Apparatus and method of feeder link switchover in NTN communication environment
By monitoring SCTP status and proactively managing transport network layer resources, the method addresses feeder link switchover challenges in regenerative satellite payloads, ensuring continuous communication and reducing service disruptions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/137868
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-11
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Existing feeder link switchover procedures in regenerative satellite payloads do not adequately support mobility management entity changes and handover triggers, leading to connection losses and service disruptions in non-terrestrial network communication environments.
A base station continuously monitors SCTP status to detect feeder link disconnections, broadcasts disconnection messages, and triggers transport network layer nodes to release resources and configure new associations before disconnection, while ground-based entities predict imminent disconnections and notify user equipment directly.
Enables seamless feeder link switchover for regenerative payloads, reducing service disruptions and improving user experience by ensuring continuous communication through proactive resource management and notification.
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Figure CN2024137868_17072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
APPARATUS AND METHOD OF FEEDER LINK SWITCHOVER IN NTN COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of communication systems, and more particularly, to apparatuses and methods of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment.BACKGROUND
[0002] In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) release 17 and release 18, the concept of transparent mode satellite access has been introduced to facilitate the integration of satellite components into evolved packet system (EPS) and 5G system (5GS) architectures. This approach assumes that satellites act as mere conduits, forwarding signals without processing the signals. Most recently, one 3GPP release19 study has been approved to explore the impact of regenerative satellite payloads on EPS. These payloads are designed to embed 3GPP radio access network (RAN) and / or core network functions directly onboard the satellite. This capability introduces several value-added services for users, such as the support of reduced latency for both user and control planes. For network operations, these regenerative payloads offer enhanced flexibility in deploying a ground segment or non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway in relation to a space segment.
[0003] Existing transparent payload scenarios and procedures do not adequately support feeder link switchover for regenerative payload scenarios because a feeder link switchover in regenerative payloads might necessitate a change in mobility management entity (MME) . Existing handover procedures also prove inadequate in the regenerative scenario, as a serving cell and eNB continuously cover an area where a user equipment (UE) is located, preventing handover triggers.
[0004] Thus, employing current 3GPP procedures or transparent payload satellite EPS integration procedures does not resolve the issue of feeder link switchover in regenerative payload scenarios. Therefore, there is a need for apparatuses and methods of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment, which can solve issues in the prior art and other issues.SUMMARY
[0005] An object of the present disclosure is to propose apparatuses and methods of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment, which can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) .
[0006] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment, performed by a base station includes continuously monitoring a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status, upon detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, broadcasting a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station is located, and triggering a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status.
[0007] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, a base station disposed in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment includes a monitor configured to continuously monitor a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status, a transceiver configured to broadcast a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station is located upon the monitor detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, and a trigger configured to trigger a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status.
[0008] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, a base station includes a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver. The base station is configured to provide the above method.
[0009] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a method of feeder link switchover performed by a ground-based entity, includes if the ground-based entity predicts an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data, the ground-based entity notifies a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information.
[0010] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a ground-based entity includes a predictor and a notifier. The predictor is configured to predict an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data. The notifier is configured to notify a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information.
[0011] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a ground-based entity includes a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver. The ground-based entity is configured to provide the above method.
[0012] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium has stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the above method.
[0013] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a chip includes a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the above method.
[0014] In a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, causes a computer to execute the above method.
[0015] In a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program product includes a computer program, and the computer program causes a computer to execute the above method.
[0016] In an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program causes a computer to execute the above method.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0017] In order to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure or related art more clearly, the following figures will be described in the embodiments are briefly introduced. It is obvious that the drawings are merely some embodiments of the present disclosure, a person having ordinary skill in this field can obtain other figures according to these figures without paying the premise.
[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment.
[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a feeder link switchover with different mobility management entities (MMEs) in an NTN communication environment.
[0020] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of one or more user equipments (UEs) and a base station of communication in a communication network system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a base station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a base station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment performed by a base station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a ground-based entity according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a ground-based entity according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method of feeder link switchover performed by a ground-based entity according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating tracking area update (TAU) with feeder link switchover according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0030] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with the technical matters, structural features, achieved objects, and effects with reference to the accompanying drawings as follows. Specifically, the terminologies in the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely for describing the purpose of the certain embodiment, but not to limit the disclosure.
[0031] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to various communication systems, such as a global system of mobile communication (GSM) system, a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) system, a general packet radio service (GPRS) , a long term evolution (LTE) system, a LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) system, a LTE time division duplex (TDD) system, an advanced long term evolution (LTE-A) system, a new radio (NR) system, an evolution system of a NR system, a LTE-based access to unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) system, a NR-based access to unlicensed spectrum (NR-U) system, an universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) , a global interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) communication system, wireless local area networks (WLAN) , wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) , a future 5th generation (5G) system (may also be called a new radio (NR) system) or other communication systems, etc.
