EPITOPE POTENCY ENHANCEMENT VIA AMINO ACID MODIFICATION OF Ii-KEY PEPTIDE
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/070004
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-02
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-02
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-10
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Figure PCTCN2025070004-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025070004-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025070004-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
EPITOPE POTENCY ENHANCEMENT VIA AMINO ACID MODIFICATION OF Ii-KEY PEPTIDEField of the Invention
[0001] The invention, in some aspects, relates to enhanced Ii-Key peptides and their use in methods of increasing immune response.Background of the Invention
[0002] The immune system responds to foreign pathogens, to tumor cells, to autoimmune disease-inducing processes, to allergens, to grafts, through the recognition of the ‘foreign’ or ‘abnormal’s tructures, as antigens. Most of those antigens are proteins, which are synthesized either by cells of the host, or by a pathogen. Such antigens are processed (proteolytically digested) into peptide fragments which come to be presented to the responding lymphocytes of the immune system, in a peptide-presenting structure on the surface of the antigen presenting cell. Those peptide presenting structures are called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The immune response to a specific antigen is mediated by T lymphocytes which recognize peptide fragments of those antigens in the MHC molecules. Within an antigen presenting cell (APC) , peptide fragments of a proteolytically processed antigen become bound into the antigenic peptide binding site of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. These peptide-MHC complexes are then transported to the cell surface for recognition (of both the foreign peptide and the adjacent surface of the presenting MHC molecule) by T cell receptors on responding T lymphocytes. Those T lymphocytes can have either immunoregulatory functions (to help or suppress an immune response) or effector functions (to clear the pathogen or tumor, for example, through a cytotoxic immune response) . The antigen-specific recognition event initiates the immune response cascade which leads to a protective immune response, or in the case of autoimmune processes, a deleterious immune response.
[0003] Two classes of MHC molecules function as immune system presenters of antigenic peptides to T cells. MHC class I molecules receive peptides from endogenously synthesized proteins, such as an infectious virus, in the endoplasmic reticulum about the time of synthesis of the MHC class I molecules. The MHC class I-bound antigenic peptides are presented at the cell surface to CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which then become activated and can directly kill the virus-expressing cells. In contrast, MHC class II molecules are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum with their antigenic peptide binding sites blocked by the invariant chain protein (Ii) . These complexes of MHC class II molecules and Ii protein are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to a post-Golgi compartment where Ii is released by proteolysis and a specific antigenic peptide becomes bound to the MHC class II molecule (Blum et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 3975 (1988) ; Riberdy et al., Nature 360: 474 (1992) ; Daibata et al., Mol. Immunol. 31: 255 (1994) ; Xu et al., Mol. Immunol. 31: 723 (1994) ; Xu et al., Antigen Processing and Presentation, Academic Press, NY p227 (1994) ; Kropshofer et al., Science 270: 1357 (1995) ; and Urban et al., J. Exp. Med. 180: 751 (1994) ) .
[0004] Prior research identified certain antigen presentation enhancing hybrid peptides that include three elements (US Patent 8,815,249) . The first element is an N-terminal element consisting essentially of 4-16 residues of the mammalian Ii-Key peptide LRMKLPKPPKPVSKMR (SEQ ID NO: 10) and non-N-terminal deletion modifications thereof that retain antigen presentation enhancing activity. The second element is a chemical structure covalently linking the N-terminal element described above to the MHC Class II-presented epitope. The chemical structure is a covalently joined group of atoms which when arranged in a linear fashion forms a flexible chain which extends up to the length of 20 amino acids likewise arranged in a linear fashion, the chemical structure being selected from the group consisting of: i) immunologically neutral chemical structures, ii) a MHC Class I epitope or a portion thereof, and / or iii) an antibody-recognized determinant or a portion thereof. Finally, previous antigen presentation enhancing hybrid peptides include a C-terminal element comprising an antigenic epitope in the form of a peptide or peptidomimetic structure which binds to the antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule.
[0005] Although the identification of the mechanisms referred to above has provided useful approaches to therapeutic intervention, it remains critically important to develop new methods and compositions that further enhance immune responses, and that provide enhanced options for epitope-specific therapies to protect individuals and populations worldwide.Summary of the Invention
[0006] According to an aspect of the invention, a composition including an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid including amino acids LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) is provided. In some embodiments, the enhanced Ii-Key peptide sequence consists of amino acids LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) . In certain embodiments, one or more epitope peptide is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide hybrids includes an immunogenic T cell epitope. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide hybrid includes an MHC II-presented epitope. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide hybrid includes an MHC I-presented epitope. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II antigen epitope including an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide is 2, 3, 4, or more epitope peptides. In some embodiments, a peptide sequence including the epitope peptide covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, a D-Gluconic acid (D-GAc) is covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the peptide including the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of a peptide including the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide and the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently attached at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide is SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0007] According to another aspect of the invention, a cell is provided, wherein the cell includes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In certain embodiments, the composition includes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0008] According to another aspect of the invention, a fusion protein is provided, wherein the fusion protein includes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In some embodiments, the fusion protein includes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0009] According to another aspect of the invention, a polynucleotide sequence is provided, wherein the sequence encodes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In certain embodiments, polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0010] According to another aspect of the invention, a vector is provided, wherein the vector includes a polynucleotide sequence that encodes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In some embodiments, polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0011] According to another aspect of the invention, a composition is provided, wherein the composition includes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide including amino acids D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2) , wherein the D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the Ii-Key peptide is provided. In some embodiments, the enhanced Ii-Key peptide consists of amino acids D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In certain embodiments, one or more epitope peptide is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an immunogenic T cell epitope. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II-presented epitope. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC I-presented epitope. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different. In certain embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide includes an MHC II antigen epitope including an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide is 2, 3, 4, or more epitope peptides. In some embodiments, a peptide sequence including the epitope peptide covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, the enhanced Ii-Key peptide includes amino acids D-GAc-LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 4) .
[0012] According to another aspect of the invention, a cell is provided, wherein the cell includes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0013] According to another aspect of the invention, a fusion protein is provided, wherein the fusion protein includes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein includes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein includes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0014] According to another aspect of the invention, a polynucleotide sequence is provided, wherein the sequence encodes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In certain embodiments, polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0015] According to another aspect of the invention, a vector is provided, wherein the vector includes a polynucleotide sequence that encodes an embodiment of an aforementioned composition of the invention. In some embodiments, polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In some embodiments, polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.
[0016] According to another aspect of the invention, a method of enhancing presentation of an antigenic epitope peptide to a T cell is provided, the method including: administering to a subject in need of such treatment, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid including amino acid sequence LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) , wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide, in an amount effective to enhance presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject compared to a control presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell. In some embodiments, enhancing the presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject increases one or more of a CD4+ response, a CD4+IFN-γ+ response, and a CD3+INF-γ+ response in the subject. In certain embodiments, the control presentation is a level of presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the absence of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. In some embodiments, the enhanced Ii-Key peptide sequence consists of amino acids LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) . In some embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II-presented epitope. In certain embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC I-presented epitope. In some embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different. In certain embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II antigen epitope including an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule. In certain embodiments, a peptide sequence including the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, a D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the peptide including the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of a peptide including the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide and the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently attached at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide is SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0017] According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of enhancing presentation of an antigenic epitope peptide to a T cell is provided, the method including: administering to a subject in need of such treatment, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid including amino acid sequence D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2 ) , wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide, in an amount effective to enhance presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject compared to a control presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell. In certain embodiments, enhancing the presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject increases one or more of a CD4+ response, a CD4+IFN-γ+ response, and a CD3+INF-γ+ response in the subject. In certain embodiments, the control presentation is a level of presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the absence of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. In some embodiments, a D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the Ii-Key peptide. In some embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II-presented epitope. In certain embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC I-presented epitope. In some embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different. In certain embodiments, the antigenic epitope to the T cell includes an MHC II antigen epitope including an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule. In certain embodiments, a peptide sequence including the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the enhanced Ii-Key peptide includes amino acids D-GAc-LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 4) .
[0018] Description of Certain Sequences
[0019] SEQ ID NO: 1: LRMK.
[0020] SEQ ID NO: 2: D-GAc-LRMK.
[0021] SEQ ID NO: 3: LRMKGPG.
[0022] SEQ ID NO: 4: D-GAc-LRMKGPG.
[0023] SEQ ID NO: 5 is ORF8 (43-51) : SKWYIRVGARKSAPL.
[0024] SEQ ID NO: 6 is Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) : LRMK-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL.
[0025] SEQ ID NO: 7 is Ii-KeyGPG / ORF8 (43-51) : LRMK-GPG-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL.
[0026] SEQ ID NO: 8 is Ii-DGAcKey / ORF8 (43-51) : D-GAc-LRMK-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL.
[0027] SEQ ID NO: 9 is Ii-DGAcKeyGPG / ORF8 (43-51) : D-GAc-LRMK-GPG-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL.
