Polar code based multiple bit-level shaping
Polar code based multiple bit-level shaping enhances communication performance for increased-bias distributions and poor channel conditions by shaping multiple bit-levels and jointly protecting information and shaping bits, addressing the limitations of single bit-level shaping techniques.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/134610
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication systems face challenges in improving communication performance for increased-bias distributions and in poor channel conditions, particularly at low SNRs, where single bit-level shaping techniques may degrade and coding rates are reduced.
The implementation of polar code based multiple bit-level shaping, where different bit-levels are shaped separately and the resulting information bits and shaping bits are jointly protected using forward error correction, to enhance communication performance.
This approach improves communication performance by achieving a more biased probability distribution and maintaining performance in poor channel conditions, compared to single bit-level shaping or non-shaped techniques.
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Figure CN2023134610_05062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
POLAR CODE BASED MULTIPLE BIT-LEVEL SHAPING
[0001] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The following relates to wireless communication, including polar code based multiple bit-level shaping.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .
[0004] Encoding techniques may be used to add bits (e.g., redundant bits) to a stream of information bits, where the added bits may improve a reliability of communications. Shaping techniques may be used to increase a likelihood of particular symbols being transmitted over other symbols (e.g., as opposed to a uniform likelihood for all symbols) , where the favored symbols may be transmitted more reliably than the other symbols. A likelihood of the occurrence of a symbol may be referred to as a prior probability of the symbol and the prior probabilities of multiple symbols may be referred to as a prior probability distribution. In some examples, encoding and shaping techniques may be used together to improve a reliability and / or throughput of communications between devices.SUMMARY
[0005] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support polar code based multiple bit-level shaping. For example, to improve (e.g., relative to single level-bit shaping or non-shaped techniques) communication performance for increased-bias distributions and in the presence of poor channel conditions (e.g., SNRs that are below a threshold) , the described techniques provide for the shaping of multiple bit-levels when polar coding is applied to a stream of information bits. For example, different bit-levels may be shaped separately (though based on the shaping applied to other bit-levels) and the resulting information bits and shaping bits may be jointly protected using forward error correction. In some examples, a stream of data bits may be encoded with a polar code to obtain multiple codewords and, as part of the encoding, first shaping bits for a first codeword associated with a first bit-level of a modulation scheme may be generated to achieve a first target probability distribution and second shaping bits for a second codeword associated with a second bit-level of a modulation scheme may be generated to achieve a second target probability distribution based on the first target probability distribution for the first bit-level.
[0006] A method for wireless communications by a wireless device is described. The method may include encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function, generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme, generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit- level of the modulation scheme, and transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0007] A wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to encode a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, generate, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function, generate, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme, generate, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme, and transmit one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0008] Another wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include means for encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function, means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme, means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme, and means for transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0009] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to encode a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, generate, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function, generate, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme, generate, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme, and transmit one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0010] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, encoding the stream of data bits may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits, obtaining a set of log likelihood ratio values based on the first codeword, and determining values of the one or more second shaping bits based on the set of log likelihood ratio values, where the one or more second shaping bits may be generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.
[0011] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, encoding the stream of data bits may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating the second codeword in accordance with the one or more second shaping bits.
[0012] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the set of log likelihood ratio values may be obtained based on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution, a first interleaver associated with the first codeword, and a second interleaver associated with the second codeword.
[0013] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword and determining a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, where the second quantity of shaping bit channels may be based on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
[0014] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for identifying, from among a first set of subchannels of a set of multiple subchannels associated with the polar code and based on the first quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more first subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the first set of subchannels, where the one or more first subchannels correspond to first shaping bit channels, where the first set of subchannels may be associated with the first codeword.
[0015] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for identifying, from the first set of subchannels, one or more second subchannels having lower reliability than the one or more first subchannels and higher reliability than one or more third subchannels, where the one or more second subchannels correspond to information bit channels.
[0016] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for identifying, from among a second set of subchannels of the set of multiple subchannels and based on the second quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more third subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the second set of subchannels, where the one or more third subchannels correspond to second shaping bit channels, where the second set of subchannels may be associated with the second codeword.
[0017] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining a quantity of shaping bits associated with each codeword of the set of multiple codewords based on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
[0018] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for associating a most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the first codeword based on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of modulation scheme.
[0019] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the most significant bit of the symbols of the modulation scheme may be further associated with the first codeword based on an entropy of the most significant bit of the symbols being less than respective entropies of less-significant bits of the symbols, and the first codeword being generated using a kernel of the polar code that corresponds to a mother code of the polar code.
[0020] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for associating a second-most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the second codeword based on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of the modulation scheme.
[0021] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, interleaving, based on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the set of multiple codewords, where the one or more second shaping bits may be generated based on an interleaving of the first codeword.
[0022] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, interleaving, based on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the set of multiple codewords via a respective interleaver that may be associated with a respective bit-level to obtain an aggregated codeword, the aggregated codeword including a bit combination including one or more bits for each bit-level of the modulation scheme and mapping the bit combination to a point of a constellation of the modulation scheme, where transmitting the one or more signals includes transmitting at least a portion of the aggregated codeword using a symbol that corresponds to the point of the constellation of the modulation scheme.
[0023] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the respective bit-levels of the modulation scheme may be associated with respective probability distributions.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 2 shows an example of a subsystem that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 3 shows an example of a set of operations for polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 4 shows an example of a diagram for polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIGs. 5 and 6 show block diagrams of devices that support polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating methods that support polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] Polar coding may be used to improve a performance of wireless communications. Constellation shaping techniques (e.g., probabilistic shaping techniques) may also improve a performance of wireless communications. In some examples, polar coding and shaping techniques may be combined to further improve a performance of wireless communications. In some cases, a joint polar coding and shaping technique may be implemented by constructing a polar code to shape a single bit-level of a modulation scheme.
[0033] But a performance of a single bit-level shaping technique may decrease when a more-biased probability distribution is desired. Also, the improved performance provided by a single bit-level shaping can decrease at low SNRs -e.g., at reduced SNRs, coding rates may be reduced and a benefit of the shaping configured for a selected kernel of a polar code may be reduced as the shaping bits may become more likely to be placed on low reliability subchannels. Thus, mechanisms (e.g., methods, systems, apparatuses, techniques, configurations, components) that support improved communication performance for increased-bias probability distributions may be desired.
[0034] To improve (e.g., relative to single level-bit shaping or non-shaped techniques) communication performance for increased-bias distributions and in the presence of poor channel conditions (e.g., SNRs that are below a threshold) , multiple bit-levels may be shaped. For example, different bit-levels may be shaped separately (though based on the shaping applied to other bit-levels) and the resulting information bits and shaping bits may be jointly protected using forward error correction.
