Engineered RNA molecules
Engineered RNA molecules with identified TIEs from SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186 address the inefficiencies of existing TIEs by achieving higher protein expression levels and tissue-specificity, enhancing therapeutic applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/000003
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-11-08
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
There is a need in the art for identifying and optimizing translation initiation elements (TIEs) suitable for use in RNA molecules to express therapeutic proteins in target cells or tissues, as the mechanism of internal ribosome entry by IRES sequences is not fully elucidated and their efficiency varies widely.
The invention provides engineered RNA molecules comprising specific translation initiation elements (TIEs) with sequences identified from SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186, which facilitate higher protein expression levels compared to control IRESs like CVB3 or EMCV-A, and are operably linked with coding sequences for proteins, enabling their expression in various cell types.
These engineered RNA molecules achieve protein expression levels that are comparable to or significantly higher than existing TIEs, offering enhanced therapeutic potential and tissue-specific expression.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025000003-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025000003-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025000003-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
Engineered RNA moleculesTechnical field
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of nucleic acid drugs. In particular, the present invention provides a method for providing an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising a translation initiation element (TIE) . The present invention also provides a composition comprising the engineered RNA molecule and use thereof.Background
[0002] In recent decades, with the development of lipid-containing nanoparticle (LNP) -based RNA therapeutics, translation initiation elements (TIEs) that have the function of initiating translation of a protein coding sequence, begin to be used as popular biotechnological tools. A direct application is the synthesis of several proteins of interest from RNA sequences, such as linear RNAs and circular RNAs.
[0003] Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES) are cis-acting RNA sequences able to mediate internal entry of the 40S ribosomal subunit on some eukaryotic and viral messenger RNAs upstream of a translation initiation codon. One advantage of viral IRES sequences is their capability to sustain protein synthesis in a broad range of cellular types and tissues, albeit with different efficiencies. However, the mechanism of internal entry of ribosomes is not fully elucidated because IRES sequences are very diverse.
[0004] As the translation efficiency of RNA molecules in a cell is one of the key factors in determining ifthey are suitable for the intended pharmaceutical usage, there is a need in the art for identifying and optimizing the TIEs suitable for use in preparing RNA molecules for expressing therapeutic proteins in the target cells or tissues.Summary of the invention
[0005] The present inventors identified 2186 IRES elements with strong translational initiation ability. Particularly, most of them can facilitate the expression of a protein at a higher level than when a control IRES (such as CVB3 or EMCV-A) is used. In addition, some of the novel IRESs exhibited a stronger activity in a specific tissue or cell or specific multiple tissues or cells as compared to CVB3.
[0006] In one aspect, the present invention provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising a translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE, wherein the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186.
[0007] In one aspect, the present invention provides a precursor RNA molecule for producing the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0008] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition, comprising the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0009] In one aspect, the present invention provides an in vitro method of expressing a protein in a cell, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention with the cell.
[0010] In one aspect, the present invention provides the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, for use in a method of expressing a protein in a cell, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention with the cell.
[0011] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising administrating an effective amount of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention to the subject.
[0012] In one aspect, the present invention provides the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention, for use in treating a disease in a subject.
[0013] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a subject.
[0014] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention as a cosmetic product.
[0015] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for identifying a translation initiation element (TIE) capable of driving protein expression in a cell, comprising: a. selecting a TIE from a TIE library, b. constructing an engineered RNA molecule comprising the selected TIE and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE, c. introducing the engineered RNA molecule into the cell, d. culturing the cell under a condition allowing the expression of the protein, e.determining the expression level of the protein, and f. selecting a TIE capable of driving the expression of the protein at a higher level as compared to a control TIE under comparable conditions.Brief description of the drawings
[0016] Figure 1. Identified IRESs with high activity in different cell lines.
[0017] Figure 2. Translation efficiency with luciferase as cargo.
[0018] Figure 3. Structure of CVB3-2-type and CVB5-type IRES.
[0019] Figure 4. Illustrative methods for preparing circular RNAs.
[0020] Figure 5. Identified thousands of new IRES elements with highly active.
[0021] Figure 6. The potential IRES sequence with a length greater than 400 nt have high activity.
[0022] Figure 7. Significant differences between IRESs from different virus Genus.
[0023] Figure 8. Significant cell-type tropism in IRES-mediated circRNA expression.
[0024] Figure 9. Significant cell-type tropism in IRES-mediated circRNA expression.
[0025] Figure 10. The effect of cargo on IRES activity.
