Pourous carbon-based material for lead-acid battery

Abstract

A porous carbon-based material for a positive electrode construction of a lead-acid battery comprises a graphene aerogel with an average pore size in a range of 10-20 nm which is cross- linked with a combination of magnesium and zinc ions and doped with a combination of nitrogen and boron atoms and a porous carbon-based material for a negative electrode construction of a lead-acid battery comprises a graphene aerogel with an average pore size in a range of 15-30 nm which is cross-linked with a combination of zinc and copper ions and doped with nitrogen atom. Applying the porous carbon-based materials for the positive and negative electrodes construction can enhance a lead-acid battery lifespan as well as performance of both positive and negative electrodes.

Description

POUROUS CARBON-BASED MATERIAL FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERYCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] The present disclosure application claims priority from pending IR Patent Application Serial No 140250140003006318, filed on December 10, 2023, entitled “High Cycle Life of Lead-Acid Battery Using Three-Dimensional Graphene as an Effective Additive Material”, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure is generally related to an exemplary porous carbon-based material for construction of an exemplary positive electrode and / or an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery, and more particularly to an exemplary graphene aerogel comprising an exemplary metal ion and an exemplary heteroatom for construction of an exemplary positive electrode and / or an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead- acid battery results in an improvement of an exemplary battery life cycle.BACKGROUND

[0003] A Lead-acid battery, for the world's movement towards the sustainable development and environmental issues, is considered to be an unrivaled source of energy supply. The market of this battery is much bigger than the new generation batteries such as a lithium-ion battery and / or a nickel-metal hydride battery due to its less price, higher safety as well as recyclability up to 96%. However, a shorter lifespan of this battery, especially in a high rate operation condition, compared to the new generation batteries is one of its biggest problems.

[0004] Severe sulfation of the positive and negative electrodes, the release of hydrogen gas at the negative electrode, the corrosion of the positive electrode, and increasing of oxygen release at the positive electrode are the main reasons of the lead-acid battery’s shorter lifespan.So, there is a need to fixe and improve above-mentioned problems at both electrodes of lead- acid battery (both the positive and negative electrodes) to enhance its lifespan.

[0005] Herein, a porous carbon-based material is developed for construction of both positive and negative electrodes of the lead-acid battery such that the developed porous carbonbased material comprises a plurality of porous carbon-based sheets coupled with different ions as well as heteroatoms for each electrode to overcome above-mentioned problems and enhance the lifespan of the lead-acid battery.SUMMARY

[0006] This summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter of the present disclosure, and is not intended to identify essential elements or key elements of the subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to determine the scope of the claimed implementations. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more exemplary aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. The proper scope of the present disclosure may be ascertained from the claims set forth below in view of the detailed description below and the drawings.

[0007] One or more exemplary embodiments describe an exemplary porous carbon-based material for construction of an exemplary positive electrode and / or an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery. Exemplary porous carbon-based material may comprise an exemplary plurality of porous carbon-based sheets, an exemplary metal ion, and an exemplary doped heteroatom such that the exemplary metal ion may be distributed between exemplary plurality of porous carbon-based sheets to enhance a transfer of an exemplary electrolyte and an exemplary electrical charge among exemplary plurality of porous carbonbased sheets and prevent a stacking of exemplary plurality of porous carbon-based sheets to each other. Exemplary porous carbon-based material may comprise an exemplary plurality ofporous carbon-based sheets comprising an average pore size in a range of 10-20 nm for producing an exemplary positive electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery and an exemplary plurality of porous carbon-based sheets comprising an average pore size in a range of 15-30 nm for producing of an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery.

[0008] In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary plurality of porous carbon-based sheets may comprise an exemplary graphene aerogel, an exemplary graphene oxide, an exemplary reduced graphene oxide, an exemplary three-dimensional graphene, an exemplary graphene oxide aerogel, and / or a combination there

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary plurality of porous carbon-based sheets may comprise an exemplary graphene aerogel.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiments, exemplary metal ion for construction of an exemplary positive electrode may comprise an exemplary alkaline earth metal ion, an exemplary transitional metal ion, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In one or more exemplary embodiments, exemplary alkaline earth metal ion may comprise magnesium ion, calcium ion, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In one or more exemplary embodiments, exemplary transitional ion may comprise zinc ion, copper ion, nickel ion, cobalt ion, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary metal ion may comprise an exemplary combination of magnesium and zinc ions. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of zinc ion to exemplary graphene oxide aerogel may be in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.3: 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of magnesium to exemplary graphene aerogel may be in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.4: 1.0. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary doped heteroatom may comprise nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or an exemplary combination thereof. In some exemplary embodiments, exemplary doped heteroatom may comprise an exemplary combination of nitrogen and boronwith an exemplary weight ratio (nitrogen: boron) in an exemplary range of 1:0 to 0:1. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary amount of nitrogen may be in an exemplary range of 0.5wt% to 1.5wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.7%wt to 1.0wt% in accordance with an exemplary total weigh of the graphene aerogel. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary amount of boron is in an exemplary range of 0.1wt% to 1.0wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.2%wt to 0.5wt% in accordance with an exemplary total weigh of exemplary graphene aerogel.