[0035] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0036] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish one or more communication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0037] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 or network entities 105, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0038] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0039] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via one or more backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a backhaul communication link 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via a core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication links 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) , one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0040] One or more of the network entities 105 described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or a giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single network entity 105 (e.g., a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0041] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 105, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) 160, a distributed unit (DU) 165, a radio unit (RU) 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) 180 system, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0042] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170, and the one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170 may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165, or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to one or more RUs 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 105 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0043] In wireless communications systems (e.g., wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) may be partially controlled by each other. One or more IAB nodes 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. One or more DUs 165 or one or more RUs 170 may be partially controlled by one or more CUs 160 associated with a donor network entity 105 (e.g., a donor base station 140) . The one or more donor network entities 105 (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication links 120) . IAB nodes 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by DUs 165 of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may include an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115, or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of an IAB node 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB nodes 104 may include DUs 165 that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB nodes 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., one or more IAB nodes 104 or components of IAB nodes 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0044] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support polar code based multiple bit-level shaping as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., IAB nodes 104, DUs 165, CUs 160, RUs 170, RIC 175, SMO 180) .
[0045] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, or vehicles, meters, among other examples.
[0046] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 that may sometimes act as relays as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0047] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., an access link) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting the communication links 125. For example, a carrier used for a communication link 125 may include a portion of a RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities 105) .
[0048] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0049] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0050] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0051] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0052] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to multiple UEs 115 and UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a specific UE 115.
[0053] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area 110. In some examples, different coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, but the different coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same network entity 105. In some other examples, the overlapping coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities 105. The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 provide coverage for various coverage areas 110 using the same or different radio access technologies.
[0054] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0055] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs 115 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to each of the other UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0056] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0057] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0058] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0059] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0060] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0061] A polar code is a linear block error-correction code that is based on a recursive concatenation of a kernel code. Polar coding may be used to convert a physical channel into multiple virtual subchannels, where a first set of the virtual subchannels may have channel characteristics (e.g., SNR and / or a capacity) that meet or exceed channel characteristic thresholds (which may be referred to as “good” channels) , and a second set of the channels may have channel characteristics that are below the channel characteristic thresholds (which may be referred to as “bad” channels) . In some examples, a polar code may be used to transmit information bits in the first set of channels and to transmit “frozen” bits (e.g., which may be pre-designated as logical 0s or local 1s) in the second set of channels.
[0062] A modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QAM, PSK, A-PSK, etc. ) may be used to convert information bits into symbols (e.g., corresponding to different magnitudes and / or phases) that are transmitted over a channel. A modulation scheme may be represented as a set of points that form a constellation, where the set of points may be mapped on a graph having a real axis (e.g., corresponding to magnitude) and an imaginary axis (e.g., corresponding to phase) . The points may be distributed across the constellation in a uniform manner -e.g., the points in a constellation may be separated from another by a same distance, for example, in all directions. Each point may correspond to a unique symbol of the configured modulation scheme, and may represent a unique bit, or set of bits, of information. For example, for 16-QAM, each point may correspond to a respective combination of magnitude and phase, and each point may also correspond to a respective combination of four data bits selected from the available combinations of four data bits (0000, 0001 ... 1111) . In some examples, a modulation scheme may be described as having n bit-levels based on the number of bits represented by a symbol of the modulation scheme. For example, a symbol of 16-QAM may represent four bits of information, and thus may have four (4) bit-levels. Similarly, 64-QAM may have six (6) bit-levels, and 256-QAM may have eight (8) bit-levels.
[0063] Prior to being conveyed using a wireless channel, a stream of data bits may be encoded (e.g., using an encoding technique, such as Turbo encoding, polar encoding, etc. ) to obtain a stream of encoded data bits. In some examples, the stream of encoded data bits may be transmitted over a wireless channel more reliably than the stream of data bits -e.g., based on redundant bits being added to the stream of data bits. After encoding the stream of data bits, symbols may be generated from portions of the stream of encoded data bits -in accordance with a configured modulation scheme. For example, during modulation, respective sets of the stream of encoded data bits may be mapped to respective points in a constellation corresponding to the configured modulation scheme. For example, for 16-QAM, respective sets of four encoded data bits in the stream of encoded data bits may be mapped to respective points of the 16-QAM constellation, which may correspond to respective symbols of sixteen (16) available symbols that correspond to sixteen (16) unique bit combinations.
[0064] Due to the randomized nature of data, the probability of a set of encoded data bits being mapped to any one of the points in a modulation constellation may be uniform. That is, it may be just as likely that a set of encoded data bits will be mapped to any point of the available points in the modulation constellation. For example, for 16–QAM, each point may have a 6.25%chance of being mapped to by a current set of encoded data bits -e.g., each point may be mapped to sixteen (16) times if one hundred (100) sets of encoded data bits are processed. The probability of a set of encoded data bits being mapped to a point may be referred to as a “prior probability” of the point.
[0065] In some examples, a non-uniform distribution of a set of prior probabilities for a constellation may perform better than a uniform distribution of a set of prior probabilities. For example, in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) noise, a distribution of a set of prior probabilities that is of a Gaussian shape may perform better than a uniform distribution of a set of prior probabilities. That is, in some examples, a communication performance may be improved by using certain points of the modulation constellation (and thus using certain symbols) more than other points of the modulation constellation (and thus other symbols) .
[0066] Thus, in some examples, constellation shaping (e.g., the changing of the distribution of the points in a constellation to be non-uniform and to emphasize the best-performing points of the constellation) may be used to increase a capacity of a wireless channel relative to uniform distributions. In some examples, constellation shaping may improve a block error rate (BLER) and / or signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio by 1.53 dB.
[0067] In some constellation shaping schemes, shaping bits may be used to shape information bits by applying a masking, or scrambling, to the encoded information bits. The set of shaping bits may be a sequence of bits that may depend on the encoded information bits, such that the combination of the set of shaping bits and the encoded information bits may not be uniformly distributed (e.g., may achieve a target shaped distribution) . In some examples, the transmitting device may use block encoding (e.g., polar coding) and perform masking or scrambling of the encoded information bits (e.g., via a bit-wise XOR operation) to obtain the non-uniform shaping. In some examples, the transmitting device may transmit the shaping bits via the same channel as the shaped information bits.
[0068] In some examples, a single bit-level shaping using polar codes may be used to modify a probability distribution for a constellation by modifying a probability distribution at a particular bit-level. For example, for a modulation scheme that has four bit-levels (e.g., 16-QAM – [b1, b2, b3, b4] ) , single bit-level shaping may be used to modify a probability distribution for a particular bit-level of the bit-levels -e.g., b4. That is, the single bit-level shaping may cause a non-uniform distribution of zeros (0s) and ones (1s) to appear at the particular bit-level. For example, the single bit-level shaping may cause more zeros (0s) to appear at b4, which, in turn, may cause a probability for symbols having zeros (0s) at the b4 position to increase and a probability of symbols having ones (1s) in the b4 position to decrease.
