A method of treating gastric cancer with specific diffuse type driver pathway alterations
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors, such as abemaciclib, show promise in treating gastric cancer with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation by enhancing treatment sensitivity and achieving tumor regression, addressing the poor response to current therapies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/128357
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-10-30
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Current treatment approaches for gastric cancer, particularly for diffuse-type gastric cancer with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation, show poor response to standard chemotherapy and lack effective therapeutic options for peritoneal metastases.
Administering cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors, such as abemaciclib, palbociclib, or ribociclib, to patients with gastric cancer harboring ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapies like surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.
The use of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors demonstrates significant sensitivity in gastric cancer organoids with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation, leading to tumor regression and potential clinical application, particularly for diffuse-type gastric cancer.
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Abstract
Description
A METHOD OF TREATING GASTRIC CANCER WITH SPECIFIC DIFFUSE TYPE DRIVER PATHWAY ALTERATIONS1. FIELD
[0001] The disclosure is generally directed to a method of treatment for gastric cancer in subjects and combination cancer therapy. Also disclosed is a system for testing drug sensitivity using gastric cancer organoids.2. BACKGROUND
[0002] Gastric cancer (GC) remains as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and the fifth most common cancer worldwide (1) . High mortality rates highlight the ineffectiveness of the current treatment approaches as well as an urgent need for new treatment methods. Surgical resection with additional radiotherapy or standard chemotherapy regimen are the main treatment modalities. Approved cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents are diverse, involving 5-FU, cisplatin, epirubicin, paclitaxel, irinotecan or their combinations, along with two targeted drugs, Trastuzumab and Ramucirumab, either in adjuvant or palliative settings. Unfortunately, most patients are diagnosed at late stages with dismal prognosis despite these treatments. Although there has been some success in immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 / PD-L1 pathway for GC, only a subset of patients having DNA mismatch repair deficiency, EBV-associated or ERBB2 amplification showed response.
[0003] Gastric cancer is heterogeneous and displays diverse morphological growth patterns, featuring cohesive glandular growth known as intestinal type, and a unique aggressive diffusely infiltrative growth pattern of isolated tumor cells known as diffuse type (Lauren Classification) . Some GC can display a mixture of both intestinal and diffuse growth pattern, hence referred to as mixed type. Subsequent molecular studies identified three key driver gene alterations underscoring the diffuse-type GC, namely mutation in CDH1 or RHOA; or chromosomal translocation generating fusion proteins involving two ARHGAP genes with known function that inactivate RHO signaling, ARHGAP6 or ARHGAP26, collectively known as ARHGAP fusions (2, 3) . These three drivers together molecularly defined the diffuse-type GC pathways, hereby referred to as Diffuse molecular (m) group. Whilst majority of the Diffuse (m) GC groups grow in diffuse pattern, a minority may grow in cohesive glandular or mixed pattern. Currently this group of highly aggressive tumor, showed the poorest response towards standard chemotherapy treatments compared with other GC molecular subtypes (4) , and whether the distinct drivers may confer similar or different response to specific therapeutic agent remains unknown. Furthermore, diffuse-type GC patients always develop peritoneal metastases (5, 6) which are often considered as an untreatable condition with a poor survival (7) . Other known molecular alterations in GC include microsatellite instability (MSI) due to inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair genes; EBV-associated; along with other microsatellite stable (MSS) cancer with intestinal or mixed growth patterns.3. SUMMARY
[0004] Provided herein is a method of treatment for gastric cancer and an organoid model-based drug testing system for identifying the sensitivity of treatment for gastric cancers with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation using cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor such as abemaciclib, palbociclib and / or ribociclib.
[0005] Provided herein is a method of treating gastric cancer in a subject with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation comprising administering an effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor to the subject.
[0006] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises an additional therapy.
[0007] In certain embodiment, the additional therapy includes surgery, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy or a combination thereof.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is about 100mg to 120mg, 120mg to 150mg, 150mg to 200mg, 200mg to 250mg, 250mg to 300mg, 300mg to 350mg, 350mg to 400mgm, 400mg to 450mg, 450mg to 500mg, 500mg to 550mg, 550mg to 600mg, 600mg to 650mg or 650mg to 700mg.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib.
[0010] In one embodiment, the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.
[0011] In one embodiment, the effective amount is 200mg of abemaciclib, twice daily. Optionally, the effective amount is 150mg of abemaciclib, twice daily.
[0012] In one embodiment, the effective amount is 150mg or 200mg, twice daily as monotherapy for gastric cancer patients with ARHGAP fusion.