[0032] Optionally, a base station mentioned in the embodiments of the present application can provide a communication coverage for a specific geographic area and can communicate with a user equipment (UE) located in the coverage area. Optionally, the base station may be a gNB, a base transceiver station (BTS) in the GSM or in the CDMA system, or may be a NodeB (NB) in the WCDMA system, or may be an evolutional Node B (eNB or eNodeB) in the LTE system, or a radio controller in a cloud radio access network (CRAN) .
[0033] A user equipment (UE) may refer to an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a subscriber station, a mobile station, a remote station, a remote terminal, a mobile device, a user terminal, a terminal, a wireless communication device, a user agent, or a user device. The access terminal may be a cellular radio telephone, a cordless telephone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) telephone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a handheld device with wireless communication functions, a computing device, other processing devices coupled with a wireless modem, an in-vehicle device, a wearable device, a terminal device in a future 5G network, a terminal device in a future evolved public land mobile network (PLMN) , etc.
[0034] Optionally, the communication system in the embodiment of the present application may be applied to an unlicensed spectrum, where the unlicensed spectrum may also be considered as a shared spectrum; or the communication system in the embodiment of the present application may also be applied to a licensed spectrum, where the licensed spectrum can also be considered an unshared spectrum.
[0035] In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) release 17 and release 18, the concept of transparent mode satellite access has been introduced to facilitate the integration of satellite components into evolved packet system (EPS) and 5G system (5GS) architectures. This approach assumes that satellites act as mere conduits, forwarding signals without processing the signals. Most recently, one 3GPP release19 study has been approved to explore the impact of regenerative satellite payloads on EPS. These payloads are designed to embed 3GPP radio access network (RAN) and / or core network functions directly onboard the satellite. This capability introduces several value-added services for users, such as the support of reduced latency for both user and control planes and the enablement of inter satellite link (ISL) communications. For network operations, these regenerative payloads offer enhanced flexibility in deploying a ground segment or non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway in relation to a space segment.
[0036] As part of these studies, the focus is on deploying eNB or gNB on satellites, particularly for low earth orbit (LEO) or medium earth orbit (MEO) configurations. The key aspects under investigation may include: 1. Determining any potential impacts on 5GS and EPS that arise from embedding gNB / eNB units on satellites. This examination involves assessing the integration and compatibility of these RAN nodes within the existing 5G and EPS frameworks. 2. Investigating the implications of mobile RAN nodes in space. This includes understanding how the movement of these nodes affects network coverage and service continuity for a given area, particularly in the context of dynamic and ever-changing satellite positions.
[0037] TS 36.300 in Clause 23.21.5 details the feeder link switchover procedure, where the link is transitioned from a source non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway to a target NTN gateway for a specific NTN payload. This procedure is part of the transport network layer (TNL) and accommodates both hard and soft feeder link switchovers. It's important to note that this specification assumes the use of transparent payloads, with the eNBs located at the NTN gateway.
[0038] However, the scenario shifts in the case of regenerative payloads, where an eNB is deployed directly on the satellite, resulting in the termination of the S1-AP interface at the satellite. This configuration, as depicted in FIG. 1, encounters challenge due to satellite movement, which might lead to a loss of connection to the NTN gateway's feeder link. In such instances, the feeder link may need to switch from NTN GW1 to NTN GW2 when a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite exits the coverage area of NTN GW1. Notably, this switch does not affect the Uu interface. This contrasts with the transparent payload scenario, where the eNB is usually co-located with the NTN GW on the ground, facilitating soft feeder link switchover and allowing for a temporary overlap between feeder links. Such an overlap is unfeasible with regenerative payloads, as the onboard eNB must switch between NTN gateways without any period of overlap.
[0039] Moreover, as illustrated in FIG. 2, feeder link switchover in regenerative payloads might necessitate a change in MME, where MME1 is connected to NTN GW1, and MME2 to NTN GW2. Therefore, to the best of the inventors'knowledge, existing scenarios and procedures do not adequately support feeder link switchover for regenerative payload scenarios. Existing handover procedures also prove inadequate in the regenerative scenario, as a serving cell and eNB continuously cover an area where a user equipment (UE) is located, preventing handover triggers. Thus, employing current 3GPP procedures or transparent payload satellite EPS integration procedures does not resolve the issue of feeder link switchover in regenerative payload scenarios. As specified in TS 36.412, there is only one stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) association established between one MME and eNB pair. And the eNB establishes the SCTP association. Therefore, it is also advisable to configure a transport association for the target NTN GW feeder link before the disconnection of the source NTN-GW feeder link.