[0026] Figure 11. IRES activity in primary cell.Detailed description of the invention
[0027] In the present invention, unless indicated otherwise, the scientific and technological terminologies used herein refer to meanings commonly understood by a person skilled in the art. Also, the terminologies and experimental procedures used herein relating to protein and nucleotide chemistry, molecular biology, cell and tissue cultivation, microbiology, immunology, all belong to terminologies and conventional methods generally used in the art. For example, the standard DNA recombination and molecular cloning technology used herein are well known to a person skilled in the art, and are described in details in the following references: Sambrook, J., Fritsch, Efland Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989. In the meantime, in order to better understand the present invention, definitions and explanations for the relevant terminologies are provided below.
[0028] As used herein, the singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. For example, a circular RNA precursor refers to one or more circular RNA precursors. As such, the terms "a" , "an" , "one or more" and "at least one" can be used interchangeably. This statement is intended to serve as an antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as "solely, " "only" and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a "negative" limitation. Similarly, the terms "comprising" , "including" and "having" can be used interchangeably.
[0029] As used herein, the term "and / or" encompasses all combinations of items connected by the term, and each combination should be regarded as individually listed herein. For example, "A and / or B" covers "A" , "A and B" , and "B" . For example, "A, B, and / or C" covers "A" , "B" , "C" , "A and B" , "A and C" , "B and C" , and "A and B and C" .
[0030] As used herein, "about" , "approximately" , "substantially" , and "significantly" will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which they are used. If there are uses of these terms which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which they are used, "about" and "approximately" will mean plus or minus ≤10%of the particular term and "substantially" and "significantly" will mean plus or minus ≥10%of the particular term.
[0031] In the present application, "optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
[0032] "Polynucleotide" , "nucleic acid sequence" , "nucleotide sequence" , or "nucleic acid fragment" are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single-or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. Nucleotides (usually found in their 5′-monophosphate form) are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: "A" for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively) , "C" for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, "G" for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, "U" for uridylate, "T" for deoxythymidylate, "R" for purines (A or G) , "Y" for pyrimidines (C or T) , "K" for G or T, "H" for A or C or T, "T" for inosine, and "N" for any nucleotide. Although the nucleotide sequences herein may be represented as DNA sequences (comprising T (s) ) , when referring to RNA, one skilled in the art can readily determine the corresponding RNA sequence (i.e., replacing T with U) .
[0033] Sequence "identity" has recognized meaning in the art, and the percentage of sequence identity between two nucleic acids or polypeptide molecules or regions can be calculated using the disclosed techniques. Sequence identity can be measured along the entire length of a polynucleotide or polypeptide or along a region of the molecule. (See, for example, Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991) . There are many methods for determining sequence identity. An example of algorithms suitable for determining percent sequence identity is the algorithm used in the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (hereinafter "BLAST" ) , see e.g., Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410, 1990 and Altschul et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 15: 3389-3402, 1997. Software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (hereafter "NCBI" ) . Default parameters used to determine sequence identity using software available from NCBI (such as BLASTN for nucleic acid sequences) are described in McGinnis et al.Nucleic Acids Res., 32: W20-W25, 2004.
[0034] Methods for preparing linear or circular RNAs are known in the art. For example, the main methods of RNA circularization in vitro include 1) using ligase, like T4 RNA ligase (Liu., et al., (2021) RNA circles with minimized immunogenicity as potent PKR inhibitors. ) , 2) ribozyme self-splicing for RNA circularization, like Group I / II Intron (Wesselhoeft A.R., et al., (2018) Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells. ) , 3) ribozyme self-cleaving and ligase combination for RNA circularization, like Twister combined with RtcB (Litke., et al., (2019) Highly efficient expression of circular RNA aptamers in cells using autocatalytic transcripts. ) . Circular RNAs produced in these ways can be delivered into cells or tissues to play a role.
[0035] The term “translation / expression efficiency” as used herein refers to the rate or amount of protein or peptide produced from a ribonucleotide transcript.
[0036] Engineered RNA molecule
[0037] In one aspect, the present invention provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising a translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE, wherein the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186.
[0038] The term “engineered” refers to an RNA molecule that has been altered, rearranged, or modified by genetic engineering. However, the term does not refer to alterations in polynucleotide, amino acid sequence, or nucleotide sequence that result from naturally occurring events, such as spontaneous mutations.
[0039] In embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule is a linear RNA molecule (such as mRNA) or a circular RNA molecule.