[0013] In one embodiment, the effective amount is 600mg of ribociclib, once daily for 21 days.
[0014] In one embodiment, the effective amount is 125mg of palbociclib, once daily for 21 days.
[0015] In one embodiment, the type of gastric cancer in the subject comprises intestinal type, diffuse type and mixed type.
[0016] In one embodiment, the type of gastric cancer in the subject is diffuse type.
[0017] In one embodiment, the subject has ARHGAP fusion.
[0018] In one embodiment, the subject has CDH1 mutation.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the method comprises testing the subject for ARHGAP fusion and / or CDH1 mutation prior to administering an effective amount of abemaciclib.
[0020] In one embodiment, the method comprises administering an effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor in combination with one or more additional therapy.
[0021] In one embodiment, the IC50 value of abermaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib for a patient with ARHGAP fusion is below the mean of patient plasma steady-state concentration.
[0022] The disclosure also provides the use of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament / pharmaceutical composition for treating gastric cancer in a subject with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation. In one certain embodiment, the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib. In one preferred embodiment, the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.
[0023] Provided is a system for testing drug sensitivity comprising: (i) obtaining a GC organoid culture; (ii) adding a test compound to the culture; (iii) measuring the growth of the GC organoid in the culture, wherein a decrease in growth of the organoids as compare to a control test compound indicates that the test compound is a candidate for treatment of GC, wherein the GC organoids comprise ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation. Preferably, the test compound is a cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor.
[0024] In one embodiment, the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.
[0025] Provided is a system for screening for biomarkers that are modulated in gastric cancer comprising: (i) obtaining a GC organoid culture from a subject with an aberrant biomarker; (ii) adding a CDK4 / 6 inhibitor to the culture; (iii) measuring the growth of the GC organoid in the culture, wherein a decrease in growth of the organoids as compared to a control organoid culture indicates that the CDK4 / 6 inhibitor is a candidate for treatment of GC comprising the aberrant biomarker.
[0026] 4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0027] FIGs. 1A-B. A) Schematic diagram summarizing the current study. A gastric cancer (GC) organoid biobank with in-depth molecular characterization was utilized for studying the sensitivity to abemaciclib. CRISPR / Cas9 engineered organoids and xenograft mouse models were used for validation. B) Summary of the GC organoid biobank used to test for abemaciclib sensitivity and their morphological classification by Lauren classification, and their molecular classification including the Diffuse (m) groups key driver alteration, EBV and MSI status. FIGs 2A-G. A) Viability plot of tumor organoids showing differential responses towards abemaciclib treatment, in which tumor organoids with ARHGAP fusion were more sensitive as compared to those with CDH1 mutation or wild-type (WT) tumor organoids (black) . B) Scatter plot showing the high reproducibility of drug responses between biological replicates in terms of 1-AUC of abemaciclib. C) . Bar chat showing the IC50 of abemaciclib for each tumor organoids sorted in ascending order. D) Scatter plot showing the IC50 of abemaciclib in gastric cancer organoids with ARHGAP fusion , CDH1 mutation , versus those wild type for these alterations . There is distinct sensitivity of the ARHGAP fusion group compared with the others. E) Scatter plot showing the mean IC50 of abemaciclib in hormonal receptor positive HER negative (HR+ / HER-) type breast cancer cell lines was significantly lower than other types of breast cancer cell lines, Data were adapted from O’ Brien et al (22) . F) Growth rate of organoids. G) . Scatter plot showing the relationship between growth rate and abemaciclib responses of each tumor organoids. (D-F) Solid line of each group represents the mean IC50. (C-E) Solid and dotted lines across each plot represent the mean, 5th and 95th percentiles of plasma concentration at steady state after every 12h dosing at 200mg in a previous abemaciclib human population pharmacokinetic study, respectively. Statistical analysis between groups in D-F was performed using Mann-Whitney U test.
[0028] FIGs. 3A-E. A) Abemaciclib administration schedule (arrowhead) to mice bearing human Dif-ARHGAP fusion gastric cancer organoid xenografts and tumor size evaluation by IVIS (arrow) . B) Images showing the regression of Dif-ARHGAP fusion xenografts after abemaciclib treatment (12.5mg / kg / day) while tumor persisted with the vehicle control at day 33 and 45. Colour scale represents bioluminescent radiance (p / sec / cm2 / sr) . C) . The bioluminescent signals of each experimental groups were plots against days of treatment. A significant reduced in tumor volume was observed under abemaciclib treatment at day 45 with p value obtained using Mann-Whitney U test. D) . Images showing extensive tumor mass at peritoneum in vehicle control NSG mice after intraperitoneally injection of Dif-ARHGAP fusion gastric cancer organoid at day 33 and 45, while tumor regressed after abemaciclib treatment. E) . The bioluminescent signals of each experimental groups were plots against days of treatment. A significant reduced in tumor burden was observed under abemaciclib treatment since day 33 and continued till day 45 with p value obtained using Mann-Whitney U test.