[0069] To implement a single bit-level shaping using polar codes, a polar code may be configured to include both frozen bits and shaping bits, where the positions and / or values of the shaping bits may yield a desired probability distribution for a bit-level. In some examples, the shaping bits may be positioned at the highest reliability virtual subchannels generated by a kernel of the polar code. In some examples, to achieve a more-biased probability distribution for a bit-level, an increased quantity of shaping bits may be used.
[0070] In some examples, a coding and shaping technique that uses polar codes and a single bit-level shaping may provide significant improvements (e.g., a greater than 1 dB SNR improvement) over a non-shaped polar coding technique.
[0071] But a performance of a single bit-level shaping technique may decrease when a more-biased probability distribution is desired. Also, the improved performance provided by a single bit-level shaping can decrease at low SNRs -e.g., at reduced SNRs, coding rates may be reduced and a benefit of the shaping configured for a selected kernel of a polar code may be reduced as the shaping bits may become more likely to be placed on low reliability subchannels. Thus, mechanisms (e.g., methods, systems, apparatuses, techniques, configurations, components) that support improved communication performance for increased-bias probability distributions may be desired.
[0072] To improve (e.g., relative to single level-bit shaping or non-shaped techniques) communication performance for increased-bias distributions and in the presence of poor channel conditions (e.g., SNRs that are below a threshold) , multiple bit-levels may be shaped. For example, different bit-levels may be shaped separately (though based on the shaping applied to other bit-levels) and the resulting information bits and shaping bits may be jointly protected using forward error correction.
[0073] In some examples, a device (e.g., a base station or UE) may apply a polar encoding to a stream of data bits. The polar encoding may result in a codeword, which may be represented as multiple codewords that are subject to one or more subsequent polarization operations. In some examples, the multiple codewords may be associated with respective bit-levels of a symbol of a modulation scheme. The device may further configure the polar encoding to also perform a shaping operation such that certain symbols of the modulation scheme are more likely to occur than other symbols of the modulation scheme. In such cases, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, the device may generate one or more first shaping bits used to generate a first codeword that corresponds to a first bit-level of the modulation scheme. The one or more first shaping bits may be generated to achieve a first target probability distribution for the first bit-level of the modulation scheme. Also, the device may generate one or more second shaping bits used to generate a second codeword that corresponds to a second bit-level of the modulation scheme. The one or more second shaping bits may be generated to achieve a second target probability distribution for the second bit-level of the modulation scheme, where the second target probability distribution may be conditioned on the first target probability distribution. The device may similarly generate shaping bits for additional bit-levels of the modulation scheme. Based on generating the shaping bits, the device may transmit information in one or more signals in accordance with a biased distribution of symbols.
[0074] By conditionally shaping the different bit-levels of a modulation scheme for a polar code, devices may generate communications using polar coding and that use symbols that are shaped at multiple bit-levels. By supporting multiple bit-level shaping, increased-biased distribution (relative to single bit-level shaping) may be achieved. Also, improved performance (relative to single bit-level shaping) in poor channel conditions (e.g., associated with a below-threshold SNR) may be achieved.
[0075] FIG. 2 shows an example of a subsystem that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0076] The subsystem 200 may include the encoder 205, the interleaving unit 210, the symbol mapper 215, and the transmitter 220. In some examples, the subsystem 200 is implemented within a transmitting device, such as a UE, network entity, or base station as described herein.
[0077] The encoder 205 may be used to apply an encoding scheme (e.g., a polar encoding) to a stream of information bits, resulting in a stream of encoded bits. In some examples, the encoder 205 may be further configured to apply a polar encoding scheme that is configured to shape the information bits to favor certain encoded bit combinations over others. Techniques for shaping of the information bits is described in more detail herein, including with reference to FIGs. 3 and 4. In some examples, the encoding scheme may be used in combination with a modulation scheme, such that combinations of the encoded bits may be mapped to symbols of the modulation scheme based on a type and order of the modulation scheme -e.g., if the modulation scheme is 16-QAM, then four-bit combinations may be mapped to symbols of the modulation scheme.
[0078] In some examples, the polar encoding scheme may be represented as a single polar transform that outputs singular codeword. In other examples, the polar encoding scheme may be represented as multiple polar transforms (e.g., the first polar transform 222-1 through the fourth polar transform 222-4) and one or more subsequent polarization operations -the multiple polar transforms may be referred to kernels. In such cases, each of the multiple polar transforms may correspond to a particular bit-level of a modulation scheme and may output sets of codewords that each correspond to a particular bit-level of the modulation scheme. In some examples, the first polar transform 222-1 may correspond to a first bit-level of a modulation scheme, the second polar transform 222-2 may correspond to a second bit-level of a modulation scheme, the third polar transform 222-3 may correspond to a third bit-level of a modulation scheme, and the fourth polar transform 222-4 may correspond to a fourth bit-level of a modulation scheme. In some examples, four bit-levels may be used to represent each I / Q dimension of a 256-QAM constellation. In such cases, an encoder may be represented using four encoders that are each allocated to a particular I / Q dimension -e.g., the encoder 205 may be allocated to a first I / Q dimension.
[0079] In some examples, the bit-levels of the modulation scheme may be associated with particular polar transforms based on a labeling that is applied to the points of a constellation of the modulation scheme. For example, if a Gray labeling is applied to the points of the constellation of the modulation scheme, then the sign bit of the modulation scheme may be associated with the uppermost polar transform (e.g., the fourth polar transform 222-4) , the most-significant bit of the modulation scheme may be associated with the lowermost polar transform (e.g., the first polar transform 222-1) , the second most-significant bit of the modulation scheme may be associated with the second lowermost polar transform (e.g., the second polar transform 222-2) , the third most-significant bit (which may also be the least significant bit) of the modulation scheme may be associated with the third lowermost (which may also be the second uppermost) polar transform (e.g., the third polar transform 222-3) , and so on. In some examples, when Gray labeling is used, the most-significant bit (b1) of the bit combinations ( {b0, b1, b2, b3, b4} ) of the modulation scheme may be associated with the lowermost polar transform (e.g., the first polar transform 222-1) due to an entropy of the most significant bit being lower than an entropy of the less significant bits. In such cases, to achieve a target probability distribution for the most significant bit, an increased quantity of shaping bits may be used, which may be best supported within the lowermost polar transform (e.g., the first polar transform 222-1) , which may also be referred to as the mother code.
[0080] The encoder 205 may also include an LLR decoder 224, though in some examples, the LLR decoder 224 may be separate from the encoder 205. The LLR decoder may be configured to determine (in coordination with the encoder 205) , values for shaping bits inputted to the shaping bit channels of the different polar transforms.
[0081] The interleaving unit 210 may be configured to interleave the encoded bits generated by the encoder to obtain interleaved bits. In some examples, the interleaving unit 210 may be represented as multiple interleavers (e.g., the first interleaver 226-1 through the fourth interleaver 226-4) that are each associated with a particular bit-level of the modulation scheme and that each process a respective bit-level codeword output by the bit-level polar transforms of the encoder 205. The interleavers of the interleaving unit may each output respective interleaved codewords corresponding to particular bit-level of the modulation scheme, where the interleaved codewords may favor certain interleaved bit combinations over others -e.g., based on the shaping applied at the encoder 205.
