Reporting a channel signature for machine learning positioning

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to reporting a channel signature for machine learning positioning. An apparatus, such as a UE, receives from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal. The UE transmits, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. A positioning equipment transmits, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal. The positioning equipment receives, from the UE, channel information as determined from the downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. The positioning equipment performs a positioning estimation based on the channel information, and determines a location of the UE based on the positioning estimation.

Description

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 1 REPORTING A CHANNEL SIGNATURE FOR MACHINE LEARNING POSITIONING RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 554,894 filed February 16, 2024 entitled “Reporting a Channel Signature for Machine Learning Positioning,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to machine learning techniques for wireless device positioning. BACKGROUND

[0003] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, which may be otherwise known as network equipment (NE), supporting wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like)) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).

[0004] The wireless communications system may support wireless device positioning and location, such as to estimate positioning and determine a location of a UE in the wireless communications system. The wireless communications system may also include one or more wireless devices, such as UEs and / or network equipment (NE), among other devices, that transmit and / or receive signaling. Location services that enable positioning estimations may be supported in Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 2 the wireless communications system, such as to determine the location of a UE to receive transmitted signals in the wireless communications system. SUMMARY

[0005] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of”) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0006] A UE for wireless communication is described. The UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0007] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a UE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 3 more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0008] A method performed or performable by a UE for wireless communication is described. The method may include receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0009] In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the UE is configured as a positioning reference unit (PRU) UE that has a known location. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of transmission-reception points (TRPs) at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer.

[0010] In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 4 or more of the downlink channel measurements. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the reference signal is at least one of a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), a synchronization signal block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), or a communication reference signal (RS). In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths.

[0011] In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the UE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to maintain a channel signature determined from the channel information as one or more of a one-dimensional (1D), a two-dimensional (2D), a three-dimensional (3D), or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, a number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the UE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to transmit at least one of the one or more downlink channel measurements and associated one or more measurement quality metrics. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the UE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform the one or more downlink channel measurements on the reference signal based at least in part on a capability of the UE to perform the one or more downlink channel measurements.

[0012] A positioning equipment for wireless communication is described. The positioning equipment may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 5 described herein. For example, the positioning equipment may be configured to, capable of, or operable to transmit, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determine a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0013] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a positioning equipment) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to transmit, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determine a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0014] A method performed or performable by a positioning equipment for wireless communication is described. The method may include transmitting, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receiving, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determining a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0015] In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to determine a channel signature based at least in part on the channel information. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to determine the channel signature by computing a set of precoder and Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 6 importance values based at least in part on the channel information. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to determine the channel signature by computing an estimate of the one or more downlink channel measurements. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the channel signature is input data to a machine learning model that determines the location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation.

[0016] In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer.

[0017] In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements. In Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 7 some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the channel information includes one or more of a precoder, an importance level of the precoder, or an indication of one or more channel layers for the one or more downlink channel measurements. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a location management function (LMF), an additional UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a DL-PRS, a SSB, a CSI-RS, a SRS, or a communication RS.

[0018] In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, a number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements.

[0019] An NE for wireless communication is described. The NE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the NE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0020] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a NE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 8 conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0021] A method performed or performable by an NE for wireless communication is described. The method may include receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0022] In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the NE is at least one of a base station, a gNB, or a transmission point (TP). In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server or a LMF. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, a channel signature is determined from the channel information, and the channel signature is input data to a machine learning model that determines a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed.

[0023] In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the additional configuration parameters include one or Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 9 more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more uplink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, a number of the one or more uplink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more uplink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more uplink channel measurements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a system for NR beam-based positioning, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a multi-cell round trip time (RTT) signaling procedure, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 4 illustrates an example of an aperiodic trigger state defining a list of CSI report settings, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 5 illustrates an example of aperiodic trigger state that indicates the resource set and quasi co-located (QCL) information, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a RRC configuration for (a) an non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resource and (b) a CSI-IM resource, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 10

[0030] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a partial CSI omission for physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)-based CSI, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 8 illustrates an example system of a functional framework for a machine learning model and NR air interface, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a machine learning model functional framework for RAN intelligence, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 10 illustrates an example procedure diagram for using DL-based channel impulse response (CIR) measurements by a machine learning model to determine and output a location of a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 12 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a positioning equipment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0037] Figure 14 illustrates an example of a network equipment (NE) in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0038] Figure 15 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 16 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a positioning equipment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0040] Figure 17 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] A wireless communications system may support location services that enable positioning estimations (e.g., determining, tracking, identifying, monitoring, estimating) of wireless device Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 11 locations in the wireless communications system. The wireless communications system includes one or more wireless devices, such as UEs and / or NEs, among other devices, that transmit and / or receive signaling. For example, a UE may establish a wireless connection with a NE for transmitting and / or receiving control signaling, data signaling, or both. Reference is made herein to communicating data or information, such as signaling communication resources and / or communications that are transmitted or received between devices. It is to be appreciated that other terms may be used interchangeably with communicating, such as signaling, transmitting, receiving, outputting, forwarding, retrieving, obtaining, and so forth.

[0042] Features and characteristics of a transmitted signal in the wireless communications system may include a received signal strength, a delay profile, a power delay profile (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received path power (RSRPP), a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a particular reference signal), and / or a CIR of a received signal. A CIR of a received signal is a measure of how a wireless channel affects a transmitted signal over time, and can be used to characterize the multipath propagation, delay spread, and frequency selectivity of the channel. The CIR can support time domain characterization of the signal power and angular components of a received signal, and therefore may be considered more accurate representation of the channel observation based on the received signal, rather than considering only the received signal strength characteristics of the signal. A radio frequency signature, or fingerprint, may include any one or more of these features and characteristics of a transmitted signal, and therefore, an identifying signature or fingerprint of the signal may be detectable.

[0043] Aspects of the present disclosure support using artificial intelligence (AI) and / or machine learning (ML), and are directed to ascertaining the measurements, signaling, and features that support location management component (LCM) operations for direct and / or assisted AI and / or ML positioning. In a context of positioning estimations, a location estimation of a wireless device in the wireless communications system may be performed using AI and / or ML for NR air interface based at least in part on the identifying signature or fingerprint of a received signal that has been transmitted by the wireless device, such as a UE. The location of the UE may be determined based on the radio frequency signature and other features associated with the signal at the particular location. The location may be characterized and represented by the unique channel observations that are measured and / or determined as the signature or fingerprint of a transmitted signal from a Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 12 wireless device at the particular location. This also supports positioning estimations of wireless device locations in indoor environments.

[0044] Aspects of the present disclosure support using a ML model or algorithm (e.g., a neural network, AI algorithms). For example, a positioning equipment (e.g., a location management function (LMF)) implemented at least in part with a machine learning model may include AI, a ML model or algorithm, a neural network, and / or any other type of machine learning model to implement the described techniques. As used herein, a machine learning model refers to a computer representation that is trainable based on inputs to approximate unknown functions. For example, a machine learning model can utilize algorithms to learn from, and make predictions on, inputs of known data (e.g., training and / or reference data) by analyzing the known data to learn to generate outputs. In aspects of the present disclosure, a machine learning model may receive input data as a channel signature or channel information determined from one or more channel measurements on a reference signal, and determine positioning estimations, such as a location of a UE in a wireless communications system.

[0045] Additional aspects of the present disclosure are directed to establishing a downlink signal measurement based on the signature or fingerprint of a transmitted signal, which may depend on the signal characteristics of the captured signal and the link to be measured, such as separate channel measurements that are defined based on the type of reference signal (e.g., a downlink (DL) PRS or uplink (UL) SRS). Different characteristics of the channel measurements may be considered, such as time domain properties, power characterization, and angular components of a received signal, which may be considered more accurate and more efficient, when compared to only considering the received signal strength characteristics of a signal, or transmitting the entire channel coefficients.

[0046] These DL PRS and / or UL SRS channel measurements from which to determine a signature or fingerprint of a signal may be provided as input data to a machine learning model (e.g., an AI and / or ML model) that can train on the input data, as well as infer or determine the location of a wireless device in the wireless communications system based on positioning estimation. As training data for the machine learning model, the input data is configurable, such as depending on the application or scenario in which an AI and / or ML process (e.g., for training or inference) manages processing and resources overhead for training and / or performing positioning estimation, Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 13 while maintaining accuracy of the measurements and estimations. The channel measurements support the AI and / or ML positioning techniques, such as based on a signal signature or fingerprinting of the signal. In addition to providing support for AI and / or ML positioning, the described techniques support managing signaling overhead, such as by allowing a signal measurement vector that represents the channel measurements to be configurable depending on aspects of the channel characteristics, such as a channel fingerprinting measurement vector may be configurable depending on the number of layers, number of transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) antennas, and / or quantization bits.

[0047] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.

[0048] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NE 102, one or more UE 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0049] The one or more NE 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NE 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, network infrastructure (or infrastructure), a radio access network (RAN), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 14 connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.

[0050] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NE 102.

[0051] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of- Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0052] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0053] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N6, or other network interface). In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NE 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 15 example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs).

[0054] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management functions (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NE 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0055] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N6, or other network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0056] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 16 frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0057] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., ^=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., ^=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., ^=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., ^=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., ^=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., ^=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0058] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0059] Additionally, or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., ^=0, ^=1, ^=2, ^=3, ^=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 17 relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., ^=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[0060] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0061] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., ^=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., ^=1), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., ^=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., ^=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., ^=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0062] According to implementations, one or more of the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 are operable to implement various aspects of the techniques described with reference to the present disclosure. For example, in one or more implementations, a UE 104 receives from a positioning equipment (e.g., a NE 102 implemented as a positioning equipment), a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal. The UE 104 determines channel information from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration, and the UE 104 transmits the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 18 channel information to the positioning equipment. The positioning equipment (e.g., a NE 102 implemented as a positioning equipment) transmits to a UE 104, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal. The positioning equipment receives, from the UE 104, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. The positioning equipment performs a positioning estimation based on the channel information, and determines a location of the UE 104 based on the positioning estimation. A NE 102 receives, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal. The NE 102 transmits, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration.