[0029] FIGs. 4A-E. A) Representative bright field and H&E images of CRISPR / Cas9 engineered human normal gastric organoid lines and their distinct morphology, scale bar: 100 μm. B) Dose response curves (left) and scatter plot (right) of CRISPR / Cas9 engineered normal organoids lines with and without CDH1 mutations for abemaciclib treatment from 3 technical replicates. The experiment was repeated using the organoid lines at different passage as biological replicate. Black line represents the mean; P, TP53- / -; C, CDH1- / -; A, APC- / -; S, SMAD4- / -mutation. P value was obtained using a student’s t-test. C) Abemaciclib administration schedule (purple arrowhead) to mice bearing Dif-CDH1 xenograft and tumor size evaluation by IVIS (blue arrow) . D) Images showing the status of xenografts after abemaciclib treatment (25mg / kg / day) at indicated time intervals. Color scale represents bioluminescent radiance (p / sec / cm2 / sr) . E) . The bioluminescent signals of each experimental groups were plots against days of treatment. A significant tumor regression was observed under abemaciclib treatment since day 19 and tumor growth suppression persisted till day 40 with p value obtained using Mann-Whitney U test. FIG. 5. Scatter plots showing the similar mean IC50 (line) of palbociclib in gastric cancer organoids (A) or cell lines (B) with ARHGAP fusion , CDH1 mutation , and those wild type for these alterations . Dotted lines represent the plasma concentration.5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Gastric cancer (GC) is a deadly disease in which effective treatment remains as an unmet clinical need. There are diverse morphological and molecular subtypes with different drug responses and prognosis, needing tailored precision treatment. In this study, the potential utility of a cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor, abemaciclib (Verzenio, Eli Lilly and Co) , was explored for treatment of GC through drug sensitivity testing using previously established GC organoids biobank. Of note, abemaciclib is approved by FDA as a monotherapy or combination therapy to treat hormone receptor (HR) -positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -negative breast cancer patients, but its efficacy in other cancer types has not been known. In total, the abemaciclib responses on 66 tumour organoids from 56 GC patients were analysed, including 9 ARHGAP fusion tumor organoid lines from 6 GC patients which were poorly represented by 2D cancer cell lines. Interestingly, GC organoids with ARHGAP fusion were highly sensitive to abemaciclib, compared with other GC organoids without ARHGAP fusion (p<0.0001) . Specifically, the IC50 values of abemaciclib for ARHGAP fusion group were always below the mean of patient plasma steady-state concentration and comparable to that of the HR+HER2-breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, two independent immunocompromised mice models implanted with ARHGAP fusion GC xenograft, via orthotopic or intraperitoneal injection, mimicking the primary and metastatic tumors, showed significant tumor regression (p<0.0079 and p<0.032, respectively) when treated with abemaciclib at a well-tolerated therapeutic range to human.
[0031] Whilst the sensitivity to abemaciclib for GC organoids with CDH1 mutation was supported by a lower mean IC50 than the other non-diffuse-type GC. However, further results shows that normal organoids engineered with CDH1 mutations also conferred a higher sensitivity to abemaciclib compared with parental normal control or organoid engineered with intestinal-type GC drivers TP53- / - / APC- / - / SMAD4- / -mutations (p=0.04) . More importantly, mice bearing diffuse-type CDH1 mutant GC xenograft at peritoneum showed a significant tumor regression since day 19 of abemaciclib treatment (p=0.0023) , the tumor growth inhibition persisted till day 40.
[0032] Overall, the results demonstrated a molecularly stratified response to abemaciclib with high sensitivity in GC patients with ARHGAP fusion and CDH1 mutation, thus with potential immediate clinical application. We also highlighted the possibility to explore combination therapy incorporating abemaciclib for treatment of CDH1 mutant GC patients. Given the high sensitivity of the ARHGAP fusion GC to abemaciclib, there is potential for this specific molecular subtype to be sensitive to other classes of CDK4 / 6 inhibitors that are already in clinical use or being developed. There also exist possibility of combination of CDK4 / 6 inhibitors with other drugs to further increase the efficacy in treatment of ARHGAP fusion GC. Lastly, additional biomarkers can be explored that can predict the response to abemaciclib or other CDK4 / 6 inhibitors in GC without ARHGAP fusion, that can improve patient selection for therapy encompassing CDK4 / 6 inhibitors.