[0082] The symbol mapper 215 may be configured to map the bits of the interleaved codewords to the constellation (and thus symbols) of the modulation scheme to obtain a stream of symbols. In some examples, the symbol mapper 215 may map, to a symbol, a bit from each interleaved codeword in a set of the interleaved codewords that are concurrently output by the interleaving unit 210 -e.g., the symbol mapper 215 may map, to a symbol, a bit combination output by the interleaving unit 210 that includes a bit of the first interleaved codeword output by the first interleaver 226-1, a bit of the second interleaved codeword concurrently output by the second interleaver 226-2, a bit of the third interleaved codeword concurrently output by the third interleaver 226-3, and a bit of the fourth interleaved codeword concurrently output by the fourth interleaver 226-4.
[0083] The transmitter 220 may be configured to transmit the stream of symbols generated by the symbol mapper 215, which may include mapping the stream of symbols to communication resources (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) and transmitting the symbols using the mapping communication resources.
[0084] FIG. 3 shows an example of a set of operations for polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0085] The process flow 300 may be performed by the first device 301-1 and the second device 301-2, which may be examples of a UE (e.g., UE 115) or network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) , as described herein. In some examples, the process flow 300 shows an example set of operations performed to support polar code based multiple bit-level shaping. For example, the process flow 300 may include operations for encoding data using a polar code that is configured to shape the resulting encoded bits at multiple bit-levels.
[0086] As described herein, a polar encoding technique may convert a physical channel to multiple virtual subchannels. In such cases, information bits may be assigned to first virtual subchannels of the virtual subchannels, frozen bits may be assigned to second virtual subchannels of the virtual subchannels, and shaping bits may be assigned to third virtual subchannels of the virtual subchannels. In some examples, subsets of the multiple virtual subchannels correspond to different bit-levels of a modulation scheme -e.g., a first subset of virtual subchannels may correspond to a first bit-level, a second subset of virtual subchannels may correspond to a second bit-level, a third subset of virtual subchannels may correspond to a third bit-level, and so on.
[0087] As part of a polar encoding with shaping technique, the resulting polar transform may be logically separated into multiple polar transforms and one or more subsequent polarizations. Each polarization transform may be associated with a polarization kernel. FIG. 2 depicts an example of a polarization transform that has represented as four polar transforms (corresponding to four polar kernels) and two subsequent polarizations. In some examples, the lowest polar transform / kernel (e.g., the first polar transform 222-1 of FIG. 2) may be referred to as the mother code and may be associated with the largest quantity of polarization channels relative to the higher polar transforms / kernels.
[0088] At 302, each of the polar transforms / kernels may be associated with a respective bit-level of a modulation scheme. In some examples (e.g., when a Gray labeling associated with four bit-level symbols {b0, b1, b2, b3} is used to label the symbols of the modulation scheme) , the sign bit-level (b0) may be assigned to the highest polar transform / kernel. The most significant bit-level (b1) of the symbols may be assigned to the lowest polar transform / kernel (which may be referred to as the mother code) . The second most significant bit-level (b2) may be assigned to the second lowest polar transform / kernel. The third most significant bit-level (b3) may be assigned to the third lowest polar transform / kernel. And so on. In some examples, the sign bit-level is associated with the highest polar transform / kernel because no shaping will be applied to the sign bit-level. Also, the most significant bit-level is associated with the lowest polar transform / kernel because (due to the low entropy of the most significant bit-level in a Gray labeling scheme) the largest quantity of shaping bits (relative to the other bit-levels) may be used to achieve a target probability distribution for the most significant bit-level.
[0089] At 303, a quantity of shaping bit channels may be determined for each bit-level -e.g., for each subset of virtual subchannels associated with each bit-level. The quantity of shaping bit channels may be based on a target probability distribution for each bit-level. That is, the quantity of shaping bit channels may be determined as the quantity of shaping bit channels for achieving a target probability distribution. For example, if a uniform probability distribution (e.g., 50%) is sought for a bit-level (e.g., the sign bit-level of a Gray coding scheme) than the quantity of shaping bits for the virtual subchannels associated with the sign bit-level may be determined as zero. In another example, if a non-uniform probability distribution (e.g., 70%) is sought for a bit-level than the quantity of shaping bits for the virtual subchannels associated with the sign bit-level may be determined as a non-zero integer. In some examples, the quantity of shaping bits for achieving the target probability distribution is further based on the labeling of the symbols of the constellation. For example, if Gray labeling is used, an increased quantity of shaping bits may be used to achieve a target probability distribution for the most significant bit-level -e.g., due to reduced entropy of the most significant bit-level relative to the other bit-levels.
[0090] In some examples, the quantity of shaping bit channels may be determined based on computing the following equation:
[0091] where n represents the transmit symbol number, i represents a variable integer, bi represents an ith bit-level, represents a quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the ith bit-level, and where
[0092] , where hB is the binary entropy function.
[0093] At 306, based on determining the quantity of shaping bit channels for each bit-level, shaping bit channel indices, Sind, may be determined for each bit-level. That is, a position of the shaping bit channels amongst the virtual subchannels may be determined. In some examples, the shaping bit channel indices are determined by applying a density evolution to each of the polar transforms / kernels to identify, for each of the sets of virtual subchannels corresponding to respective bit-levels, a first set of virtual subchannels having reliabilities that exceed a threshold (e.g., the highest reliability virtual subchannels for each of the polar transforms / kernels) . The shaping bit channel indices may then be assigned to the identified first set of virtual subchannels in each bit-level. A second set of virtual subchannels that spans across the full set of virtual subchannels may include the identified first sets of virtual subchannels in each of the bit-levels.
[0094] At 309, information bit channel indices, Iind, may be determined for each bit-level. That is, a position of the information bit channels amongst the virtual subchannels may be determined. In some examples, density evolution is performed for the full polar transform to identify the reliability of the virtual subchannels, where the capacity of the different bit-levels may be determined as the BICM (bit-interleaved coded modulation) capacity for the different bit-levels. Based on performing the density evolution, a third set of virtual subchannels having reliabilities that exceed a threshold (e.g., the highest reliability virtual subchannels of the full polar transform) may be identified - in some examples, the third set of virtual subchannels may overlap with the second set of virtual subchannels. The information bit channel indices may then be assigned to the identified third set of virtual subchannels -e.g., exclusive of any virtual subchannels of the third set of virtual subchannels that are already assigned to shaping bit channels (i.e., that are already included in the second set of virtual subchannels) .
[0095] At 312, frozen bit channel indices, Find, may be determined for each bit-level. That is, a position of the frozen bit channels amongst the virtual subchannels may be determined. In some examples, the frozen bit channel indices may be assigned to the remaining virtual subchannels that have not been assigned to either the shaping bit channels or the information bit channels.