[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates that, in some embodiments, one or more user equipments (UEs) 10 and a base station (e.g., next generation NodeB (gNB) or eNB) 20 of communication in a communication network system 40 (e.g., an NR system) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are provided. The communication network system 40 includes the one or more UEs 10, the base station 20, and at least one ground-based entity 30. The at least one ground-based entity may include a first ground-based entity and a second ground-based entity. The at least one ground-based entity may be an NTN GW or an MME. For example, the first ground-based entity may be an NTN GW1 or an MME 1, and the second ground-based entity may be an NTN GW2 or a MME2 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The one or more UEs 10 may include a memory 12, a transceiver 13, and a processor 11 coupled to the memory 12 and the transceiver 13. The base station 20 may include a memory 22, a transceiver 23, and a processor 21 coupled to the memory 22 and the transceiver 23. The at least one ground-based entity 30 may include a memory 32, a transceiver 33, and a processor 31 coupled to the memory 32 and the transceiver 33. The processor 11, 21, or 31 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures and / or methods described in this description. Layers of radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 11, 21, or 31. The memory 12, 22, or 32 is operatively coupled with the processor 11, 21, or 31 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 11, 21, or 31. The transceiver 13, 23, or 33 is operatively coupled with the processor 11, 21, or 31, and the transceiver 13, 23, or 33 transmits and / or receives a radio signal.
[0041] The processor 11, 21, or 31 may include application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , other chipset, logic circuit and / or data processing device. The memory 12, 22, or 32 may include read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, memory card, storage medium and / or other storage device. The transceiver 13, 23, or 33 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in the memory 12, 22, or 32 and executed by the processor 11, 21, or 31. The memory 12, 22, or 32 can be implemented within the processor 11, 21, or 31 or external to the processor 11, 21, or 31 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processor 11, 21, or 31 via various means as is known in the art.
[0042] In some embodiments, the processor 21 is configured to continuously monitor a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status, upon the processor 21 detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station 20 on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, the transceiver 23 broadcasts a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station 20 is located, and the processor 21 is configured to trigger a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station 20 on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) .
[0043] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of base station 400 according to an embodiment of the present application. The base station 400 is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the base station 400 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. The base station 400 includes a monitor 401 configured to continuously monitor a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status, a transceiver 402 configured to broadcast a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station 400 is located upon the monitor 401 detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station 400 on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, and a trigger 403 configured to trigger a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station 400 on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) . For example, the first ground-based entity may be an NTN GW1 or an MME 1, and the second ground-based entity may be an NTN GW2 or a MME2 as illustrated in FIG. 2.
[0044] In some embodiments, if an imminent disconnection of the first feeder link is predicted by the first ground-based entity based on a satellite's ephemeris data, the transceiver 402 receives, from the first ground-based entity, a notification indicating the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link, the transceiver 402 broadcasts a second message to indicate the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link across the cell where the base station 400 is located, and the trigger 403 initiates at least one procedure to release the TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure the transport association for the second feeder link between the base station 400 on the satellite and the second ground-based entity before the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link.
[0045] In some embodiments, the trigger 403 is further configured to enable a feeder link switchover to trigger at least one tracking area update (TAU) procedure. In some embodiments, the transceiver 402 is further configured to broadcast information regarding at least one satellite ephemeris condition including an anticipated start time of the feeder link switchover. In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure triggered by the feeder link switchover is initiated by the UE when the transceiver informs an upcoming feeder link switchover to the UE. In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure applies to the UE in an evolved packet system (EPS) connection management (ECM) -IDLE state or an ECM-CONNECTED state.
[0046] In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure includes indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information. In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure includes indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information. In some embodiments, if the feeder link switchover connects the base station 400 to the same mobility management entity (MME) , the trigger 403 derives an MME address from at least one radio resource control (RRC) parameter. In some embodiments, if the feeder link switchover connects the base station 400 to a new MME, the new MME is pre-defined. In some embodiments, if the at least one TAU procedure is due to the feeder link switchover, a release procedure is triggered by the MME after the at least one TAU procedure is completed.
[0047] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a base station 500 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The base station 500 is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the base station 500 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. The base station 500 may include a memory 501, a transceiver 502, and a processor 503 coupled to the memory 501 and the transceiver 502. The processor 503 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures and / or methods described in this description. Layers of radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 503. The memory 501 is operatively coupled with the processor 503 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 503. The transceiver 502 is operatively coupled with the processor 503, and the transceiver 502 transmits and / or receives a radio signal. The processor 503 may include application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , other chipset, logic circuit and / or data processing device. The memory 501 may include read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, memory card, storage medium and / or other storage device. The transceiver 502 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in the memory 501 and executed by the processor 503. The memory 501 can be implemented within the processor 503 or external to the processor 503 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processor 503 via various means as is known in the art.