[0028] SEQ ID NO: 10 is LRMKLPKPPKPVSKMR.Detailed Description
[0029] The invention, in part, relates to enhancements to the Ii-Key technology. Specific alterations of the peptide LMRK (SEQ ID NO: 1) , the core sequence of Ii-Key therapeutic approaches, have now been identified and determined to result in a surprising and significant enhanced potency compared to prior Ii-Key / epitope peptides, which are also referred to herein as Ii-Key peptide hybrids and Non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids. Studies presented herein provide evidence that the specific modifications to the amino acids of an Ii-Key peptide alter functional characteristics of the resulting peptide (also referred to herein as an enhanced Ii-Key peptide) and stabilize the LMRK structure. It has been determined that a result of one or more of the modifications presented herein, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention is less susceptible to degradation than non-enhanced Ii-Key peptides. Studies presented herein demonstrate the increased efficacy of enhanced Ii-Key peptides of the invention to modulate immune response as compared to prior Ii-Key peptides. Certain of the studies presented herein include use of the non-coding DNA SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 (43-56) : KWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 5) in Ii-Key epitope hybrids and enhanced Ii-Key epitope hybrids to identify effects of specific modifications of the LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 1) on potency of Ii-Key / epitope peptides.
[0030] With respect to certain terms used herein, Ii-Key peptide and Ii-Key peptide hybrid refer to previously known Ii-Key peptides and previously known Ii-Key peptides attached to one or more epitope peptides, respectively. The term “enhanced Ii-Key peptide” refers to a core peptide of the invention (LMRK SEQ ID NO: 1) , comprising GPG and / or D-Gluconic acid modifications of the Ii-Key peptide sequence. These modifications result in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention that provides significantly increased modulation of an immune response compared to a level of immune response modulation provided by previous, non-enhanced Ii-Key peptides. As used herein the term “enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid” means an enhanced Ii-Key peptide to which one or more epitope peptides are attached. Prior Ii-Key peptides and prior Ii-Key peptide hybrids are also referred to herein as “non-enhanced” Ii-Key peptides and “non-enhanced” Ii-Key peptide hybrids, respectively.
[0031] The sequence LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 1) , also referred to as a core Ii-Key peptide sequence, serves as the binding site of MHC II. Studies presented herein demonstrate that a relative increase in stabilization and decrease in degradation rate result from inclusion of GPG and / or D-Gluconic acid modifications presented herein. The modifications present in enhanced Ii-Key peptides and enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids of the invention have now been shown to result in enhanced bioavailability of the MHC Class II molecule and increased immune response to the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids versus non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids.
[0032] A modification that results in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention comprises inclusion of the three amino acid sequence GPG at the C terminus of the LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 1) peptide. Non-limiting examples of enhanced Ii-Key peptides comprising the GPG modification are the enhanced core sequence LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Ii-KeyGPG / ORF8 (43-51) , which has the amino acid sequence: LRMK-GPG-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 7) . Studies described herein provide evidence that GPG-enhanced Ii-Key peptides have increased stability and efficacy in vitro and in vivo, relative to prior Ii-Key peptide and peptide hybrid sequences, non-limiting examples of which are LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) , which as the amino acid sequence: LRMK-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 6) .
[0033] A second example of a modification that results in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention comprises inclusion of D-Gluconic acid at the N-terminal end of the LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 1) core sequence. This modification results in an enhanced Ii-Key sequence, non-limiting examples of which are D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2) and Ii-DGAcKey / ORF8 (43-51) , which has the amino acid sequence: D-GAc-LRMK-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 8) . Studies presented herein provide evidence that the presence of D-Gluconic acid at this position significantly increased the hydrophilicity and stability of the enhanced Ii-Key peptides.
[0034] In some embodiments of methods and compositions of the invention, both the GPG and D-Gluconic acid modifications may be included in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. Non-limiting examples of enhanced Ii-Key peptides and enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids comprising both modifications are: D-GAc-LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 4) and Ii-DGAcKeyGPG / ORF8 (43-51) , which has the sequence D-GAc-LRMK-GPG-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 9) .
[0035] Peptide Hybrid Elements
[0036] The invention, in part, is drawn to enhanced Ii-Key peptide compositions and their use to enhance immune response. In some embodiments, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention is a peptide hybrid comprising one or more epitope peptide sequences positioned beginning at the C-terminal end of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. The term “element” as used herein, refers to components of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid, for example an epitope peptide may be referred to as an element, a linker or spacer sequence may be referred to as an element, etc. As used herein the term “class” when used in reference to elements means a type of element. Non-limiting examples of classes of elements are linker elements, epitope peptide elements, etc.
[0037] In some embodiments of a composition or method of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid may have one or more epitope peptides (aka elements) covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In instances where there are two or more epitope peptide sequences, the two or more sequences may be in series, with the first epitope peptide covalently attached to the C-terminal end of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide and the second attached to the first, etc. In some embodiments, the one or more epitope peptide comprises at least one immunogenic T cell epitope.
[0038] Different types of epitope peptides and physical configurations of such elements can be included in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. For example, one or more epitope peptides may be MHC II-presented epitopes, and / or one or more epitope peptides may be MHC I-presented epitopes. In certain embodiments of methods and compositions of the invention, one or more epitope peptides comprise an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence. In some embodiments a composition of the invention comprises one or more epitope peptide that comprises an MHC II-presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes. In some instances, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention comprises an MHC II antigen epitope comprising an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule.
[0039] Some enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid compositions of the invention comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, or more independently selected epitope peptides. Where there are two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes they may be (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different. The term “independently selected” as used herein in reference to selecting one, two, or more of a class of elements, means each may be chosen separately from the others. As a non-limiting example, each of three antibody-specific epitopes to be included in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide composition of the invention may be chosen for inclusion for reasons unrelated to reasons for selecting others of the same element –namely others of the three antibody-specific epitopes.
[0040] Inclusion of more than one MHC Class II epitope in a composition of the invention that is administered to subjects, results in a greater fraction of the human population to be immunized, than does administering a composition comprising one MHC Class II epitope because the multiple epitopes are frequently presented by different alleles. In addition to a plurality of MHC Class II epitopes, in certain embodiments of the invention an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid may comprise one or more MHC Class I epitopes and / or one or more ARDs (Antibody Recognized Determinants) . As used herein, the terms “epitopes” and “determinants” are used interchangeably. The use of the expression “epitope / determinant, ” as used herein, is intended to encompass MHC Class II epitopes, MHC Class I epitopes, and ARDs. The disclosure herein presents numerous specific examples of experimentally-determined MHC Class II epitopes, MHC Class I epitopes, and ARDs, which in some embodiments are included in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids of the invention.
[0041] Generally speaking, MHC Class I and MHC Class II epitopes are comprised of from about 8 to about 12 amino acid residues. ARD elements typically have a size range somewhat broader than MHC Class I and MHC Class II epitopes. A commonly cited size range for ARDs is from about 6 to about 16 amino acid residues. ARDs are recognized based on their 3-dimensional structure whereas MHC Class I and MHC Class II epitopes are recognized based on their linear, primary amino acid structure. It is known in the art that functional MHC Class I epitopes, MHC Class II epitopes and ARDs may be arranged in an overlapping manner while retaining full functionality of all represented epitopes. The respective functions of each epitope within a hybrid are not co-expressed at one point in time on a per peptide basis, because such peptides must be bound into MHC Class I or MHC Class II molecules and recognized as a 3-dimensional structure by an antibody. Nevertheless, given a population of injected peptides with respective processing and / or binding to cell surface MHC molecules, all three classes of epitopes within any one enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid can be effective immunogens within an immunized animal.
[0042] With respect to length of epitope sequences, minimum length sequences may be selected for reasons, such as, but not limited to simplicity and cost of synthesis, less opportunity for proteolytic degradation, less opportunity for metabolic change leading to clearance or absorption. Thus, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may contain a plurality of epitopes which overlap one another (i.e., individual amino acid residues may be a component of more than one epitope) . Similarly, the C-terminal element which includes an MHC Class II-presented epitope may also contain additional epitopes (MHC Class I, MHC Class II or ARD) in an overlapping or non-overlapping arrangement.
[0043] It will be understood that boundaries between the various peptide elements of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention are, within certain stated limits, somewhat arbitrary. Epitopes spanning the junctions between the various elements are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Thus, for example, if in a certain composition of the invention, a portion of an epitope is contained within one of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid elements, this necessarily implies that the remaining portion is found in a contiguous portion of a flanking portion or domain. Partial epitopes (i.e., non-functional epitopes) are of no utility in connection with the present invention.