[0096] At 316, the assignment of the virtual subchannels to the shaping bit channels, the information bit channels, and the frozen bit channels may be indicated to the second device 301-2.
[0097] At 319, data bits used to convey data for the second device 301-2 may be received for encoding. The data bits may be encoded in accordance with the shaped polar encoding scheme established as described with reference to 302 through 312. For example, the data bits, shaping bits (after generation) , and frozen bits may be assigned to the designated information bit channel positions, shaping bit channel positions, and frozen bit channel positions, and inputted into the polar transform.
[0098] At 322, the shaping bits may be generated for the first bit-level, where the values of the shaping bits may be determined to achieve a target probability distribution for the first bit-level, p (b1) . In some examples, the target probability distribution for the first bit-level is based on a target symbol probability pA (a) , where the symbol probability may be equal to p (b1) times p (b2|b1) , if a=f (b1, b2) . The function f () may represent the bit to symbol mapping function. The values of the shaping bits may be determined based on the log likelihood ratio for the target probability distribution. In some examples, the log-likelihood ratio values for the first bit-level do not take into account an interleaving operation.
[0099] At 326, a first codeword associated with the first bit-level may be generated in accordance with the shaping bits, information bits, and frozen bits that are assigned to the first set of virtual subchannels that is associated with the first bit-level, by applying the first polar transform to the bits. Based on applying the first polar transform to the bits, a first set of encoded bits may be obtained. Subsequently, the first set of encoded bits may be interleaved to obtain the first codeword, where the first codeword may be generated in accordance with the first target probability distribution.
[0100] At 329, the shaping bits may be generated for the second bit-level, where the values of the shaping bits may be determined to achieve a target probability distribution for the second bit-level that is conditioned on the target probability distribution of the first bit-level, p (b2|b1) , the interleaving performed at the first bit-level, or both. In some examples, the values of the shaping bits for the second bit-level are determined based on determining the log-likelihood ratio values for the first codeword. The log-likelihood ratio values may be determined based on computing the following equation:
[0101] where i represents a variable integer, where bi represents the ith bit-level, where ∏i represents an interleaver of the ith bit-level, and where Λ represents a set of log likelihood values associated with the ith bit-level, and where, for the second bit-level, i=2. Accordingly, the log-likelihood values may be determined based on the interleavers of the lower bit-level and the current bit-level -e.g., the output of the lower bit-level may be interleaved by the lower-level interleaver and deinterleaved by the current-level interleaver when determining the log-likelihood ratio values. Techniques for determining the values of the shaping bits for different bit-levels are described in more detail herein, including with reference to FIG. 4.
[0102] At 332, a second codeword associated with the second bit-level may be generated in accordance with the shaping bits, information bits, and frozen bits that are assigned to the second set of virtual subchannels that is associated with the second bit-level, by applying the first polar transform to the bits. Based on applying the second polar transform to the bits, a set of transformed bits may be obtained. Subsequently, the transformed set of bits may be combined with the first set of encoded bits (of the first bit-level) to obtain a second set of encoded bits. The second set of encoded bits may then be interleaved to obtain the second codeword, where the second codeword may be generated in accordance with the second target probability distribution.
[0103] At 336, the shaping bits may be generated for the third bit-level, where the values of the shaping bits may be determined to achieve a target probability distribution for the third bit-level that is conditioned on the target probability distribution of the first bit-level and the second bit-level, p (b3|b1b2) , the interleaving performed at the first bit-level, the interleaving performed at the second bit-level, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the values of the shaping bits for the second bit-level are determined based on determining the log-likelihood ratio values for the second codeword. The log-likelihood ratio values may be determined based on computing the following equation:
[0104] where i represents a variable integer, where bi represents the ith bit-level, where ∏i represents an interleaver of the ith bit-level, and where Λ represents a set of log likelihood values associated with the ith bit-level, and where, for the third bit-level, i= 3.
[0105] In some examples, additional bit-levels may be supported (e.g., for 1024-QAM, the I / Q dimension may be associated with five bit-levels. In such cases, the fourth bit-level (i=4) may be shaped based on computing the following equation (which may correspond to the structure of the polar transform.
[0106] where, for the fourth bit-level, i=4. In some examples, to simplify the equations is set to be equal to such that the above equation is expressed as follows.
[0107] At 339, a third codeword associated with the third bit-level may be generated in accordance with the shaping bits, information bits, and frozen bits that are assigned to the third set of virtual subchannels that is associated with the third bit-level, by applying the first polar transform to the bits. Based on applying the third polar transform to the bits, a set of transformed bits may be obtained. Subsequently, the transformed set of bits may be combined with the first set of encoded bits (of the first bit-level) and the second set of encoded bits (of the second bit-level) to obtain a third set of encoded bits. The third set of encoded bits may then be interleaved to obtain the third codeword, where the third codeword may be generated in accordance with the third target probability distribution.
[0108] In some examples, codewords for subsequent information bits may be generated in accordance with the constructed encoding scheme -e.g., using the shaping bit channels, information bit channels, frozen bit channels, and shaping bit values determined in the foregoing operations.
[0109] At 342, the bits of the generated codewords may be mapped to one or more symbols of the modulation scheme. In some examples, sets of the bits (e.g., that span the bit-levels) of the generated codewords may be mapped to the one or more symbols of the modulation scheme that is within a first I / Q quadrant of the modulation scheme (e.g., a 256-QAM scheme) . In such cases, three additional polar encoding schemes may be used for each of the I / Q quadrants. Based on the shaping, a likelihood of mapping the sets of the bits to certain symbols of the modulation scheme may be higher than a likelihood of mapping the sets of the bits to other symbols of the modulation scheme -e.g., based on the target probability distributions of the different bit-levels. In some examples, applying shaping at multiple bit-levels may enable a more biased probability distribution for the symbols of the modulation symbols to be achieved while maintaining a threshold throughput.
[0110] At 346, a signal that includes the one or more symbols may be transmitted to the second device 301-2, and the second device 301-2 may decode the signal -e.g., using a polar decoder.
[0111] Aspects of the process flow 300 may be implemented by a controller, among other components. Additionally, or alternatively, aspects of the process flow 300 may be implemented as instructions stored in memory (e.g., firmware stored in a memory coupled with a controller) . For example, the instructions, when executed by a controller, may cause the controller to perform the operations of the process flow 300.
[0112] One or more of the operations described in the process flow 300 may be performed earlier or later, omitted, replaced, supplemented, or combined with another operation. Also, additional operations described herein may replace, supplement or be combined with one or more of the operations described in the process flow 300.