[0033] 5.1 In vitro models-Gastric Cancer Organoids
[0034] The heterogenous nature of GC and lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models have been the long-lasting key issues which hamper the advance in therapeutic invention for GC patients. This also leads to very few representative large-scale drug screening studies on GC until very recently (8) . We and others have previously built a large repertoire of GC organoids that highly recapitulate the histopathology, genetic and transcriptomic profiles of primary tissues (9-11) . Thus far, the number of GC organoids accumulated has already tripled the number of GC cell lines currently available in the field. Some of these GC organoids capture rare genetic alterations such as ARHGAP fusions or were derived from early stage that are either unavailable or under presented by cell line model. We and others have demonstrated the potential use of organoid culture to predict in vivo drug response, and the feasibility for scaling up for high throughput drug screening (9, 12-15) . More recently, we further showed that the in vitro cell-matrix adhesion dependent phenotype of GC organoids strongly associates with the in vivo infiltrative pattern and predicts poor patient clinical outcome (16) , suggesting the clinically relevant nature of organoid models.
[0035] 6. EXAMPLES
[0036] 6.1 Materials and methods
[0037] 6.1.1 Patient derived organoid cultures
[0038] Patient derived organoid cultures were cultured in a standard gastric medium (advanced DMEM / F12, 1x GlutaMax, 1x HEPES, 1x P / S, 50%Wnt3a, 10%RSPO-1, 10%Noggin, 1xB27, 50ng / ml EGF, 200ng / ml FGF10, 1mM N-Acetylcystenine, 1nM Gastrin, 2μM A83-01) as previously described (9, 16) . Normal organoids were passaged by mechanical shearing using glass Pasteur pipettes with narrowed tips opening. Tumor organoids were passaged using TrypLE digestion at 37 ℃ for 5 minutes. The organoids were regularly tested for the absence of mycoplasma contamination.
[0039] 6.1.2 Abemaciclib sensitivity screening
[0040] Abemaciclib treatment was conducted on 66 patient-derived tumor organoids from 56 patients with 10 derived from 2nd region of the same tumor (Table 1) as previously described (9, 17) . Briefly, organoids were trypsinized into single cells 2-3 days prior the day of plating to generate pool of organoids with homogeneous size. On the day of plating, organoids were dissociated mechanically from Matrigel and 15,000-20,000 organoids / ml were plated onto each well of a 384-well plate previously coated with 50%Matrigel using a ThermoFisher Multidrop dispenser. On the next day, drugs were dispensed onto the 384-well organoid plate using an Echo 555 acoustic dispenser (Labcyte) and cells were cultured for another 4 days. The effect of the drugs on the tumor organoids, in terms of cell viability, was quantitated using a Cell titer-Glo 2.0 assay (Promega) on day 6. Abemaciclib was screened for 7 concentrations with half-log dilution in triplicate on each organoid from two different passages as biological replicate. Raw luminescence values were obtained from a microplate reader (Thermofisher) . The data was compared with a positive control (10mM MG132) and negative control (DMSO) . The half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 and area under the dose response curves (AUC) were generated using the gdscIC50 R package (18) . For tumor organoids that were completely resistant to abemaciclib, IC50 and AUC values could not be generated, but for analysis purposes, they were given the maximum IC50 of abemaciclib or an AUC of 1 within the organoid panel.
[0041] 6.1.3 Generation of CRISPR / Cas9-engineered organoids for drug sensitivity screening
[0042] To study the abemaciclib responses on GC with CDH1 mutation, normal gastric organoids were genome edited with either diffuse-type GC drivers (TP53 and CDH1 mutations) or intestinal-type GC drivers (TP53, APC and SMAD4 mutations) to evaluate their responses towards abemaciclib. The sgRNA oligos found in table 2 were cloned into the pSpCas9 (BB) -2A-Puro (PX459) V2.0 vector (Addgene plasmid #62988) , following a previously described protocol (19) . Clones with the correct insertion were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Plasmids containing gRNA targeting TP53 and CDH1 or targeting TP53, APC and SMAD4 were simultaneously delivered to normal gastric organoids by electroporation using an AmaxaTM Mouse / Rat-Hepatocyte-NucleofectorTM kit, as previously described (20) , to induce diffuse and intestinal type GC transformation, respectively. At 48 hours post electroporation, cells were treated with 10μM Nutlin3a to select for TP53- / - / CDH1- / -mutant organoids (PC) , while withdrawal of Wnt3a, Rspondin-1 and Noggin in parallel with the additional to 10μM Nutlin3a can select for TP53- / - / APC- / - / SMAD4- / -mutant organoids (PAS) . Clonal organoids were picked and expanded for abemaciclib treatment. Mutations of individual genes were verified by PCR and Sanger sequencing using the primers listed in table 3.