[0040] “Translation initiation element (TIE) ” as used herein refers to a sequence in the RNA molecule that can initiate the translation of said RNA molecule. For example, a TIE sequence can be an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence or an IRES-like sequence. An “IRES” sequence, as used herein, is a sequence capable of engaging a ribosome (e.g., eukaryotic ribosome) . An IRES sequence permits the translation of one or more open reading frames from a circular RNA (e.g., open reading frames that form the expression sequence) . The IRES attracts a ribosomal (e.g., eukaryotic ribosomal) translation initiation complex and promotes translation initiation. “IRES-like sequence” as used herein refers to a synthetic or artificial IRES sequence that has the function of a natural IRES sequence. In the context of the present application, the terms “IRES” may also comprise “IRES-like sequences” .
[0041] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or is an IRES. In certain embodiments, the IRES is in whole or in part from an untranslated region (UTR) .
[0042] The term “operably linked” refers to that the TIE (such as IRES) can mediate translation of the encoded protein. In certain embodiments, the coding sequence is located downstream to the TIE (such as IRES) . In certain embodiments, the coding sequence is located upstream to the TIE (such as IRES) .
[0043] The coding sequence of the protein can encode proteins of eukaryotic, prokaryotic or viral origin. In certain embodiments, the protein can be any protein for therapeutic or diagnostic use. For example, the protein coding region can encode human proteins, antigens, antibodies, gene editing enzymes such as CRISPR nucleases, and the like. For example, the encoded protein can be a chimeric antigen receptor, an immunomodulatory protein, and / or a transcription factor, and the like. In certain embodiments, the protein can be a reporter protein, such as a luciferase. In certain embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 2187, 2188 and 2189. Some specific examples include, but are not limited to, Firefly-Luciferase (Luc) , OTC-nanoLuc, OTC-HiBiT, H1HA, GLA, IL-2, OTC, and the like.
[0044] In some embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein is at least 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 10000, 20000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein is about 10-about 20000 nucleotides in length.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein is codon optimized. Codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more codons) of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence. Various species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid. Codon bias (differences in codon usage between organisms) often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) , which is in turn believed to be dependent on, among other things, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the "Codon Usage Database" available at www. kazusa. orjp / codon / and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways. See Nakamura, Y, et al. "Codon usage tabulated from the international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 2000" Nucl. Acids Res. 28: 292 (2000) .
[0046] In certain embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%identity with the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 2187-2229. In certain embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises or consists of a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2187-2229.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule further comprises a termination element located downstream to the coding sequence. In certain embodiments, the termination element is a stop codon or a stop cassette. In certain embodiments, the stop cassette comprises one or more stop codons in two or more open reading frames. In certain embodiments, the termination element comprises or consists of a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 4911-4912.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from an animal. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from a non-human mammal. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from human. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from nervous, digestive, endocrine, skeletal, respiratory, integumentary, lymphatic, reproductive, muscular, excretory, or immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver, cervix uteri, kidney, immune system, nervous system, skeletal system, muscle, salivary gland, or lung. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, an osteosarcoma cell, or a Saos2 cell) , a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, a HeLa cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, a NK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) .
[0049] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%identity with the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 1A-1D, i.e. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2A-2H, i.e. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 3A-3R, i.e. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 3G, 3H, 3I, 3J, 3K, 3L, 3M, 3N, 3O, 3P, 3Q, 3R. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 4A-4C, i.e. 4A, 4B, 4C. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5A-5L, i.e. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5I, 5J, 5K, 5L. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 6.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprised in the engineered RNA molecule is capable of facilitating expression of the protein in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein in the cell is comparable to or higher than when a control TIE IRES (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) is used. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is CVB3. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 (e.g. the “Relative fold to CVB3” in Table 1A-1E, Table 2A-2H or Table 3A-3L is equal to or greater than 1) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 (e.g. the “Relative fold to CVB3” in Table 1A-1E, or Table 2A-2H is equal to or greater than that of SEQ ID NO: 164) .