[0113] FIG. 4 shows an example of a diagram for polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0114] The diagram 400 depicts operations for determining the values for shaping bits of the shaping bit channels at different levels of a polar transform. For example, the diagram 400 depicts operations for determining the values for shaping bits of the shaping bit channels of the polar transform that is associated with the second bit-level of a modulation scheme -though the operations described herein may be similarly applied to the shaping bit channels of the polar transforms associated with other bit-levels of the modulation scheme. The diagram may include the first polar transform 422-1 (which may be an example of the first polar transform 222-1 of FIG. 2) , the second polar transform 422-2 (which may be an example of the second polar transform 222-2 of FIG. 2) , the first interleaver 426-1 (which may be an example of the first interleaver 226-1 of FIG. 2) , the second interleaver 426-2 (which may be an example of the second interleaver 226-2 of FIG. 2) , and the LLR decoder 424 (which may be an example of the LLR decoder 224 of FIG. 2) .
[0115] As depicted in the diagram 400, a first subblock including the first polar transform 422-1 and the first interleaver 426-1 may generate a first codeword associated with a first bit-level (e.g., b1) of a modulation scheme. The first subblock may be configured (e.g., based on the quantity, locations, and values of the shaping bits) to apply a first shaping that achieves a target probability distribution (e.g., p (b1) ) for the interleaved bits output by the first interleaver 426-1.
[0116] Also, a second subblock including the second polar transform 422-2 and the second interleaver 426-2 may generate a second codeword associated with a second bit-level (e.g., b2) of the modulation scheme. The target probability distribution (e.g., p (b2) ) of the second bit-level may be based on (e.g., conditional on) the target probability distribution of the first bit-level. Also, the values of the shaping bits may be based on the implementation of the first interleaver 426-1 and the target probability distribution of the first bit-level. In some examples, the values of the shaping bits (to achieve the target probability distribution) for the second bit-level may be determined (e.g., using the LLR decoder 424) by computing log-likelihood ratio values for the shaping bits inputted into the shaping channels of the second bit-level. Thus, the second subblock may be configured (e.g., based on the quantity, locations, and values of the shaping bits) to apply a second shaping that achieves the target probability distribution for the interleaved bits output by the second interleaver 426-2.
[0117] One or more additional subblocks including additional polar transforms and interleavers may similarly generate one or more additional codewords associated with one or more additional bit-levels of the modulation scheme. The target probability distribution for the shaping applied by the one or more additional subblocks (and the values of the shaping bits used to achieve the target probability distribution) may similarly be based on the target probability distributions of the lower-level subblocks.
[0118] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram 500 of a device 505 that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 505 may be an example of aspects of a wireless device as described herein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a transmitter 515, and a communications manager 520. The device 505, or one or more components of the device 505 (e.g., the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, and the communications manager 520) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0119] The receiver 510 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar code based multiple bit-level shaping) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 505. The receiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0120] The transmitter 515 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 505. For example, the transmitter 515 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar code based multiple bit-level shaping) . In some examples, the transmitter 515 may be co-located with a receiver 510 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 515 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0121] The communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of polar code based multiple bit-level shaping as described herein. For example, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0122] In some examples, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0123] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor. If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0124] In some examples, the communications manager 520 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both. For example, the communications manager 520 may receive information from the receiver 510, send information to the transmitter 515, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0125] The communications manager 520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0126] By including or configuring the communications manager 520 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 505 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communications manager 520, or a combination thereof) may support polar coding techniques that implement shaping at multiple bit-levels, which may improve (relative to singe bit-level shaping) performance of communications.
[0127] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of a device 505 or a wireless device (e.g., a UE 115 or network entity 105) as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communications manager 620. The device 605, or one of more components of the device 605 (e.g., the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, and the communications manager 620) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0128] The receiver 610 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar code based multiple bit-level shaping) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 605. The receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0129] The transmitter 615 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 605. For example, the transmitter 615 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar code based multiple bit-level shaping) . In some examples, the transmitter 615 may be co-located with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 615 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0130] The device 605, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of polar code based multiple bit-level shaping as described herein. For example, the communications manager 620 may include an encoding component 625, a shaping component 630, a signaling component 635, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 620 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 620, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both. For example, the communications manager 620 may receive information from the receiver 610, send information to the transmitter 615, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0131] The communications manager 620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The encoding component 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme. The shaping component 630 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function. The shaping component 630 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme. The shaping component 630 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme. The signaling component 635 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0132] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communications manager 720 that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 720 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520, a communications manager 620, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 720, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of polar code based multiple bit-level shaping as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720 may include an encoding component 725, a shaping component 730, a signaling component 735, an LLR component 740, an interleaving component 745, a mapping component 750, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0133] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The encoding component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme. The shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function. The shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme. In some examples, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme. The signaling component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0134] In some examples, to support encoding the stream of data bits, the encoding component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits. In some examples, to support encoding the stream of data bits, the LLR component 740 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a set of log likelihood ratio values based on the first codeword. In some examples, to support encoding the stream of data bits, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining values of the one or more second shaping bits based on the set of log likelihood ratio values, where the one or more second shaping bits are generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.
[0135] In some examples, to support encoding the stream of data bits, the encoding component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the second codeword in accordance with the one or more second shaping bits.
[0136] In some examples, the set of log likelihood ratio values is obtained based on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution, a first interleaver associated with the first codeword, and a second interleaver associated with the second codeword.
[0137] In some examples, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword. In some examples, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, where the second quantity of shaping bit channels is based on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
[0138] In some examples, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for identifying, from among a first set of subchannels of a set of multiple subchannels associated with the polar code and based on the first quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more first subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the first set of subchannels, where the one or more first subchannels correspond to first shaping bit channels, where the first set of subchannels is associated with the first codeword.
[0139] In some examples, the encoding component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for identifying, from the first set of subchannels, one or more second subchannels having lower reliability than the one or more first subchannels and higher reliability than one or more third subchannels, where the one or more second subchannels correspond to information bit channels.
[0140] In some examples, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for identifying, from among a second set of subchannels of the set of multiple subchannels and based on the second quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more third subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the second set of subchannels, where the one or more third subchannels correspond to second shaping bit channels, where the second set of subchannels is associated with the second codeword.
[0141] In some examples, the shaping component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a quantity of shaping bits associated with each codeword of the set of multiple codewords based on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
[0142] In some examples, the encoding component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for associating a most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the first codeword based on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of modulation scheme.
[0143] In some examples, the most significant bit of the symbols of the modulation scheme are further associated with the first codeword based on an entropy of the most significant bit of the symbols being less than respective entropies of less-significant bits of the symbols, and the first codeword being generated using a kernel of the polar code that corresponds to a mother code of the polar code.
[0144] In some examples, the encoding component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for associating a second-most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the second codeword based on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of the modulation scheme.
[0145] In some examples, the interleaving component 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for interleaving, based on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the set of multiple codewords, where the one or more second shaping bits are generated based on an interleaving of the first codeword.