[0044] MHC Class I epitopes, MHC Class II epitopes, and ARDs may be included in an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention are described herein. Such epitopes / determinants independently selected for use in the generation of an enhancing hybrid of the present invention may be further modified for use. Thus, peptides of natural or modified sequence, peptidomimetic structures, and also chemical structures that are not natural or modified amino acids may be included in the epitope / determinant elements of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. In addition, various chemical modifications may be made to the antigenic epitope / determinant element of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. For example, the addition, in whole or in part, of non-natural amino acids, or of other backbone or side chain moieties, wherein the modifications preserve binding specificities of the antigenic epitope / determinant. Such chemical structures might bear moderate, little, or no apparent structural resemblance to any antigenic peptide which is derived from a natural protein sequence. Such modifications might or might not bear on recognition by T cell receptors. Modifications may increase recognition of the antigenic epitope (e.g., lead to recognition by previously non-recognizing subsets of T cell receptors) .
[0045] In some embodiments of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention, one or more spacer elements may be included between certain peptides such as between the enhanced Ii-Key peptide and an MCH II antigen epitope or an MCH I presented epitope or an ARD and / or between two or more epitopes. As a non-limiting example, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid comprising LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) , may also comprise one or more spacer elements between the LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) and an epitope element attached to the C-terminal end of the sequence. Similarly, spacer elements may be included between two or more antigenic elements of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid sequence of the invention.
[0046] With respect to antigenically neutral spacer elements, various chemical groups may be incorporated in the spacer segment instead of amino acids. Examples are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,910,300, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a spacer is comprised of an aliphatic chain optimally interrupted by heteroatoms, for example a C2-C6 alkylene, or =N- (CH2) 2-6-N=. Alternatively, a spacer may be composed of alternating units, for example of hydrophobic, lipophilic, aliphatic, and aryl-aliphatic sequences, optionally interrupted by heteroatoms such as O, N, or S. In some embodiments of methods and compositions of the invention, such components of a spacer may be selected from the following classes of compounds: sterols, alkyl alcohols, polyglycerides with varying alkyl functions, alkyl-phenols, alkyl-amines, amides, hydroxyphobic polyoxyalkylenes, and the like. Other examples are hydrophobic polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazenes, polyhydroxy acids, polycaprolactones, polylactic, polyglycolic polyhydroxy-butyric acids. A spacer may also contain repeating short aliphatic chains, such as polypropylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentamethlyene, and the like, separated by oxygen atoms.
[0047] Additional peptidyl sequences which can be used in a spacer in an enhanced Ii-Key hybrid composition of the invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,856,456, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the spacer has a chemical group incorporated within which is subject to cleavage. Without limitation, such a chemical group may be designed for cleavage catalyzed by a protease, by a chemical group, or by a catalytic monoclonal antibody. In the case of a protease-sensitive chemical group, tryptic targets (two amino acids with cationic side chains) , chymotryptic targets (with a hydrophobic side chain) , and cathepsin sensitivity (B, D or S) are favored. The term “tryptic target” is used herein to describe sequences of amino acids which are recognized by trypsin and trypsin-like enzymes. The term “chymotryptic target” is used herein to describe sequences of amino acids which are recognized by chymotrypsin and chymotrypsin-like enzymes. In addition, chemical targets of catalytic monoclonal antibodies, and other chemically cleaved groups are well known to persons skilled in the art of peptide synthesis, enzymic catalysis, and organic chemistry in general, and can be designed into the hybrid structure and synthesized, using routine experimental methods.
[0048] Some embodiments of the invention include immunogenic neutrality of an intervening chemical structure, or spacer. In certain embodiments of the invention, an intervening chemical structure, or spacer, is selected from the group consisting of 1) an MHC Class I epitope, or a portion thereof; and 2) an antibody-recognized determinant, or a portion thereof; and 3) an MHC Class I epitope, or a portion thereof.
[0049] In certain aspects, methods and compositions of the invention relate to nucleic acid sequences that encode an enhanced Ii-Key antigen presentation peptide hybrid comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide and one or more additional peptide elements. One skilled in the art will recognize that an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be produced using recombinant DNA techniques from an encoding nucleic acid sequence. A much broader range of substitutions is available when an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is produced by chemical synthetic techniques.
[0050] Treatments -Immune Response Modification
[0051] Some embodiments of methods of the invention include methods for enhancing presentation of an MHC Class II-presented antigenic peptide to a T-lymphocyte. In some embodiments, methods of the invention include methods that improve the potency of peptide vaccines containing MHC Class II-presented epitopes of antigens of interest to activate CD4+immunoregulatory T cells for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. A wide range of diseases and conditions in humans will benefit from the application of the compositions and methods of the invention to activate CD4+ immunoregulatory T cells. Such CD4+ immunoregulatory T cells can either augment or suppress the immune response to antigens of clinical interest in cancer, infectious disease, allergy, autoimmunity, graft rejection, and other clinical processes.
[0052] Antigens of clinical interest in the treatment or modification of various diseases and conditions as presented herein, are recognized by the T cells of the immune system as small peptide fragments, which are presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells. MHC Class I molecules present such antigenic peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic or killer T cells. Most cells of the body express cell surface MHC Class I-presented peptides which have been drawn from the repertoire of cellular proteins and bound into the MHC Class I molecules of those cells at the time of their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (the "immunological survey of self" ) . After viral infection or malignant transformation, the CD8+, cytotoxic T cells recognize the novel or "foreign" endogenously derived peptides in the MHC Class I molecules and kill the presenting cells. Under certain conditions CD4+ T cells may similarly become cytotoxic and kill cells presenting an MHC Class II-presented peptide.
[0053] In addition to the property of contacting cell surface-expressed MHC Class II molecules after a simple fluid phase administration, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may also be taken up in an antigen processing and presenting cell, such as a macrophage or dendritic cell, and contact MHC Class II molecules in the course of their transversing a post-Golgi, antigen charging compartment. Selective use of either of these two, very different pathways for antigen to contact MHC Class II molecules is useful during the treatment of various diseases and conditions as described herein. For example, intravenous administration at a low concentrations of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid over a long period of time, will favor epitope presentation in a manner yielding immunosuppression, which is favored for example in the case of peptide epitopes from antigens related to multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. Or, on the other hand, in the case of augmenting the immune response to a subsequently administered DNA vaccine for an antigen relevant to therapy of either a cancer or an infectious disease, administration of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that comprises an epitope coded by the DNA vaccine with an adjuvant cytokine or other stimulant promotes development of a Th1-mediated response.
[0054] Methods of the invention are useful for enhanced presentation of an MHC Class II-restricted antigenic epitope to a T lymphocyte, a feature that can be successfully used in a number of disease therapies. In the case of infectious diseases and cancer, antigenic epitopes that are identified as a pathogen or cancer specific can be incorporated into an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention and the peptide hybrid then used to initiate a Th response to a pathogen or cancer specific MHC Class II-presented antigenic epitope. This response leads to activation and expansion of T helper cells which in turn activate or ‘license’ dendritic cells, to prime an effective MHC Class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte response toward the invading organism. In the case of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and graft rejection, specific antigenic epitopes which trigger the pathogenic immune response are identified and then incorporated into an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. The hybrid is then used to stimulate T cells in a manner leading to a Th2 response which will down regulate T cell responses. In this case, stimulation of a suppressor cell response is used to down regulate a pathogenic immune response.
[0055] In another aspect of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid increases the repertoire of MHC Class II alleles, and therefore the reaction of individuals in the vaccinated population who can be immunized with any given MHC Class II-presented epitope. Because the potency of an antigenic epitope presented within an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is much larger than that of the same epitope presented as a peptide, mammals with low responder MHC Class II alleles for that given epitope may be stimulated to a level equivalent to mammals with high responder MHC Class II alleles. The development of immunoregulatory T cell clones recognizing that epitope will lead to enhanced subsequent presentation of the same epitope from an antigen of interest, for example of a malignant or virus-infected cell. This expansion of the repertoire of MHC Class II alleles promoting a therapeutic response to any one epitope, leads to a greater portion of the population being protected by immunizing with any given epitope. Thus, a "basket of peptides" vaccine, i.e., one containing peptides with various epitopes, is not needed. That is, without the use of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention, a much larger number of individual antigenic epitope peptides must be used in a T helper peptide vaccine.
[0056] In another aspect of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid enhances responses to DNA vaccines. Vaccines containing the cDNA sequence for one or more antigens from either a pathogen or a tumor specific or tumor-associated antigen are being tested clinically. However, in many instances, high levels of protective antibodies, or long duration immunological memory, or maximal cytotoxic T cell responses, are not found. This lack of potency has been ascribed to weak helper T cell responses to such immunization. T helper cells can therefore be primed with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid to MHC Class II-presented epitopes in the cDNA vaccine in a suitable temporal schedule to maximize immunization with the cDNA vaccine.
[0057] In another aspect of the invention, addition of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide to each of a member of a library of peptides, overlapping through the sequence of an antigen of interest, increases the sensitivity of picking up MHC Class II epitopes. Given the increased potency of presentation of epitope in such hybrids, weakly antigenic epitopes, and epitopes with other limitations in inducing a particular pathway of biological response, for example those mediated by IgE, might be better recognized. Furthermore, in the case of combinatorial libraries of peptides synthesized with homology to a given experimental antigenic epitope, or a sequence only partially identified, for example by HLPC separation and tandem mass spectrography, the potency of peptides in such libraries can be enhanced by synthesizing the enhanced Ii-Key motif and linker at the N-terminus of such peptides.
