRD (I582L, I586K, T598A, and V604I) as combinations within the same domain (FIG. 4D) . Among these combinations, mutation 6789 (160%, p=0.007) , mutation 69 (147%, p=0.007) , and mutation 67 (143%, p=0.0002) displayed higher transposition activities. However, mutation 12 and mutation 789 exhibited approximately 75%and 63%of the wild-type activity, respectively (FIG. 4D) .
[0176] Table 2. List of individual amino acid residues of MAGE transposase
[0177] These findings provide evidence of synergistic effects in certain combinations, while others did not exhibit such synergy. This could be attributed to alterations in the spatial arrangement of transposase domains resulting from amino acid changes, which may have diminished the efficiency of transposition. Importantly, the mutation 6789 (I582L, I586K, T598A, and V604I) demonstrated the highest mobilization capacity, surpassing the efficiency of both the widely used transposons hyPB and hySB100X by more than approximately 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively (FIG. 4E) . As a result, we have designated this mutation as hyMage (hyMG) .
[0178] Example 7. Effects of NKG2D CAR T cell generation by hyMage
[0179] To investigate the therapeutic potential of Mage in primary human cells, CAR T cells were generated by electroporation with a transposon plasmid. The chosen CAR targeted NKG2D, a natural killer (NK) cell receptor known for its efficacy in cancer treatment based on preclinical animal models. The NKG2D CAR plasmid consisted of the NKG2D ectodomain, the 4-1BB (CD137) costimulatory domain, and the DAP12 activation domain. As a control, a CD19 CAR was created by replacing the NKG2D ectodomain with anti-CD19 scFv. Streptavidin was incorporated as a tag for CAR testing (STII) (FIG. 5A, Fig. 6C) .
[0180] NKG2D CAR T cells were produced by stimulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and electroporating them with the CAR-encoding transposon. To investigate the therapeutic potential of MG in primary human cells, we studied CAR T system generated by electroporation with a MG plasmid. To enrich the population of NKG2D CAR-T cells, co-culturing with gamma-irradiated K562A cells naturally expressing NKG2D ligands was performed. This approach resulted in a significant enrichment of NKG2D CAR positivity, reaching 87.1%± 3%by day 11 (FIG. 5B, FIG. 6D) . Subsequently, genomic DNA from the enriched NKG2D CAR T cells was analyzed to determine the copy number of CAR transgenes, which was found to be an average of 3.2±0.8 copies per cell (FIG. 5C) .
[0181] To assess the functionality of the MG transposon CAR T cells, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were conducted to evaluate their ability to lyse intestinal tumor cancer cell lines. The CAR-T cells demonstrated highly effective lysis against the target cells, whereas the control cells exhibited lower killing effects (FIG. 5D) . Furthermore, in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the function of hyMage NKG2D CAR T cells using a mouse model (NOD scid gamma mice injected intraperitoneally with HCT116 cells) . The mice were divided into four treatment groups: PBS, control T cells, CD19 CAR T cells, and NKG2D CAR T cells (FIG. 5E) . NKG2D CAR T cells generated with hyMage induced rapid tumor regression within a week after CAR T cell transfer and maintained control over tumor growth for 28 days (FIG. 5F, 5G) . In conclusion, hyMage demonstrated the ability to stably integrate NKG2D CAR into T cells and provided effective therapeutic utility in mice.
[0182] * * *
[0183] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0184] The inventions illustratively described herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising” , “including, ” “containing” , etc. shall be read expansively and without limitation. Additionally, the terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
[0185] Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification, improvement , and variation of the inventions embodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications, improvements , and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention. The materials, methods, and examples provided here are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.
[0186] The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also forms part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein.