[0048] In some embodiments, the processor 503 is configured to continuously monitor a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status, upon the processor 503 detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station 500 on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, the transceiver 502 broadcasts a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station 500 is located, and the processor 503 is configured to trigger a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station 500 on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) .
[0049] FIG. 6 is an example of a method 600 of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment performed by a base station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 600 of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment performed by the base station is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the method 600 of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment performed by the base station using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. In some embodiments, the method 600 of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment performed by the base station includes: an operation 602, continuously monitoring a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status, an operation 604, upon detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, broadcasting a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station is located, and an operation 606, triggering a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) .
[0050] In some embodiments, if an imminent disconnection of the first feeder link is predicted by the first ground-based entity based on a satellite's ephemeris data, the base station receives, from the first ground-based entity, a notification indicating the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link, the base station broadcasts a second message to indicate the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link across the cell where the base station is located, and the base station initiates at least one procedure to release the TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure the transport association for the second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and the second ground-based entity before the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link.
[0051] In some embodiments, the method further includes enabling a feeder link switchover to trigger at least one tracking area update (TAU) procedure. In some embodiments, enabling the feeder link switchover includes broadcasting information regarding at least one satellite ephemeris condition including an anticipated start time of the feeder link switchover. In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure is initiated by the UE when the base station informs an upcoming feeder link switchover to the UE. In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure applies to the UE in an evolved packet system (EPS) connection management (ECM) -IDLE state or an ECM-CONNECTED state.
[0052] In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure includes indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information. In some embodiments, the at least one TAU procedure includes indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information. In some embodiments, if the feeder link switchover connects the base station to the same mobility management entity (MME) , the base station derives an MME address from at least one radio resource control (RRC) parameter. In some embodiments, if the feeder link switchover connects the base station to a new MME, the new MME is pre-defined. In some embodiments, if the at least one TAU procedure is due to the feeder link switchover, a release procedure is triggered by the MME after the at least one TAU procedure is completed.
[0053] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of ground-based entity 700 according to an embodiment of the present application. The ground-based entity 700 is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the ground-based entity 700 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. The ground-based entity 700 includes includes a predictor 701 and a notifier 702. The predictor 701 is configured to predict an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data. The notifier 702 is configured to notify a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) .
[0054] In some embodiments, the ground-based entity is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway or a mobility management entity (MME) . For example, the ground-based entity may be an NTN GW1 or an MME 1, and / or an NTN GW2 or a MME2 as illustrated in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the signaling is a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling or a satellite signaling.
[0055] For example, in details, in some embodiments, if any ground-based entity, such as the NTN Gateway or MME, predicts an imminent feeder link disconnection based on the satellite’s control data, e.g. ephemeris information, the ground-based entity could notify the UE directly with the application of NAS signaling or other satellite signaling communications mechanisms. The MME may notify the UE directly via NAS signaling about the feeder ink switchover information.
[0056] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a ground-based entity 800 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ground-based entity 800 is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the ground-based entity 800 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. The ground-based entity 800 may include a memory 801, a transceiver 802, and a processor 803 coupled to the memory 801 and the transceiver 802. The processor 803 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures and / or methods described in this description. Layers of radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 803. The memory 801 is operatively coupled with the processor 803 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 803. The transceiver 802 is operatively coupled with the processor 803, and the transceiver 802 transmits and / or receives a radio signal. The processor 803 may include application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , other chipset, logic circuit and / or data processing device. The memory 801 may include read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, memory card, storage medium and / or other storage device. The transceiver 802 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in the memory 801 and executed by the processor 803. The memory 801 can be implemented within the processor 803 or external to the processor 803 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processor 803 via various means as is known in the art.
[0057] In some embodiments, the processor 803 is configured to predict an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data, and the transceiver 802 is configured to notify a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) . In some embodiments, the ground-based entity is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway or a mobility management entity (MME) . For example, the ground-based entity may be an NTN GW1 or an MME 1, and / or an NTN GW2 or a MME2 as illustrated in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the signaling is a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling or a satellite signaling.
[0058] FIG. 9 is an example of a method 900 of feeder link switchover performed by a ground-based entity according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 900 of feeder link switchover performed by the ground-based entity is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the method 900 of feeder link switchover performed by the ground-based entity using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. In some embodiments, the method 900 of feeder link switchover performed by the ground-based entity includes: an operation 902, if the ground-based entity predicts an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data, the ground-based entity notifies a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues, and / or support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) . In some embodiments, the ground-based entity is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway or a mobility management entity (MME) . For example, the ground-based entity may be an NTN GW1 or an MME 1, and / or an NTN GW2 or a MME2 as illustrated in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the signaling is a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling or a satellite signaling.