[0058] Risk Reduction
[0059] The invention, in part, includes methods of reducing a subject’s risk of developing a disease or condition. Certain embodiments of risk reduction methods of the invention include administering one or more of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid to a subject identified as at risk of developing a disease or condition. In some embodiments of methods of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is administered to a subject in an amount effective to reduce the subject’s risk of developing the disease or condition. In some embodiments of methods of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is administered to a subject in an amount effective to reduce the severity of a disease or condition in the subject who develops the disease or condition. In some embodiments of methods of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is administered to a subject in an amount effective to reduce the subject’s risk of developing the disease or condition and to reduce the severity of the disease or condition in the subject if they develop the disease or condition.
[0060] Efficacy of a method of the invention to treat a disease or condition in a subject may be assessed by comparing characteristics of the subject’s disease or condition with control characteristics of the disease or condition. Non-limiting examples of characteristic of a disease or condition that may be assessed are a reduction in the subject’s risk of the disease or condition, a reduction in the severity of the disease or condition in the subject, a reduction in the duration of the disease or condition in the subject, the long-term physiological effects of the disease or condition on the subject, etc. One or more of these, and other art-known characteristics in a subject administered an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid can be compared with control characteristics of the disease or condition.
[0061] In certain embodiments of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid administered to a subject reduces the level of severity of a disease or condition that the subject develops the disease or condition. The level of severity of the disease or condition in the subject can be compared to a control level of severity of the disease or condition, which may be the level of severity of the disease or condition of a control subject, individual, and / or group of individuals who have the disease or condition but have not been administered the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that was administered to the subject.
[0062] In some embodiments of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid administered to a subject reduces the subject’s level of risk of developing a disease or condition and that level of risk can be compared to a control level of risk of developing the disease or condition. The control level of risk may be the level of risk of developing the disease or condition in control subject, individual, and / or group of individuals who have not been administered the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that was administered to the subject.
[0063] In some embodiments of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid administered to a subject reduces the duration of the disease or condition in the subject. The duration of the disease or condition in the subject can be compared to a control duration of the disease or condition. The control duration may be the duration of the disease or condition in control a subject, individual, and / or a group of individuals who have not been administered the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that was administered to the subject.
[0064] In certain embodiments of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid administered to a subject reduces the incidence, number, and / or duration of long-term physiological effects of the disease or condition in the subject. The incidence of, number, and / or duration of long-term physiological effects of the disease or condition in the subject can be compared to a control incidence, number, and / or duration of the long-term physiological effects of the disease or condition. The control incidence, number, and / or duration of the long-term physiological effects of the disease or condition in a control subject, individual, and / or a group of individuals who have not been administered the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that was administered to the subject.
[0065] It will be understood that additional art-known characteristics of a disease or condition can be assessed on in a subject treated with a method of composition of the invention and compared to controls of the same characteristics of the disease or condition.
[0066] Diseases, Conditions, and Certain Methods
[0067] Certain embodiments of methods of the invention comprise methods of modulating the immune response of a subject. Thus, certain methods of the invention are therapeutic methods used to treat a subject with a disease or condition. An enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid composition of the invention may be administered to a cell or subject to result in a therapeutic effect against a disease or condition in the cell or subject, respectively. The term “therapeutic effect” as used herein in reference to a composition or method of the invention that effectively modulates a desired immune response, when administered to a subject with or at risk of a disease or condition of interest to treat. A therapeutic effect of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid composition of the invention that modulates the immune system in the subject (also referred to herein as a “response” to a treatment method of the invention) can be determined, for example, by detecting one or more physiological effects of the treatment, such as the decrease or lack of symptoms of the disease or condition following administration of the treatment. Additional means of monitoring and assessing a disease or condition in a subject, and ways to assess and determine one or more of a level, severity, change in severity, etc. of a disease or condition in subject are known in the art and can be used to assess the efficacy of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid composition of the invention that has been administered to a subject. Non-limiting examples of physiological symptoms that can be assessed in certain embodiments of methods of the invention are provided elsewhere herein and will be known in the art and routinely assessed for specific diseases and conditions.
[0068] An enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid may be administered to a subject in whom an enhanced immune response is considered beneficial in treatment for the subject. In some embodiments, a molecule from which the antigenic epitope of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is derived plays a role in pathogenesis. Alternatively, the antigenic epitope of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid may be an epitope found on a harmful agent such as a pathogen, or on a pathogen infected cell.
[0069] Methods and compositions of the invention may be used to treat a disease or condition. As used herein, the terms “treat” , “treated” , or “treating” when used in relation to a disease or condition may refer to a prophylactic treatment that decreases the likelihood or risk of a subject developing the disease or condition, and may be used to refer to a treatment after a subject has developed a disease or condition in order to eliminate or ameliorate the disease or condition, prevent the disease or condition from becoming more advanced or severe, and / or to slow the progression of the disease or condition compared to the progression of the disease or condition in the absence of a therapeutic method of the invention.
[0070] In some embodiments of the invention includes treatment of a disease or condition. Non-limiting examples of diseases or conditions that may be treated using a method of the invention are infectious diseases that are caused or associated with infection by a bacterium, a virus, a parasite, a fungus, a rickettsia, or other infectious agent, or combination of such agents. A therapeutic method of the invention may be directed against the toxin of a disease or against a receptor for a toxin of a disease. Non-limiting examples of toxins for epitope derivation include, staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin, retroviral antigens (e.g., antigens derived from human immunodeficiency virus) , streptococcal antigens, mycoplasma, mycobacterium, herpes viruses, anthrax toxin (lethal factor, edema factor and protective antigen) , SEA, SEB, SE1-3, SED and SEE.
[0071] In some embodiments, a disease or condition treated by a composition or method of the invention is considered an autoimmune process, for example rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune thyroiditis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, pemphigus, and other similar processes. Non-limiting examples of such model systems for autoimmune diseases which can be used to evaluate the effects of the compounds and methods of the invention are systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The procedures for conducting these experiments are presented in Clark et al., (1994) U.S. Patent No. 5,284,935, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0072] In some embodiments, a method of the invention is used to treat a disease or condition considered to be an allergic process, non-limiting examples of which are asthma, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, topical dermatitis, colitis, and other such processes initiated or associated with particular allergens or no defined allergen. Non-limiting examples of such allergens are plant, animal, bacterial, parasitic allergens, and metal-based allergens that cause contact sensitivity. Preferred allergens for use in the present invention are weed, grass, peanut, mite, flea, dog, and cat antigens.
[0073] In certain embodiments, a method of the invention is used to treat a disease or condition considered to be a proliferative or malignant process, non-limiting examples of which are cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, psoriasis, adenomas, or other cellular proliferations of intrinsic origin, or in response to a viral or other infectious, irritative, or environmental process.
[0074] Therapeutic Compositions and Delivery
[0075] Methods of the invention include producing a therapeutic effect in a subject in need of such treatment to prevent or reduce the severity of a disease or condition. Methods and compositions of the invention relate in part to enhanced antigen presentation peptide hybrids comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In certain embodiments, methods of the invention include administration of a compound, as a drug, a prodrug of the compound, or a drug-metabolite of the compound, in a suitable pharmaceutical formulation. The terms “administration of” or “administering” a compound is understood to mean providing a compound of the invention, as a drug, a prodrug of the compound, or a drug-metabolite of the compound, to an individual in need of treatment or prevention of a disease. Such a drug which contains one or more enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids of the invention, as the principal or active ingredient, for use in the treatment or prevention of one or more diseases and conditions, such as those set forth herein, can be administered in a wide variety of therapeutic dosage forms in the conventional vehicles for topical, oral, systemic, parenteral, or other mode of administration.
[0076] A composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention may be administered in a pharmaceutical composition. A pharmacological composition used in a method of the invention may be sterile and contain an effective amount of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid for producing the desired response in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a subject. A pharmacological composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide of the invention may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0077] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers and other materials that are well-known in the art. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic, or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, such as, for example, a human, as appropriate. The preparation of a pharmaceutical composition that comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide and / or an additional drug will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure, as exemplified by The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 23rd Ed. Editor: Adeboye Adejare, Elsevier, 2020, incorporated herein by reference.
[0078] Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,657 and others are known by those skilled in the art. In certain embodiments of the invention, such preparations may contain salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, aqueous solutions, water, etc. When used in medicine, the salts may be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention. Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like. Also, pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium, or calcium salts.