[0011] In an exemplary embodiments, exemplary metal ion for construction of an exemplary negative electrode may comprise an exemplary transitional metal ion. In one or more exemplary embodiments, exemplary transitional metal ion may comprise zinc ion, copper ion, nickel ion, cobalt ion, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary metal ion may comprise an exemplary combination of copper and zinc ions. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of zinc ion to exemplary graphene aerogel may be in a range of 0.1 : 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.3 : 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of copper ion to exemplary graphene aerogel may be in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary doped heteroatom may comprise nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or an exemplary combination thereof. In some exemplary embodiments, exemplary doped heteroatom may comprise nitrogen. In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary amount of nitrogen may be in an exemplary range of 0.5wt% to 2.0wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7wt% to 1.5%wt in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel.

[0012] This Summary may introduce a number of concepts in a simplified format; the concepts are further disclosed within the “Detailed Description” section. This Summary is notintended to configure essential / key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present disclosure, as to its structure, organization, use and method of operation, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following drawings in which an exemplary embodiment will now be illustrated by way of example. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure. Exemplary embodiments will now be described by way of example in association with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a plot of XRD pattern analysis of an exemplary porous carbonbased material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery and an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery verses an exemplary graphene aerogel, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates a plot of FTIR spectra of (a) an exemplary graphene aerogel, (b) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery, and (c) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates a BET plot of the Ni-adsorption / dcsorption on (a) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery and an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplarypositive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure,

[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates a BJH plot of the Ni-adsorption / dcsorption on (a) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery and (b) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure,

[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of (a) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery and (b) an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure,

[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a plot of cut-off voltages verses cycle number for (a) an exemplary common lead-acid battery, (b) an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising an exemplary negative electrode containing an exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction, (c) an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising an exemplary positive electrode containing an exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction, (d) an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising an exemplary negative electrode containing 0.1 wt% of an exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction and an exemplary positive electrode containing 0.1 wt% of an exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction, and (e) an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising an exemplary negative electrode containing 0.2wt% of an exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction and an exemplary positive electrode containing 0.1 wt% of an exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure,

[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a cyclic voltammogram of an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery (a) without graphene aerogel and (b) comprising an exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, and

[0021] FIG.8 illustrates a current-potential (I-V) curve of an exemplary positive electrode (a) without graphene aerogel, comprising (b) 0.1%wt of an exemplary porous carbonbased material for negative electrode construction, (c) 0. l%wt of an exemplary porous carbonbased material for positive electrode construction, and (d) 0.2%wt of an exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings related to the exemplary embodiments. However, it should be apparent that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and / or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.

[0023] The following detailed description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the methods and devices disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the exemplary implementations will be plainto one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

[0024] Disclosed herein is an exemplary cost-effective porous carbon-based material for producing an exemplary positive electrode as well as negative electrode of an exemplary lead- acid battery. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary porous carbon-based sheets coupled with an exemplary alkaline earth metal ion as well as an exemplary transitional metal ion and doped with an exemplary two heteroatoms may be used for producing an exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery and an exemplary porous carbon-based sheets coupled with an exemplary one or more transitional metal ions and doped with an exemplary heteroatom may be used for producing an exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery. In an exemplary embodiment, “porous carbon-based sheets” may refer to an exemplary three-dimensional porous network structure comprising carbon atoms or carbon atoms and oxygen-containing functionalities attached along a plurality of edges and basal plane. Applying an exemplary porous carbon-based sheets along with different ions and heteroatoms for construction of an exemplary positive electrode and an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery can enhance an exemplary lifespan of an exemplary lead-acid battery due to reducing sulfation of exemplary positive and negative electrodes of an exemplary lead-acid battery, decreasing corrosion of exemplary positive electrode as well as release of hydrogen gas at exemplary negative electrode, and reducing the oxygen gas release at exemplary positive electrode.

[0025] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery may comprise aplurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets, at least one exemplary metal ion, and at least one exemplary doped heteroatom. In one or more exemplary embodiments, a plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets may comprise an exemplary average pore size in an exemplary range of 10-20 nm. In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary metal ion may be distributed between the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets result in enhancing an exemplary transfer of an exemplary electrolyte and an exemplary electrical charge among the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets and preventing stacking of the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets to each other.

[0026] In one or more exemplary embodiments, the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets may comprise an exemplary graphene aerogel, an exemplary graphene oxide, an exemplary reduced graphene oxide, an exemplary three-dimensional graphene, an exemplary graphene oxide aerogel, and / or an exemplary combination thereof.

[0027]

[0028] In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary metal ion may comprise an exemplary transition metal ion, an exemplary alkaline earth metal ion, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary transition metal ion may comprise zinc ion, copper ion, nickel ion, cobalt ion, and / or or an exemplary combination thereof. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary alkaline earth metal ion may comprise magnesium ion, calcium ion, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of at least one exemplary metal ion to the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.4: 1.0. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary water-soluble salt of an exemplary transition metal, an exemplary alkaline earth metal, and / or an exemplary combination of thereof may be used to provide at least one exemplary metal ion. In one or moreexemplary embodiments, “water-soluble salts” may refer to an ionic compound that easily dissociated in an exemplary water and remain its ionic form. In one or more exemplary embodiment, exemplary water-soluble salt may comprise an exemplary sulfate salt, an exemplary nitrate salt, an exemplary phosphate salt, an exemplary chloride salt, an exemplary acetate salt, and / or an exemplary combination thereof.