[0063] Separate positioning techniques, as indicated in Table (1) below, can be currently configured and performed based on the requirements of the LMF and UE capabilities. The transmission of positioning reference signals (PRS) enable a UE to perform UE positioning-related measurements, enable computation of a UE’s location estimate, and are configured per TRP, where a TRP may transmit one or more beams. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 19 Method UE-based UE-assisted, NG-RAN SUPL LMF-based node assisted A-GNSS Yes Yes No Yes (UE-based and UE-assisted) OTDOANotes1,2No Yes No Yes (UE-assisted) E-CIDNote 4No Yes Yes Yes for E-UTRA (UE-assisted) Sensor Yes Yes No No WLAN Yes Yes No Yes Bluetooth No Yes No No TBSNote 5Yes Yes No Yes (MBS) DL-TDOA Yes Yes No No DL-AoD Yes Yes No No Multi-RTT No Yes Yes No NR E-CID No Yes FFS No UL-TDOA No No Yes No UL-AoA No No Yes No NOTE 1: This includes TBS positioning based on PRS signals. NOTE 2: In this version of the specification, only observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) based on LTE signals is supported. NOTE 3: Void NOTE 4: This includes Cell-ID for NR method. NOTE 5: This version of the specification is for TBS positioning based on metropolitan beacon system (MBS) signals. NOTE 6: Void Table (1): Supported Rel-16 UE Positioning Methods

[0064] Figure 2 illustrates an example of system 200 for NR beam-based positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The system 200 illustrates a UE 104 and NEs 102 (e.g., base stations, gNBs). The PRS can be transmitted by different base stations (serving and neighboring) using narrow beams over FR1 and FR2 as illustrated in the example system 200, which is relatively different when compared to LTE where the PRS was transmitted across the whole cell. The PRS can be locally associated with a PRS resource identifier (ID) and resource set ID for a base station (e.g., a TRP). Similarly, UE positioning measurements, such as reference signal time difference (RSTD) and PRS RSRP measurements are performed on a per beam basis (e.g., based on DL PRS resources, or DL PRS resource sets) as opposed to different cells, as was the case in LTE. In addition, there are additional uplink (UL) positioning methods that the network can use to compute the location of a target UE.

[0065] A reference signal (RS) to measurements mapping is shown below in Table (2) and in Table (3), which indicate the RS to measurements mapping for each of the supported RAT- Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 20 dependent positioning techniques at a UE and at a base station (e.g., a gNB), respectively. RAT- dependent positioning techniques involve the 3GPP RAT and core network entities to perform a position estimation of a UE, which are differentiated from RAT-independent positioning techniques that rely on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, wireless local area network (WLAN), and Bluetooth technologies for performing target device (e.g., a UE) positioning. DL / UL Reference UE Measurements To facilitate support of Signals the positioning techniques Rel.16 DL PRS DL RSTD DL-TDOA Rel.16 DL PRS DL PRS RSRP DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, Multi-RTT Rel.16 DL PRS / Rel.16 UE Rx-Tx time difference Multi-RTT SRS for positioning Rel.15 SSB / CSI-RS SS-RSRP(RSRP for RRM), NR E-CID for radio resource SS-RSRQ(for RRM), management (RRM) CSI-RSRP (for RRM), CSI-RSRQ (for RRM), SS-RSRPB (for RRM) Table (2): UE Measurements for RAT-dependent Positioning Techniques DL / UL Reference gNB Me To facilitate support of the Signals asurements positioning techniques Rel.16 SRS for positioning UL RTOA UL-TDOA Rel.16 SRS for UL SRS-reference signal UL-TDOA, UL-AoA, positioning received power (RSRP) Multi-RTT Rel.16 SRS for positioning, Rel.16 gNB Rx-Tx time differenc Multi-RTT DL PRS e Rel.16 SRS for positioning AoA and ZoA UL-AoA, Multi-RTT Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 21 Table (3): Base Station (e.g., gNB) Measurements for RAT-dependent Positioning Techniques.

[0066] Various RAT-dependent positioning techniques are supported in Rel-16, such as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA), DL-angle of departure (AoD), multi-RTT, enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) / NR E-CID, uplink (UL)-TDoA, and UL-AoA. The DL-TDoA positioning method makes use of the measured DL PRS RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple transmission points (TPs), at the UE. The UE measures the DL PRS RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to locate the UE in relation to the neighboring TPs.

[0067] The DL AoD positioning method makes use of the measured DL PRS RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple TPs, at the UE. The UE measures the DL PRS RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to locate the UE in relation to the neighboring TPs.

[0068] Figure 3 illustrates an example 300 of a multi-cell RTT signaling procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The multi-RTT positioning technique makes use of the UE Rx-Tx measurements and DL PRS RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs, as measured by the UE, as well as the measured base station Rx-Tx measurements and uplink SRS RSRP (UL SRS-RSRP) at multiple TRPs of uplink signals transmitted from a UE. The UE measures the UE Rx-Tx measurements (and optionally DL PRS RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server (also referred to herein as a location server, or positioning equipment), and the TRPs the base station Rx-Tx measurements (and optionally UL SRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server. The measurements are used to determine the RTT at the positioning server, which are used to estimate the location of the UE. The multi-RTT is only supported for UE-assisted and NG-RAN assisted positioning techniques as noted in Table (1).

[0069] For the E-CID positioning technique, the position of a UE is estimated with the knowledge of its serving ng-eNB, base station (e.g., gNB), and cell, and is based on LTE signals. The information about the serving ng-eNB, base station, and cell may be obtained by paging, Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 22 registration, or other methods. The NR E-CID positioning refers to techniques which use additional UE measurements and / or NR radio resources and other measurements to improve the UE location estimate using NR signals. Although NR E-CID positioning may utilize some of the same measurements as the measurement control system in the RRC protocol, the UE may not (or is not expected to) make additional measurements for the sole purpose of positioning (e.g., the positioning procedures do not supply a measurement configuration or measurement control message, and the UE reports the measurements that it has available rather than being required to take additional measurement actions).

[0070] The UL-TDoA positioning technique makes use of the UL TDoA) (and optionally UL SRS-RSRP) at multiple reception points (RPs) of uplink signals transmitted from UE. The RPs measure the UL-TDoA (and optionally UL SRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE.

[0071] The UL-AoA positioning technique makes use of the measured azimuth and the zenith of arrival at multiple RPs of uplink signals transmitted from UE. The RPs measure azimuth-AoA (A-AoA) and zenith-AoA (Z-AoA) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server (also referred to herein as the location server, or positioning equipment), and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE.

[0072] Various RAT-independent positioning techniques may also be used, such as network- assisted GNSS techniques, barometric pressure sensor positioning, WLAN positioning, Bluetooth positioning, terrestrial beacon system (TBS) positioning, and motion sensor positioning. The network-assisted GNSS techniques make use of UEs that are equipped with radio receivers capable of receiving GNSS signals. In 3GPP specifications, the term GNSS encompasses both global and regional / augmentation navigation satellite systems. Examples of global navigation satellite systems include Global Positioning System (GPS), Modernized GPS, Galileo, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Regional navigation satellite systems include Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), while the many augmentation systems are classified under the generic term of Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) and provide Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 23 regional augmentation services. The network-assisted GNSS techniques may use different GNSSs (e.g., GPS, Galileo, etc.) separately or in combination to determine the location of a UE.

[0073] The barometric pressure sensor positioning technique makes use of barometric sensors to determine the vertical component of the position of the UE. The UE measures barometric pressure, optionally aided by assistance data, to calculate the vertical component of its location or to send measurements to the positioning server for position calculation. This technique can be combined with other positioning techniques to determine the 3D position of a UE.

[0074] The WLAN positioning technique makes use of the WLAN measurements (access point (AP) identifiers and optionally other measurements) and databases to determine the location of the UE. The UE measures received signals from WLAN access points, optionally aided by assistance data, to send measurements to the positioning server for position calculation. Using the measurement results and a references database, the location of a UE can be calculated. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE makes use of WLAN measurements, and optionally WLAN AP assistance data provided by the positioning server to determine its location.

[0075] The Bluetooth positioning technique makes use of Bluetooth measurements (beacon identifiers and optionally other measurements) to determine the location of a UE. The UE measures received signals from Bluetooth beacons, and using the measurement results and a references database, the location of the UE can be calculated. The Bluetooth technique may be combined with other positioning techniques (e.g., WLAN) to improve positioning accuracy of a UE.

[0076] The TBS positioning technique includes a network of ground-based transmitters that broadcast signals for positioning purposes. Examples of types of TBS positioning signals are Metropolitan Beacon System (MBS) signals and PRSs. A UE measures received TBS signals, optionally aided by assistance data, to calculate its location and / or to send measurements to a positioning server for position calculation.

[0077] The motion sensor positioning techniques make use of different sensors, such as accelerometers, gyros, magnetometers, and so forth to calculate the displacement of a UE. The UE can estimate a relative displacement based on a reference position and / or a reference time. The UE can send a report that includes the determined relative displacement, which can be used to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 24 determine the absolute position of the UE. This technique can be used with other positioning techniques for hybrid positioning.