[0059] Some embodiments of the present disclosure propose the following solution:
[0060] In some examples, the eNB continuously monitors an SCTP status. Upon detecting a feeder link disconnection, the eNB broadcasts a “feeder link unavailability start” message across the cell. This action also triggers a TNL node on the satellite to configure a transport association for a target NTN GW feeder link before a disconnection of a source NTN-GW feeder link, and release TNL resources allocated towards a disconnected NTN gateway.
[0061] In some examples, if any ground-based entity, such as the NTN Gateway or MME, predicts an imminent feeder link disconnection based on the satellite's ephemeris data, it notifies the eNB. The eNB then broadcasts appropriate messages and initiates procedures to release relevant TNL resources and establish new connections.
[0062] Some embodiments of the present disclosure also introduce a method and apparatus for enabling feeder link switchover to trigger at least one tracking area update (TAU) procedure. The essential parameters, call flow, and trigger conditions are outlined in detail in later examples regarding at least one TAU procedure for feeder link switchover.
[0063] In some examples, the eNB broadcasts information regarding satellite ephemeris conditions, including the anticipated start time of feeder link switchover. Post switchover, the UE reports back to the eNB upon completion.
[0064] In some examples, The at least one TAU procedure is initiated when the UE is informed of an upcoming feeder link switchover. This procedure applies to UEs in either ECM-IDLE or ECM-CONNECTED state. The process involves several steps, including indicating cell barred status in the system's minimum information (MIB, SIB1, or other SIBs) to prevent new connections during the switchover.
[0065] In some examples, if the switchover connects the eNB to the same MME, the eNB derives the MME address from existing RRC parameters. If not, a new MME is pre-defined. In details, in some examples, the new MME is selected according to the MME selection function in TS 23.401.
[0066] In some examples, if the TAU is due to a feeder link switchover, the MME might trigger an S1 Release procedure post-TAU completion. This is especially the case if the TAU request message includes a “feeder link switchover start” indication, leading to the release of the S1-AP connection between the eNB and the old MME.
[0067] Examples regarding at least one TAU procedure for feeder link switchover
[0068] FIG. 10 illustrates the call flow and system changes for TAU without serving GW (SGW) change.
[0069] In some examples, in step 0, the eNB continuously monitors the SCTP status. Upon detecting a feeder link disconnection, the eNB broadcasts a “feeder link unavailability start” message across the cell. This action also triggers the TNL node on the satellite to configure the transport association for the target NTN GW feeder link before the disconnection of the source NTN-GW feeder link.
[0070] In some examples, in step 1, the feeder link switchover triggers UE to start TAU procedure.
[0071] In some examples, in step 2, the UE initiates the TAU procedure by sending, to the eNodeB, a TAU request. In addition to regular parameters described in clause 5.3.3.1 of TS 23.401, the TAU request includes “Start of Feeder Link Switchover” .
[0072] In some examples, in step 3, the eNodeB derives the MME address from the RRC parameters carrying the old GUMMEI. In the case of the same MME as illustrated in FIG. 1, the same MME will be used. In the case of different MMEs as illustrated in FIG. 2, because the MME might not be associated with the eNodeB anymore, the eNodeB selects the new MME as described in clause 4.3.8.3 of TS 23.401.
[0073] In some examples, if the switchover connects the eNB to the same MME, the eNB derives the MME address from existing RRC parameters. If not, a new MME is selected according to the MME Selection Function in TS 23.401.
[0074] In some examples, in steps 4 to 19, regular TAU procedures will be followed, as specified in clause 5.3.3.1 for TAU with SGW change and in clause 5.3.3.2 for TAU without SGW change, in TS 23.401.
[0075] In some examples, in step 20, the MME sends a TAU accept with indication of feeder link switchover.
[0076] In some examples, in step 20a, the MME associated with the source NTN GW releases logical signaling connection by issuing S1-AP: S1 UE context release command.
[0077] In some examples, in step 20b, the eNodeB acknowledges with S1-AP: S1 UE context release complete. The old MME also releases TNL resources allocated towards the disconnected NTN gateway.
[0078] In some examples, in step 20c, the new MME associated with the target NTN GW notify eNodeB the feeder link switchover completes. The eNodeB removes the barred cell due to switchover from the barred cell list, and releases associated TNL resources toward the source NTN GW.
[0079] In some examples, in step 21, if the UE acknowledges the received message by returning a TAU complete message to the MME, the message could include an indication of feeder link switchover.