[0053] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than when a control IRES is used (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE of CVB3. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE of EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248, 252, 256, 258, 262, 265, 268, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315, 316, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 341, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 370, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 391, 394, 395, 396, 398, 400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 430, 443, 455, 459, 462, 465, 466, 482, 484, 487, 491, 492, 493, 494, 497, 499, 502, 504, 506, 507, 510, 512, 515, 517, 520, 523, 529, 533, 537, 538, 541, 543, 544, 547, 549, 551, 552, 554, 556, 915, 918, 944, 945, 949, 962, 968, 969, 971, 972, 974, 977, 978, 980, 981, 989, 992, 1000, 1003, 1010, 1060, 1062, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1092, 1095, 1096, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1116, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1126, 1137, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1149, 1150, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1165, 1168, 1170, 1180, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1193, 1194, 1198, 1199, 1203, 1213, 1215, 1217, 1220, 1221, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1234, 1292, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1311, 1323, 1343, 1349, 1351, 1352, 1356, 1359, 1382, 1386, 1417, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1462, 1472, 1473, 1486, 1493, 1504, 1525, 1526, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1541, 1550, 1553, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1572, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1581, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1604, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1627, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1641, 1644, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1653, 1662, 1700, 1712, 1747, 1749, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1761, 1777, 1828, 1833, 1838, 1839, 1841, 1843, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1855, 1864, 1873, 1874, 1883, 1885, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1910, 19t5, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930, 1940, 1952, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1986, 2026, 2039, 2071, 2073, 2081, 2087, 2088, 2091, 2095, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2113, 2114, 2169, 2174, 2175, 2177, 2178, and 2183. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0055] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 166, 204, 215, 216, 217, 236, 242, 271, 272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 316, 321, 322, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 391, 395, 396, 398, 400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 443, 455, 459, 462, 465, 466, 482, 484, 487, 493, 494, 497, 499, 502, 504, 506, 507, 510, 515, 517, 523, 529, 533, 537, 538, 541, 543, 544, 547, 549, 551, 552, 556, 918, 944, 945, 949, 962, 968, 969, 971, 972, 974, 977, 978, 980, 981, 989, 992, 1003, 1010, 1060, 1062, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1088, 1089, 1092, 1095, 1096, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1116, 1119, 1121, 1126, 1141, 1144, 1149, 1160, 1162, 1165, 1168, 1170, 1180, 1189, 1193, 1194, 1198, 1199, 1203, 1213, 1215, 1217, 1220, 1228, 1230, 1231, 1234, 1292, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1311, 1323, 1343, 1349, 1351, 1352, 1356, 1359, 1382, 1386, 1417, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1462, 1472, 1473, 1486, 1493, 1504, 1525, 1526, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1541, 1553, 1562, 1563, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1572, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1581, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1604, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1641, 1644, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1653, 1662, 1700, 1712, 1747, 1749, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1761, 1777, 1828, 1833, 1838, 1839, 1841, 1843, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1855, 1864, 1873, 1874, 1883, 1885, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930, 1940, 1952, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1986, 2026, 2039, 2071, 2073, 2081, 2087, 2088, 2091, 2095, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2113, 2114, 2169, 2174, 2175, 2177, 2178, and 2183. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 201, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 214, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 246, 247, 248, 252, 256, 258, 262, 265, 268, 273, 278, 296, 299, 311, 312, 315, 318, 324, 327, 338, 341, 344, 370, 380, 394, 430, 491, 492, 512, 520, 554, 915, 1000, 1090, 1102, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1120, 1137, 1140, 1150, 1161, 1187, 1190, 1221, 1229, 1550, 1561, 1564, and 1627. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0057] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2A. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, 1144, 306, 380, 1112, 547, 377, 223, 360, 1149, 1168, 962, 1102, 406, 1162, 300, 303, 154, 358, 268, 305, 373, 400, 184, 382, 1300, 176, 311, 394, 238, 1090, 297, 231, 1000, 321, 1110, 1109, 1114, 349, 157, and 175. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, 1144, 306, 380, 1112, 547, 377, 223, 360, 1149, 1168, 962, 1102, 406, 1162, 300, 303, 154, 358, 268, 305, and 373. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, and 1144. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) .