[0043] Table 2. List of sgRNA targeting driver genes of interest
[0044] Table 3. Primers used for PCR and Sanger sequencing the genomic DNA for checking mutations in organoids
[0045] 6.1.4 Mouse orthotropic xenograft model for drug treatment
[0046] To evaluate the effectiveness of abemaciclib on diffuse-type GC patients with either ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation, a previously described orthotropic xenograft model was used (16) . 6-8-week-old NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl / SzJ (NSG) mice were fasted overnight before surgery. On the day of surgery, 2.5 x 106 luciferase labelled gastric tumour organoid cells (GX052-TO g1-Ctrl) carrying ARHGAP fusion were injected to the stomach submucosa of NSG mice to generate ARHGAP fusion GC tumour xenograft. For generation of CDH1 mutant GC tumour xenograft, 2 x 105 luciferase labelled gastric tumour organoid cells (GX036-TO) carrying CDH1 mutation were co-injected with 2 x 105 tumor associated fibroblasts to the stomach submucosa of NSG mice. At ~4-week after implantation, the mice were administered 100 mg kg-1 d-luciferin via peritoneal injection to measure tumour volume using the Spectrum in vivo imaging system. The mice were randomized into two groups, and administered with either 1%hydroxyethyl cellulose as vehicle control or abemaciclib (12.5mg / kg / day for the ARHGAP fusion GC tumour xenograft GX052-TO g1-Ctrl or 25mg / kg / day for the CDH1 mutant GC tumour xenograft GX036-TO) through oral gavage for 45 days. Tumor volume was monitored at certain time intervals between day 19 and 45 of post treatment using the Spectrum in vivo imaging system and recorded as bioluminescence intensity. Mice were sacrificed and stomachs were harvested for ex vivo imaging and histological analysis. The other internal organs were also checked for any abnormalities or possible metastasis. All animal experiments were conducted according to the protocol approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research at The University of Hong Kong (CULATR no. 5084-19) .
[0047] 6.1.5 Mouse peritoneal metastasis xenograft model for drug treatment
[0048] To evaluate the effectiveness of abemaciclib on diffuse-type GC patients with either ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation who always develop peritoneal metastases, a peritoneal metastasis xenograft model was used. Briefly, 1×106 luciferase labelled gastric tumour organoid cells (GX080-TO) carrying ARHGAP fusion or (GX036-TO) carrying CDH1 mutation were injected into the abdominal cavities of 6-8-week-old NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl / SzJ (NSG) mice. At ~4-week after implantation, the mice were administered 100 mg kg-1 d-luciferin intraperitoneally to measure tumour burden using the the Spectrum in vivo imaging system. The mice were randomized into two groups, and administered with either 1%hydroxyethyl cellulose as vehicle control or abemaciclib (12.5mg / kg / day for GX080-TO or 25mg / kg / day for GX036-TO) through oral gavage for 40-45 days. Tumor burden was monitored at certain time intervals between day 12 and 45 of post treatment using the Spectrum in vivo imaging system and recorded as bioluminescence intensity. Mice were sacrificed and stomachs were harvested for ex vivo imaging and histological analysis. The other internal organs were also checked for any abnormalities or possible metastasis. The experiments were conducted according to the protocol approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research at The University of Hong Kong (CULATR no. 230-240) .
[0049] 6.1.6 Statistics analysis
[0050] Comparison of differences between two biological groups were performed using either student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and were specified in corresponding figure legends.