[0078] Different downlink measurements, such as used for RAT-dependent positioning measurements and techniques, include DL PRS-RSRP, DL RSTD, and UE Rx-Tx time difference, such as the supported RAT-dependent positioning techniques shown below in Table (4). Measurement configurations that may be used include four (4) pair of DL RSTD measurements, which may be performed per pair of cells, and each measurement is performed between a different pair of DL PRS resources and / or resource sets with a single reference timing. Additionally, eight (8) DL PRS RSRP measurements can be performed on different DL PRS resources from the same cell. DL PRS reference signal received power (DL PRS-RSRP) Definition DL PRS-RSRP is the linear average over the power contributions (in 8) of the resource elements that carry DL PRS reference signals configured for RSRP measurements within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For FR1, the reference point for the DL PRS-RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. For FR2, DL PRS-RSRP shall be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch. For FR1 and FR2, if receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported DL PRS-RSRP value shall not be lower than the corresponding DL PRS-RSRP of any of the individual receiver branches. Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency DL reference signal time difference (DL RSTD) Definition DL RSTD is the DL relative timing difference between the positioning node j and the reference positioning node i, defined as TSubframeRxj– TSubframeRxi, Where: TSubframeRxjis the time when the UE receives the start of one subframe from positioning node j. TSubframeRxi is the time when the UE receives the corresponding start of one subframe from positioning node i that is closest in time to the subframe received from positioning node j. Multiple DL PRS resources can be used to determine the start of one subframe from a positioning node. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 25 For FR1, the reference point for the DL RSTD shall be the antenna connector of the UE. For FR2, the reference point for the DL RSTD shall be the antenna of the UE. Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency UE Rx – Tx time difference Definition The UE Rx – Tx time difference is defined as TUE-RX– TUE-TXWhere: TUE-RX is the UE received timing of downlink subframe #i from a positioning node, defined by the first detected path in time. TUE-TX is the UE transmit timing of uplink subframe #j that is closest in time to the subframe #i received from the positioning node. Multiple DL PRS resources can be used to determine the start of one subframe of the first arrival path of the positioning node. For FR1, the reference point for TUE-RX measurement shall be the Rx antenna connector of the UE and the reference point for TUE-TXmeasurement shall be the Tx antenna connector of the UE. For FR2, the reference point for TUE-RX measurement shall be the Rx antenna of the UE and the reference point for TUE-TXmeasurement shall be the Tx antenna of the UE. Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency DL PRS RSRPP (Reference Signal Received Path Power) Definition DL PRS reference signal received path power (DL PRS-RSRPP), is the power of the linear average of the channel response at the i-th path delay of the resource elements that carry a DL PRS signal configured for the measurement, where DL PRS-RSRPP for the 1st path delay is the power contribution corresponding to the first detected path in time. For FR1, the reference point for the DL PRS-RSRPP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. For FR2, DL PRS-RSRPP shall be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch. Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED, RRC_INACTIVE UL Angle of Arrival (UL AoA) Definition UL AoA is the estimated azimuth angle (A-AoA) and vertical angle (Z-AoA) of a UE with respect to a reference direction, where the reference direction is: - In the global coordinate system (GCS), where estimated azimuth angle is measured relative to geographical North and is positive in a counter- Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 26 clockwise direction, and estimated vertical angle is measured relative to zenith and positive to horizontal direction; - In the local coordinate system (LCS), where estimated azimuth angle is measured relative to the x-axis of LCS and is positive in a counter- clockwise direction, and estimated vertical angle is measured relative to z-axis of LCS and positive to x-y plane direction. The bearing, downtilt. and slant angles of LCS are defined. The UL-AoA is determined at the gNB antenna for an UL channel corresponding to this UE. UL Relative Time of Arrival (TUL-RTOA) DefinitionThe UL TUL-RTOAis the beginning of subframe i containing SRS received in Reception Point (RP) j, relative to the RTOA Reference Time. The UL RTOA reference time is defined as ^^ + ^^^^, where- ^^is the nominal beginning time of SFN 0 provided by SFN Initialization Time -^^^^ = ^10^^ + ^^^^ × 10^^, where ^^ and ^^^ are the system framenumber and the subframe number of the SRS, respectively. Multiple SRS resources can be used to determine the beginning of one subframe containing SRS received at a RP. The reference point for TUL-RTOAshall be: - for type 1-C base station TS 38.104: the Rx antenna connector, - for type 1-O or 2-O base station TS 38.104: the Rx antenna (i.e. the center location of the radiating region of the Rx antenna), - for type 1-H base station TS 38.104: the Rx Transceiver Array Boundary connector. gNB Rx – Tx time difference Definition The gNB Rx – Tx time difference is defined as TgNB-RX – TgNB-TX Where: TgNB-RX is the transmission-reception point (TRP) received timing of uplink subframe #i containing SRS associated with UE, defined by the first detected path in time. TgNB-TX is the TRP transmit timing of downlink subframe #j that is closest in time to the subframe #i received from the UE. Multiple SRS resources can be used to determine the start of one subframe containing SRS. The reference point for TgNB-RX shall be: - for type 1-C base station: the Rx antenna connector, Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 27 - for type 1-O or 2-O base station: the Rx antenna (i.e. the center location of the radiating region of the Rx antenna), - for type 1-H base station: the Rx transceiver array boundary connector. The reference point for TgNB-TX shall be: - for type 1-C base station TS 38.104]: the Tx antenna connector, - for type 1-O or 2-O base station TS 38.104]: the Tx antenna (i.e. the center location of the radiating region of the Tx antenna), - for type 1-H base station TS 38.104: the Tx transceiver array boundary connector. Table (4): Positioning Measurement Definitions for DL-based and UL-based positioning

[0079] With reference to NR (Rel. 15) Type-II codebook, a base station (e.g., gNB) can be equipped with a two-dimensional (2D) antenna array with N1, N2antenna ports per polarization placed horizontally and vertically, and communication occurs over N3PMI sub-bands. A PMI sub- band consists of a set of resource blocks, with each resource block consisting of a set of subcarriers. In this case, 2N1N2CSI-RS ports are utilized to enable downlink channel estimation with high resolution for NR (Rel. 15) Type-II codebook. In order to reduce the uplink (UL) feedback overhead, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based CSI compression of the spatial domain is applied to L dimensions per polarization, where L<N1N2. In the sequel, the indices of the 2L dimensions are referred as the spatial domain (SD) basis indices. The magnitude and phase values of the linear combination coefficients for each sub-band are fed back to the base station as part ofthe CSI report. The 2N1N2xN3 codebook per layer l takes on the form:^^ = ^^^^,^,where W1is a 2N1N2x2L block-diagonal matrix (L<N1N2) with two identical diagonal blocks, i.e., ^= ^^ ^^ ^ ^^,and B is an N1N2xL matrix with columns drawn from a 2D oversampled DFT matrix, as follows: ^= ^ ^!^ ^!^^$#^^^^ ^ ⋯ ^ ^(Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 28 .^ ^ ^ ^ / = 0^^ / ^ + 1^, 0 ≤ ^ / ^ < 5^, 0 ≤ 1^ < 0^,where the superscriptTO1, O2oversampling factors are assumed for the 2D DFT matrix from which matrix B is drawn. Note that W1is common across all layers. W2,l is a 2Lx N3 matrix, where the ithcolumn corresponds to the linear combination coefficients of the 2L beams in the ithsub-band. Only the indices of the L selected columns of B are reported, along with the oversampling index taking on O1O2values. Note that W2,lare independent for different layers.

[0080] With reference to NR (Rel. 15) Type-II Port Selection codebook, only K (where K ≤ 2N1N2) beamformed CSI-RS ports are utilized in DL transmission, in order to reducecomplexity. The KxN3 codebook matrix per layer takes on the form:^ 7^ = ^ 8^ ^^,^.

[0081] Here, W2 follow the same structure as the conventional NR Type-II Codebook, and are layer specific. ^7^8is a Kx2L block-diagonal matrix with two identical diagonal blocks, i.e., ^78 = ^9 ^^ ^and E is an:^ × ; matrix whose columnsvectors, as follows:9 = ^^^: / ^^ ^: / ^^ ^: / ^^^<=^^>?=>?,: / ^^ ^^<=^^>?=>?A^,: / ^^ … ^^<=^^>?=>?AC^^,: / ^^ ^,where parameter takes on the values {1,2,3,4} under the condition dPS≤ min(K / 2, L), whereas mPStakes on the valuesD0, … , E :F − 1H and is reported as part of the UL CSI feedback overhead. W is common

[0082] For K=16, L=4 and dPS =1, the 8 possible realizations of E corresponding to mPS= {0,1,…,7} are as follows: Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 29 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1é0 1 0 0ùé1 0 0 0ùé0 0 0 0ùé0 0 0 0ùé0ùéùê ú ê ú ê 0 0ú ê 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0ú ê0 0 0 0ú ê0 0 0 0ú0úú0, 0úú0ú0arefollows: 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0é0 1 0 0ùé0 0 0 0ùé0 0 0ùéùê 1 0ú 0 0 0 0 10 0 ê1 0 0 0ú ê0 0 0 0ú ê0 0 0 0úêê0 0 0 1úúêê0 1 0 0úúêê0 0 0 0úúê0 0 0 0ú00 0,ê ú0 0 0 1 0,1, .êêúúêêúúê0 0 0êúúê0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ê0 0 0 0úúê0 0 0 0úê0 0 0 0úê0 0 1 0úê1 0 0 0úë0 0 0 0û ë0 0 0 0û ë0 0 0 1û ë0 1 0 0û

[0084] When dPS =3, the 3 possible realizations of E corresponding of mPS ={0,1,2} are as follows: 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0é0 1ùéùéùê 0 0ú ê0 0 0 0ú ê0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0úêê0 0 0 1úúêê1 0 0 0úúêê0 0 0 0ú, ,ú0 0 0.ê0ê0 0 0 0úúê0 1 0 0ê0 0 1 0úúê0 0 0 0ê0 0 0 0úúê0 0 0 0úê0 0 0 1úê1 0 0 0úë0 0 0 0û ë0 0 0 0û ë0 1 0 0û

[0085] When dPS=4, the 2 possible realizations of E corresponding of mPS={0,1} are as follows: 10 0 0 0 0 0 0é0 1 0 0ùé0 0ùê 1 0ú 0 00 0 ê0 0 0 0úêê0 0 0 1úúêê0 0 0 0úú0 0 0 0,1.êê0 0 0 0úúê0 0 0ê0 1 0 0úúê0 0 0 0úê0 0 1 0úë0 0 0 0û ë0 0 0 1û

[0086] To summarize, mPSparametrizes the location of the first 1 in the first column of E, whereas dPSrepresents the row shift corresponding to different values of mPS. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 30

[0087] With reference to NR (Rel. 15) Type-I codebook, the Type-I codebook is the baseline codebook for NR, with a variety of configurations. The most common utility of the Type-I codebook is a special case of NR Type-II codebook with L=1 for rank indicator (RI)=1,2, where a phase coupling value is reported for each sub-band, i.e., W2,l is 2xN3, with the first row equal to[1, 1, …, 1] and the second row equal to P^ ^!∅* , … , ^ ^!∅RS,'T. Under specific configurations,ϕ0= ϕ1 …= ϕ, i.e., wideband reporting. are used for each pair of layers.The NR Type-I codebook can be as a version of NR Type-II codebook with spatial beam selection per layer-pair and phase combining only.

[0088] With reference to NR (Rel. 16) Type-II codebook, a base station (e.g., gNB) can be equipped with a two-dimensional (2D) antenna array with N1, N2antenna ports per polarization placed horizontally and vertically and communication occurs over N3PMI sub-bands. A PMI sub-band consists of a set of resource blocks, with each resource block consisting of a set of subcarriers. In this case, 2N1N2N3CSI-RS ports are utilized to enable DL channel estimation with high resolution for NR (Rel. 16) Type-II codebook. In order to reduce the UL feedback overhead, a DFT-based CSI compression of the spatial domain is applied to L dimensions per polarization, where L<N1N2. Similarly, additional compression in the frequency domain is applied, where each beam of the frequency-domain precoding vectors is transformed using an inverse DFT matrix to the delay domain, and the magnitude and phase values of a subset of the delay-domain coefficients are selected and fed back to the base station as part of the CSI report. The 2N1N2xN3 codebook per layertakes on the form:^ = U W^ ^^^^,^^V,^ ,where W1 is a 2N1N2x2L block-diagonal matrix (L<N1N2) with two identical diagonal blocks, i.e., ^^ = ^^ ^^ ^^,and B is an N1N2xL matrix with columns DFT matrix, as follows: ^#XY #XY^R#,'^^ = P ^ Z#R# ⋯ ^ Z#R# T,(,Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 31 6 / = 0^^^ / ^^ + 1^, 0 ≤ ^^ / ^^ < 5^, 0 ≤ 1^ < 0^,where the superscriptTO2oversampling factors are assumed for the 2D DFT matrix from which matrix B is drawn. Note that W1 is common across all layers. Wfis an N3xM matrix (M<N3) with columns selected from a critically-sampledsize-N3 DFT matrix, as follows:^V,^ = )\]* \]' ⋯ \]^_,'-, 0 ≤ ` / ≤ 5^ − 1,

[0089] Only thewith the oversampling index taking on O1O2values. Similarly, for Wf,l, only the indices of the M selected columns out of the predefined size-N3 DFT matrix are reported. In the sequel the indices of the M dimensions are referred to as the selected frequency domain (FD) basis indices. Hence, L, M represent the equivalent spatial and frequency dimensions after compression, respectively. Finally, the 2LxM matrix ^U^represents the linear combination coefficients (LCCs) of the spatial and frequency DFT-basis vectors. Both ^U^, Wf are selected independent for different layers. Amplitude and phase values of an approximately β fraction of the 2LM available coefficients are reported to the base station (β<1) as part of the CSI report. Note that coefficients with zero amplitude values are indicated via a layer-specific bitmap matrix Slof size 2LxM, where each bit of the bitmap matrix Slindicates whether a coefficient has a zero-amplitude value, where for these coefficients no quantized amplitude and phase values need to be reported. Since all non-zero coefficients reported within a layer are normalized with respect to the coefficient with the largest amplitude value (strongest coefficient), where the amplitude and phase values corresponding to the strongest coefficient are set to one and zero, respectively, and hence no further amplitude and phase information is explicitly reported for this coefficient, and only an indication of the index of the strongest coefficient per layer is reported. Hence, for a single-layer transmission, amplitude, and phase values of a maximum of ⌈2βLM⌉-1 coefficients (along with the indices of selected L, M DFT vectors) are reported per layer, leading to significant reduction in CSI report size, compared with reporting 2N1N2xN3 -1 coefficients’ information. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 32

[0090] For the Type-II Port Selection codebook (Rel. 16), only K (where K ≤ 2N1N2) beamformed CSI-RS ports are utilized in DL transmission, in order to reduce complexity. The KxN3codebook matrix per layer takes on the form:^ 78^ U W^ = ^ ^^,^^V,^ .