[0029] In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary doped hetero atom may comprise nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or an exemplary combination thereof. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary amount of at least one exemplary heteroatom may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.1%wt to 1.5wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.1%wt to 0.7%wt in accordance with an exemplary total weight of the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets. In some exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary doped heteroatom may comprise nitrogen, boron, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of nitrogen to boron may be in an exemplary range of 1:0 to 0: 1.

[0030] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary metal ion may comprise an exemplary combination of an exemplary transition metal ion and an exemplary alkaline metal ion. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one metal ion may comprise an exemplary combination of zinc and magnesium ions that the zinc and magnesium ions may be mounted between exemplary carbon-based sheets, more particularly, cross-linked to an exemplary graphene aerogel such that the zinc and magnesium ions may be mounted between a plurality of exemplary graphene aerogel sheets. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of magnesium ions to exemplary graphene aerogel may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.4: 1.0. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary weight ration of zinc ions to exemplary graphene aerogel may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1: 1.0, more particularly in anexemplary range of 0.3: 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0. In these exemplary embodiments, the plurality of exemplary carbon-based sheets, more particularly graphene aerogel, may further doped with nitrogen and boron such that an exemplary weight ratio of nitrogen to boron may be in an exemplary range of 1:0 to 0: 1. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary amount of nitrogen may be in an exemplary range of 0.5wt% to 1.5wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.7%wt to 1.0wt% in accordance with an exemplary total weigh of exemplary graphene aerogel. In one or more exemplary embodiments, for example, but is not limited to, an exemplary ammonia solution, an exemplary ethylenediamine (EDA) solution, an exemplary ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, an exemplary thiourea solution, an exemplary ammonium sulfate solution, an exemplary ammonium hydroxide solution, an exemplary carbamide solution, and / or an exemplary combination thereof, more particularly an exemplary ammonia solution may be used to dope nitrogen atoms to exemplary graphene aerogel. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary amount of boron may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.1wt% to 1.0wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.2%wt to 0.5wt% in accordance with an exemplary total weigh of exemplary graphene aerogel. In one or more exemplary embodiments, for example, but is not limited to, an exemplary hydrogen orthoborate solution, boric acid, an exemplary boron trioxide (B2O3) solution, an exemplary sodium borohydride solution, and exemplary ammonia borane solution, and / or an exemplary combination thereof may be used to dope boron atoms.

[0031] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction of exemplary lead-acid battery disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be mixed to an exemplary leadbased paste to produce an exemplary first paste of an exemplary positive electrode. In one or more exemplary embodiment, an exemplary positive electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery may comprise at least two plates covered by an exemplary first paste that exemplaryfirst paste may comprise an exemplary mixture of an exemplary porous carbon-based material, more particularly an exemplary porous carbon-based material comprising an exemplary graphene aerogel, for exemplary positive electrode construction of exemplary lead-acid battery disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and an exemplary lead-based paste. In one or more exemplary, an exemplary lead-based past may comprise, for example, but is not limited to, an exemplary lead paste, an exemplary lead oxide paste, an exemplary combination thereof, and / or other types of lead-based past that are well-known for those skilled in the art. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary amount of exemplary porous carbon-based material comprising an exemplary graphene aerogel, for exemplary positive electrode construction may be less than lwt%, particularly in an exemplary range of 0.1 wt% to 0.2wt%, and more particularly 0.1 wt% in accordance with an exemplary total weigh of exemplary lead-based paste.

[0032] In another exemplary embodiment, an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery may comprise a plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets, at least one exemplary metal ion, and at least one exemplary doped heteroatom. In one or more exemplary embodiments, a plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets may comprise an exemplary average pore size in an exemplary range of 15-30 nm. In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary metal ion may be distributed between the plurality of exemplary porous carbonbased sheets result in enhancing an exemplary transfer of an exemplary electrolyte and an exemplary electrical charge among the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets and preventing stacking of the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets to each other.

[0033] In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets may comprise an exemplary graphene aerogel, an exemplary graphene oxide, anexemplary reduced graphene oxide, an exemplary three-dimensional graphene, an exemplary graphene oxide aerogel, and / or an exemplary combination thereof.In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary metal ion may comprise an exemplary transition metal ion. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary an exemplary water-soluble salt of an exemplary transition metal may be used to provide at least one exemplary metal ion. In one or more exemplary embodiments, “water-soluble salts” may refer to an ionic compound that easily dissociated in an exemplary water and remain its ionic form. In one or more exemplary embodiment, exemplary water-soluble salt may comprise an exemplary sulfate salt, an exemplary nitrate salt, an exemplary phosphate salt, an exemplary chloride salt, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary transition metal ion may comprise, for example, but is not limited to, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, or an exemplary combination thereof. In one or more exemplary embodiment, an exemplary weight ratio of at least one exemplary metal ion to the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets may be in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0.

