Production of hydrophobic surface forming chemical additive from UV dried waste blood

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a chemical additive that provides better performance and water impermeability by drying waste blood using ultraviolet (UV) lamps.

Description

PRODUCTION OF HYDROPHOBIC SURFACE FORMING CHEMICAE ADDITIVE FROM UV DRIED WASTE BLOODTechnical FieldThe invention relates to a method for producing a chemical additive that provides better performance and water impermeability by drying waste blood using ultraviolet (UV) lamps.Prior ArtAnimal blood is recognized as the first by-product obtained during the slaughter process. Blood (18% protein content) constitutes approximately 3-4% of the animal’s weight, and only 30% is used by the food industry, with the vast majority disposed of in sewers and landfills.[1]On the other hand, there is information in ancient sources about using liquid blood in historical lime mortars, mainly to provide waterproofing properties; however, very few studies have been conducted today. In addition, it is known that traditional methods obtain dry blood by utilizing the effect of the sun, and the centrifugation method is used for various purposes.A 50% reduction in the coefficient of capillary water absorption is foreseen as a performance criterion expected from chemical admixtures that provide water impermeability for building materials such as concrete, mortar, and grout.[2]Chemical admixtures that reduce the capillary water absorption coefficient by at least 50% compared to the product without admixture are called "water-resisting admixtures." On the other hand, a surface is defined as hydrophilic when the water contact angle 9<90°, hydrophobic when 9>90° and superhydrophobic when 9>150°, i.e., when it has almost no contact with water[6]and is an essential indicator of water impermeability. The positive effects of liquid animal blood on the water impermeability of hardened lime mortar or concrete have been demonstrated in a very limited number of studies[3, 4’5’7], but there are no studies with UV-dried bloodtested as a building material. On the other hand, the chemical admixture that provides water impermeability for lime -based mortar or grouting material is not available as a commercial product.When the existing studies in the prior art were examined, it was necessary to develop a method for producing an additive that performs better and provides water impermeability by drying the waste blood using ultraviolet (UV) lamps.Objectives of the InventionThe object of the present invention is to develop a method for producing a chemical additive that provides better performance and water impermeability by drying waste blood using ultraviolet (UV) lamps.Another object of the present invention is to develop a method for producing an additive in which waste blood is utilized and contributes to both the reduction of environmental pollution and the production of sustainable building materials.Detailed Description of the InventionThe attached figures show illustrations utilized in connection with the chemical additive production method for achieving the objects of the present invention.Figures;Figure 1: Graphical view of capillary water absorption curves of lime-based mortars (water absorbed by 7-day samples - time relationship)Figure 2: Graphical view of capillary water absorption curves of lime-based mortars (water absorbed by 28-day samples - time relationship)A method of producing a chemical additive that outperforms waste blood and provides water impermeability by forming a hydrophobic surface, it comprises,filling the blood obtained by closing the channel through which the slaughtered animal blood is discharged in the slaughterhouse with the help of a lid into clean transport buckets, liquidizing the blood, which is taken into a clean transport bucket / drainer by whisking with a mixer to prevent clotting, drying of liquefied blood under ultraviolet (UV) lamps, grinding the dry powdered blood for easy solubilization in water until it passes through a 100 p sieve, adding the ground blood to lime or cement-based mortar, grout, or concrete in a proportion of 1% to 3% of the binder weight and obtaining the additive.In the method according to the invention, first, the channel through which the blood of the slaughtered animal is drained in the slaughterhouse is closed with the help of a cover and the blood is allowed to accumulate. Then, the blood accumulated in the channel is taken into a bucket and whisked with a mixer to prevent clotting and liquefied.The liquefied blood is poured into trays for drying with ultraviolet (UV) lamps. As the blood on the upper surface of the inclined pans dries, the blood accumulated under the pan due to the inclination is re-laid on the upper surface, and the drying process continues.Dried blood is collected in a separate tray. The resulting dry blood is ground to a fine powder for easy dissolution in water until it passes through a 100 p sieve.The ground dry blood is used to produce lime or cement-based mortar, grout, or concrete by mixing it with lime or cement mortar, grout, or concrete in a proportion of 1% to 3% of the binder weight in the mixed water.Waste blood was obtained from a slaughterhouse by filling it into clean transport drums at a point close to the blood flowing during slaughter; it was whipped with mortar mixers to prevent clotting. Firstly, the liquid blood was characterized. Dry matter, ash, and fat contents were determined according to the methods describedby AOAC (2000)[8]. Values were expressed as % (dry weight basis). The pH values of the samples were determined using a pH meter. The chemical composition of the liquid and UV-dried blood in the study is given in Table 1. Accordingly, it was determined that the dry substance content of dried bovine blood was 19.30%, raw protein content was 92.10%, and fat content was 0.34%. These values were similar to those found in the literature.