[0091] Here, ^U^,^and Wf,lfollow theconventional NR (Rel. 16) Type-II Codebook, where both are layer specific. The matrix ^7^8is a Kx2L block-diagonal matrix with the same structure as that in the NR (Rel. 15) Type-II Port Selection codebook.

[0092] The NR (Rel. 17) Type-II Port Selection codebook follows a similar structure as that ofRel. 15 and Rel. 16 port-selection codebooks, as follows:^ ddd78 U W^ = ^^ ^^,^^V,^ .However, unlike Rel. 15 and Rel. 16the port-selection matrixd ^dd78^ supports free selection of the K ports, or more precisely the K / 2 ports per polarization out ofthe N N CSI5^5^1 2 -RS ports per polarization, i.e., elog^ i lm bits are used to identify the K / 2 selectedports per polarization, where this selectionall layers. Here, ^U^,^and Wf,l follow the same structure as the conventional NR Rel. 16 Type-II Codebook, however M is limited to 1,2 only, with the network configuring a window of size N ={2,4} for M =2. Moreover, the bitmap is reported unless β=1 and the UE reports all the coefficients for a rank up to a value of two.

[0093] With reference to NR (Rel. 18) Type-II codebook, the time-domain corresponding to slots is further compressed via DFT-based transformation, where the codebook is in the following form: ^= ^ ^U n W^ ^ ^,^ ^V,^^^=,^pwhere W1, Wf,l follow the same Wd,l is an N4xQ matrix (Q ≤N4) with columns selected from a critically-sampled size-N4 DFT matrix, as follows:^=,^ = Pqr* qr' ⋯ qrs,'T, 0 ≤ 1 / ≤ 5t − 1,Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 33

[0094] Only the indices of the Q selected columns of Wd,lare reported. Note that Wd,lmay belayer specific, e.g., ^q,^ ≠ ^q,x, or layer common, i.e., ^q,^ = ⋯ = ^q,yz, where RI correspondsto the total number of layers, and the operator ^ corresponds to a Kronecker matrix product. Here,^U^,^ is a 2LxMQ sized matrix with layer-specific entries representing the LCCs corresponding tothe spatial-domain, frequency-domain and time-domain DFT-basis vectors. Thereby, a size 2LxMQ bitmap may need to be reported associated with Rel-18 Type-II codebook.

[0095] With reference to codebook reporting, the codebook report is partitioned into two parts based on the priority of information reported. Each part is encoded separately (Part 1 has a possibly higher code rate). Below, only the parameters for NR (Rel. 16) Type-II codebook are listed. With reference to the content of a CSI report, a Part 1 is RI + channel quality indicator (CQI) + total number of coefficients. A Part 2 is SD basis indicator + FD basis indicator / layer + bitmap / layer + coefficient amplitude info / layer + coefficient phase info / layer + strongest coefficient indicator / layer. Furthermore, Part 2 CSI can be decomposed into sub-parts, each with different priority (higher priority information listed first). Such partitioning is required to allow dynamic reporting size for a codebook based on available resources in the UL phase. Additionally, Type-II codebook is based on aperiodic CSI reporting, and only reported in PUSCH via DCI triggering (one exception). Type-I codebook can be based on periodic CSI reporting (physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)) or semi-persistent CSI reporting (PUSCH or PUCCH) or aperiodic reporting (PUSCH).

[0096] With reference to reporting CSI report Part 2, note that multiple CSI reports may be transmitted with different priorities, as shown below in Table (5). Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 34 Priority 0: For CSI reports 1 to 5{|}, Group 0 CSI for CSI reports configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'; Part 2 wideband CSI for CSI reports configured otherwise Priority 1: Group 1 CSI for CSI report 1, if configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'; Part 2 sub-band CSI of even sub-bands for CSI report 1, if configured otherwise Priority 2: Group 2 CSI for CSI report 1, if configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'; Part 2 sub-band CSI of odd sub-bands for CSI report 1, if configured otherwise Priority 3: Group 1 CSI for CSI report 2, if configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'; Part 2 sub-band CSI of even sub-bands for CSI report 2, if configured otherwise Priority 4: Group 2 CSI for CSI report 2, if configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'. Part 2 sub-band CSI of odd sub-bands for CSI report 2, if configured otherwise ^ Priority 25{|} − 1:Group 1 CSI for CSI report 5{|}, if configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'; Part 2 sub-band CSI of even sub-bands for CSI report 5{|}, if configured otherwise Priority 25{|}: Group 2 CSI for CSI report 5{|}, if configured as 'typeII-r16' or 'typeII-PortSelection-r16'; Part 2 sub-band CSI of odd sub-bands for CSI report 5{|}, if configured otherwise Table (5): Priority Reporting Levels for Part 2 CSI

[0097] Note that the priority of the NRepCSI reports are based on the following: (1) a CSI report corresponding to one CSI reporting configuration for one cell may have higher priority compared Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 35 with another CSI report corresponding to one other CSI reporting configuration for the same cell; (2) CSI reports intended to one cell may have higher priority compared with other CSI reports intended to another cell; (3) CSI reports may have higher priority based on the CSI report content (e.g., CSI reports carrying L1-RSRP information have higher priority); and (4) CSI reports may have higher priority based on their type (e.g., whether the CSI report is aperiodic, semi-persistent or periodic, and whether the report is sent via PUSCH or PUCCH, may impact the priority of the CSI report). In light of that, CSI reports may be prioritized as follows, where CSI reports with lower IDshave higher priority:Pri / ^^^^^, `, ^, ^^ = 2 ∙ 5^|^^^ ∙ ^^ ∙ ^ + 5^|^^^ ∙ ^^ ∙ ` + ^^ ∙ ^ + ^s: CSI reporting configuration index, and Ms: Maximum number of CSI reporting configurations c: Cell index, and Ncells: Number of serving cells k: 0 for CSI reports carrying L1-RSRP or L1-Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio (SINR), 1 otherwise y: 0 for aperiodic reports, 1 for semi-persistent reports on PUSCH, 2 for semi-persistent reports on PUCCH, 3 for periodic reports.

[0098] With reference to triggering aperiodic CSI reporting on PUSCH, a UE needs to report the needed CSI information for the network using the CSI framework in NR (Rel. 15). The triggering mechanism between a report setting and a resource setting can be summarized as shown below in Table (6). Periodic CSI AP CSI SP CSI reporting reporting Reporting Periodic • MAC CE (PUCCH) CSI-RS RRC configured • DCI (PUSCH) DCI Time Domain Behavior of • MAC CE (PUCCH) SP CSI-RS Not Supported • DCI Resource Setting DCI (PUSCH) AP CSI-RS Not Supported Not Supported DCI Table (6): Triggering Mechanism between a Report Setting and a Resource Setting

[0099] Moreover, all associated resource settings for a CSI report setting need to have the same time domain behavior. Periodic CSI-RS / interference management (IM) resource and CSI reports Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 36 are assumed to be present and active once configured by radio resource control (RRC). Aperiodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS / IM resources and CSI reports are explicitly triggered or activated. For aperiodic CSI-RS / IM resources and aperiodic CSI reports, the triggering is performed jointly by transmitting a DCI format 0_1. Semi-persistent CSI-RS / IM resources and semi-persistent CSI reports are independently activated.

[0100] Figure 4 illustrates an example of an aperiodic trigger state defining a list of CSI report settings 400, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, for aperiodic CSI-RS / IM resources and aperiodic CSI reports, the triggering is performed jointly by transmitting a DCI format 0_1. The DCI format 0_1 contains a CSI request field (0 to 6 bits). A non-zero request field points to an aperiodic trigger state configured by RRC. An aperiodic trigger state in turn is defined as a list of up to sixteen (16) aperiodic CSI report settings, identified by a CSI report setting identifier (ID) for which the UE calculates simultaneously CSI and transmits it on the scheduled PUSCH transmission.

[0101] Figure 5 illustrates an example 500 of aperiodic trigger state that indicates the resource set and QCL information as related to reference signal enhancements for NES in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. This example 500 indicates that when the CSI report setting is linked with an aperiodic resource setting (which may include multiple resource sets), the aperiodic NZP CSI-RS resource set for channel measurement, the aperiodic CSI-IM resource set (if used), and the aperiodic NZP CSI-RS resource set for IM (if used) to use for a given CSI report setting are also included in the aperiodic trigger state definition, as shown in this example 500. For aperiodic NZP CSI-RS, the QCL source to use is also configured in the aperiodic trigger state. The UE assumes that the resources used for the computation of the channel and interference can be processed with the same spatial filter (i.e. quasi‐co‐located with respect to “QCL‐TypeD”).

[0102] Figure 6 illustrates an example 600 of a RRC configuration for (a) an NZP-CSI-RS resource and (b) CSI-IM resource as related to reference signal enhancements for NES in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. This example 600 indicates the RRC configuration for NZP-CSI-RS / CSI-IM resources. A Table (7) below summarizes the type of UL channels used for CSI reporting as a function of the CSI codebook type. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 37 Periodic CSI reporting SP CSI reporting AP CSI reporting Type I WB PUCCH Format 2,3,4 • PUCCH Format 2 PUSCH • PUSCH • PUCCH Format 3,4 Type I SB PUSCH • PUSCH • PUCCH Format 3,4 Type II WB PUSCH • PUSCH Type II SB PUSCH PUSCH Type II Part 1 only PUCCH Format 3,4 Table (7): UL Channels used for CSI Reporting as a Function of the CSI Codebook Type

[0103] Figure 7 illustrates an example 700 of a partial CSI omission for PUSCH-based CSI as related to reference signal enhancements for NES in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. For aperiodic CSI reporting, PUSCH-based reports are divided into two CSI parts, CSI Part1 and CSI Part 2, because the size of CSI payload varies significantly, and therefore a worst- case uplink control information (UCI) payload size design would result in large overhead. CSI Part 1 has a fixed payload size (and can be decoded by the base station without prior information) and contains the following: RI (if reported), CSI-RS resource index (CRI) (if reported), and CQI for the first codeword; and a number of non-zero wideband amplitude coefficients per layer for Type II CSI feedback on PUSCH. CSI Part 2 has a variable payload size that can be derived from the CSI parameters in CSI Part 1 and contains PMI and the CQI for the second codeword when RI > 4. For example, if the aperiodic trigger state indicated by DCI format 0_1 defines 3 report settings x, y, and z, then the aperiodic CSI reporting for CSI part 2 will be ordered as indicated in this example 700.