[0079] Various modes of administration known to the skilled artisan can be used to effectively deliver pharmaceutical composition of the invention that comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide to a subject to produce a therapeutic effect against a disease or condition in the subject. Methods for administering such a composition or pharmaceutical compound of the invention may be one of topical, intravenous, oral, intracavity, intrathecal, intrasynovial, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal, intravitreal, inhalation, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal administration. Methods and compositions of the invention are not limited by particular modes of administration disclosed herein. Standard references in the art (e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Editor: Adeboye Adejare, 23rd Edition, Elsevier, 2020) provide modes of administration and formulations for delivery of various pharmaceutical agents and formulations in pharmaceutical carriers. Other protocols that are useful for the administration of a therapeutic compound of the invention are routinely used in the art, and in which the dose amount, schedule of administration, sites of administration, mode of administration (e.g., intra-organ) and the like vary from those presented herein.
[0080] Administration of pharmacological agents of the invention to mammals other than humans, e.g., for testing purposes or veterinary therapeutic purposes, may carried out under substantially the same conditions as described herein. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that embodiments of the invention are applicable to both human and animal diseases. Thus, certain embodiments of the instant invention are intended to be used in husbandry and veterinary medicine as well as in human therapeutics.
[0081] Methods of the invention may include administering a pharmacological agent of the invention to a subject in a pharmaceutical preparation. When administered, a pharmaceutical preparation of the invention is applied in a pharmaceutically acceptable amount and in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients. Such preparations may routinely contain salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents. When used in medicine, the salts may be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention. Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like. Also, pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium, or calcium salts.
[0082] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods may include a step of bringing the active agent into association with a carrier, which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, a compositions of the invention may be prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
[0083] The route and mode of administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may vary depending upon the disease or condition to be treated and is to be determined by the skilled practitioner. As non-limiting examples, a composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be administered in such oral dosage forms for example as tablets, capsules (each including timed-release and sustained-release formulations) , pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions, or by injection. In other non-limiting examples, a composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be administered in intravenous (either by bolus or infusion methods) , intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical with or without occlusion, intranasal, or intramuscular form. These and other administration forms and modes are suitable for use in certain embodiments of methods of the invention and for certain compositions of the invention and are well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.
[0084] Various modes of administration routinely used in the art can be used in methods of the invention to effectively deliver a pharmacological agent of the invention to a desired tissue, cell, or bodily fluid. The manner and dosage administered may be adjusted by an individual healthcare practitioner or veterinarian, particularly in the event of any complication. The absolute amount administered will depend upon a variety of factors, including the material selected for administration, whether the administration is in single or multiple doses, and individual subject parameters including age, physical condition, size, weight, and the stage of the disease or condition. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation.
[0085] For systemic delivery to a subject of a composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention, the composition may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, and may include an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and / or dispersing agents.
[0086] Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. The term “active compound” as used herein in reference to a methods and compositions of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions, and / or formulations, means a compound comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide. In some embodiments, an active compound is an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. Suspensions of an active compound may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions. Alternatively, the active compounds may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
[0087] Pharmacological agent (s) , including specifically but not limited to an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid may be provided in particles. The term “particles” as used herein means nano or microparticles (or in some instances larger particles) in whole or in part of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid as described herein. The particles may contain the pharmacological agent (s) in a core surrounded by a coating, including, but not limited to, an enteric coating. The pharmacological agent (s) also may be dispersed throughout the particles. The pharmacological agent (s) also may be adsorbed into the particles. The particles may be of any order release kinetics, including zero order release, first order release, second order release, delayed release, sustained release, immediate release, and any combination thereof, etc. The particle may include, in addition to the pharmacological agent (s) , any of those materials routinely used in the art of pharmacy and medicine, including, but not limited to, erodible, non-erodible, biodegradable, nonbiodegradable material, or combinations thereof. The particles may be microcapsules which contain an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid in a solution or in a semi-solid state. The particles may be of virtually any shape.
[0088] Both non-biodegradable and biodegradable polymeric materials can be used in the manufacture of particles for delivering the pharmacological agent (s) of the invention. Such polymers may be natural or synthetic polymers. The polymer may be selected based on the period of time over which release is desired. Bioadhesive polymers of particular interest include bioerodible hydrogels described by H.S. Sawhney, C.P. Pathak and J.A. Hubell in Macromolecules, (1993) 26: 581-587, the teachings of which are incorporated herein. These include polyhyaluronic acids, casein, gelatin, glutin, polyanhydrides, polyacrylic acid, alginate, chitosan, poly (methyl methacrylates) , poly (ethyl methacrylates) , poly (butylmethacrylate) , poly (isobutyl methacrylate) , poly (hexylmethacrylate) , poly (isodecyl methacrylate) , poly (lauryl methacrylate) , poly (phenyl methacrylate) , poly (methyl acrylate) , poly (isopropyl acrylate) , poly (isobutyl acrylate) , and poly (octadecyl acrylate) .
[0089] The pharmacological agent (s) in certain embodiments of methods and compositions of the invention may be contained in controlled-release systems. The term “controlled release” is intended to refer to any drug-containing formulation in which the manner and profile of drug release from the formulation are controlled. This refers to immediate as well as non-immediate release formulations, with non-immediate release formulations including but not limited to sustained-release and delayed-release formulations. The term “sustained release” (also referred to as “extended release” ) is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for gradual release of a drug over an extended period, and that preferably, although not necessarily, results in substantially constant blood levels of a drug over an extended time period. The term “delayed release” is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation in which there is a time delay between administration of the formulation and the release of the drug therefrom. “Delayed release” may or may not involve gradual release of drug over an extended period of time, and thus may or may not be “sustained release. ”
[0090] In some embodiments of methods of the invention, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be contacted with a population of antigen presenting cells obtained from a subject. This method permits ex vivo treatment with the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. These cells are treated with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid under conditions appropriate for binding of the hybrid to an MHC Class II molecule of the antigen presenting cells. Once treated, the antigen presenting cells are administered to the subject under conditions that promote physical contact of the treated cells with T lymphocytes of the subject. As described elsewhere herein, the effect on the immune response, enhancement, or suppression, will depend upon which subset of T cells are preferentially stimulated by the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. Enhancement of the immune response may have a favorable effect upon the cytotoxic response against, for example, either a cancer cell or an infectious organism. Alternately, enhancement of the T suppressor cell response may have the effect of suppressing the immune response to a specific molecule. Such suppression may have a therapeutic effect when utilizing antigenic epitopes from etiological antigens of autoimmune diseases, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, diabetes, or lupus erythematosus. The methods and procedures for the ex vivo treatment of cells from a patient with the compounds and methods of the present invention may be adapted from the following patents, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference: Rosenberg (1998) U.S. Patent No. 5,126,132; Chada et al., (1997) U.S. Patent No. 5,693,522; Kriegler et al., (1998) U.S. Patent No. 5,849,586; Gruber et al., (1999) U.S. Patent No. 5,856,185; and Kriegler et al., (1999) U.S. Patent No. 5,874,077.
[0091] In some embodiments of methods of the invention, a compound comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention can be used under ex vivo conditions to promote the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, using the compounds and methods described in Celis et al., (1998) U.S. Patent No. 5,846,827, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0092] Dosing
[0093] Suitable formulations of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid composition of the invention may be administered in a single monthly, weekly, or daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses for example of two, three, four or more times daily. An enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be used to prepare a medicament or agent useful for the treatment of a disease and / or condition disclosed herein or other art-known diseases and / or conditions determined to be suitable for treatment with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. Furthermore, compounds of the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, or course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
[0094] For the treatment and prevention of a certain disease or condition, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be used together with one or more other agents known to be useful in treating the disease or condition. For combination treatment with more than one active agent, where the active agents can be administered concurrently, the active agents can be administered concurrently, or they can be administered separately at staggered times.
[0095] A daily dose of the products may be varied over a range from 0.001 to 1,000 mg per adult per day. For oral administration, the compositions may be provided in the form of tablets containing from 0.001 to 1,000 mg, preferably 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0 milligrams of active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of dosage according to signs and symptoms of the patient in the course of treatment.
[0096] A dosage regimen utilizing an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid composition of the invention may be selected in accordance with a variety of factors, including for example type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the subject to receive the regimen, the severity of the condition to be treated, and the particular compound to be administered to the subject as part of the regimen. A physician, healthcare provider, or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the disease or condition. Optimal precision in achieving concentration of drug with the range that yields efficacy either without toxicity or with acceptable toxicity requires a regimen based on the kinetics of the drug’s availability to target sites. This process involves a consideration of the distribution, equilibrium, and elimination of the drug, is within the ability of the skilled practitioner, and may be determined through use of routine means, such as, but not limited to clinical trials.
[0097] The amount of a treatment of the invention administered to a subject may be varied for example by increasing or decreasing the amount of one or more of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that modulates an immune response in the subject, by changing the therapeutic composition administered, by changing the route of administration, by changing the dosage timing and so on. The effective amount will vary with the disease or condition being treated, the age and physical condition of the subject being treated, the severity of the disease or condition, the duration of the treatment, the specific route of administration, and like factors are within the knowledge and expertise of the health practitioner and may be determined using routine clinical trials.