[0080] Some embodiments of the present disclosure support the feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with EPS. Without the proposed procedures, the eNB onboard could not establish association with the MME at the target NTN GW, which will further produce undesired signaling overhead on both, as well as extra UE energy consumption. These factors contribute to prolonged service disruption and a degraded overall user experience.
[0081] Commercial interests for some embodiments are as follows. 1. Solve issues in the prior art and other issues. 2. Support a feeder link switchover for regenerative payload satellite integration with evolved packet system (EPS) . 3. Improve an overall user experience. 4. Provide a good communication performance. 5. Provide high reliability. Some embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in many applications. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are used by chipset vendors, video system development vendors, automakers including cars, trains, trucks, buses, bicycles, moto-bikes, helmets, and etc., drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) , smartphone makers, communication devices for public safety use, AR / VR / MR device maker for example gaming, conference / seminar, education purposes. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are a combination of “techniques / processes” that can be adopted in video standards to create an end product. Some embodiments of the present disclosure propose technical mechanisms. The at least one proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus of some embodiments of the present disclosure may be used for current and / or new / future standards regarding communication systems such as a UE, a base station, and / or a communication system. Compatible products follow at least one proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus of some embodiments of the present disclosure. The proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus are widely used in a UE, a base station, and / or a communication system. With the implementation of the at least one proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus of some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one modification to methods and apparatus of feeder link switchover in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment are considered for standardizing.
[0082] FIG. 11 is an example of a computing device 1100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable computing device can be used for performing the operations described herein. For example, FIG. 11 illustrates an example of the computing device 1100 that can implement some embodiments of FIG. 1 to FIG. 10 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. In some embodiments, the computing device 1100 can include a processor 1112 that is communicatively coupled to a memory 1114 and that executes computer-executable program code and / or accesses information stored in the memory 1114. The processor 1112 may include a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit ( “ASIC” ) , a state machine, or other processing device. The processor 1112 can include any of a number of processing devices, including one. Such a processor can include or may be in communication with a computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor 1112, cause the processor to perform the operations described herein.
[0083] The memory 1114 can include any suitable non-transitory computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium can include any electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage device capable of providing a processor with computer-readable instructions or other program code. Non-limiting examples of a computer-readable medium include a magnetic disk, a memory chip, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a configured processor, optical storage, magnetic tape or other magnetic storage, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions. The instructions may include processor-specific instructions generated by a compiler and / or an interpreter from code written in any suitable computer-programming language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, visual basic, java, python, perl, javascript, and actionscript.
[0084] The computing device 1100 can also include a bus 1116. The bus 1116 can communicatively couple one or more components of the computing device 1100. The computing device 1100 can also include a number of external or internal devices such as input or output devices. For example, the computing device 1100 is illustrated with an input / output ( “I / O” ) interface 1118 that can receive input from one or more input devices 1120 or provide output to one or more output devices 1122. The one or more input devices 1120 and one or more output devices 1122 can be communicatively coupled to the I / O interface 1118. The communicative coupling can be implemented via any suitable manner (e.g., a connection via a printed circuit board, connection via a cable, communication via wireless transmissions, etc. ) . Non-limiting examples of input devices 1120 include a touch screen (e g., one or more cameras for imaging a touch area or pressure sensors for detecting pressure changes caused by a touch) , a mouse, a keyboard, or any other device that can be used to generate input events in response to physical actions by a user of a computing device. Non-limiting examples of output devices 1122 include a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, an external monitor, a speaker, or any other device that can be used to display or otherwise present outputs generated by a computing device.
[0085] The computing device 1100 can execute program code that configures the processor 1112 to perform one or more of the operations described above with respect to some embodiments of FIG. 1 to FIG. 10. The program code may be resident in the memory 1114 or any suitable computer-readable medium and may be executed by the processor 1112 or any other suitable processor.
[0086] The computing device 1100 can also include at least one network interface device 1124. The network interface device 1124 can include any device or group of devices suitable for establishing a wired or wireless data connection to one or more data networks 1128. Non limiting examples of the network interface device 1124 include an Ethernet network adapter, a modem, and / or the like. The computing device 1100 can transmit messages as electronic or optical signals via the network interface device 1124.
[0087] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example of a communication system 1200 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into the communication system 1200 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. FIG. 12 illustrates the communication system 1200 including a radio frequency (RF) circuitry 1210, a baseband circuitry 1220, an application circuitry 1230, a memory / storage 1240, a display 1250, a camera 1260, a sensor 1270, and an input / output (I / O) interface 1280, coupled with each other at least as illustrated.