[0104] As described, CSI reports are prioritized according to several factors, including the time-domain behavior and physical channel, where more dynamic reports are given precedence over less dynamic reports and PUSCH has precedence over PUCCH; CSI content, where beam reports (i.e. L1-reference signal received power (RSRP) reporting) has priority over regular CSI reports; the serving cell to which the CSI corresponds (in case of carrier aggregation (CA) operation), and CSI corresponding to the PCell has priority over CSI corresponding to Scells; and the reportConfigID. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 38

[0105] With reference to CQI reporting, a CSI report may include a CQI report quantity corresponding to channel quality assuming a maximum target transport block error rate, which indicates a modulation order, a code rate, and a corresponding spectral efficiency associated with the modulation order and code rate pair. Examples of the maximum transport block error rates are 0.1 and 0.00001. The modulation order can vary from quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) up to 1024QAM, whereas the code rate may vary from 30 / 1024 up to 948 / 1024. One example of a CQI table for a 4-bit CQI indicator that identifies a possible CQI value with the corresponding modulation order, code rate and efficiency is provided in Table (8) below. CQI index modulation code rate x 1024 efficiency 0 out of range 1 QPSK 78 0.1523 2 QPSK 120 0.2344 3 QPSK 193 0.3770 4 QPSK 308 0.6016 5 QPSK 449 0.8770 6 QPSK 602 1.1758 7 16QAM 378 1.4766 8 16QAM 490 1.9141 9 16QAM 616 2.4063 10 64QAM 466 2.7305 11 64QAM 567 3.3223 12 64QAM 666 3.9023 13 64QAM 772 4.5234 14 64QAM 873 5.1152 15 64QAM 948 5.5547 Table (8): Example of a 4-bit CQI Table

[0106] A CQI value may be reported in two formats: a wideband format, where one CQI value is reported corresponding to each PDSCH transport block, and a sub-band format, where one wideband CQI value is reported for the entire transport block, in addition to a set of sub-band CQI values corresponding to CQI sub-bands on which the transport block is transmitted. CQI sub-band Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 39 sizes are configurable, and depends on the number of PRBs in a bandwidth part, as shown in Table (9) below. Bandwidth part (PRBs) Sub-band size (PRBs) 24 – 72 4, 8 73 – 144 8, 16 145 – 275 16, 32 Table (9): Configurable Sub-Band Sizes for a Given Bandwidth Part (BWP) Size

[0107] If the higher layer parameter cqi-BitsPerSubband in a CSI reporting setting CSI-ReportConfig is configured, sub-band CQI values are reported in a full form (i.e., using 4 bits for each sub-band CQI based on a CQI table, e.g., Table 4). If the higher layer parameter cqi-BitsPerSubband in CSI-ReportConfig is not configured, for each sub-band s, a 2-bit sub-band differential CQI value is reported, defined as: Sub-band Offset level (s) = sub-band CQI index (s) - wideband CQI index.

[0108] The mapping from the 2-bit sub-band differential CQI values to the offset level is shown in Table (10) below. Sub-band differential CQI value Offset level 0 0 1 1 2 ≥ 2 3 ≤-1 Table (10): Mapping Sub-Band Differential CQI Value to Offset Level

[0109] Figure 8 illustrates an example system 800 of a functional framework for a machine learning model and NR air interface, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example system 800, the functional framework includes multiple processes that enable AI / ML functionality over the air interface. Data collection 802 is a function that provides input data to model training 804, management 806, and inference 808 functions. Training data 810 is a data input to the AI / ML model training 804, and monitoring data 812 is a data input to the management 806 of Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 40 the AI / ML model or for AI / ML functionalities. Similarly, inference data 814 is a data input to the AI / ML function for inference 808.

[0110] The model training 804 is a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing, which may generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the model testing procedure. The model training 804 is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre- processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data 810 that is received from data collection 802, if required. A model storage 816 can be used to deliver trained, validated, and tested AI / ML models (e.g., a trained and / or updated model 818), or can receive an updated version of a model at the model storage.

[0111] The management 806 is a function that oversees the operation (e.g., selection, (de)activation, switching, and / or fallback) and monitoring (e.g., performance) of AI / ML models and / or AI / ML functionalities. This function is also implemented to make decisions to ensure the proper inference operation based on data received from the functions for data collection 802 and inference 808. A management instruction 820 from management 806 to inference 808 is information provided as an input to manage the inference function. This information may include selection, (de)activation and / or switching of AI / ML models and / or AI / ML-based functionalities, or as a fallback to non-AI / ML operations (i.e., not relying on an inference process), etc. A model transfer and / or delivery request 822 from management 806 to the model storage 816 is used to request model(s) from the model storage. A performance feedback and / or retraining request 824 from management 806 to model training 804 is information used as an input for the model training function (e.g., for model (re)training or updating purposes).

[0112] The function for inference 808 provides outputs from the process of applying AI / ML models and / or AI / ML functionalities, using the data that is provided by data collection 802 (i.e., the inference data 814 from data collection 802 as a data input to inference 808). The function of inference 808 is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the inference data 814 delivered by data collection 802, if required. An inference output 826 is data used by the function of management 806 to monitor the performance of AI / ML models and / or AI / ML functionalities. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 41

[0113] The model storage 816 is a function responsible for storing the trained and / or updated models 818 that can be used to perform the inference function. The function of model storage 816 is representative of a reference point (if any) when applicable for protocol terminations, model transfer and / or delivery, and related processes. It should be noted that its purpose does not encompass restricting the actual storage locations of models, and all data, information, and instruction input and outputs to / from the model storage are case by case, as needed. The model transfer and / or delivery 828 is used to deliver an AI / ML model to the inference function.

[0114] With reference to positioning accuracy enhancements, some selected representative sub-use cases may include direct AI / ML positioning, with an AI / ML model output indicating a UE location (e.g., fingerprinting or signature based on channel observation as the input of the AI / ML model). An AI / ML assisted positioning, with an AI / ML model output indicating a new measurement and / or enhancement of an existing measurement (e.g., a line of sight (LOS) or NLOS identification, timing, and / or angle of measurement, likelihood of measurement). More specifically, additional use cases may include a case 1 for UE-based positioning with a UE-side model, direct AI / ML, or AI / ML assisted positioning; a case 2a for UE-assisted and / or LMF-based positioning with a UE-side model, or AI / ML assisted positioning; a case 2b for UE-assisted and / or LMF-based positioning with a LMF-side model, or direct AI / ML positioning; a case 3a for NG-RAN node assisted positioning with a base station-side model, or AI / ML assisted positioning; and a case 3b for NG-RAN node assisted positioning with a LMF-side model, or direct AI / ML positioning. Additionally, a one-sided model with inference may be performed entirely at a UE, or at the network (e.g., as prioritized in Rel-18 SI).

[0115] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a machine learning model functional framework 900 for RAN intelligence, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the functional framework 900 includes data collection 902 as a function that provides input data to model training 904 and model inference 906 functions. The AI / ML algorithm specific data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) may not be implemented in the function for data collection 902. Examples of input data may include measurements from UEs or different network entities, feedback from an actor 908, and / or output from an AI / ML model. Training data 910 is a data input to the AI / ML model training 904, and inference data 912 is a data input to the AI / ML function for model inference 906. The model Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 42 training 904 may provide a model deployment and / or update 914 to the function for model inference 906.

[0116] The function for model inference 906 provides AI / ML model inference output 916 (e.g. predictions or decisions), and in implementations, may provide model performance feedback 918 to the model training 904. The function for model inference 906 may also implemented for data preparation (e.g. data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the inference data 912 delivered from data collection 902, if required. The inference output 916 of the AI / ML model is generated or determined by the model inference function, and details of the inference output are specific for various use cases. Additionally, the model performance feedback 918 from model inference 906 may be used to monitor the performance of the AI / ML model, when available. The actor 908 is a function that receives the output 916 from the model inference 906 and triggers or performs corresponding actions. The actor 908 may trigger actions directed to other entities, or to itself. The feedback 920 back to data collection 902 is information that may be needed to derive the training data 910, the inference data 912, or to monitor the performance of the AI / ML model and its impact to the network through updating of KPIs and performance counters.

[0117] The following are some non-limiting examples of entities and terminologies that may be referred to in this disclosure. A transmission point (TP) is a set of geographically co-located transmit antennas (e.g. an antenna array, such as with one or more antenna elements) for one cell, part of one cell, or one PRS-only TP. Transmission points can include base station (eNodeB) antennas, remote radio heads, a remote antenna of a base station, an antenna of a PRS-only TP, etc. One cell can be formed by one or multiple transmission points. For a homogeneous deployment, each transmission point may correspond to one cell.

[0118] A reception point (RP) is a set of geographically co-located receive antennas (e.g. an antenna array, such as with one or more antenna elements) for one cell, part of one cell, or one UL- SRS-only RP. Reception points can include base station (ng-eNB or gNB) antennas, remote radio heads, a remote antenna of a base station, an antenna of a UL-SRS-only RP, etc. One cell can include one or multiple reception points. For a homogeneous deployment, each reception point may correspond to one cell. A transmission-reception point (TRP) is a set of geographically co-located antennas (e.g. an antenna array, such as with one or more antenna elements) supporting TP and / or Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 43 RP functionality. A PRS-only TP is a TP that only transmits PRS signals or DL-PRS for PRS-based TBS positioning and is not associated with a cell.

[0119] A PRU at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements, etc.) and report these measurements to a location server. In addition, the PRU can transmit SRS to enable TRPs to measure and report UL positioning measurements (e.g., RTOA, UL-AoA, gNB Rx-Tx time difference, etc.) from a PRU at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by a location server with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correction terms for other nearby target devices. The DL and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can then be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms. A PRU may also comprise of a TRP with a known location.

[0120] Additionally, a target-UE may be referred to as a UE of interest, having a position or location (absolute or relative) that is to be obtained or determined by the network or by the UE itself. Further, any reference made to a device or UE position or location information may refer to a 2D or 3D absolute position, a 2D or 3D relative position, a distance, a relative direction with respect to another node or network entity, ranging in terms of distance, ranging in terms of direction, and / or any combination thereof. As described in the present disclosure, the terms AI and ML may be used interchangeably to refer to an intelligent software component or system, such as a machine learning model.