[0010] Table 1: Chemical composition of liquid blood and UV-dried bloodDetermination of foaming capacity:Foam can be defined as a 2-phase system in which a distinct gas bubble phase is surrounded by a continuous liquid layered phase and is characterized by high viscosity. The foaming capacity of a protein is the amount of foam formed per unit volume of solution; it represents the interaction between the protein solution and air. Agents are needed to protect the foam surface. The stability of the foam is also an important factor and is determined by the length of time the foam retains its volume. Blood proteins can form considerable amounts of foam.

[0010] 3% (w / v) dispersions of the sample in distilled water were adjusted to pH 7 using 1 N HC1 or 1 N NaOH. Then the mixture was homogenized using a homogenizer (Ultra- Turrax) at 11000 rpm for 2 min. The mixture was immediately transferred to a 100 mL graduated cylinder. The total volume and liquid volumes were recorded, and the foaming capacities (FC) and the volume of foam remaining after 10 and 30 min at room temperature were recorded and the foam stability (FS) was calculated using formula I and formula II.[9](Formula I)KS (%) = — xlOO (Formula II)Where Vo is the volume of protein solution before homogenization, Vi is the volume of foam formed immediately after homogenization, and V2 is the volume of foam remaining after 10 and 30 minutes at room temperature.According to the results in Table 2, the foaming capacity of dry blood was determined as 67.92%. The foam stability of the sample after 10 minutes (KS10) was 97.37%, while the foam stability after 30 minutes (KS30) was 85.97%. It was reported that good foamability may be associated with flexible protein molecules that reduce surface tension. In contrast, low foamability may be related to highly ordered globular proteins that resist surface denaturation.

[0011] Table 2. Foaming properties of UV-dried bloodDetermination of Capillary Water Absorption;Capillary water absorption tests were carried out to determine the expected performance of the final product from the water-resisting admixtures defined in TS EN 934-2[2]and to compare it with an existing commercial product. For this purpose, capillary water absorption was determined according to TS EN 15801