[0088] The application circuitry 1230 may include a circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors, such as graphics processors, application processors. The processors may be coupled with the memory / storage and configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable various applications and / or operating systems running on the system. The communication system 1200 can execute program code that configures the application circuitry 1230 to perform one or more of the operations described above with respect to some embodiments of FIG. 1 to FIG. 10. The program code may be resident in the application circuitry 1230 or any suitable computer-readable medium and may be executed by the application circuitry 1230 or any other suitable processor.
[0089] The baseband circuitry 1220 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry may handle various radio control functions that may enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation, encoding, decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and / or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless personal area network (WPAN) . Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
[0090] In various embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1220 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a baseband frequency. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency. The RF circuitry 1210 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 1210 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a radio frequency. For example, in some embodiments, RF circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency.
[0091] In various embodiments, the transmitter circuitry, control circuitry, or receiver circuitry discussed above with respect to some embodiments of FIG. 1 to FIG. 10 may be embodied in whole or in part in one or more of the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry, and / or the application circuitry. As used herein, “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) , and / or a memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and / or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the electronic device circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry, the application circuitry, and / or the memory / storage may be implemented together on a system on a chip (SOC) . The memory / storage 1240 may be used to load and store data and / or instructions, for example, for system. The memory / storage for one embodiment may include any combination of suitable volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) ) , and / or non-volatile memory, such as flash memory.
[0092] In various embodiments, the I / O interface 1280 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system and / or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to a physical keyboard or keypad, a touchpad, a speaker, a microphone, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, and a power supply interface. In various embodiments, the sensor 1270 may include one or more sensing devices to determine environmental conditions and / or location information related to the system. In some embodiments, the sensors may include, but are not limited to, a gyro sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, an ambient light sensor, and a positioning unit. The positioning unit may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry and / or RF circuitry to communicate with components of a positioning network, e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) satellite.
[0093] In various embodiments, the display 1250 may include a display, such as a liquid crystal display and a touch screen display. In various embodiments, the communication system 1200 may be a mobile computing device such as, but not limited to, a laptop computing device, a tablet computing device, a netbook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, an AR / VR glasses, etc. In various embodiments, system may have more or less components, and / or different architectures. Where appropriate, methods described herein may be implemented as a computer program. The computer program may be stored on a storage medium, such as a non-transitory storage medium.
[0094] A person having ordinary skill in the art understands that each of the units, algorithm, and steps described and disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure are realized using electronic hardware or combinations of software for computers and electronic hardware. Whether the functions run in hardware or software depends on the condition of application and design requirement for a technical plan. A person having ordinary skill in the art can use different ways to realize the function for each specific application while such realizations should not go beyond the scope of the present disclosure. It is understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art that he / she can refer to the working processes of the system, device, and unit in the above-mentioned embodiment since the working processes of the above-mentioned system, device, and unit are basically the same. For easy description and simplicity, these working processes will not be detailed.
[0095] It is understood that the disclosed system, device, and method in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be realized with other ways. The above-mentioned embodiments are exemplary only. The division of the units is merely based on logical functions while other divisions exist in realization. It is possible that a plurality of units or components are combined or integrated in another system. It is also possible that some characteristics are omitted or skipped. On the other hand, the displayed or discussed mutual coupling, direct coupling, or communicative coupling operate through some ports, devices, or units whether indirectly or communicatively by ways of electrical, mechanical, or other kinds of forms.
[0096] The units as separating components for explanation are or are not physically separated. The units for display are or are not physical units, that is, located in one place or distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units are used according to the purposes of the embodiments. Moreover, each of the functional units in each of the embodiments can be integrated in one processing unit, physically independent, or integrated in one processing unit with two or more than two units.
[0097] If the software function unit is realized and used and sold as a product, it can be stored in a readable storage medium in a computer. Based on this understanding, the technical plan proposed by the present disclosure can be essentially or partially realized as the form of a software product. Or, one part of the technical plan beneficial to the conventional technology can be realized as the form of a software product. The software product in the computer is stored in a storage medium, including a plurality of commands for a computational device (such as a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to run all or some of the steps disclosed by the embodiments of the present disclosure. The storage medium includes a USB disk, a mobile hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , a floppy disk, or other kinds of media capable of storing program codes.