[0121] In aspects of this disclosure, a channel measurement and its distinctive properties at a given location is an aspect to enable direct AI / ML-based positioning. For direct AI / ML positioning, techniques such as fingerprinting can be leveraged by AI / ML models to obtain enhanced location estimates based on the type of RF signatures associated with a given location. The present disclosure provides for DL-based channel measurements and fingerprinting that support implementations of direct AI / ML positioning, and provides for configurability to manage the channel fingerprinting overhead. In aspects of the described techniques, a first technique supports defining a raw multi-dimensional channel vector signature or fingerprint for supporting UE-based positioning with a UE-side model, as well as UE-assisted and / or LMF-based positioning with a LMF-side model and NG-RAN-assisted positioning with a base station-side model. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 44

[0122] A second technique is described to reduce the overhead that may occur for multi- dimensional channel vector signature or fingerprint measurements according to different configuration parameters. It is noted that, in defining channel observations, they are a function of a number of samples and can be performed over a time period and over a frequency, which could result in higher overhead measurements that may affect air interface resources. A third technique is described to reduce the overhead that may occur for multi-dimensional channel vector signature or fingerprint on a system level (e.g., based on reducing the number of TRPs to be measured and a quality of the channels to be measured). It should be noted that any of the described techniques may be implemented in combination with each other.

[0123] With reference to the first described technique for channel fingerprint measurement, a fingerprint measurement is generated based on a measurement of a received DL-PRS signal at a target UE or PRU UE. In other implementations, other reference signals may be used to derive a fingerprint measurement including SSB, CSI-RS, PT-RS, etc. In an example implementation, the DL-PRS fingerprint may be derived based on multiple transmitted DL-PRS resources that include one or more of positioning frequency layers (PFLs), TRPs, DL-PRS resource sets, DL-PRS resources, or a combination thereof. This RF fingerprint represents a unique RF signature of the received DL-PRS at a given location.

[0124] Figure 10 illustrates an example procedure diagram 1000 for using DL-based channel measurements by a machine learning model to determine and output a location of a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. This example procedure diagram 1000 represents an overview of the process from the perspective of receiver 1002 (e.g., a UE, or a PRU UE that has a known location). An advantage of the PRU is that it can perform multiple measurements at a known location of the UE, store the captured data associated with the known location, which may then be used to train a machine learning model based on the stored and captured data.

[0125] At 1004 (step 1), a UE or a PRU UE performs a DL-based channel measurement per location per TRP based on the received DL-PRS or CSI-RS and number of layers. The UE may be configured for a type of channel measurement to be performed (e.g., raw channel measurements or overhead reduced channel measurements), and such as according to a configured codebook. At 1006 (step 2), the UE or the PRU UE performs associated receiver processing on the channel measurement to remove any hardware and / or software imperfections of the measurement, or to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 45 assist in reducing the overall channel overhead based on the described second technique to reduce overhead as described herein.

[0126] At 1008 (step 3), a data collection entity 1010, which may include a UE, a PRU UE, or a network entity (e.g., a LMF, a network data analytics function (NWDAF)) may pre-process the measurement inputs based on the techniques described for overhead reduction, or remove outliers or add labels (e.g., reference location, timestamp information, channel quality metrics, etc.) to filter the measurement data. At 1012 (step 4) the raw measurements (e.g., the unfiltered measurements from receiver processing at 1006), or the processed input data (e.g., the filtered measurements for overhead reduction at 1008), is provided as input data to an AI / ML model 1014. At 1016 (steps 5a, 5b), classification or regression techniques, or unsupervised learning techniques, are performed with a trained AI / ML model (also referred to herein as a machine learning model) with the goal of determining an output 1018 as the location of a UE based on the DL-based channel measurements. At 1020 (step 6), the configured AI / ML model 1014 outputs 2D and / or 3D location information of a target UE based on the trained, multi-dimensional channel signatures or vectors. Notably, the described steps 1-6 may also be applicable to a RAN or NG-RAN node, where a base station (e.g., gNB) is performing a channel measurement, as described in aspects of the techniques in this disclosure.

[0127] In aspects of the described techniques, a CIR measurement, or an approximated version of the channel impulse response, is generated (e.g., based on a received DL-PRS signal at a target UE or a PRU UE, which has been transmitted from a base station or TRP). The received reference signal (RS) may also comprise RSs designed for communication purposes (e.g., CSI-RS, PT-TRS, etc.). This raw CIR of a received positioning reference signal may be utilized or the features of this CIR may be extracted, since the CIR is defined as a channel’s response to an impulse signal, which characterizes the wireless communication channel behavior of a pre-defined period of time. For a transmitted signal, ^^^^, passing through a multipath channel, ℎ^^^, the received signal ^^^^ at a receiver is given by equation(1): ^^^^ = ^^^^ ∗ ℎ^^^ = ^^^^ ^^^^ℎ^^ − ^^ (1)Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 46

[0128] If the transmitted signal is represented by an impulse signal, where ^^^^ = ^^^^, then thedown converted complex baseband channel impulse response, sampled at ^, is given by equation(2): ℎ^^, ^^ = ∑C]^^ ^]^^^^^ ^a ^^^ − ^]^^ (2)where ^]is theper signal path component ` at time ^, and ^]is the path delays normalized to the sample period.

[0129] It is noted that ℎ^^^can be different between different Tx-Rx antenna port pairs. Therefore, for multi-antenna system we need to feed back CIR for all Tx-Rx antenna port pairs, as equation(3): )ℎ(^^{^^^^^^^, ℎ(^^{^^^^^^^, ⋯ , ℎ(^^{^^$^^,^^^^^^- (3)

[0130] In anthe receiving node or UE may obtain or determine a frequency transformation of the CIR for all Tx-Rx antennaport pairs and construct a multi-dimensional matrix ^ of shape n5{^, 5(^, 5V^|rp where ℎ / ]represents the frequency domain representation of channel between the ^^^receiver antenna port and the  ^^transmit antenna port at the `^^subcarrier. This may be applicable to CSI-RS or SRS, which is transmitted and / or received in a multi-port manner, or DL-PRS which is transmitted and / or received using a single antenna port. Note that ℎ / ]are complex numbers in general, so in order totransmit the complete ^, in total 5{^ × 5(^ × 5V^|r complex numbers should be transmitted.

[0131] The resulting matrix ^ represents the channel at a certain location from a certain transmitter (e.g., a base station (e.g., gNB) or a TP (transmission points)). In a more general case, the UE needs to report to the LMF or network node (e.g., a gNB) the channel as part of a uniquefingerprint for a total number of 5(¡ TPs given by a vector ¢£7 = )^¤^1^, ^¤^2^, … , ^¤^5(¡^ -,and for a total number of 1 reference locations ¥ = )1, … , 1-, where each of them corresponds tocertain reference locations or ground truth locations in the environment. Therefore, a definition ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7represents the multi-dimensional channel vector signature, which is given by equation(4):Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 47 ^(¡^^^ (¡^^^ (¡^^^é ^ ^^ ^r©ª¢_¬7 = ê (¡^^^ (¡^^^ (¡^^^ùwhere ^r(¡^­^antenna pairs of UE and the ^^^TP at the 1^^location.

[0132] In other implementations, one or more elements of the ¦§z̈ymulti-dimensional channel vector signature or fingerprint may be updated after deployment AI / ML model, such asduring the monitoring phase, based on dynamic changes in the environment (e.g., movement of people or objects which can affect the overall channel measurement). The ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7multi- dimensional channel vector signatures or fingerprints may also be considered as the raw channel data, which can be utilized for performing direct AI / ML positioning for several cases. For example, a first case includes UE-based positioning with a UE-side model, direct AI / ML. The UE or PRU UE performs the raw channel measurement defined by ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7. This raw channel data is then transferred to an OTT (over-the-top) server or operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM), which may be out of the scope of the entities and elements of a 3GPP network. A second case includes UE-assisted or LMF-based positioning with a LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning. The UE or PRU UE performs the raw channel measurement defined by ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7and then transmits this measurement data to the LMF using LTE positioning protocol (LPP) signaling (e.g., control or user plane signaling). A case 3 includes NG-RAN assisted positioning with a base station-side model, direct AI / ML. The base station, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP performs the channel measurement defined by ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7and then transmits this UL measurement data to the LMF using NRPPa signaling.

[0133] Note that the entries of ^ are continuous values, so they are quantized before being able to feedback or report them through a channel. One way to feedback or report is to use floating point representation and send the real and imaginary part of the data. Considering ® bits quantization, ¦©ª¢_¬7§̈ needs total representation of 2 × ® × 5{^ × 5(^ × 5V^|r × ¥ × 5(¡ bits. This may scaleaccording to the type of network deployment and UE capability, as well as RS configuration described by 5{^, 5(^ , 5V^|r , ¥ and 5(¡.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 48

[0134] With reference to the second described technique for reduced channel matrix overhead, which is sample-based, various techniques can be implemented to reduce ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7multi- dimensional channel vector signatures or fingerprints. The first highlights thepotential for overhead that may be result from utilizing the raw as a fingerprint. In this second described technique, instead of sending ¦§©̈ª¢_¬7or equivalently the complete matrix ^ for each location and each TP, a UE can ^ and then transmit thecompressed data, which captures and maintains the essential of the full ^ matrix. This compressed data can, at a later stage, be decompressed at the receiver to regenerate the complete H and subsequently the CIR in time domain if needed. This would be unique per location per received signal from a particular TP, base station, and / or transmitting node.

[0135] In implementations, consider the slice of matrix ^ for the receiver port, ^^¯, : , : ^. Thistwo-dimensional matrix is in fact the same matrix that is used for calculation of NR CSI feedback. Consequently, the approaches previously proposed for CSI reporting (e.g., as described above, andalso different codebooks as also described above, can be used for compression of ^^¯, : , : ^.Described further, and in an implementation, the UE can perform a procedure thatto (step 1) determine the number layers, ;, that the UE wants to provide for feedback, (step 2)initialize ^ = 1 (first Rx antenna port), . = 1 (first layer), and (step 3) use one of the NR CSIreporting procedures (e.g., Rel. 16 Type2 codebook) to determine the feedback data, ± / ^, associatedwith the .^^ desired precoder, & / ^, for the channel matrix ^^¯, : , : ^. The number of bits used forquantization of ^^¯, : , : ^ depends on the NR CSIwhich can be denoted thatby `^ / . Note that in some implementations, the desired precoder, & / ^ could be the .^^eigenvector ofchannel matrix ^^¯, : , : ^. Further (step 4), compute the eigenvalue associated with & / / ^, namely ^^.Further, determine thevalue of ^^ / , namely ^²^ / , using a quantization scheme with ^^ / bits,e.g., 8bits floating point quantization. Further, (step 5) . = . + 1, and repeat the above procedure forall layers, up to the layer . = ;, (step 6) ^ = ^ + 1, and repeat the procedures for all Rx antennaports, i.e., ^ = 5{^, and (step 7) transmit ³± / / ^, ^²^´ for ^ = µ1,2, ⋯ , 5^^¶ and . = µ1,2, ⋯ , ;¶. Notably,the steps 1-7 described above may beto a RAN or NG-RAN node, where a base station is performing a channel measurement as described in the techniques. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 49

[0136] The receiver uses ± / ^ to estimate & / ^, namely &· / ^, and then reconstruct the fingerprint matrix. The fingerprint matrix can be defined differently, where one approach could be to define fingerprint matrix as equation(5): ^^̧¯, : , : ^ = ∑¹ / / / Wº^^ ^²^. &·^&·^ (5)

[0137] The receiver canlocation or TPs as thesignature for that location, and may use that to train the ML model. Note that ^^̧¯, : , : ^ does notneed to be equal to ^^¯, : , : ^.