[0051] 6.2 Results
[0052] 6.2.1 Testing the effects of abemaciclib in gastric cancer
[0053] Previously we have described a GC organoid biobank that encompasses a diverse repertoire of tumour organoids of different subtypes and enables therapeutic screening (Figure 1) (9,16) . Currently, our tumor organoid biobank contains 58 GC patients, including 45 males and 13 females aged between 29-83 years old (Table 1) . Our tumor organoids span all the common morphological and molecular repertoire of gastric cancer, including the Diffuse (m) group carrying either ARHGAP fusion, CDH1 or RHOA mutation (terms as Dif-ARHGAP fusion, Dif-CDH1 and Dif-RHOA, respectively) ; EBV, MSI, and the remaining microsatellite stable groups (FIG. 1A-B and Table 1) . In particular, this organoid bank contains 9 Dif-ARHGAP fusion organoids from 6 patients, which are not previously described in in 2D GC cell lines. In this study, we utilized this biobank to evaluate the clinical application of abemaciclib in treatment of GC.Abemaciclib (brand name Verzenio, Company: Eli Lilly and Co) is an inhibitor targeting CDK4 / 6. It is the first CDK4 / 6 inhibitor approved by FDA in 2017 as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) , human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting. Besides, it is approved as a combination therapy with aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant for HR+ / HER-breast cancer. We sought to test if abemaciclib is effective in GC patients using our patient derived GC biobank. Abemaciclib was screened at 7 drug concentrations in triplicate, with 2 biological replicates from organoid at different passages (Figure 2A) . In total, we have completed the abemaciclib treatment analysis on 66 tumour organoids from 56 patients using the previously described protocol (9) . Two tumor organoids (GX024-TO, GX109-TO) in our biobank were excluded from drug treatment due to the slow growth rate (doubling time > 400 hrs) . Two independent abemaciclib treatments as biological replicates on each organoids revealed high reproducibility of this drug treatment protocol, with Pearson correlation coefficients of 1-AUC equals 0.84 (Figure 2B) . When the IC50 of abemaciclib of each organoid was calculated and plotted in ascending order, all Dif-ARHGAP fusion organoids tend to have a low IC50 value well below the mean of patient plasma steady-state concentration (Figure 2C) . Specifically, the mean abemaciclib IC50 of Dif-ARHGAP fusion organoids was substantially lower than other GC organoids, especially the non-diffuse (m) group (p<0.0001) , but also the Dif-CDH1 group (p=0.004) , whereas the Dif-RHO group number is too few for valid comparison. More importantly, the mean IC50 of Dif-ARHGAP fusion organoids is comparable with hormone receptor positive (HR+) and HER2 negative breast cancer cell lines; a cancer type with proven therapeutic efficacy (Figure 1E) . This suggested that abemaciclib is effective in the treatment of GC patients with ARHGAP fusion, within a well-tolerated therapeutic range. Although both the Dif-ARHGAP and Dif-CDH1 organoids have a relatively higher in vitro growth rate than others (Figure 2F) , there is no correlation between IC50 of abemaciclib and the organoid growth rate (Figure 2G) , suggesting that the results shown herein were not influenced by the in vitro growth condition. We further adapted two xenograft mouse models, via orthotopic (16) or intraperitoneal injection, to study the in vivo effect of abemaciclib on tumor growth inhibition at primary site and after developed metastasis (Figure 3) . Luciferase labelled Dif-AG tumor organoids (GX052-TO g1-Ctrl) were injected to the submucosa of NSG mice stomach. Xenografts were detected in ~50%of NSG mice after ~4 weeks of tumor organoid injection. The NSG mice with established xenografts were then randomized into two groups, and each was treated with vehicle or 12.5mg / kg abemaciclib daily for 45 days. The dosage used herein is within the Css (21) , and less than the dosage used to treat mice with HR+ / HER2-breast xenograft (50mg / kg / day) (22) . Tumor volume was measured based on the luciferase signalling at day 19, 33 and 45 (Figure 3B-C) . We found a significant tumor volume reduction upon abemaciclib treatment for 45 days (p=0.0079) . Likewise, Dif-AG tumor organoids (GX080-TO) were injected intraperitoneally to NSG mice. The NSG mice with established xenografts were then randomized into two groups, and each was treated with vehicle or 12.5mg / kg abemaciclib daily for 40 days (Figure 3D-E) . A significant tumor volume reduction was observed upon abemaciclib treatment since day 33 (p=0.032) and persisted till day 45 (p=0.047) .
[0054] 6.2.2 Testing the effects of abemaciclib in gastric cancer with CDH1 mutation
[0055] Dif-CDH1 organoids also showed a lower mean abemaciclib IC50 values than non-diffuse (m) group, despite not reaching statistic significant (p=0.41, Figure 2D) . Further, the potential sensitivity of Dif-CDH1 towards abemaciclib was checked by recreating the CDH1 mutation in normal organoids using CRISPR / Cas9. A total of 4 independent normal organoids were engineered with TP53- / - / CDH1- / -mutations, which resulted in diffuse tumor-like morphology, and one organoid (GX059-BO) was engineered with TP53- / - / APC- / - / SMAD4- / -mutations, that remained cystic and re-capitulated an intestinal-type tumor (Figure 4A) as control. These organoids, together with two paired normal gastric organoids (GX052-AO and GX097-B1O) , were used to test for the abemaciclib response. Interestingly, organoids engineered with a CDH1 mutation had a higher sensitivity towards abemaciclib, compared to organoids engineered with intestinal-type driver mutations or parental normal organoids (p=0.04, Figure 4B) , suggesting that CDH1 mutation indeed contributed to the abemaciclib sensitivity in GC organoids.