[0034] In one or more exemplary embodiment, at least one exemplary doped heteroatom for negative electrode construction may comprise, for example, but is not limited to, nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, and / or an exemplary combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one exemplary doped heteroatom for negative electrode construction may comprise nitrogen such that an exemplary amount of nitrogen may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.5wt% to 2.0wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.7wt% to 1.5%wt in accordance with an exemplary total weight of the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary ammonia solution, an exemplary ethylenediamine solution, or an exemplary combination thereof may be used to dope nitrogen atoms on an exemplary surface of the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets.

[0035] In some exemplary embodiments, an exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery may comprise an exemplary graphene aerogel with an exemplary pore size in an exemplary range of 15-30 nm, an exemplary combination of at least two transition metal ions, and at least one exemplary doped heteroatom. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary combination of at least two transition metal ions may comprise an exemplary combination of copper and zinc ions that the copper and zinc ions may be mounted between exemplary sheets of graphene aerogel, more particularly, cross-linked to an exemplary surface of exemplary graphene aerogel sheets. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of copper ions to exemplary graphene aerogel may be in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary weight ratio of zinc ions to exemplary graphene aerogel may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.3: 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0. In these exemplary embodiments, at least one exemplary doped heteroatom may comprise nitrogen such than an exemplary amount of nitrogen may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 0.5 wt% to 2.0wt%, more particularly in an exemplary range of 0.7wt% to 1.5%wt in accordance with an exemplary total weight of exemplary graphene aerogel.

[0036] In one or more exemplary embodiment, an exemplary ammonia solution, an exemplary ethylenediamine solution, and / or an exemplary combination thereof, more particularly an exemplary ammonia solution may be used to dope nitrogen atoms to exemplary graphene aerogel.

[0037] In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary chemical reducing agent may be used to prepare an exemplary surface of the plurality of exemplary porous carbonbased sheets for doping at least one exemplary heteroatom at an exemplary porous carbonbased material for construction of either an exemplary positive electrode or an exemplarynegative electrode. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary chemical reducing agent may comprise, for example, but is not limited to, ascorbic acid, sodium sulfide, sodium bisulfite, hydrazine, sodium borohydride, cysteine, an exemplary combination thereof, and / or other types of chemical reducing agent that are well-known for those skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary mass ratio of an exemplary chemical reducing agent to the plurality of exemplary porous carbon-based sheets may be adjusted in an exemplary range of 1: 10 to 10: 1.

[0038] Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction of exemplary lead-acid battery disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be mixed to an exemplary lead-based paste to produce an exemplary second paste of an exemplary negative electrode. In one or more exemplary embodiment, an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery may comprise at least three plates covered by an exemplary second paste that exemplary second paste may comprise an exemplary mixture of an exemplary porous carbon-based material, more particularly an exemplary porous carbon-based material comprising an exemplary graphene aerogel, for exemplary negative electrode construction of exemplary lead-acid battery disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and an exemplary lead-based paste. In one or more exemplary, an exemplary leadbased past may comprise, for example, but is not limited to, an exemplary lead paste, an exemplary lead oxide paste, an exemplary combination thereof, and / or other types of leadbased past that are well-known for those skilled in the art. In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary amount of exemplary porous carbon-based material comprising an exemplary graphene aerogel, for exemplary negative electrode construction may be less than lwt%, particularly in an exemplary range of 0.1 wt% to 0.3wt%, and more particularly 0.1 wt% in respect to an exemplary total weigh of exemplary lead-based paste.

[0039] In one or more exemplary embodiments, an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising an exemplary disclosed positive and negative electrode in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may further comprise an exemplary electrolyte in physical contact with exemplary negative and positive electrodes.EXAMPLES