[0058] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2A. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, 1144, 306, 380, 1112, 547, 377, 223, 360, 1149, 1168, 962, 1102, 406, 1162, 300, 303, 154, 358, 268, 305, 373, 400, 184, 382, 1300, 176, 311, 394, 238, 1090, 297, 231, 1000, 321, 1110, 1109, 1114, 349, 157, 175, 173, 981, 194, 409, 215, 1170, 217, 977, 242, 403, 1082, 1119, 1113, 361, 1089, 207, 243, 381, 1116, 1073, 228, 396, 211, 918, 363, 204, 1120, 208, 1081, 307, 155, 291, 224, 1070, 1126, 552, 411, 301, 290, 405, 402, 247, 992, 1121, 915, 357, 989, 246, 294, 1106, 1189, 1137, 1101, 1074, 216, 206, 163, 466, 1066, 378, and 179. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2A. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, 1144, 306, 380, 1112, 547, 377, 223, 360, 1149, 1168, 962, 1102, 406, 1162, 300, 303, 154, 358, 268, 305, 373, 400, 184, 382, 1300, 176, 311, 394, 238, 1090, 297, 231, 1000, 321, 1110, 1109, 1114, 349, 157, 175, 173, 981, 194, 409, 215, 1170, 217, 977, 242, 403, 1082, 1119, 1113, 361, 1089, 207, 243, 381, 1116, 1073, 228, 396, 211, 918, 363, 204, 1120, 208, 1081, 307, 155, 291, 224, 1070, 1126, 552, 411, 301, 290, 405, 402, 247, 992, 1121, 915, 357, 989, 246, 294, 1106, 1189, 1137, 1101, 1074, 216, 206, 163, 466, 1066, 378, 179, 152, 332, 331, 304, 971, 348, 1105, 272, 205, 355, 398, 980, 186, 1215, 968, 1229, 1100, 227, 413, 1203, 387, 1230, 1292, 1194, 1080, 320, 1213, 308, 1078, 225, 265, 1083, 945, 156, 1111, 1085, 181, 229, 379, 543, 1228, 312, 240, 374, 1077, 408, 335, 1060, 1079, 1062, 159, 969, 1150, 370, 310, 1303, 459, 1065, 399, 1063, 1145, 350, 376, 1086, 483, 170, 1221, 340, 180, 515, 309, 252, 1309, 171, 431, 292, 1220, 288, 1010, 185, 354, 226, 949, 328, 271, 383, 974, 1160, 353, 1003, 1072, 299, 336, 1095, 273, 322, 499, 296, 1308, 502, 315, 203, 287, 506, 279, 233, 275, 1198, 529, 352, 330, 334, 1084, 248, 214, 324, 345, 972, 280, 289, 262, 537, 316, 1135, 1107, 344, 342, 1231, 1067, 1103, 1076, 556, 329, 365, 278, 293, 367, 517, 182, 428, 401, 1293, 351, 465, 1187, 241, 161, 826, 295, 1140, 270, 1136, 341, 191, 407, 491, 1217, 1199, 236, 462, 384, 1180, 1165, 507, 346, 484, and 1148. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:164 in the cell.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2B. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, 205, 377, 547, 1144, 322, 176, 298, 374, 300, 373, 173, 157, 194, 362, 223, 211, 349, 297, 360, 311, 217, 163, 306, 242, 154, 379, 190, 305, 206, 348, 268, 335, 396, 296, 155, 238, 341, 382, 207, 358, and 1149. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, 205, 377, 547, 1144, 322, 176, 298, 374, 300, 373, 173, 157, 194, 362, 223, 211, 349, 297, 360, 311, and 217. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, and 205. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) .
[0061] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2B. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, 205, 377, 547, 1144, 322, 176, 298, 374, 300, 373, 173, 157, 194, 362, 223, 211, 349, 297, 360, 311, 217, 163, 306, 242, 154, 379, 190, 305, 206, 348, 268, 335, 396, 296, 155, 238, 341, 382, 207, 358, 1149, 400, 204, 307, 294, 299, 552, 1162, 291, 321, 224, 459, 357, 215, 361, 303, 350, 354, 175, 332, 180, 246, 295, 378, 301, 398, 538, 355, 533, 502, 331, and 1141. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2B. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, 205, 377, 547, 1144, 322, 176, 298, 374, 300, 373, 173, 157, 194, 362, 223, 211, 349, 297, 360, 311, 217, 163, 306, 242, 154, 379, 190, 305, 206, 348, 268, 335, 396, 296, 155, 238, 341, 382, 207, 358, 1149, 400, 204, 307, 294, 299, 552, 1162, 291, 321, 224, 459, 357, 215, 361, 303, 350, 354, 175, 332, 180, 246, 295, 378, 301, 398, 538, 355, 533, 502, 331, 152, 1141, 406, 1168, 262, 312, 171, 367, 243, 338, 376, 543, 363, 399, 310, 403, 186, 466, 330, 156, 290, 1300, 344, 170, 292, 226, 185, 319, 231, 381, 216, 364, 328, 506, 309, 181, 409, 265, 240, 347, 195, 529, 405, 515, 499, 387, 308, 411, 484, 517, 229, 334, 182, 228, 316, 271, 304, 356, 293, 252, 324, 272, 401, 537, 179, 402, 346, 225, 478, 210, 1194, 159, 340, 320, 483, 481, 352, 227, 336, 1292, 1189, 329, 413, 248, 327, 370, 388, 203, 160, 353, 375, 342, 247, 487, 365, 1215, 351, 273, 497, 510, 214, 431, 485, 556, 546, 491, 1213, 501, 199, 541, 315, 395, 407, 337, 544, 241, 1170, 198, 287, 492, 318, 391, 412, 236, 507, 1203, 383, 288, 1160, 1229, 488, 436, 408, 333, 197, 494, 233, 345, 1230, 522, 279, 1145, 258, 404, 191, 264, 1150, 1303, 254, 280, 505, 275, 167, 498, 1180, 428, 1137, 464, 443, 462, 339, 465, 508, 493, 1220, 372, 512, 423, 520, 1231, 274, 467, 480, 503, 1139, 554, 289, 1198, 1221, 410, 461, 162, 474, 1228, 475, 187, 528, 1156, 450, 202, 232, 384, 278, 468, 535, 479, 1165, 448, 549, 451, 1214, 482, 1309, 1187, 153, 455, 457, and 1199. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 in the cell.