[0138] Ininstead of reconstruction of ^,̧ the receiver may use the set of ³&· / / ^ , ^²^´ for ^ = µ1,2, ⋯ , 5^^¶ and . = µ1,2, ⋯ , ;¶ at a different location or TPs directly as thefor that location, and may use that to train the ML model. The number of bits used fortransmission of matrix H at each location and for each TP, i.e., ^r(¡^­^, is then equal to equation(6): ∑»¼½ ¹ / / ¾^^ ∑º^^ n^^ + `^p

[0139] The amount ofbased on selection of the NR CSI reporting procedures (which determines `^ / ^, and which also includes the number of subbands used for reporting of ^^¯, : , : ^, the number of bits used for quantization of eigenvalues, ^ / ^, and thenumber of layers that the UE determines to transmit.

[0140] With reference to the third described technique for reduced channel matrix overhead, which is a system-based approach, various techniques can be implemented to address the overall channel measurement overhead from a system perspective. These techniques can include a reduction in the number of TRPs from which the DL or UL channel is measured. A prioritization criteria of TRPs may be applied, based on many factors, such as to include a UE or PRU UE distance to TRP, a mobility pattern of a UE, etc. The techniques can also include a reduction in the number of reference locations, ground truth locations, and / or location pairs for performing the UL-based channel measurements. A prioritization criteria of reference locations, ground truth locations, and / or location pairs may be applied, where the UL-based channel between two or more locations are relatively similar or are not sufficiently unique. Prioritization may be applied to the reference locations and / or ground truth locations which are deemed sufficiently unique. The Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 50 techniques can also include qualitative sorting, where relatively only good quality channels are considered, while relatively bad quality channels are discarded (e.g., such as channels having a bad quality due to noise interference). The techniques can also include a number of UEs reporting in a given area, where channel matrix overhead may be managed by understanding the amount of UEs required to report channel fingerprint or signatures to avoid overload of the time-frequency resources.

[0141] According to an aspect of the techniques, a UE may be configured via network signaling (e.g., LPP) to provide a set of TRPs to be measured in order to reduce channel matrix overhead from a system perspective. The TRPs to be measured may be provided using an explicit or implicit prioritization criteria, implying that channel measurements from higher TRP priority may be considered, while lower priority TRPs may be discarded. In an implementation, the network may determine so-called higher priority and lower priority TRPs, and indicate this to the UE along with the assigned priorities to the TRPs. In another implementation, a determination of the higher priority and lower priority TRPs may be up to UE implementation. An explicit priority may be assigned along with the TRP ID, or other related identifying information, and signaled to the UE via network signaling (e.g., LPP signaling, such as LPP ProvideAssistanceData or RequestLocationInformation) in order to determine which channels originating from which TRP should be measured. An implicit priority may also be signaled to the UE, where the order of appearance may indicate which TRPs and / or TRP IDs are to be measured (e.g., in a descending order of priority), i.e. as a first appearance in the TRP index or list has the highest priority, while a last appearance in the TRP index or list has the lowest priority. Alternatively, an ascending order of priority may be implemented, where a first appearance in the TRP index or list has the lowest priority, while a last appearance in the TRP index or list has the highest priority.

[0142] In one or more implementations, the number of reference locations, ground truth locations, and / or location pairs may be reduced via a prioritization criteria. The locations and / or location pairs that do not provide sufficiently unique UL-based channel measurements may be explicitly assigned a lower priority or implicitly prioritized in the order of appearance within a list of locations to be measured, or transmit SRS or SRS for positioning from (e.g., in descending or ascending order appearance). In another implementation, the granularity or spacing between each reference location, ground truth location, and / or location pair may be adjusted from a network point Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 51 of view. For example, an area of 100 m2(e.g., a factory warehouse) is divided into square grids of 25 grids corresponding to 25 reference locations or location pairs, with a spacing of 2m between each adjacent location, which implies 25 UL-based channel measurements for each RP. This can be adjusted by dividing the same area into 4 square grids, corresponding to 4 reference locations or location pairs, with a spacing of 5m between each adjacent location, which implies 4 UL-based channel measurements for each RP. This is one example of reducing the UL-based channel measurement at the cost of UE location estimate accuracy.

[0143] According to other aspects, the quality of channel measurements may be determined based on a signal-noise-ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), or other received signal quality metrics. Channel measurements received from a certain TRP, that are deemed to have a low SNR or SINR may be discarded, where the criteria for discarding samples may be based on a configured SNR or SINR threshold. This SNR or SINR threshold may be provided to the UE via network signaling (e.g., LPP signaling, such as LPP ProvideAssistanceData or RequestLocationInformation).

[0144] In one or more implementations, the network may determine and restrict the number of channel measurements to be reported for a given fingerprint or signature based on the number of UEs actively performing channel measurements within a given pre-defined area. The pre-defined area may be in the form of physical cell ID (PCI), NR cell global identifier (NCGI ID), TRP ID, a RAN area, a tracking area, a NR absolute radio frequency channel number (NRFCN) frequency list, or any combination thereof. This would control and manage the channel reporting overhead across a number of UEs, which may be more resource efficient from a system perspective at the potential cost of individual UE location estimate accuracy.

[0145] In another aspect of the techniques, general quality metrics may be associated with a channel measurement and / or measurement samples, and may be reported to the location server from the UE using, for example, a LPP ProvideLocationInformation message along with the channel measurement (e.g., SNR, or SINR). These quality metrics can assist the positioning calculation entity to discard any so-called bad channel measurements or channel measurement samples. In another aspect of the implementation, and subject to UE capability, the UE or PRU UE may report DL-based or UL-based channel measurements along with quality metrics or sample resolution. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 52 Different sample resolutions may be supported by different UEs, PRU UEs, or base stations based on UE capability.

[0146] In some implementations, a UE may optionally feedback auxiliary information associated with the DL-based channel measurements to increase the probability of uniqueness of channel fingerprint per location estimation. In a first example, the auxiliary information can include a condition number, such as a function of a ratio of a strongest eigenvalue to a weakest eigenvalue associated with a wideband channel matrix associated with the DL-based channel measurements, or alternatively, a function of a ratio of a strongest singular value to a weakest singular value associated with the wideband channel matrix associated with the DL-based channel measurements.

[0147] In a second example, the auxiliary information can include a Hadamard ratio, i.e., a normalized geometric mean of diagonal elements of a matrix based on a wideband channel matrix associated with the DL-based channel measurements. For instance, an orthogonality defect, ^^¿^, of a channel matrix H is given by equation(7): ^ / $∏RÄÄ‖©Ã‖where Nt is a transmithi is an ithcolumn of the matrix H. Alternatively, the Hadamard ratio can be denoted as an orthogonality defect parameter.

[0148] In a third example, the auxiliary information can include a measure of a Doppler shift, a Doppler spread, a time-domain channel autocorrelation, or a combination thereof, associated with the DL-based channel measurements. In some implementations, the measure is based on a CSI report associated with a report quantity set to time-domain channel property (TDCP). Note that a subset of a set of the auxiliary information can be triggered to be measured by the UE via higher- layer signaling, where an empty subset is equivalent to the UE not being configured with measuring nor reporting the auxiliary information.

[0149] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a UE 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 1100 may include a processor 1102, a memory 1104, a controller 1106, and a transceiver 1108. The processor 1102, the memory 1104, the controller 1106, or the transceiver 1108, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 53 performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0150] The processor 1102, the memory 1104, the controller 1106, or the transceiver 1108, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0151] The processor 1102 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1102 may be configured to operate the memory 1104. In some other implementations, the memory 1104 may be integrated into the processor 1102. The processor 1102 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1104 to cause the UE 1100 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0152] The memory 1104 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1104 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1102 cause the UE 1100 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1104 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0153] In some implementations, the processor 1102 and the memory 1104 coupled with the processor 1102 may be configured to cause the UE 1100 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1102, instructions stored in the memory 1104). For example, the processor 1102 may support wireless communication at the UE 1100 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 1100 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 54 conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0154] Additionally, the UE 1100 may be configured to support any one or combination of the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the downlink channel measurements. The reference signal is at least one of a DL-PRS, a SSB, a CSI-RS, a SRS, or a communication RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths. The method including maintaining a channel signature determined from the channel information as one or more of a 1D, a 2D, a 3D, or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. The one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 55 measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements. The method including transmitting at least one of the one or more downlink channel measurements and associated one or more measurement quality metrics.

[0155] Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 1100 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 1104) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 1102) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0156] Additionally, the UE 1100 may be configured to support any one or combination of the UE is configured as a PRU UE that has a known location. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the downlink channel measurements. The reference signal is at least one of a DL-PRS, a SSB, a CSI-RS, a SRS, or a communication RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 56 downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths. The at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to maintain a channel signature determined from the channel information as one or more of a 1D, a 2D, a 3D, or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. The one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements. The at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit at least one of the one or more downlink channel measurements and associated one or more measurement quality metrics. The at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform the one or more downlink channel measurements on the reference signal based at least in part on a capability of the UE to perform the one or more downlink channel measurements.

[0157] The controller 1106 may manage input and output signals for the UE 1100. The controller 1106 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 1100. In some implementations, the controller 1106 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1106 may be implemented as part of the processor 1102.

[0158] In some implementations, the UE 1100 may include at least one transceiver 1108. In some other implementations, the UE 1100 may have more than one transceiver 1108. The transceiver 1108 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1108 may include one or more receiver chains 1110, one or more transmitter chains 1112, or a combination thereof.

[0159] A receiver chain 1110 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1110 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 57 transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0160] A transmitter chain 1112 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 1112 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 1112 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1112 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0161] Figure 12 illustrates an example of a processor 1200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 1200 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1200 may include a controller 1202 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1200 may optionally include at least one memory 1204, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 1200 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 1206. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0162] The processor 1200 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1200) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others). Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 58

[0163] The controller 1202 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 1200 to cause the processor 1200 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 1202 may operate as a control unit of the processor 1200, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 1200. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.