[0098] Effective amounts
[0099] Methods of the invention comprise administering to a cell or subject an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that modulates an immune response in the cell or subject, in an amount effective modulate the immune response in the cell or subject thereby treating a disease or condition in the cell or subject. An effective amount is a dosage of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid sufficient to provide a medically desirable result. It will be understood that pharmacological agents of the invention are used to treat or prevent diseases or conditions. In some embodiments of the invention, an effective amount of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid is administered to a subject to treat an existing disease or condition in the subject. In certain embodiments of the invention, an effective amount of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention is administered prophylactically to a subject who may be or is known to be at risk of developing a disease or condition. An effective amount is that amount that can lower a risk of, slow or perhaps prevent altogether the development of the disease or condition in a subject.
[0100] Factors involved in determining an effective amount are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose of a pharmacological agent of the invention be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art however, that a subject (also referred to herein as a patient) may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons.
[0101] The therapeutically effective amount of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention is that amount effective to modulate an immune response in the subject and treat the disease or condition of interest to be treated. In the case of diseases or conditions the desired response is inhibiting the progression of the disease or condition and / or reducing the severity and / or the level of the disease or condition. This may involve only slowing the progression of the disease or condition temporarily, although it may include halting the progression of the disease or condition permanently. This can be monitored by routine diagnostic methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A desired response to a method of the invention to treat a disease or condition may in some embodiments, be preventing the onset of the disease or condition.
[0102] Subjects and Cells
[0103] As used herein, a subject may be a vertebrate animal including but not limited to a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, dog, cat, horse, goat, and non-human primate, e.g., monkey. A subject may be a mammal. In some embodiments, a subject is any human or non-human recipient of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. In certain aspects of the invention, a subject may be a domesticated animal, a wild animal, or an agricultural animal. Compositions of the invention may be used in in vivo methods. Certain embodiments of methods of the invention can be used to treat diseases or conditions in human and non-human subjects. For instance, methods and compositions of the invention can be used in veterinary applications as well as in human treatment regimens. In some embodiments of the invention, a subject is a human. In some embodiments of the invention, a subject has or is at risk of having a disease or condition and is in need of treatment , a non-limiting example of which includes treatment with a composition of the invention.
[0104] As described elsewhere herein, a composition of the invention may be used in in vitro and ex vivo methods. In such methods a cell may be contacted with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. A contacted cell may be a cultured cell, a cell obtained from a subject, an engineered cell, etc. In some embodiments of methods of the invention
[0105] Assessments and Controls
[0106] A disease or condition in a subject can be detected using an art-known method, certain of which are described herein and some of which are routinely used in the art. In some embodiments of the invention detecting a disease or condition in a subject may comprise identifying the presence of one or more physiological characteristics or symptoms of the disease or condition in the subject. Characteristics of a disease or condition detected in a subject can be compared to control values of the characteristics of the disease or condition. A control value may be a predetermined value, which can take a variety of forms. It can be a single cut-off value, such as a median or mean. It can be established based upon comparative groups, such as in groups of individuals having the disease or condition, groups of individuals who have been administered a treatment for the disease or condition, groups of individuals who have not been administered a treatment for the disease or condition, etc. Another example of comparative groups may be groups of subjects having one or more symptoms of or a diagnosis of the disease or condition and groups of subjects without one or more symptoms of or a diagnosis of the disease or condition. The predetermined value will depend upon the particular population selected. Accordingly, the predetermined value selected may take into account the category in which an individual or subject falls. Appropriate categories can be selected with no more than routine experimentation by those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0107] Controls can be used in methods of the invention to compare characteristics of different control groups, characteristics of a subject versus those of a control group, etc. Comparisons between subjects and controls, one control with another control, etc. may be based on relative differences. For example, though not intended to be limiting, a physiological symptom in a subject treated with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention that modulates an immune response in the subject can be compared to the physiological symptom of a control individual or control group that has not been administered the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention. In some embodiments, a suitable control is a subject not treated with a therapeutic method of the invention.
[0108] A comparison of a treated subject versus a control may include comparing disease severity differences between the treated subject and the selected control. In some instances, severity of a disease or condition in a subject treated with a method of the invention may be determined to be less relative to a selected control, with the comparison indicating up to a 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42, %, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62, %, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%reduction in severity of one or more physiological symptoms of the disease or condition in the subject as compared to the control.
[0109] In some embodiments of methods of the invention, a control therapeutic response (which may be referred to herein as a control immune response) may be an immune response in an individual or group of individuals who have been administered a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide and / or a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. Such a control can be used in methods of the invention to compare characteristics such as efficacy, timing, length of immune response modification, etc. that result following administration to a subject of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention versus the same characteristics that result following administration to a subject of a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid under essentially identical circumstances. Comparisons between subjects administered an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention and a control administered a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid, may be based on relative differences. For example, though not intended to be limiting, a physiological symptom in a subject treated with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid that modulates an immune response in the subject, can be compared to the physiological symptom in a control group that has been administered a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. The different treatment groups may be compared with respect to various disease characteristics, a non-limiting example of which is disease severity. In some instances, severity of a subject treated with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be determined to be less than the severity of a control treated with a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. In some embodiments, a subject treated with an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention is determined to have up to a 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42, %, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62, %, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%reduction in severity of one or more physiological symptoms of the disease or condition as compared to the one or more physiological symptoms of the disease or condition in a control individual or group of individuals administered a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. In some embodiments, an administered enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid and an administered non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid, both comprise the Ii-Key peptide, but one includes D-GAc and / or GPG on the core LRMK (SEQ ID NO: ) sequence of the Ii-Key peptide. As a non-limiting example, therapeutic effects determined to be present in a subject, individual, or group of individuals administered a non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid LRMK-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 6) may be used as a control to which a therapeutic effect determined to be present in a subject administered an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid LRMK-GPG-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 7) , D-GAc-LRMK-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 8) , and / or D-GAc-LRMK-GPG-SKWYIRVGARKSAPL (SEQ ID NO: 9) . Such comparisons can be used to assess efficacy of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid and the increase in effective immune response modulation resulting from treatment with the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid versus the non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. It will be understood that therapeutic results obtained following treatment with an Ii-Key peptide hybrid of the invention may be compared to control values obtained from individuals and groups of individuals treated with non-enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrids, not treated, treated with other therapeutic strategies, therapeutic compositions, etc.
[0110] It will be understood that controls may be, in addition to predetermined values, samples of materials tested in parallel with experimental materials. Examples include samples from control populations or control samples generated through manufacture to be tested in parallel with experimental samples; and a control may be a sample from a subject prior to, during, or after a treatment with an embodiment of a method or composition of the invention. Thus, one or more characteristics determined for a subject having a disease or condition may be used as “control” values for those characteristics in that subject at a later time.
[0111] Kits
[0112] The invention also contemplates the use of kits. In some aspects of the invention, the kit can include one or more pharmaceutical preparation vial, a pharmaceutical preparation diluent vial, and an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. A vial containing the diluent for the pharmaceutical preparation is optional. A diluent vial may contain a diluent such as physiological saline for diluting what could be a concentrated solution or lyophilized powder of an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. The instructions can include instructions for mixing a particular amount of the diluent with a particular amount of the concentrated pharmaceutical preparation, whereby a final formulation for injection or infusion is prepared. The instructions may include instructions for treating a subject with effective amounts of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid. It also will be understood that the containers containing the preparations, whether the container is a bottle, a vial with a septum, an ampoule with a septum, an infusion bag, and the like, can contain indicia such as conventional markings that change color when the preparation has been autoclaved or otherwise sterilized.
[0113] Certain definitions
[0114] As used herein, the term “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and / or the specification may mean “one, ” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more, ” “at least one, ” and “one or more than one. ” Some embodiments of the invention may consist of or consist essentially of one or more elements, method steps, and / or methods of the invention. It is contemplated that any method described herein can be implemented with respect to any other method described herein.
[0115] As used herein, the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and / or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and / or. ”
[0116] As used herein, “comprise” and its variations, such as “comprises” and “comprising, ” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated item, element or step or group of items, elements, or steps but not the exclusion of any other item, element or step or group of items, elements or steps unless the context requires otherwise. Similarly, "another" or “other” may mean at least a second or more of the same or different claim element or components thereof.
[0117] As used herein, the term “contacting” refers to any suitable method of bringing an inhibitor agent, a composition, or a pharmaceutical composition into contact with a cell. For in vivo applications, any known method of administration is suitable as described herein.
[0118] The present invention is further illustrated by the following Examples, which in no way should be construed as further limiting. The entire contents of all of the references (including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications) cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
[0119] The following examples are provided to illustrate specific instances of the practice of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the present invention will find application in a variety of compositions and methods.
[0120] Examples
[0121] Example 1
[0122] The peptide hybrid was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) . and was subcutaneously injected 20 nmole (50 μL) at the tail base to immunize C3H / HeJ (H-2k) mice. After 14 days, the same volume was emulsified with Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) to inject 20 nmole (50μl) subcutaneously still at the tail base. The mice were sacrificed on day 33. The binding antibody against the ORF8 (43-51) peptide in serum samples was immediately determined.