[0063] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2C. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362, 533, 349, 543, 206, 515, 217, 303, 359, 380, 197, 547, 242, 529, 335, 499, 240, 502, 360, 377, 506, 373, 211, 367, 538, 537, 305, 332, 381, 331, 517, 387, 290, 300, 409, 348, 358, 297, 510, 205, 321, and 163. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362, 533, 349, 543, 206, 515, 217, 303, 359, 380, 197, 547, 242, 529, 335, 499, 240, 502, 360, 377, 506, and 373. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362, and 533. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from kidney. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) .
[0064] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2C. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362, 533, 349, 543, 206, 515, 217, 303, 359, 380, 197, 547, 242, 529, 335, 499, 240, 502, 360, 377, 506, 373, 211, 367, 538, 537, 305, 332, 381, 331, 517, 387, 290, 300, 409, 348, 358, 297, 510, 205, 321, 163, 552, 177, 223, 363, 346, 398, 204, 382, 324, 307, 334, 394, 400, 184, 544, 355, 170, 408, 494, 171, and 484. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from kidney. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2C. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362, 533, 349, 543, 206, 515, 217, 303, 359, 380, 197, 547, 242, 529, 335, 499, 240, 502, 360, 377, 506, 373, 211, 367, 538, 537, 305, 332, 381, 331, 517, 387, 290, 300, 409, 348, 358, 297, 510, 205, 321, 163, 552, 177, 223, 363, 346, 398, 204, 382, 324, 307, 334, 394, 400, 184, 544, 355, 170, 408, 494, 171, 484, 152, 379, 328, 491, 228, 194, 507, 311, 361, 190, 320, 483, 231, 224, 294, 176, 466, 481, 306, 403, 323, 405, 478, 459, 299, 402, 315, 180, 374, 319, 501, 229, 195, 357, 252, 401, 201, 488, 233, 271, 265, 216, 556, 406, 503, 342, 322, 156, 411, 522, 546, 262, 431, 185, 226, 492, 338, 291, 181, 154, 155, 292, 344, 376, 161, 512, 157, 329, 316, 175, 327, 428, 179, 272, 198, 413, 310, 375, 186, 465, 215, 301, 296, 340, 378, 182, 541, 480, 243, 318, 474, 464, 333, 399, 304, 497, 356, 246, 227, 336, 462, 354, 505, 225, 214, 370, 498, 279, 351, 451, 487, 330, 388, 288, 308, 528, 443, 341, 199, 365, 345, 248, 407, 295, 457, 160, 236, 482, 287, 412, 283, 383, 410, 159, 472, 450, 461, 203, 476, 430, 485, 447, 468, 436, 391, 467, 278, 384, 353, 309, 535, 448, 172, 264, 210, 275, 167, 493, 437, 475, 293, 258, 532, 247, 458, 312, 162, 479, 424, 469, 191, 520, 508, 523, 273, 153, 289, 280, 554, 404, 254, 435, 339, 372, 168, 241, 352, 423, 486, 187, 364, 420, 455, and 202. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from kidney. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 in the cell.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2D. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, 177, 217, 408, 242, 552, 201, 403, 303, 223, 306, 406, 208, 297, 377, 349, 173, 176, 184, 231, 396, 190, 359, 402, 206, 156, 305, 226, 211, 228, 348, 323, 179, 268, 321, 373, 311, 294, 380, 360, 307, and 175. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, 177, 217, 408, 242, 552, 201, 403, 303, 223, 306, 406, 208, 297, 377, 349, 173, 176, 184, 231, 396, and 190. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, and 177. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) .