[0146] In some examples, the interleaving component 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for interleaving, based on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the set of multiple codewords via a respective interleaver that is associated with a respective bit-level to obtain an aggregated codeword, the aggregated codeword including a bit combination including one or more bits for each bit-level of the modulation scheme. In some examples, the mapping component 750 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping the bit combination to a point of a constellation of the modulation scheme, where transmitting the one or more signals includes transmitting at least a portion of the aggregated codeword using a symbol that corresponds to the point of the constellation of the modulation scheme.
[0147] In some examples, the respective bit-levels of the modulation scheme are associated with respective probability distributions.
[0148] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of or include the components of a device 505, a device 605, or a wireless device as described herein. The device 805 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 820, an I / O controller 810, a transceiver 815, an antenna 825, at least one memory 830, code 835, and at least one processor 840. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 845) .
[0149] The I / O controller 810 may manage input and output signals for the device 805. The I / O controller 810 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 810 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 840. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 805 via the I / O controller 810 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 810.
[0150] In some cases, the device 805 may include a single antenna 825. However, in some other cases, the device 805 may have more than one antenna 825, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 815 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 825, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 815 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 815 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 825 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 825. The transceiver 815, or the transceiver 815 and one or more antennas 825, may be an example of a transmitter 515, a transmitter 615, a receiver 510, a receiver 610, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0151] The at least one memory 830 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 830 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 835 including instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 840, cause the device 805 to perform various functions described herein. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 840 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 830 may contain, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0152] The at least one processor 840 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 840 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 840. The at least one processor 840 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting polar code based multiple bit-level shaping) . For example, the device 805 or a component of the device 805 may include at least one processor 840 and at least one memory 830 coupled with or to the at least one processor 840, the at least one processor 840 and at least one memory 830 configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 840 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 830 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 840 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 840) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 830) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. As such, the at least one processor 840 or a processing system including the at least one processor 840 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 805 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 830 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0153] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0154] By including or configuring the communications manager 820 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 805 may support polar coding techniques that implement shaping at multiple bit-levels, which may improve (relative to singe bit-level shaping) performance of communications.
[0155] In some examples, the communications manager 820 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 815, the one or more antennas 825, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 820 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 820 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 840, the at least one memory 830, the code 835, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 835 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 840 to cause the device 805 to perform various aspects of polar code based multiple bit-level shaping as described herein, or the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0156] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 that supports polar code based multiple bit-level shaping in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 900 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 900 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0157] At 905, the method may include encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a set of multiple codewords, where codewords of the set of multiple codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme. The operations of block 905 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 905 may be performed by an encoding component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0158] At 907, the method may include generating a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function. The operations of block 907 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 907 may be performed by a shaping component 730 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0159] At 910, the method may include generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme. The operations of block 910 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 910 may be performed by a shaping component 730 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0160] At 915, the method may include generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based on a second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the set of multiple codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme. The operations of block 915 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 915 may be performed by a shaping component 730 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0161] At 920, the method may include transmitting one or more signals based on the encoded stream of data bits. The operations of block 920 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 920 may be performed by a signaling component 735 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0162] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0163] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at a wireless device, comprising: encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a plurality of codewords, wherein codewords of the plurality of codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme; generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits, a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based at least in part on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme; generating, as part of encoding the stream of data bits and based at least in part on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based at least in part on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme; and transmitting one or more signals based at least in part on the encoded stream of data bits.
[0164] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein encoding the stream of data bits further comprises: generating the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits, obtaining a set of log likelihood ratio values based at least in part on the first codeword, and determining values of the one or more second shaping bits based at least in part on the set of log likelihood ratio values, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.
[0165] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein encoding the stream of data bits further comprises: generating the second codeword in accordance with the one or more second shaping bits.
[0166] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 2 through 3, wherein the set of log likelihood ratio values is obtained based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution, a first interleaver associated with the first codeword, and a second interleaver associated with the second codeword.
[0167] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, further comprising: determining a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword; and determining a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, wherein the second quantity of shaping bit channels is based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
[0168] Aspect 6: The method of aspect 5, further comprising: identifying, from among a first set of subchannels of a plurality of subchannels associated with the polar code and based at least in part on the first quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more first subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the first set of subchannels, wherein the one or more first subchannels correspond to first shaping bit channels, wherein the first set of subchannels is associated with the first codeword.
[0169] Aspect 7: The method of aspect 6, further comprising: identifying, from the first set of subchannels, one or more second subchannels having lower reliability than the one or more first subchannels and higher reliability than one or more third subchannels, wherein the one or more second subchannels correspond to information bit channels.
[0170] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 6 through 7, further comprising: identifying, from among a second set of subchannels of the plurality of subchannels and based at least in part on the second quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more third subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the second set of subchannels, wherein the one or more third subchannels correspond to second shaping bit channels, wherein the second set of subchannels is associated with the second codeword.
[0171] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, further comprising: determining a quantity of shaping bits associated with each codeword of the plurality of codewords based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
[0172] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, further comprising: associating a most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the first codeword based at least in part on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of modulation scheme.
[0173] Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, wherein the most significant bit of the symbols of the modulation scheme are further associated with the first codeword based at least in part on an entropy of the most significant bit of the symbols being less than respective entropies of less-significant bits of the symbols, and the first codeword being generated using a kernel of the polar code that corresponds to a mother code of the polar code.
[0174] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 1 through 11, further comprising: associating a second-most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the second codeword based at least in part on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of the modulation scheme.
[0175] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 1 through 12, further comprising: interleaving, based at least in part on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the plurality of codewords, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated based at least in part on an interleaving of the first codeword.
[0176] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 1 through 13, further comprising: interleaving, based at least in part on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the plurality of codewords via a respective interleaver that is associated with a respective bit-level to obtain an aggregated codeword, the aggregated codeword comprising a bit combination comprising one or more bits for each bit-level of the modulation scheme; and mapping the bit combination to a point of a constellation of the modulation scheme, wherein transmitting the one or more signals comprises transmitting at least a portion of the aggregated codeword using a symbol that corresponds to the point of the constellation of the modulation scheme.
[0177] Aspect 15: The method of any of aspects 1 through 14, wherein the respective bit-levels of the modulation scheme are associated with respective probability distributions.
[0178] Aspect 16: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 15.
[0179] Aspect 17: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 15.
[0180] Aspect 18: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 15.
[0181] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0182] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0183] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0184] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0185] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0186] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0187] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ”
[0188] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Also, as used herein, the phrase “a set” shall be construed as including the possibility of a set with one member. That is, the phrase “a set” shall be construed in the same manner as “one or more. ”
[0189] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0190] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label, or other subsequent reference label.