[0040] Hereinafter, one or more exemplary embodiments will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It will be obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art that these examples may be for illustrative purposes only and are not to be interpreted to limit the scope of the present disclosure.Example 1: Synthesis of Porous Carbon-Based Material for Positive Electrode ConstructionIn this example, exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary positive electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery was synthesized based on one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. To synthesis exemplary porous carbonbased material, first an exemplary solution of an exemplary transition metal salt and an exemplary alkaline earth metal salt was mixed to an exemplary graphene such that an exemplary weight ratio of exemplary solution to exemplary graphene was in a range of 1: 10 to 10: 1, more particularly in a range of 1:5 to 5: 1, followed by stirring for about 1 to 6 hours at a temperature level of about 25-60 °C and an atmosphere pressure. Afterward, for preparing exemplary produced graphene cross-linked with exemplary combination of transition and alkaline earth metal ions for doping exemplary heteroatom, an exemplary three-dimensional graphene hydrogel was obtained. To obtain exemplary 3D graphene hydrogel, an exemplary chemical reducing agent with an exemplary mass ratio of 1: 10 to 10: 1 in respect withexemplary graphene was added to exemplary produced graphene cross-linked with exemplary combination of transition and alkaline earth metal ions and stirred for about 5 minutes to 60 minutes, more particularly about 10-15 minutes, followed by stirring for about 3-24 hours, more particularly about 6-10 hours at a temperature level less than 100 °C, more particularly 70-95 °C within a closed container. Afterward, exemplary produced 3D graphene hydrogel was washed three times with a distilled water to remove any unreacted materials. Following that, exemplary 3D graphene hydrogel was added to an exemplary ammonia and / or ethylenediamine (EDA) solution, more particularly ammonia solution with a concentration of 2-10%wt and an exemplary volume ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 10, more particularly 1:5 in accordance with an exemplary volume of 3D graphene hydrogel for nitrogen doping. Followed by doping boron as same as nitrogen doping using boric acid. Afterward, exemplary obtained mixture of exemplary graphene aerogel cross-linked with transition and alkaline earth metal ions and doped with nitrogen and boron atoms was heated at a temperature level of 25-95 °C, more particularly 60- 80 °C for a duration of 1-24 hours, more particularly 4-10 hours. After that, produced exemplary graphene oxide cross-linked with transition and alkaline earth metal ions and doped with nitrogen and boron atoms was placed in a freezer at a temperature level of -15 °C to -60 °C for a duration of 24-48 hours to completely freeze, followed by freeze-drying at a temperature level of -45°C to -80°C for a duration of 24-72 hours to eliminate residual water without disruption of an exemplary porous and 3D structure of exemplary produced graphene aerogel cross-linked with transition and alkaline earth metal ions and doped with nitrogen and boron atoms.Example 2: Synthesis of Porous Carbon-Based Material for Negative ElectrodeConstructionIn this example, exemplary porous carbon-based material for an exemplary negative electrode construction of an exemplary lead-acid battery was synthesized based on one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. To synthesis exemplary porous carbonbased material, first an exemplary solution of an exemplary combination of two transition metal salts, more particularly an exemplary solution of zinc sulfate and copper sulfate, was mixed to an exemplary graphene such that an exemplary weight ratio of exemplary solution to exemplary graphene was in a range of 1: 10 to 10: 1, more particularly in a range of 1:5 to 5: 1, followed by stirring for about 1 to 6 hours at a temperature level of about 25-60 °C and an atmosphere pressure. Afterward, an exemplary three-dimensional graphene hydrogel was obtained using exemplary produced graphene cross-linked with exemplary combination of two transition metal ions for doping exemplary heteroatom. To obtain exemplary 3D graphene oxide hydrogel, an exemplary chemical reducing agent, particularly ascorbic acid, with an exemplary ratio of 1: 10 to 10: 1 in respect with exemplary graphene was added to exemplary produced graphene cross-linked with exemplary combination of two transition metal ions and stirred for about 5 minutes to 60 minutes, more particularly about 10-15 minutes, followed by stirring for about 3-24 hours, more particularly about 6-10 hours at a temperature level less than 100 °C, more particularly 70-95 °C within a closed container. Afterward, exemplary produced 3D graphene hydrogel was washed three times with a distilled water to remove any unreacted materials. Following that, exemplary 3D graphene hydrogel was added to an exemplary ammonia and / or ethylenediamine (EDA) solution, more particularly ammonia solution with a concentration of 2-10%wt and an exemplary volume ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 10, more particularly 1:5 in accordance with an exemplary volume of 3D graphene hydrogel for nitrogen doping. Afterward, exemplary obtained mixture of exemplary graphene aerogel cross-linked with two transition metal ions and doped with nitrogen atoms was heated at a temperature level of 25- 95 °C, more particularly 60-80 °C for a duration of 1-24 hours, more particularly 4-10 hours.After that, exemplary produced graphene aerogel cross-linked with two transition metal ions and doped with nitrogen atoms was placed in a freezer at a temperature level of -15 °C to -60 °C for a duration of 24-48 hours to completely freeze, followed by freeze-drying at a temperature level of -45°C to -80°C for a duration of 24-72 hours to eliminate residual water without disruption of an exemplary porous and 3D structure of exemplary produced graphene aerogel cross-linked with two transition metal ions and doped with nitrogen atoms.Example 3: Characterization of Porous Carbon-Based Material for Negative and Positive Electrodes Construction

[0041] In this example, exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive and negative electrodes constructions in “Example 1” and “Example 2”, respectively, were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Average pore radius as well as specific surface area of exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for both exemplary positive and negative electrodes constructions were evaluated using Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett- Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis.

[0042] FIG.l illustrates a plot of XRD pattern analysis of (a) exemplary graphene oxide, (b) exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction of exemplary lead-acid battery, and (c) exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction of exemplary lead-acid battery, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As can be seen in FIG.l, intensity of an exemplary main peak at 26 degrees for exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction is higher than exemplary common graphene oxides as well as exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for negativeelectrode construction due to doping two different atoms. These exemplary results provide confirmation of successful doping of boron atoms alongside nitrogen atoms in exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction.

[0043] Furthermore, as FTIR spectra illustrated in FIG.2, exemplary hydroxyl group observed at 3400 cm1for exemplary common graphene oxide is significantly reduced for both exemplary produced carbon-based materials for exemplary positive and negative electrodes construction that indicated a reduction process. Additionally, both exemplary produced porous carbon-base materials for exemplary positive and negative electrodes construction show higher peak intensities for an exemplary C-C bonds and these peaks have shifted to shorter wavelengths compared to exemplary common graphene oxide, indicating existence of doped heteroatoms such as nitrogen and boron. In Addition, an exemplary peak at about 1400 cm1is attributed to nitrogen doping, which is present in both exemplary produced porous carbon-base materials for exemplary positive and negative electrodes construction. Also, peaks at wavenumber range between 500 cm1to 600 cm1are associated with the presence of zinc and copper metal ions incorporated into exemplary produced carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction.