[0098] While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but is intended to cover various arrangements made without departing from the scope of the broadest interpretation of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method of feeder link switchover performed by a base station disposed in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment, comprising:continuously monitoring a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status;upon detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status, broadcasting a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station is located; andtriggering a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status.2.The method of claim 1, wherein if an imminent disconnection of the first feeder link is predicted by the first ground-based entity based on a satellite's ephemeris data, the base station receives, from the first ground-based entity, a notification indicating the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link, the base station broadcasts a second message to indicate the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link across the cell where the base station is located, and the base station initiates at least one procedure to release the TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure the transport association for the second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and the second ground-based entity before the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising enabling a feeder link switchover to trigger at least one tracking area update (TAU) procedure.4.The method of claim 3, wherein enabling the feeder link switchover comprises broadcasting information regarding at least one satellite ephemeris condition comprising an anticipated start time of the feeder link switchover.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one TAU procedure is initiated by the UE when the base station informs an upcoming feeder link switchover to the UE.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one TAU procedure applies to the UE in an evolved packet system (EPS) connection management (ECM) -IDLE state or an ECM-CONNECTED state.7.The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the at least one TAU procedure comprises indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information.8.The method of any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein the at least one TAU procedure comprises indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information.9.The method of any one of claims 3 to 8, wherein if the feeder link switchover connects the base station to the same mobility management entity (MME) , the base station derives an MME address from at least one radio resource control (RRC) parameter.10.The method of any one of claims 3 to 9, wherein if the feeder link switchover connects the base station to a new MME, the new MME is pre-defined.11.The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein if the at least one TAU procedure is due to the feeder link switchover, a release procedure is triggered by the MME after the at least one TAU procedure is completed.12.A base station disposed in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication environment, comprising:a monitor configured to continuously monitor a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) status;a transceiver configured to broadcast a first message to indicate the disconnection of the first feeder link across a cell where the base station is located upon the monitor detecting a disconnection of a first feeder link between the base station on a satellite and a first ground-based entity based on the SCTP status; anda trigger configured to trigger a transport network layer (TNL) node on the satellite to release TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure a transport association for a second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and a second ground-based entity before the disconnection of the first feeder link based on the SCTP status.13.The base station of claim 12, wherein if an imminent disconnection of the first feeder link is predicted by the first ground-based entity based on a satellite's ephemeris data, the transceiver receives, from the first ground-based entity, a notification indicating the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link, the transceiver broadcasts a second message to indicate the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link across the cell where the base station is located, and the trigger initiates at least one procedure to release the TNL resources allocated towards the first ground-based entity and / or configure the transport association for the second feeder link between the base station on the satellite and the second ground-based entity before the imminent disconnection of the first feeder link.14.The base station of claim 12 or 13, wherein the trigger is further configured to enable a feeder link switchover to trigger at least one tracking area update (TAU) procedure.15.The base station of claim 14, wherein the transceiver is further configured to broadcast information regarding at least one satellite ephemeris condition comprising an anticipated start time of the feeder link switchover.16.The base station of claim 15, wherein the at least one TAU procedure is initiated by the UE when the transceiver informs an upcoming feeder link switchover to the UE.17.The base station of claim 16, wherein the at least one TAU procedure applies to the UE in an evolved packet system (EPS) connection management (ECM) -IDLE state or an ECM-CONNECTED state.18.The base station of claim 16 or 17, wherein the at least one TAU procedure comprises indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information.19.The base station of any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein the at least one TAU procedure comprises indicating a cell barred status in a system minimum information.20.The base station of any one of claims 14 to 19, wherein if the feeder link switchover connects the base station to the same mobility management entity (MME) , the trigger derives an MME address from at least one radio resource control (RRC) parameter.21.The base station of any one of claims 14 to 20, wherein if the feeder link switchover connects the base station to a new MME, the new MME is pre-defined.22.The base station of claim 20 or 21, wherein if the at least one TAU procedure is due to the feeder link switchover, a release procedure is triggered by the MME after the at least one TAU procedure is completed.23.A base station, comprising:a memory;a transceiver; anda processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver;wherein the base station is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 11.24.A method of feeder link switchover performed by a ground-based entity, comprising:if the ground-based entity predicts an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data, the ground-based entity notifies a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the ground-based entity is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway or a mobility management entity (MME) .26.The method of claim 24, wherein the signaling is a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling or a satellite signaling.27.A ground-based entity, comprising:a predictor configured to predict an imminent feeder link disconnection based on a satellite’s control data; and a notifier configured to notify a user equipment (UE) directly via a signaling about feeder ink switchover information.28.The ground-based entity of claim 27, wherein the ground-based entity is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) gateway or a mobility management entity (MME) .29.The ground-based entity of claim 27, wherein the signaling is a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling or a satellite signaling.30.A ground-based entity, comprising:a memory;a transceiver; anda processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver;wherein the base station is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 24 to 26.31.A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 11 or the method of any one of claims 24 to 26.32.A chip, comprising:a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 11 or the method of any one of claims 24 to 26.33.A computer readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 11 or the method of any one of claims 24 to 26.34.A computer program product, comprising a computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 11 or the method of any one of claims 24 to 26.35.A computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 11 or the method of any one of claims 24 to 26.
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