[0056] We next study the in vivo effect of abemaciclib using a CDH1 mutant xenograft mouse model. Mice bearing CDH1 mutant xenograft at peritoneum were treated with abemaciclib for 40 day and tumor size was monitored at specific time intervals (Figure 4C-E) . We found a significant reduction in tumor volume at day 19 of abemaciclib as compared to vehicle control (p=0.0023) . The tumor growth inhibition persisted till day 40, suggesting that the tumor with CDH1 mutation responses to abemaciclib treatment.
[0057] Finally, whether GC organoids with either ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutations also response to other CDK4 / 6 inhibitors such as palbociclib was explored. Interestingly, no significant sensitivity difference was observed among GC subgroup (Figure 5A) . The same results in gastric cancer cell lines from a public database were observed (Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer) (Figure 5B) . Furthermore, the IC50s of palbociclib for both GC organoid and cell lines were much higher than the patient plasma concentration, suggesting potential toxicity effects will be observed in human. Overall, the sensitivity response in GC with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutations demonstrated in this study is specific towards abemaciclib instead of applying to general CDK4 / 6 inhibitors.
[0058] 6.3 Discussion
[0059] In this study, we tested the effect of abemaciclib on our GC organoid biobank that contained patient derived organoids which were always underrepresented by 2D cell lines, such as the ARHGAP fusion organoid cell model. Through analysing the abemaciclib treatment response of our GC organoids, we found that Dif-ARHGAP fusion organoids were more sensitive to abemaciclib than GC organoids without the ARHGAP fusion (Figure 2) . We further validated the in vitro abemaciclib sensitivity in two independent Dif-ARHGAP fusion xenografts, with tumors either at primary site or peritoneum (Figure 3) .
[0060] Abemaciclib is the most potent FDA approved CDK4 / 6 inhibitors among the three, including palbociclib and ribociclib, for the treatment of advance HR+ breast cancer (23) . Besides, it also has the widest range of inhibitory activities than the others based on a multiomics profiling study on breast cancer cell lines (24) . The current study highlighted a new patient group that can benefit from abemaciclib treatment in which clinical trial would be the next step to carry this new finding forward. Indeed, there are many on-going clinical trials focusing on combining abemaciclib treatment with others to treat different types of solid cancers.
[0061] Whilst the underlying mechanism of abemaciclib sensitivity towards Dif-ARHGAP GC remains to be elucidated, a recent proteomic study on GC has observed elevated Cdk4 and Cdk6 protein levels in morphologically defined diffuse-type GC, and thus suggested CDK4 / 6 inhibitors as potential targets for treating diffuse-type GC (25) . Whilst elevated levels do not always translate into therapeutic response in biological system because of existence of re-wiring and escape mechanism, our study is the first to show that even within diffuse-type GC, Dif-ARHGAP fusion and Dif-CDH1 groups constitutes a biomarker predictive of very high therapeutic response. Further study is in progress to identify additional biomarkers in GC without ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation that could predict sensitivity to abemaciclib as there also exist a small subset with very good response. Given the high sensitivity of the ARHGAP fusion GC to abemaciclib, there is potential for this specific molecular subtype to be sensitive to other classes of CDK4 / 6 inhibitors that are already in clinical use or being developed. There also exist possibility of combination of CDK4 / 6 inhibitors with other drugs to further increase the efficacy in treatment of ARHGAP fusion GC.
[0062] Table 1. Clinico-pathological data, genomic data and abemaciclib IC50 values of tumor organoids derived from gastric cancer patients
[0063] ^ ARHGAP fusions were identified based on RNAsequencing data
[0064] Exemplary products, systems and methods are set out in the following items:
[0065] 1. A method of treating gastric cancer in a subject with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation comprising administering an effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor to the subject.
[0066] 2. The method of item 1 further comprising an additional therapy.
[0067] 3. The method of item 2 wherein the additional therapy includes surgery, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy or a combination thereof.
[0068] 4. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is about 100mg to 120mg, 120mg to 150mg, 150mg to 200mg, 200mg to 250mg, 250mg to 300mg, 300mg to 350mg, 350mg to 400mgm, or 400mg to 450mg, 450mg to 500mg, 500mg to 550mg, 550mg to 600mg, 600mg to 650mg or 650mg to 700mg.
[0069] 5. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib.
[0070] 6. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.