[0044] FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 illustrate a BET plot and a BJH plot of the N2- adsorption / Desorption on (a) exemplary porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction and (b) exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore size for both exemplary produced porous carbon-based materials using BET and BJH analyses are listed in Table.l.

[0045] The hysteresis loop observed in the Ni-adsorption / Dcsorption isotherms serves as an exemplary measure of the mesoporous specific surface area. As can be seen in FIG. 3and Table.l, exemplary produced porous carbon-based material in “Example 2” for exemplary negative electrode construction has a lower specific surface area compared to exemplary produced porous carbon-based material in “Example 1” for exemplary positive electrode construction. This exemplary result is attributed to the fact that a higher specific surface area increases hydrogen gas release reactions.Table.l: Specific Surface Area as well as Average Pore Size for Exemplary Porous Carbon-Based Materials for Positive and Negative Electrodes Construction Using BET and BJH AnalysesFurthermore, as illustrated in FIG.4 and Table.l, an exemplary produced porous carbon- material for exemplary negative electrode construction exhibits larger pore sizes compared to exemplary produced porous carbon-material for exemplary positive electrode construction. This exemplary larger pore size results in a reduction in hydrogen gas release within exemplary negative electrode of exemplary lead-acid battery, while simultaneously providing an optimal surface for an exemplary electrolyte transport as well as formation of an exemplary fine lead sulfate crystals. The tuning of exemplary pore size distribution is achieved through doping different heteroatoms as well as metal ions in each produced porous carbon-material for exemplary negative electrode construction and exemplary positive electrode construction.

[0046] Morphology and pore size of both exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for negative and positive electrodes construction of exemplary lead-acid battery were examined using SEM analysis. FIG. 5 illustrates SEM images of (a) exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction and (b) exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction,consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The pore size of exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction is larger than of exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction. On the other hand, exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction showed a higher porosity. These result indicated that exemplary produced porous carbon material in “Example 1” for exemplary positive electrode construction on exemplary lead-acid battery can be suitable for fast electrolyte as well as charge transfer result in preventing of electrode corrosion, which is achieved due to presence of zinc and magnesium ions and doped nitrogen and boron atoms.Example 4: Fabrication of Lead- Acid Battery Using Porous Carbon-Based Materials for Negative and Positive Electrodes Construction

[0047] In this example, an exemplary lead-acid battery was fabricated using exemplary porous carbon-based material in “Example 1” for exemplary positive electrode construction and exemplary produced porous carbon-based material in “Example 2” for exemplary negative electrode construction.

[0048] For fabrication of an exemplary positive electrode of exemplary lead-acid battery, first an exemplary first paste was obtained by adding exemplary produced porous carbon-based material in “Example 1” to an exemplary lead-based paste with a concentration of less than l%wt in respect with a total weight of exemplary lead -based paste, followed by applying exemplary first paste onto at least two exemplary grids. Following that, at least two exemplary grids containing exemplary first paste was dried at a temperature level of 25 °C to 70 °C and humidity level about 25% to 80% for a duration of 25 h to 75 h.

[0049] For fabrication of an exemplary negative electrode of exemplary lead-acid battery, first an exemplary second paste was obtained by adding exemplary produced porous carbon-based material in “Example 2” to an exemplary lead-based paste with a concentration of less than l%wt in respect with a total weight of exemplary lead-based paste, followed by applying exemplary first paste onto at least three exemplary grids. Following that, at least three exemplary grids containing exemplary second paste was dried at a temperature level of 25 °C to 70 °C and humidity level about 25% to 80% for a duration of 25 h to 75 h.

[0050] Afterward, to obtain exemplary lead-acid battery, at least two exemplary dried grids containing exemplary first paste and at least three exemplary dried grids containing exemplary second paste were welded together and placed into an exemplary battery casing, followed by adding acid sulfuric as an exemplary electrolyte.Example 5: Performance of Lead -Acid Battery, Negative Electrode, and Positive Electrode U

[0051] In this example, an exemplary performance of exemplary produced lead-acid- battery, exemplary produced negative electrode, and exemplary produced positive electrode in “Example 4” was evaluated by battery performance test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), respectively.

[0052] FIG.6 illustrates a plot of cut-off voltages verses cycle number for (a) an exemplary common lead-acid battery, (b) an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising exemplary produced negative electrode, (c) an exemplary lead-acid battery comprising exemplary positive electrode, (d) an exemplary produced lead-acid battery comprising exemplary produced negative electrode containing 0.1%wt of exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction and exemplary producedpositive electrode containing 0.1 wt% of an exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction, and (e) an exemplary produced lead-acid battery comprising exemplary produced negative electrode containing 0.2%wt of exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary negative electrode construction and exemplary produced positive electrode containing 0.1 wt% of exemplary produced porous carbon-based material for exemplary positive electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the addition of separately exemplary produced porous carbon-based materials to construct individual negative or positive electrodes does not significantly impact battery performance. However, the simultaneous incorporation of produced porous carbon-based material for the negative electrode construction and produced porous carbon-based material for the positive electrode construction, used to fabricate both electrodes, can enhance the performance of produced lead-acid battery and increase its lifespan.