[0067] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2D. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, 177, 217, 408, 242, 552, 201, 403, 303, 223, 306, 406, 208, 297, 377, 349, 173, 176, 184, 231, 396, 190, 359, 402, 206, 156, 305, 226, 211, 228, 348, 323, 179, 268, 321, 373, 311, 294, 380, 360, 307, 175, 290, 387, 335, 411, 363, 300, 299, 227, 272, 171, 382, 346, and 182. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2D. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, 177, 217, 408, 242, 552, 201, 403, 303, 223, 306, 406, 208, 297, 377, 349, 173, 176, 184, 231, 396, 190, 359, 402, 206, 156, 305, 226, 211, 228, 348, 323, 179, 268, 321, 373, 311, 294, 380, 360, 307, 175, 290, 387, 335, 411, 363, 300, 299, 227, 272, 171, 382, 346, 182, 152, 215, 229, 225, 556, 358, 381, 181, 315, 361, 271, 291, 243, 163, 331, 543, 332, 204, 236, 355, 400, 186, 185, 224, 246, 301, 506, 320, 367, 265, 398, 547, 240, 310, 233, 410, 304, 483, 180, 296, 334, 324, 413, 319, 283, 499, 159, 502, 309, 376, 216, 507, 374, 533, 515, 170, 292, 537, 322, 357, 329, 494, 318, 549, 252, 328, 308, 203, 342, 287, 316, 529, 295, 517, 262, 405, 501, 338, 279, 394, 491, 431, 161, 370, 293, 466, 484, 364, 214, 344, 278, 160, 341, 273, 354, 375, 459, 378, 399, 388, 404, 407, 351, 275, 481, 340, 478, 510, 550, 210, 248, 247, 153, 379, 544, 205, 345, 197, 353, 412, 330, 546, 288, 365, 465, 280, 401, 512, 383, 384, 194, 428, 522, 356, 505, 492, 336, 541, 464, 480, 347, 333, 488, 498, 191, 289, 187, 474, 327, 551, 286, 352, 462, 195, 503, 202, 538, and 198. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 in the cell.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2E. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, 239, 201, 231, 271, 176, 272, 215, 226, 182, 194, 175, 243, 247, 242, 396, 288, 236, 283, 184, 233, 179, 227, 216, 409, 205, 214, 287, 279, 225, 398, 248, 155, 204, 246, 229, 189, 278, 549, 405, 554, and 185. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, 239, 201, 231, 271, 176, 272, 215, 226, 182, 194, 175, 243, 247, 242, 396, 288, 236, 283, 184, 233, and 179. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, and 239. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from nervous system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) .
[0070] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2E. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, 239, 201, 231, 271, 176, 272, 215, 226, 182, 194, 175, 243, 247, 242, 396, 288, 236, 283, 184, 233, 179, 227, 216, 409, 205, 214, 287, 279, 225, 398, 248, 155, 204, 246, 229, 189, 278, 549, 405, 554, 185, 406, 186, 275, 273, 280, 232, 411, 359, 157, 240, 373, 394, 311, 413, 164, 173, 289, 268, 154, 400, 306, 197, 153, 556, 402, 188, 309, 410, 499, and 258. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from nervous system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2E. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, 239, 201, 231, 271, 176, 272, 215, 226, 182, 194, 175, 243, 247, 242, 396, 288, 236, 283, 184, 233, 179, 227, 216, 409, 205, 214, 287, 279, 225, 398, 248, 155, 204, 246, 229, 189, 278, 549, 405, 554, 185, 406, 186, 275, 273, 280, 232, 411, 359, 157, 240, 373, 394, 311, and 413. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from nervous system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 in the cell.
[0072] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2F. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, 226, 217, 231, 184, 246, 233, 552, 228, 556, 175, 225, 409, 179, 243, 406, 272, 201, 186, 227, 271, 157, 185, 229, 298, 195, 154, 411, 273, 275, 216, 554, 155, 311, 306, 362, 283, 215, 173, 287, 236, and 309. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, 226, 217, 231, 184, 246, 233, 552, 228, 556, 175, 225, 409, 179, 243, 406, 272, 201, 186, 227, 271, and 157. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, and 226. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from skeletal system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) .