[0071] 7. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the effective amount is 200mg of abemaciclib, twice daily as monotherapy for gastric cancer patients with ARHGAP fusion.
[0072] 8. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the effective amount is 600mg of ribociclib, once daily.
[0073] 9. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the effective amount is 125mg of palbociclib, once daily.
[0074] 10. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the method comprises testing the subject for ARHGAP fusion and / or CDH1 mutation prior to administering an effective amount of abemaciclib.
[0075] 11. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the subject has ARHGAP fusion.
[0076] 12. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the subject has CDH1 mutation.
[0077] 13. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor in combination with one or more additional therapy.
[0078] 14. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the subject has CDH1 mutation.
[0079] 15. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the subject has ARHGAP fusion.
[0080] 16. The method of any one of the preceding items wherein the IC50 value of abemaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib for a patient with ARHGAP fusion is below the mean of patient plasma steady-state concentration.
[0081] 17. A system for testing drug sensitivity comprising: (i) obtaining a GC organoid culture; (ii) adding a test compound to the culture; (iii) measuring the growth of the GC organoid in the culture, wherein a decrease in growth of the organoids as compare to a control test compound indicates that the test compound is a candidate for treatment of GC, wherein the GC organoids comprise ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation and wherein the test compound is a cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor.
[0082] 18. The system of item 17 wherein the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.
[0083] 19. A system of screening for biomarkers that are modulated in gastric cancer comprising: (i) obtaining a GC organoid culture from a subject with an aberrant biomarker; (ii) adding a CDK4 / 6 inhibitor to the culture; (iii) measuring the growth of the GC organoid in the culture, wherein a decrease in growth of the organoids as compared to a control organoid culture indicates that the CDK4 / 6 inhibitor is a candidate for treatment of GC comprising the aberrant biomarker.
[0084] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the disclosure that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the relevant art (s) (including the contents of the documents cited and incorporated by reference herein) , readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present disclosure. Such adaptations and modifications are therefore intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in combination with the knowledge of one skilled in the relevant art (s) .
[0085] While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of examples, and not limitation. It would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art (s) that various changes in form and detail could be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
[0086] All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
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Claims
1.A method of treating gastric cancer in a subject with ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation comprising administering an effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor to the subject.2.The method of claim 1 further comprising one or more additional therapy.3.The method of claim 2 wherein the additional therapy includes surgery, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy or a combination thereof.4.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the effective amount of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is about 100mg to 120mg, 120mg to 150mg, 150mg to 200mg, 200mg to 250mg, 250mg to 300mg, 300mg to 350mg, 350mg to 400mgm, or 400mg to 450mg, 450mg to 500mg, 500mg to 550mg, 550mg to 600mg, 600mg to 650mg or 650mg to 700mg.5.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib.6.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.7.The method of claim 6 wherein the effective amount is 150mg of abemaciclib, twice daily.8.The method of claim 6 wherein the effective amount is 200mg of abemaciclib, twice daily.9.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the effective amount is 600mg of ribociclib, once daily.10.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the effective amount is 125mg of palbociclib, once daily.11.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the type of gastric cancer in the subject comprises intestinal type, diffuse type and mixed type.12.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the type of gastric cancer in the subject is diffuse type.13.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the subject has CDH1 mutation.14.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the subject has ARHGAP fusion.15.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the method comprises testing the subject for ARHGAP fusion and / or CDH1 mutation prior to administering an effective amount of abemaciclib.16.The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the IC50 value of abemaciclib, palbociclib or ribociclib for a patient with ARHGAP fusion is below the mean of patient plasma steady-state concentration.17.A system for testing drug sensitivity comprising: (i) obtaining a GC organoid culture; (ii) adding a test compound to the culture; (iii) measuring the growth of the GC organoid in the culture, wherein a decrease in growth of the organoids as compare to a control test compound indicates that the test compound is a candidate for treatment of GC, wherein the GC organoids comprise ARHGAP fusion or CDH1 mutation.18.The system of claim 17 wherein the test compound is a cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor.19.The system of claim 18 wherein the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 / 6 inhibitor is abemaciclib.20.A system of screening for biomarkers that are modulated in gastric cancer comprising: (i) obtaining a GC organoid culture from a subject with an aberrant biomarker; (ii) adding a CDK4 / 6 inhibitor to the culture; (iii) measuring the growth of the GC organoid in the culture, wherein a decrease in growth of the organoids as compared to a control organoid culture indicates that the CDK4 / 6 inhibitor is a candidate for treatment of GC comprising the aberrant biomarker.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Gastric cancer molecular typing DNA probe pool, preparation method, kit and use method
CN114438206A