[0053] Furthermore, FIG. 7 illustrates a cyclic voltammogram of an exemplary negative electrode of an exemplary lead-acid battery (a) without graphene aerogel and (b) comprising exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As FIG. 7 illustrated, by adding exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction to fabricate exemplary negative electrode, electrochemical active surface area of exemplary produced negative electrode is increased up to 15% compared to exemplary negative electrode without graphene aerogel, results in a higher battery capacity as well as reduction of hydrogen gas evolution as indicated by a lower endpoint voltage at a negative potential.

[0054] In addition, evaluation of oxygen gas release from an exemplary positive electrode was investigated by LSV analysis. FIG.8 illustrates a current-potential (I-V) curve of an exemplary positive electrode (a) without graphene aerogel, comprising (b) 0.1%wt ofexemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction, (c) comprising 0.1 % wt of exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction, and (d) comprising 0.2%wt of exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The exemplary results of FIG.8 indicate that exemplary positive electrode comprising exemplary porous carbon-based material for negative electrode construction can increase oxygen gas evolution. Although, exemplary positive electrodes with two different amount of exemplary porous carbon-based material for positive electrode construction enhance oxygen gas evolution such that exemplary concentration of 0.1 % wt shows a lower tendency for oxygen gas evolution compared to 0.2%wt.

[0055] The exemplary above-mentioned results indicate that incorporation of 3D porous graphene aerogel with different ions and doped heteroatom to construct exemplary negative and positive electrodes of a lead-acid battery can improve battery lifespan as well as performance of each electrode.

[0056] While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and / or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all applications, modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present teachings.

[0057] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[0058] The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow. That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in the claims when interpreted in light of this specification and the prosecution history that follows and to encompass all structural and functional equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement of Sections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should they be interpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subject matter is hereby disclaimed.

[0059] Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been stated or illustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedication of any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recited in the claims.

[0060] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. An element proceeded by “a” or “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.

[0061] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[0062] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their correspondingrespective areas of inquiry and study, except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as “first” and “second” and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.

[0063] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it may be seen that various features are grouped together in various implementations. This is for purposes of streamlining the disclosure, and is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed implementations require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed implementation. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.While various implementations have been described, the description is intended to be exemplary, rather than limiting and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more implementations and implementations are possible that are within the scope of the implementations. Although many possible combinations of features are shown in the accompanying figures and discussed in this detailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed features are possible. Any feature of any implementation may be used in combination with or substituted for any other feature or element in any other implementation unless specifically restricted. Therefore, it will be understood that any of the features shown and / or discussed in the present disclosure may be implemented together in any suitable combination. Accordingly, the implementations are not to be restricted except in light of theattached claims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the attached claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A porous carbon-based material for a positive electrode construction of a lead-acid battery comprising: a plurality of porous carbon-based sheets comprising an average pore size in a range of 10-20 nm; at least one metal ion; and at least one doped heteroatom, wherein the at least one metal ion is distributed between the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets to enhance a transfer of an electrolyte and an electrical charge among the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets and prevent a stacking of the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets to each other.

2. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets comprises graphene aerogel, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, three-dimensional graphene, graphene oxide aerogel, or a combination thereof.

3. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises a transition metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a combination thereof.

4. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein the transition metal comprise zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, or a combination thereof.

5. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein the alkaline earth metal comprises magnesium, calcium, or a combination thereof.

6. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein the at least one doped heteroatom comprises nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or a combination thereof.

7. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of at least one metal ion to the plurality of the porous carbon-based sheets is in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.4: 1.0.

8. The porous carbon-based material of claim 1, wherein an amount of at least one heteroatom to is in a range of 0.1%wt to 1.5wt%, more particularly 0.1%wt to 0.7%wt in accordance with a total weight of the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets.

9. A porous carbon-based material for a positive electrode construction of a lead-acid battery comprising a graphene aerogel comprising an average pore size in a range of 10-20 nm which is cross-linked with a combination of magnesium and zinc ions and doped with a combination of nitrogen and boron atoms, wherein a weight ratio of nitrogen to boron is in a range of 1:0 to 0: 1.

10. The porous carbon-based material of claim 9, wherein a weight ratio of magnesium to the graphene aerogel is in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.4: 1.0.

11. The porous carbon-based material of claim 9, wherein a weight ratio of zinc to the graphene aerogel is in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.3: 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0.

12. The porous carbon-based material of claim 9, wherein an amount of nitrogen is in a range of 0.5wt% to 1.5wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7%wt to 1.0wt% in accordance with a total weigh of the graphene aerogel.

13. The porous carbon-based material of claim 9, wherein an amount of nitrogen is in a range of 0.1wt% to 1.0wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.2%wt to 0.5wt% in accordance with a total weigh of the graphene aerogel.

14. A porous carbon-based material for a negative electrode construction of a lead-acid battery comprising: a plurality of porous carbon-based sheets comprising an average pore size in a range of 15-30 nm; at least one metal ion; and at least one doped heteroatom, wherein the at least one metal ion is distributed between the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets to enhance a transfer of an electrolyte and an electrical charge among the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets and prevent a stacking of the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets to each other.