[0012] from the tests performed to protect cultural assets. Prismatic-shaped specimens prepared in sizes appropriate to the standard, 3 for each series, were kept in an oven at (60 ± 2) °C until they reached constant weight, kept in a desiccator until they reached room temperature, and weighed (mo). A cotton layer with a minimum thickness of 5 mm was placed in a tray, and this layer was saturated with water. When the square section surface of the capillary water absorption test specimens came into contact with this layer, t=0 was recorded, and weight measurements were made at spesific intervals, very frequently within the first 1 hour. The amount ofwater (Qi kg / m2) absorbed from the unit area of the specimens at the time (ti) was determined by formula III, and capillary water absorption curves were drawn by creating Qi- ti graphs to determine the capillary water absorption coefficient.(Formula III)Variables in the formula: m;: The weight (kg) of the sample at time (ti), mo: Dry weight of the sample (kg),A: It refers to the surface area (m2) where the sample absorbs water by capillary path.The capillary water absorption coefficient (K) was determined by calculating the slope of the initial linear portion of the capillary water absorption curves (Figure 1- 2). To determine the performance of the dried blood and to compare it with equivalent products, four series of lime-based mortar samples were produced, which contain commercial water-resisting products, 1% and 3% UV dried blood, and control mortar without additives. The results are given in Table 3.Table 3: Capillary water absorption coefficients of lime based mortarWhen the results were analyzed, it was observed that the lime mortars with UV- dried blood and commercial product additives absorbed less water than the control sample on the 7th and 28th day. Considering the capillary water absorption coefficients, it was concluded that the lime mortar containing 3% UV dried blood showed the most successful performance both on the 7th and 28th day. Although the lime mortar containing commercial water resisting admixture gave similar results to the lime mortar containing 3% UV dried blood on the 7th day, it was observed that the capillary water absorption coefficients of these two series were quite far from each other in the tests performed on the 28th day. On the 28th day, the capillary water absorption coefficient of the lime mortar containing 1% UV dried blood was also more successful than that of commercial water-resisting admixture.Determination of contact angle;To investigate the hydrophobic surface properties of the samples within the scope of the study, the contact angle between the surface of the hardened lime -based paste mixtures and the solvent was determined using a contact angle measuring device. To determine the performance of dried blood and to compare it with equivalent products, four series of lime-based paste samples were produced, which contain commercial water-resisting products, 1% and 3% UV dried blood, and control samples without additives. The contact angle values of the samples prepared with 0.65% water / binder ratio and 1% and 3% UV dried blood were compared with the paste sample containing commercial water-resisting admixture with a recommended usage rate of 1%. The results obtained are given in Figure 2 and Table 4. With the devices used today, contact angle values can be measured in the 0-180° range with an accuracy of ±0.1. The hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the surface were determined by considering the contact angle values obtained according to the measurement results. In this determination, the contact angle >90° represents the hydrophobic character of the surface, and <90° represents the hydrophilic character.Table 4. Contact angle measurement values of hardened lime pasteWhen the results are analyzed, it is seen that the contact angles of the control sample and the lime-based sample containing commercial admixture are 0°. On the other hand, the lime-based sample containing 3% UV-dried blood was found to be highly hydrophobic. It is thought that the reason why the commercial water resisting admixture, whose working mechanism under normal conditions is to form waterinsoluble crystals in the sample voids and to repel water, appears to be hydrophilic according to the contact angle results may be that this admixture cannot fully fulfill its function in lime -based mixtures. In this direction, the contact angles of 1% commercial water-resisting admixture added to the cement-based mixtures were determined as 59 and 89° on the 7th and 28th days, respectively.When the capillary water absorption test and contact angle measurements are evaluated together, it is thought that the most crucial reason for the successful capillary water absorption performance of the commercial water-resisting admixture is that it does not allow the passage of water by blocking the capillary gaps in the sample, while in the sample containing 3% UV-dried blood, capillary water absorption is prevented by high hydrophobicity. According to the results of the capillary water absorption tests performed on both the 7th and 28th day, it was observed that the mortar sample containing 3% UV dried blood showed the most successful performance.The capillary water absorption test also supported the hydrophobic property of the lime-based mixture containing 3% UV-dried blood, and it was concluded that UV- dried blood provides hydrophobicity to lime mortars.References:1. Alvarez-Castillo, E., Felix, M., Bengoechea, C., Guerrero, A. (2021). “Proteins from agri-food industrial biowastes or co-products and their applications as green materials”, Foods, 10(5), 981.2. TS EN 934-2+A1, Kimyasal katkdar - Beton, han? ve §erbet igin - Bolum 2: Beton kimyasal katkdan - Tarifler, gerekler, uygunluk, i§aretleme ve etiketleme, 2013.3. Xu, J. G., Zhao, T.J., Zhang, P., Jiang, R. "Influence of Ox Blood on Water Absorption of and Chloride Penetration into Concrete", Advanced Materials Research, 261, 496-500.4. Fang, S., Zhang, K., Zhang, H., Zhang, B., (2015). A Study of Traditional Blood Lime Mortar for Restoration of Ancient Buildings, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China b Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, P.R. China c Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy.5. Sorapukdee, S., Narunatsopanon, S. 2017. "Comparative Study on Compositions and Functional Properties of Porcine, Chicken and Duck Blood", Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 37(2), 228-241.6. Law, K. Y. (2014). Definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and superhydrophobicity: getting the basics right. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 5(4), 686-688.7. Ding, B.,Yuzer, N., Boylu, S., Erdil, K. and Giidendede, Y.A., “Utilization of waste Cappadocia earth as a natural pozzolan in alkali activation: A parametric study”, Apr 25 2023, Construction and Building Materials.8. AOAC, (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.9. Gundogan, R., Can Karaca, A. 2020. "Physicochemical and functional properties of proteins isolated from local beans of Turkey", LWT- Food Science and Technology, 130, 109609.10. Lynch, S.A., Mullen, A.M., O'Neill, E.E. and Garcia, C.A. (2017), Harnessing the Potential of Blood Proteins as Functional Ingredients: A Review of the State of the Art in Blood Processing. Comprehensive Reviews In Food Science And Food Safety, 16: 330-344. 11. Onsaard, E., Pomsamud, P., & Audtum, P. (2010). Functional properties of sesame protein concentrates from sesame meal. Asian Journal of Food and Agro- Industry, 3(4), 420-431.12. TS EN 15801, (2010). Kiilturel Varliklann Korunmasi - Deney Metotlan - Suyun Kilcal Emiliminin Tayini, TSE, Ankara.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A method of producing a chemical additive that outperforms waste blood and provides water impermeability by forming a hydrophobic surface, characterized in that it comprises, filling the blood obtained by closing the channel through which the slaughtered animal blood is discharged in the slaughterhouse with the help of a lid into clean transport buckets, liquidizing the blood, which is taken into a clean transport bucket / drainer by whisking with a mixer to prevent clotting, drying of liquefied blood under ultraviolet (UV) lamps, grinding the dry powdered blood for easy dissolution in water, adding the ground blood into lime or cement mortar, grout or concrete and obtaining the chemical additive.

2. A method of producing a chemical additive, according to claim 1, is characterized in that dry powdered blood is fined to a state whereby it can pass through a 100 p sieve.

3. A method of producing a chemical additive, according to claim 1, is characterized in that the ground blood is added to lime or cement-based mortar, grout, or concrete in proportions of 1% to 3% by weight of the binder.

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