[0187] In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
[0188] All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety, to the same extent as if each were incorporated by reference individually. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0189] It is to be understood that while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the above embodiments, the foregoing description and examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure. Other aspects, advantages and modifications within the scope of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
Claims
1.A method for inserting an exogenous sequence to a target genome in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell (a) a transposase or a polynucleotide encoding the transposase and (b) the exogenous sequence disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the transposase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein transposase recognizes the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the transposase is introduced as the polynucleotide.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the polynucleotide and the exogenous sequence are on a same vector, or on separate vectors.4.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a reverse-complement thereof.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, or a reverse-complement thereof.6.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, or a reverse-complement thereof.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, or a reverse-complement thereof.8.An engineered cell with a genome, wherein the genome comprises an exogenous sequence integrated thereinto, wherein the exogenous sequence is disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR are recognizable by a transposase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.9.The engineered cell of claim 8, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell, preferably a human cell.10.The engineered cell of claim 9, wherein the cell is an immune cell, a cancer cell, or a stem cell.11.The engineered cell of any one of claims 8-10, wherein the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a reverse-complement thereof.12.The engineered cell of claim 11, wherein the LE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, or a reverse-complement thereof.13.The engineered cell of any one of claims 8-12, wherein the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5, or a reverse-complement thereof.14.The engineered cell of claim 13, wherein the RE-TIR comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, a sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, or a reverse-complement thereof.15.The engineered cell of any one of claims 8-14, wherein the exogenous sequence encodes a protein, preferably a therapeutic protein.16.The engineered cell of claim 15, wherein the protein is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .17.A transposon system comprising:(a) a transposase or a polynucleotide encoding the transposase, and(b) a nucleic acid sequence comprising a coding sequence disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) ,wherein the transposase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein transposase recognizes the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR.18.The transposon system of claim 17, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the transposase and the nucleic sequence are on a same vector or on separate vectors.19.An engineered transposase, wherein the engineered transposase has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises one or more substitutions, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, in:(a) amino acid residues 1-112 of SEQ ID NO: 1;(b) amino acid residues 273-467 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or(c) amino acid residues 577-626 of SEQ ID NO: 1,wherein the engineered transposase can recognize a nucleic acid sequencing comprising a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) comprising SEQ ID NO: 5.20.The engineered transposase of claim 19, wherein the transposase comprises one or more substitutions selected from R15L, R16L, I398V, N437T, N437E, I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.21.The engineered transposase of claim 19, wherein the transposase comprises substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) I398V and N437E; (2) I398V and N437E; (3) I398V and I586K; (4) I398V and T598A; (5) N437E and I586K; (6) N437E and T598A; (7) I582L and I586K; (8) I582L and V604I; (9) I586K and T598A; (10) I586K and V604I; (11) I398V, N437E and I586K; (12) I398V, N437E and T598A; (13) I398V, I586K and T598A; (14) N437E, I586K and T598A; (15) I398V, N437E, I586K and T598A; (16) I582L and I586K; (17) I582L and T598A; (18) I582L and V604I; I586K and T598A; (20) I586K and V604I; (21) T598A and V604I; (22) I582L, I586K, T598A; (23) I582L, I586K and V604I; (24) I582L, T598A and V604I; and (25) I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.22.The engineered transposase of claim 21, wherein the transposase comprises substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) I398V; (2) N437E; (3) I586K; (4) T598A; (5) I398V and N437E; (6) I398V and N437E; (7) I582L and I586K; (8) I582L and V604I; (9) I586K and V604I; (10) I582L, T598A and V604I; and (11) I582L, I586K, T598A and V604I, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1.23.The engineered transposase of claim 19, wherein the transposase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or a sequence having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 while retaining 582L, 586K, 598A, and 604I.24.A polynucleotide encoding the engineered transposase of any one of claims 19-23.25.The polynucleotide of claim 24, which comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant having at least 80%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.26.A vector comprising a transposon comprising an open-reading frame (ORF) disposed between a left-end terminal inverted repeats (LE-TIR) and a right-end terminal inverted repeats (RE-TIR) , wherein the LE-TIR and the RE-TIR are recognizable by a transposase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.27.The vector of claim 26, wherein the vector is a viral vector, retroviral vector, or plasmid.28.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered cell of any one of claims 8-16, the transposon system of claim 17 or 18, the engineered transposase of any one of claims 19-23, the polynucleotide of claim 24 or 25, or the vector of claim 26 or 27, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.29.A method of generating an engineered cell, comprising transducing the cell with the transposon system of claim 17 or 18.
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