[0123] The ELISA assay of the above immune response was performed as follows. 50 μL of 0.1M carbonate buffer solution (CBS, pH 9.5) coating the peptide hybrid (2 μg / well) was added to a NuncTM MicroWellTM 96-Well (#42404) . Samples were incubated overnight at 4℃. The coating was removed and 250 μL PBS (assay diluent) containing 3%FCS was added. Samples were placed at room temperature for 2 hours and then washed three (3) times with assay diluent. The mouse serum was serially diluted 20 times at 1: 3and 50 μL was added to each well, and the samples were kept at room temperature for 2 hours then washed another three (3) times. 50 μL biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG1 or IgG2a (1 μg / mL) was added per well and the samples incubated for 1 hour at room temperature and then washed three (3) times. 50 μL streptavidin (SA) -horseradish peroxidase (HPR) (1: 1000) was added to each well and the samples incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes and then washed three (3) times. 100 μL tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) / H2O2 solution (Pharmingen 264KK) was added to each well, and the samples were then placed at room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes. 100 μL H2SO4 was added to each well to terminate the reaction and the absorbance at 450nm was read immediately to determine the bound antibody against the peptide hybrid.
[0124] Data from Table 1 clearly show that the bound antibody against the ORF8 (43-51) peptide induced by Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) was significantly greater than that induced by ORF8 (43-51) peptide alone. It was expected that the addition of D-GAc or GPG would more strongly enhance the immune induction with an even higher titer.
[0125] Table 1: Bound Antibody Induced by ORF8 (43-51) Peptide Emulsified with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA)
[0126] Example 2
[0127] To validate the assumption that the addition of D-GAc or GPG would bring a more stable structure, C3H / HeJ (H-2k) mice were subcutaneously injected with HBSS containing 40 nmole peptide (50 μL) at the tail base without adjuvant. The mice were sacrificed on day 33. The bound antibody against the ORF8 (43-51) peptide in the serum samples was immediately determined.
[0128] The ELISA assay of the above immune response was performed as follows. 50 μL of 0.1M carbonate buffer solution (CBS, pH 9.5) was added to coat the peptide hybrid (2 μg / well) in a NuncTM 96 MicroWellTM (#42404) . The samples were incubated overnight at 4℃, after which the coating was removed and 250 μL PBS (assay diluent) containing 3%FCS was added to each sample. The samples were incubated at room temperature for 2 hours and then washed three (3) times with assay diluent. The mouse serum was serially diluted 20 times at 1: 3 and 50 μL was then added to each well, and the samples were held at room temperature for 2 hours after which the samples were again washed three (3) times. 50 μL biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG1 or IgG2a (1 μg / mL) was added to each well, the samples were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, and then the samples were washed three (3) times. 50 μL streptavidin (SA) -horseradish peroxidase (HPR) (1: 1000) was added to each well, the samples were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes and then washed three (3) times. 100 μL tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) / H2O2 solution (Pharmingen 264KK) was added to each well, and the samples were then held at room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes. 100 μL H2SO4 was added to each well to terminate the reaction. The absorbance at 450nm was read immediately to determine the bound antibody against the peptide hybrid.
[0129] Data from Table 2 clearly shows that the bound antibody against the ORF8 (43-51) epitope induced by Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) was significantly greater than that induced by ORF8 (43-51) peptide alone. It was determined that the addition of D-GAc or GPG would more strongly enhance the immune induction with even higher titer.
[0130] Table 2: The bound antibody Induced by ORF8 (43-51) Epitope Peptide Alone
[0131] The immunogenic epitope presentation of Ii-Key / epitope hybrid greatly enhanced the induction of the immune response. The addition of D-GAc or GPG in the Ii-Key surprisingly and comprehensively enhanced the immunogenicity of the MHC II complex binding antigenic peptides and thus acted more quickly to elicit bound antibodies.
[0132] Example 3
[0133] Compared with the results of immunization with ORF8 (43-51) peptide alone, the frequency of CD4+ / IFN-γ+ Th-1 helper T cells was increased significantly after immunization with Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) peptide hybrid. The effect on the immunogenicity from introducing D-GAc or GPG into core Ii-Key was investigated. To test the mechanism for greater immunogenicity of enhanced Ii-Key / epitope peptide hybrids, B10A (5R) (H-2k / b) mice were injected subcutaneously at the right side of the tail base with 10 nmoles of ORF8 (43-51) peptide, Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) , Ii-KeyGPG / ORF8 (43-51) or Ii-DGAcKey / ORF8 (43-51) emulsified by FCA. On day 14, immunized mice were boosted intravenously with 40 nmoles of peptide hybrid or epitope peptides diluted in saline. On 35 days, the mice were sacrificed and their splenocytes isolated. 1×106 splenic mononuclear cells were cultured overnight in the presence of 10 mIU of recombinant IL-2 and peptide (10 μg / mL) . In the last 3 hours of incubation, the culture medium was supplemented with 2 μM Monensin. Cell surface markers detection and intracellular IFN-γ staining were then carried out. The FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) for quantitative detection of antigen-specific Th1 helper cell responses was as follows.
[0134] First, CD3+ cells passing through the T-gated were analyzed using side scatter two-color fluorescence plot to detect CD3+ fluorescence. CD4 expression on CD3+ cells was then analyzed to measure the CD3+ / CD4+ T helper population. In this specific population, fluorescein antibody-stained CD3+ / CD4+ intracellular IFN-γ cytokines were analyzed using a two-color plot to detect PE-labeled antibody staining.
[0135] Stimulation and proliferation of immunogen-specific Th-1 helper cells continuously added to the counts of CD4+ / IFN-γ+ T cells. The Th1 helper T cell subset was mainly characterized by the predominant production of IFN-γ, while the Th2 helper T lymphocyte subset was characterized by the preferential production of IL-4 and IL-10. Anti-CD3+antibodies reactive with the T cell receptor were used to measure all T cells, including quiescent T lymphocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. The CD4+ IFN-γ+immunogen-specific subset was increased from about 1.0%to about 2.0% (compared to that of the unvaccinated mice) , which was consistent with observations of mice immunized with many other antigens.
[0136] Table 3: Mice Spleen T Lymphocytes Two-Color FACS Analysis After the Immunization of enhanced Ii-Key Peptide hybrid or Epitope Peptide
[0137] Example 4
[0138] ELISPOT Assay was used to measure IFN-γ response for a more accurate titer of splenic T lymphocyte subsets immunized with ORF8 (43-51) peptide, Ii-Key / ORF8 (43-51) , Ii-KeyGPG / ORF8 (43-51) or Ii-DGAcKey / ORF8 (43-51) . ORF8 (43-51) induction of IFN-γTh-1 responses used C3H / HeJ (H-2k) mice. Mice were subcutaneously injected with IFA emulsified 40 nmole peptide (50 μL) at the tail base. After 13 days, 40 nmole peptide (50 μL) emulsified with IFA was injected subcutaneously at the tail base to boost the immune mice. On day 31, 100 μL HBSS solution and 40 nmole peptide were intravenously injected into the mice. The mice were sacrificed on day 35, splenocytes were isolated from the mice, and the specific response of IFN-γ to ORF8 (43-51) peptide was analyzed.
[0139] The test method was as follows: a binding solution containing cytokine-specific capture antibody (100 μL PBS containing 6 μg / mL, pH 7.2) was added to the splenocyte samples in wells and incubated overnight at 4℃. The liquid was dried in the well. 200 μL of PBS containing 10%FCS and 1%Penicillin / Streptomycin Solution (PEST, P / S, cell culture medium (mouse) ) was added to the wells, wherein were then incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. The samples were washed four (4) times with PBS containing 1%Tween-20 (Washing Solution I) . 100 μL epitope peptide (5 μg / well) was added to 100 μL immunized mouse spleen cells 106 / well and incubated at 37℃ for 20-40 hours. The samples were washed twice with PBS (Washing Solution II) , followed by four (4) washes with Washing Solution I. 2 μg / mL biotinylated anti-mouse IFN-γ antibody in 1×PBS (buffer dilution) with 10%FCS was added to each sample and the samples were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The samples were washed with Washing Solution I five (5) times, 100 μL SA-HPR (1: 500) was added to each sample, and they were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The samples were then washed four (4) times with Washing Solution I, then two (2) times with Washing Solution II. 100 μL 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) / H2O2 substrate (Pharmingen 551951) was added to each sample and the samples were then incubated in the dark at room temperature for 30-60 minutes. The reaction was terminated by washing three (3) times with 200 μL deionized water.
[0140] ELISPOT data analysis was performed using ImmunoSpot Software 1.7e (Cellular Limited Technology) . The color density of digitized images of 4 wells was analyzed based on the comparison of cells from control cells (primitive splenocytes) and experimental cells (splenocytes from immunized mice) . Spot sizes and circularity were tested to rule out non-specific antibody-bound spots. Each plaque represents a single cell secreting IFN-γ.