15. The porous carbon-based material of claim 14, wherein the plurality of porous carbon-based sheets comprises graphene aerogel, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, three-dimensional graphene, graphene oxide aerogel, or a combination thereof.

16. The porous carbon-based material of claim 14, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises a transition metal.

17. The porous carbon-based material of claim 16, wherein the transition metal comprise zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, or a combination thereof.

18. The porous carbon-based material of claim 14, wherein the at least one doped heteroatom comprises nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or a combination thereof.

19. A porous carbon-based material for a negative electrode construction of a lead-acid battery comprising a graphene aerogel comprising an average pore size in a range of 15-30 nm which is cross-linked with a combination of zinc and copper ions and doped with nitrogen atom, wherein a weight ratio of copper to the graphene aerogel is in a range of 0.1 : 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0, a weight ratio of zinc to the graphene aerogel is in a range of 0.1 : 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.3: 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0, and an amount of nitrogen is in rangeof 0.5wt% to 2.0wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7wt% to 1.5%wt in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel.

20. A lead-acid battery comprising: a negative electrode comprising a first battery paste comprising a lead-based paste and a graphene aerogel comprising an average pore size in a range of 15-30 nm which is crosslinked with a plurality of zinc ions with an amount in a range of 10wt% to 100%wt, more particularly in a range of 30%wt to 60%wt % in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel and a plurality of copper ions with an amount in a range of 10wt% to 100%wt, more particularly 20wt% to 50wt% in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel and doped with nitrogen atom with an amount in a range of 0.5wt% to 2.0wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7wt% to 1.5%wt in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel; a positive electrode comprising a second battery paste comprising a lead-based paste and a graphene aerogel comprising an average pore size in a range of 10-20 nm which is crosslinked with a plurality of zinc ions with an amount in a range of 10wt% to 100%wt, more particularly in a range of 30%wt to 60%wt in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel and a plurality of magnesium ions with an amount in a range of 10wt% to 50%wt, more particularly 20% wt to 40% in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel and doped with a plurality of nitrogen atoms with an amount in a range of 0.5wt% tol.5wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7 wt% to 1 wt% and a plurality of boron atoms with an amount in a range of 0.1wt% to 1.0wt% to 0.2wt% to 0.5wt% in accordance with a total weight of the graphene aerogel; and an electrolyte in physical contact with the negative electrode and the positive electrode.

21. The lead-acid battery of claim 20, wherein a concentration of graphene aerogel of the first paste is less than lwt%, more particularly in a range of 0.1 wt% to 0.3wt% in accordance with a total weight of the lead-based paste.

22. The lead-acid battery of claim 20, wherein a concentration of graphene aerogel of the second paste is less than lwt%, more particularly in a range of 0.1 wt% to 0.2wt% in accordance with a total weight of the lead-based paste.

23. The lead-acid battery of claim 20, wherein a weight ratio of the plurality of nitrogen atoms to the plurality of boron atoms is in a range of 1:0 to 0: 1.

24. The lead-acid battery of claim 20, wherein the lead-based paste comprises a lead paste, a lead oxide paste, or a combination thereof.

25. A lead-acid battery comprising: a negative electrode comprising at least three plates covered by a first battery paste comprising a lead-based paste and 0.1-0.3w%t of a graphene aerogel comprising an average pore size in a range of 15-320 nm which is cross-linked with a combination of zinc and copper ions and doped with nitrogen atom; a positive electrode comprising at least two plates covered by a second battery paste comprising a lead-based paste and 0.1-0.2wt% of a graphene aerogel comprising an average pore size in a range of 10-20 nm which is cross-linked with a combination of magnesium and zinc ions and doped with a combination of nitrogen and boron atoms, wherein a weight ratio of nitrogen to boron is in a range of 1:0 to 0: 1; and an electrolyte in physical contact with the negative electrode and the positive electrode.

26. The lead-acid battery of claim 25, wherein a weight ratio of zinc ion to the graphene aerogel in the positive and negative electrodes is in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.3: 1.0 to 0.6: 1.0.

27. The lead-acid battery of claim 25, wherein a weight ratio of copper ion to the graphene aerogel is in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0.

28. The lead-acid battery of claim 25, wherein a weight ratio of magnesium ion to the graphene aerogel is in a range of 0.1: 1.0 to 0.5: 1.0, more particularly in a range of 0.2: 1.0 to 0.4: 1.0.

29. The lead-acid battery of claim 25, wherein an amount of nitrogen in the negative electrode is in a range of 0.5wt% to 2.0wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7wt% to 1.5wt% in accordance with a total weigh of the graphene aerogel and an amount of nitrogen in the positive electrode is in a range of 0.5wt% to 1.5wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.7wt% to 1.0%wt in accordance with a total weigh of the graphene aerogel.

30. The lead-acid battery of claim 25, wherein an amount of boron is in a range of 0.1 wt% to 1.0wt%, more particularly in a range of 0.2wt% to 0.5%wt in accordance with a total weigh of the graphene aerogel.

31. The lead-acid battery of claim 25, wherein the lead-based paste comprises a lead paste, a lead oxide paste, or a combination thereof.

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