[0191] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration, ” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0192] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A wireless communication device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:encode a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a plurality of codewords, wherein codewords of the plurality of codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, and wherein, to encode the stream of data bits, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:generate a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function;generate, based at least in part on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme; andgenerate, based at least in part on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based at least in part on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme; andtransmit one or more signals based at least in part on the encoded stream of data bits.2.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein, to encode the stream of data bits, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:generate the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits,obtain a set of log likelihood ratio values based at least in part on the first codeword, anddetermine values of the one or more second shaping bits based at least in part on the set of log likelihood ratio values, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.3.The wireless communication device of claim 2, wherein, to encode the stream of data bits, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:generate the second codeword in accordance with the one or more second shaping bits.4.The wireless communication device of claim 2, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to obtain the set of log likelihood ratio values based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution, a first interleaver associated with the first codeword, and a second interleaver associated with the second codeword.5.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:determine a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword; anddetermine a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, wherein the second quantity of shaping bit channels is based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.6.The wireless communication device of claim 5, wherein a plurality of subchannels is associated with the polar code and comprises a first set of subchannels associated with the first codeword, and wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:identify, from among the first set of subchannels and based at least in part on the first quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more first subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the first set of subchannels, wherein the one or more first subchannels correspond to first shaping bit channels.7.The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:identify, from the first set of subchannels, one or more second subchannels having lower reliability than the one or more first subchannels and higher reliability than one or more third subchannels, wherein the one or more second subchannels correspond to information bit channels.8.The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the plurality of subchannels comprises a second set of subchannels associated with the second codeword, and wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:identify, from among the second set of subchannels and based at least in part on the second quantity of shaping bit channels, one or more third subchannels having higher reliability than other subchannels of the second set of subchannels, wherein the one or more third subchannels correspond to second shaping bit channels.9.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:determine a quantity of shaping bits associated with each codeword of the plurality of codewords based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.10.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:associate a most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the first codeword based at least in part on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of modulation scheme.11.The wireless communication device of claim 10, wherein:the most significant bit of the symbols of the modulation scheme are further associated with the first codeword based at least in part on:an entropy of the most significant bit of the symbols being less than respective entropies of less-significant bits of the symbols, andthe first codeword being generated using a kernel of the polar code that corresponds to a mother code of the polar code.12.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:associate a second-most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the second codeword based at least in part on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of the modulation scheme.13.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:interleave, based at least in part on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the plurality of codewords, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated based at least in part on an interleaving of the first codeword.14.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless communication device to:interleave, based at least in part on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the plurality of codewords via a respective interleaver that is associated with a respective bit-level to obtain an aggregated codeword, the aggregated codeword comprising a bit combination comprising one or more bits for each bit-level of the modulation scheme; andmap the bit combination to a point of a constellation of the modulation scheme, wherein transmitting the one or more signals comprises transmitting at least a portion of the aggregated codeword using a symbol that corresponds to the point of the constellation of the modulation scheme.15.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the respective bit-levels of the modulation scheme are associated with respective probability distributions.16.A method for wireless communication at a wireless communication device, comprising:encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a plurality of codewords, wherein codewords of the plurality of codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, and wherein encoding the stream of data bits comprises:generating a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function;generating, based at least in part on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme; andgenerating, based at least in part on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based at least in part on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme; andtransmitting one or more signals based at least in part on the encoded stream of data bits.17.The method of claim 16, wherein encoding the stream of data bits further comprises:generating the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits,obtaining a set of log likelihood ratio values based at least in part on the first codeword, anddetermining values of the one or more second shaping bits based at least in part on the set of log likelihood ratio values, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.18.The method of claim 16, further comprising:determining a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword; anddetermining a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, wherein the second quantity of shaping bit channels is based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.19.The method of claim 16, further comprising:determining a quantity of shaping bits associated with each codeword of the plurality of codewords based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.20.The method of claim 16, further comprising:associating a most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the first codeword based at least in part on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of modulation scheme.21.The method of claim 16, further comprising:associating a second-most significant bit of symbols of the modulation scheme with the second codeword based at least in part on an application of a Gray labeling scheme to points of a constellation of the modulation scheme.22.The method of claim 16, further comprising:interleaving, based at least in part on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the plurality of codewords, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated based at least in part on an interleaving of the first codeword.23.The method of claim 16, further comprising:interleaving, based at least in part on encoding the stream of data bits, each codeword of the plurality of codewords via a respective interleaver that is associated with a respective bit-level to obtain an aggregated codeword, the aggregated codeword comprising a bit combination comprising one or more bits for each bit-level of the modulation scheme; andmapping the bit combination to a point of a constellation of the modulation scheme, wherein transmitting the one or more signals comprises transmitting at least a portion of the aggregated codeword using a symbol that corresponds to the point of the constellation of the modulation scheme.24.The method of claim 16, wherein the respective bit-levels of the modulation scheme are associated with respective probability distributions.25.A wireless communication device, comprising:means for encoding a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a plurality of codewords, wherein codewords of the plurality of codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, and wherein the means for encoding the stream of data bits comprise:means for generating a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function;means for generating, based at least in part on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme; andmeans for generating, based at least in part on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based at least in part on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme; andmeans for transmitting one or more signals based at least in part on the encoded stream of data bits.26.The wireless communication device of claim 25, wherein the means for encoding the stream of data bits comprise:means for generating the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits,means for obtaining a set of log likelihood ratio values based at least in part on the first codeword, andmeans for determining values of the one or more second shaping bits based at least in part on the set of log likelihood ratio values, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.27.The wireless communication device of claim 25, further comprising:means for determining a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword; andmeans for determining a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, wherein the second quantity of shaping bit channels is based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.28.A non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to:encode a stream of data bits with a polar code to obtain a plurality of codewords, wherein codewords of the plurality of codewords are associated with respective bit-levels of a modulation scheme, and wherein, to encode the stream of data bits, the instructions are executable by the one or more processors to:generate a first target probability distribution and a second target probability distribution based at least in part on a symbol probability and a bit-to-symbol mapping function;generate, based at least in part on the first target probability distribution for a first bit-level of the modulation scheme, one or more first shaping bits for a first codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the first bit-level of the modulation scheme; andgenerate, based at least in part on the second target probability distribution for a second bit-level of the modulation scheme and further based at least in part on generating the one or more first shaping bits for the first codeword, one or more second shaping bits for a second codeword of the plurality of codewords that is associated with the second bit-level of the modulation scheme; andtransmit one or more signals based at least in part on the encoded stream of data bits.29.The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein, to encode the stream of data bits, the instructions are executable by the one or more processors to:generate the first codeword in accordance with the one or more first shaping bits,obtain a set of log likelihood ratio values based at least in part on the first codeword, anddetermine values of the one or more second shaping bits based at least in part on the set of log likelihood ratio values, wherein the one or more second shaping bits are generated in accordance with the values of the one or more second shaping bits.30.The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein the instructions are further executable by the one or more processors to:determine a first quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the first codeword, the first quantity of shaping bit channels being sufficient to achieve the first target probability distribution for the first codeword; anddetermine a second quantity of shaping bit channels associated with the second codeword, the second quantity of shaping bit channels being associated with achieving the second target probability distribution for the second codeword, wherein the second quantity of shaping bit channels is based at least in part on the second target probability distribution being conditioned on the first target probability distribution.
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