[0164] The controller 1202 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 1204 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 1200 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 1202 may be configured to track memory addresses of instructions associated with the memory 1204. The controller 1202 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 1202 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 1200 to cause the processor 1200 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 1202 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 1200. The controller 1202 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs 1206, and other functional units of the processor 1200.

[0165] The memory 1204 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 1200 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 1204 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 1200). In some other implementations, the memory 1204 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 1200).

[0166] The memory 1204 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1200, cause the processor 1200 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 1202 and / or the processor 1200 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1204 to cause Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 59 the processor 1200 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 1200 and / or the controller 1202 may be coupled with or to the memory 1204, the processor 1200, and the controller 1202, and may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 1200 may include multiple processors and the memory 1204 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0167] The one or more ALUs 1206 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 1206 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1200). In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 1206 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1200). One or more ALUs 1206 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 1206 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 1206 may be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 1206 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not-AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 1206 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0168] The processor 1200 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 1200 may be configured to or operable to support at least one controller (e.g., the controller 1202) coupled with at least one memory (e.g., the memory 1204) and configured to cause the processor to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0169] Additionally, the processor 1200 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 60 TRPs at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the downlink channel measurements. The reference signal is at least one of a DL-PRS, a SSB, a CSI-RS, a SRS, or a communication RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths. The at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to maintain a channel signature determined from the channel information as one or more of a 1D, a 2D, a 3D, or a multi- dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. The one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements. The at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to transmit at least one of the one or more downlink channel measurements and associated one or more measurement quality metrics.

[0170] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a positioning equipment 1300 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The positioning equipment 1300 may include a processor 1302, a Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 61 memory 1304, a controller 1306, and a transceiver 1308. The processor 1302, the memory 1304, the controller 1306, or the transceiver 1308, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0171] The processor 1302, the memory 1304, the controller 1306, or the transceiver 1308, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0172] The processor 1302 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1302 may be configured to operate the memory 1304. In some other implementations, the memory 1304 may be integrated into the processor 1302. The processor 1302 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1304 to cause the positioning equipment 1300 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0173] The memory 1304 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1304 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1302 cause the positioning equipment 1300 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1304 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0174] In some implementations, the processor 1302 and the memory 1304 coupled with the processor 1302 may be configured to cause the positioning equipment 1300 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1302, instructions stored in the memory 1304). For example, the processor 1302 may support wireless communication at the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 62 positioning equipment 1300 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The positioning equipment 1300 may be configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receiving, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determining a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0175] Additionally, the positioning equipment 1300 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the method including determining a channel signature based at least in part on the channel information. The method including computing a set of precoder and importance values based at least in part on the channel information to determine the channel signature. The method including computing an estimate of the one or more downlink channel measurements to determine the channel signature. The channel signature is input data to a machine learning model that determines the location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The precoder and the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 63 quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements. The channel information includes one or more of a precoder, an importance level of the precoder, or an indication of one or more channel layers for the one or more downlink channel measurements. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, an additional UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a DL-PRS, a SSB, a CSI-RS, a SRS, or a communication RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths. The one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements.

[0176] Additionally, or alternatively, the positioning equipment 1300 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 1304) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 1302) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the positioning equipment to transmit, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determine a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0177] Additionally, the positioning equipment 1300 may be configured to support any one or combination of the at least one processor is configured to cause the positioning equipment to determine a channel signature based at least in part on the channel information. The at least one processor is configured to cause the positioning equipment to determine the channel signature by computing a set of precoder and importance values based at least in part on the channel information. The at least one processor is configured to cause the positioning equipment to determine the channel signature by computing an estimate of the one or more downlink channel measurements. The channel signature is input data to a machine learning model that determines the location of the UE Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 64 based at least in part on the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements. The channel information includes one or more of a precoder, an importance level of the precoder, or an indication of one or more channel layers for the one or more downlink channel measurements. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, an additional UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a DL-PRS, a SSB, a CSI-RS, a SRS, or a communication RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements includes one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths. The one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 65

[0178] The controller 1306 may manage input and output signals for the positioning equipment 1300. The controller 1306 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the positioning equipment 1300. In some implementations, the controller 1306 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1306 may be implemented as part of the processor 1302.

[0179] In some implementations, the positioning equipment 1300 may include at least one transceiver 1308. In some other implementations, the positioning equipment 1300 may have more than one transceiver 1308. The transceiver 1308 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1308 may include one or more receiver chains 1310, one or more transmitter chains 1312, or a combination thereof.

[0180] A receiver chain 1310 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1310 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1310 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1310 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1310 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0181] A transmitter chain 1312 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 1312 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 1312 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1312 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 66

[0182] Figure 14 illustrates an example of a NE 1400 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 1400 may include a processor 1402, a memory 1404, a controller 1406, and a transceiver 1408. The processor 1402, the memory 1404, the controller 1406, or the transceiver 1408, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0183] The processor 1402, the memory 1404, the controller 1406, or the transceiver 1408, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0184] The processor 1402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1402 may be configured to operate the memory 1404. In some other implementations, the memory 1404 may be integrated into the processor 1402. The processor 1402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1404 to cause the NE 1400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0185] The memory 1404 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1402 cause the NE 1400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1404 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0186] In some implementations, the processor 1402 and the memory 1404 coupled with the processor 1402 may be configured to cause the NE 1400 to perform one or more of the functions Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 67 described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1402, instructions stored in the memory 1404). For example, the processor 1402 may support wireless communication at the NE 1400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The NE 1400 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0187] Additionally, the NE 1400 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the NE is at least one of a base station, a gNB, or a TP. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server or a LMF. A channel signature is determined from the channel information, and the channel signature is input data to a machine learning model that determines a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more uplink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The one or more uplink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more uplink channel measurements to be conducted is Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 68 reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more uplink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more uplink channel measurements.

[0188] Additionally, or alternatively, the NE 1400 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 1404) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 1402) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0189] Additionally, the NE 1400 may be configured to support any one or combination of the NE is at least one of a base station, a gNB, or a TP. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server or a LMF. A channel signature is determined from the channel information, and the channel signature is input data to a machine learning model that determines a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration includes one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of TRPs at which the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more uplink channel measurements are performed. The reporting procedure includes one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword. The additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. The channel information includes an indication of one or more of the one or more uplink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer. The one or more uplink channel measurements are performed within a defined Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 69 measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. A number of the one or more uplink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of TRPs to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more uplink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more uplink channel measurements.

[0190] The controller 1406 may manage input and output signals for the NE 1400. The controller 1406 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 1400. In some implementations, the controller 1406 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1406 may be implemented as part of the processor 1402.

[0191] In some implementations, the NE 1400 may include at least one transceiver 1408. In some other implementations, the NE 1400 may have more than one transceiver 1408. The transceiver 1408 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1408 may include one or more receiver chains 1410, one or more transmitter chains 1412, or a combination thereof.

[0192] A receiver chain 1410 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1410 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1410 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1410 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1410 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0193] A transmitter chain 1412 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 1412 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 1412 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 70 an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1412 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0194] Figure 15 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1500 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a UE as described herein. In some implementations, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the UE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0195] At 1502, the method may include receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal. The operations of 1502 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1502 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 11.

[0196] At 1504, the method may include transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration. The operations of 1504 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1504 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 11.

[0197] Figure 16 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1600 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a positioning equipment as described herein. In some implementations, the positioning equipment may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the positioning equipment to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0198] At 1602, the method may include transmitting, to a UE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal. The operations of 1602 Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 71 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1602 may be performed by a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 13.

[0199] At 1604, the method may include receiving, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration. The operations of 1604 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1604 may be performed by a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 13.

[0200] At 1606, the method may include performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information. The operations of 1606 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1606 may be performed a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 13.

[0201] At 1608, the method may include determining a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. The operations of 1608 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1608 may be performed a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 13.

[0202] Figure 17 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a NE as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0203] At 1702, the method may include receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel measurements on a reference signal. The operations of 1702 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1702 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 14. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 72

[0204] At 1704, the method may include transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more uplink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.. The operations of 1704 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1704 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 14.

[0205] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT

Claims

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 73 CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to cause the UE to: receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the UE is configured as a positioning reference unit (PRU) UE that has a known location.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein configuration parameters of the measurement configuration comprises one or more of a reporting procedure, a number of channel layers, a set of measurement locations, a set of transmission-reception points (TRPs) at which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed, a frequency of measurement, or a time duration during which the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed.

4. The UE of claim 3, wherein the reporting procedure comprises one or more of a codebook and a quantization scheme used for quantization of a channel matrix, a determination procedure to determine an importance value of each channel layer, a quantization procedure to quantize the importance value, or additional configuration parameters for determination of a codeword.

5. The UE of claim 4, wherein the additional configuration parameters include one or more of a first number of bits used for quantization of each layer of the channel matrix, a number of subbands used for channel matrix quantization, or a second number of bits used for quantization of the importance value of each channel layer. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 74 6. The UE of claim 4, wherein the channel information comprises an indication of one or more of the one or more downlink channel measurements performed based on the codebook and the quantization scheme as related to a precoder for a channel layer, and the quantized importance value related to the channel layer.

7. The UE of claim 6, wherein the precoder and the quantized importance value correspond to an eigenvector and a corresponding eigenvalue of one or more of the downlink channel measurements.

8. The UE of claim 1, wherein the reference signal is at least one of a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), a synchronization signal block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), or a communication reference signal (RS).

9. The UE of claim 1, wherein configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more downlink channel measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, an amplitude, gains, or a number of paths.

10. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the UE to maintain a channel signature determined from the channel information as one or more of a one-dimensional (1D), a two-dimensional (2D), a three-dimensional (3D), or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a transmission-reception point (TRP).

11. The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more downlink channel measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 75 12. The UE of claim 1, wherein a number of the one or more downlink channel measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of transmission-reception points (TRPs) to be measured, one or more quality metrics of the one or more downlink channel measurements, or a number of additional UEs reporting the one or more downlink channel measurements.

13. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the UE to transmit at least one of the one or more downlink channel measurements and associated one or more measurement quality metrics.

14. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the UE to perform the one or more downlink channel measurements on the reference signal based at least in part on a capability of the UE to perform the one or more downlink channel measurements.

15. A method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, channel information determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 76 16. A positioning equipment for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to cause the positioning equipment to: transmit, to a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determine a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

17. The positioning equipment of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the positioning equipment to determine a channel signature based at least in part on the channel information.

18. The positioning equipment of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the positioning equipment to determine the channel signature by computing a set of precoder and importance values based at least in part on the channel information.

19. The positioning equipment of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the positioning equipment to determine the channel signature by computing an estimate of the one or more downlink channel measurements. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT 77 20. A method performed by a positioning equipment, the method comprising: transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), a measurement configuration to conduct one or more downlink channel measurements on a reference signal; receiving, from the UE, channel information as determined from the one or more downlink channel measurements by the UE performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the channel information; and determining a location of the UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230238-WO-PCT

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