[0141] The average number of spots and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for triplicate wells, and the average spot size and SD were calculated for size in millimeters. The conclusion drawn from the data was that Ii-Key / antigenic epitope peptide hybrids were significantly more potent immunogenically than non-hybrid epitope peptides, and that peptides in Ii-Key with the addition of D-GAc or GPG affected the immunogenicity of the antigenic epitope peptide.
[0142] Table 4: ELISPot Analysis of Murine Splenic T cells After the Immunization of enhanced Ii-Key Peptide hybrid or Epitope Peptide
[0143] Example 5
[0144] As with other Examples described herein, the epitope amino acids of an Ii-Key / antigenic epitope hybrid can consist of an amino acid sequence that is encoded with only one MHC class II-presented epitope, or can consist of a) one MHC II-presented epitope, b) MHC I-presented epitopes and c) antibody-specific epitopes that is composed by one or more epitopes either linking or overlapping as coded by MHC II presentation antigenic epitope amino acids.
[0145] Ii-Key MHC Class II epitope hybrid immunization was determined to enhance antigen-specific helper cell responses to further enhance MHC Class I epitope activity to cytotoxic T cells for immunized animals. Augmented efficiency of MHC Class I epitope presentation enhanced response to MHC Class I epitope activity.
[0146] C3D2F1 / J mice were subcutaneously injected with IFA emulsified 40 nmole Ii-Key helper T ORF8 (43-51) epitope peptide and 40 nmole ORF8 (43-51) peptide, or IFA without immunogen. After 14 days, the same immunogen was boosted by injection of the same immunogen at the tail base as described above. On Day 32, mice were boosted subcutaneously.
[0147] Single splenocytes (106 cells / well) isolated from mice were stimulated in vitro for 5 days in cultures containing CTL epitopes (5 μg / well) , non-specific epitopes (5 μg / well) or medium alone. Table 6 shows the mean spot values and SD in 6 to 9 wells of 3 mice per group.
[0148] Table 5: ELISPot Analysis of CTL Spots of Immunized Mice
[0149] Thus, mice immunized with Ii-Key / MHC II epitope peptides showed much higher antigen-specific CTL responses than mice immunized with MHC II epitope peptides alone, and the addition of D-GAc or GPG was shown to significantly enhance such immune responses (Table 5) , providing evidence that covalent coupling of the MHC II sequence in the Ii-Key / MHC II peptide also enhanced the CTL response. In addition, vaccines consisting of Ii-Key / MHC II hybrid sequences also enhanced CTL responses. The results indicate the enhanced Ii-Key sequences as disclosed herein are useful in drug development and can provide substantial benefits.
[0150] Equivalents
[0151] Although several embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and / or structures for performing the functions and / or obtaining the results and / or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and / or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the teachings of the present invention is / are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto; the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, and / or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, and / or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, and / or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention.
[0152] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.
[0153] The indefinite articles “a” and “an, ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one. ”
[0154] The phrase “and / or, ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified, unless clearly indicated to the contrary.
[0155] All references, patents and patent applications and publications that are cited or referred to in this application are incorporated herein in their entirety herein by reference. What is claimed is:
Claims
1.A composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide comprising amino acids LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) .2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the enhanced Ii-Key peptide sequence consists of amino acids LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) .3.The composition of claim 1, wherein one or more epitope peptide is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.4.The composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an immunogenic T cell epitope.5.The composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II-presented epitope.6.The composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC I-presented epitope.7.The composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence.8.The composition of claim 7, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different.9.The composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II antigen epitope comprising an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule.10.The composition of any one of claims 3-9, wherein the one or more epitope peptide is 2, 3, 4, or more epitope peptides.11.The composition of any one of claims 3-5, wherein a peptide sequence comprising the epitope peptide covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7.12.The composition of any one of claims 1-11, wherein a D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.13.The composition of claim 12, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide comprising the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide is SEQ ID NO: 4.14.The composition of claim 13, wherein the amino acid sequence of a peptide comprising the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide and the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently attached at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide is SEQ ID NO: 9.15.A cell comprising a composition of any one of claims 1-14.16.The cell of claim 15, wherein the composition comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.17.A fusion protein comprising a composition of any one of claims 1-14.18.The fusion protein of claim 17, wherein the fusion protein comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.19.A polynucleotide sequence encoding a composition of any one of claims 1-14.20.The polynucleotide of claim 19, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.21.A vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a composition of any one of claims 1-14.22.The vector of claim 21, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.23.A composition comprising an enhanced Ii-Key peptide comprising amino acids D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2) , wherein the D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the Ii-Key peptide.24.The composition of claim 23, wherein the enhanced Ii-Key peptide consists of amino acids D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2) .25.The composition of claim 23, wherein one or more epitope peptide is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.26.The composition of claim 25, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an immunogenic T cell epitope.27.The composition of claim 25, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II-presented epitope.28.The composition of claim 25, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC I-presented epitope.29.The composition of claim 25, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence.30.The composition of claim 29, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different.31.The composition of claim 25, wherein the one or more epitope peptide comprises an MHC II antigen epitope comprising an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule.32.The composition of any one of claims 25-31, wherein the one or more epitope peptide is 2, 3, 4, or more epitope peptides.33.The composition of any one of claims 25-27, wherein a peptide sequence comprising the epitope peptide covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8.34.The composition of any one of claims 23-33, wherein the enhanced Ii-Key peptide comprises amino acids D-GAc-LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 4) .35.A cell comprising a composition of any one of claims 23-34.36.The cell of claim 35, wherein composition comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.37.A fusion protein comprising a composition of any one of claims 23-34.38.The fusion protein of claim 37, wherein the fusion protein comprises an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.39.A polynucleotide sequence encoding a composition of any one of claims 23-34.40.The polynucleotide of claim 39, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.41.A vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a composition of any one of claims 23-34.42.The vector of claim 41, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enhanced Ii-Key peptide, optionally an enhanced Ii-Key peptide hybrid.43.A method of enhancing presentation of an antigenic epitope peptide to a T cell, comprising:administering to a subject in need of such treatment, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide comprising amino acid sequence LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) , wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide, in an amount effective to enhance presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject compared to a control presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell.44.The method of claim 43, wherein enhancing the presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject increases one or more of a CD4+ response, a CD4+IFN-γ+response, and a CD3+INF-γ+ response in the subject.45.The method of claim 43, wherein the control presentation is a level of presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the absence of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.46.The method of claim 43, wherein the enhanced Ii-Key peptide sequence consists of amino acids LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 3) .47.The method of claim 43, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.48.The method of claim 43, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II-presented epitope.49.The method of claim 43, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC I-presented epitope.50.The method of claim 43, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence.51.The method of claim 50, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different.52.The method of claim 43, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II antigen epitope comprising an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule.53.The method of any one of claims 43-48, wherein a peptide sequence comprising the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7.54.The method of any one of claims 43-53, wherein a D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.55.The method of claim 54, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide comprising the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide is SEQ ID NO: 9.56.The method of claim 55, wherein the amino acid sequence of a peptide comprising the D-Gluconic acid covalently attached at the N terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide and the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently attached at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide is SEQ ID NO: 4.57.A method of enhancing presentation of an antigenic epitope peptide to a T cell, comprising:administering to a subject in need of such treatment, an enhanced Ii-Key peptide comprising amino acid sequence D-GAc-LRMK (SEQ ID NO: 2) , wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide, in an amount effective to enhance presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject compared to a control presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell.58.The method of claim 57, wherein enhancing the presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the subject increases one or more of a CD4+ response, a CD4+IFN-γ+response, and a CD3+INF-γ+ response in the subject.59.The method of claim 57, wherein the control presentation is a level of presentation of the antigenic epitope to the T cell in the absence of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.60.The method of claim 57, wherein a D-Gluconic acid is covalently attached at the N terminus of the Ii-Key peptide.61.The method of claim 57, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell is covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide.62.The method of claim 57, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II-presented epitope.63.The method of claim 57, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC I-presented epitope.64.The method of claim 57 wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and one or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes that are linked to or overlapping one or more amino acids in the MHC II presented antigenic epitope amino acid sequence.65.The method of claim 64, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II presented antigenic epitope sequence and two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes, wherein the two or more independently selected antibody-specific epitopes are (a) all the same, (b) all different, or (c) not all the same and not all different.66.The method of claim 57, wherein the antigenic epitope to the T cell comprises an MHC II antigen epitope comprising an antigen binding site ligand or peptidomimetic structure that binds into an antigenic peptide binding site of an MHC class II molecule.67.The method of any one of claims 57-62, wherein a peptide sequence comprising the antigenic epitope to the T cell covalently linked at the C terminus of the enhanced Ii-Key peptide has an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8.68.The method of any one of claims 57-67, wherein the enhanced Ii-Key peptide comprises amino acids D-GAc-LRMKGPG (SEQ ID NO: 4) .
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