[0073] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2F. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, 226, 217, 231, 184, 246, 233, 552, 228, 556, 175, 225, 409, 179, 243, 406, 272, 201, 186, 227, 271, 157, 185, 229, 298, 195, 154, 411, 273, 275, 216, 554, 155, 311, 306, 362, 283, 215, 173, 287, 236, 309, 396, 242, 286, 400, 208, 297, 402, 288, 408, 153, 300, 289, 405, 214, 359, 207, 410, 197, 312, 301, 252, 549, 310, 182, 191, 159, 278, 398, 277, 296, and 280. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from skeletal system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2F. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, 226, 217, 231, 184, 246, 233, 552, 228, 556, 175, 225, 409, 179, 243, 406, 272, 201, 186, 227, 271, 157, 185, 229, 298, 195, 154, 411, 273, 275, 216, 554, 155, 311, 306, 362, 283, 215, 173, 287, 236, 309, 396, 242, 286, 400, 208, 297, 402, 288, 408, 153, 300, 289, 405, 214, 359, 207, 410, 197, 312, 301, 252, 549, 310, 182, 191, 159, 278, 398, 277, 296, 280, 152, 377, 360, 382, 305, 380, 335, 206, 373, 308, 240, 303, 279, 413, 291, 332, 346, 299, 268, 156, 321, 367, 307, 381, 292, 295, 319, 211, 355, 304, 198, 403, 170, 358, 491, 262, 331, 394, 187, 224, 324, 270, 205, 349, 316, 387, 294, 290, 163, 161, 204, 264, 248, 293, 328, 515, 171, 399, 338, 375, 363, 244, 320, 379, 265, 284, 322, 180, 340, 374, 232, 428, 241, 378, 258, 351, 344, 431, 544, 494, 483, 315, 533, 333, 499, 404, 222, 543, 334, 466, 412, 507, 318, 353, 376, 336, 189, 330, 407, and 210. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from skeletal system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 in the cell.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2G. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, 310, 303, 403, 297, 304, 335, 347, 258, 413, 414, 1438, 176, 515, 1417, 394, 362, 406, 333, 415, 211, 491, 465, 507, 387, 296, 1473, 1449, 1311, 2183, 157, 1486, 1451, 1539, 1985, 409, 1359, 512, 383, 1973, 2091, and 256. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, 310, 303, 403, 297, 304, 335, 347, 258, 413, 414, 1438, 176, 515, 1417, 394, 362, 406, 333, 415, 211, and 491. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, and 310. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) .
[0076] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2G. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, 310, 303, 403, 297, 304, 335, 347, 258, 413, 414, 1438, 176, 515, 1417, 394, 362, 406, 333, 415, 211, 491, 465, 507, 387, 296, 1473, 1449, 1311, 2183, 157, 1486, 1451, 1539, 1985, 409, 1359, 512, 383, 1973, 2091, 256, 382, 1568, 194, 1921, 298, 402, 2100, 184, 494, 239, 206, 186, 2175, 1920, 252, 2039, 1637, 381, 190, 1493, 2102, 207, 210, 231, 248, 462, 2101, 323, 411, 301, 1972, 187, 499, 1349, 306, 2073, 1592, 243, 400, 395, 492, 361, 1386, 1650, 1918, 205, 308, 1627, 1841, 1853, 2174, 1564, 195, 1504, 201, 1561, 1567, 354, 1638, 155, 1649, 2113, 1917, 247, 1575, 1323, 1864, 1904, 405, 1855, 543, 1752, 1839, 2178, 1751, 2081, 353, 1614, 1653, 1541, 1343, 227, 1613, 2095, 1986, 487, 1754, 309, 295, 1883, 398, 1604, 262, 410, 466, 1777, 1833, 2087, 1749, 1851, 1753, 1843, 1850, 1910, 1897, 2169, 185, 541, 230, 1550, 1553, 1593, 1873, 2071, 1562, 1572, 404, 1747, 1644, 1641, 291, 1356, 1566, 533, 1828, 2177, 1639, 166, 1616, 1916, 2026, 1712, 229, 459, 1852, 1974, 1761, 1975, 1885, 2088, 1576, 170, 1526, 1874, 1351, 1574, 315, 1838, 1915, 1952, 1525, 1538, 1605, 1648, 1700, 199, 517, 549, 1382, 1563, 1615, 544, 241, 1537, 171, 1591, 1662, 1940, 1907, 2114, 268, 529, 1581, 1980, and 1930. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2G. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, 310, 303, 403, 297, 304, 335, 347, 258, 413, 414, 1438, 176, 515, 1417, 394, 362, 406, 333, 415, 211, 491, 465, 507, 387, 296, 1473, 1449, 1311, 2183, 157, 1486, 1451, 1539, 1985, 409, 1359, 512, 383, 1973, 2091, 256, 382, 1568, 194, 1921, 298, 402, 2100, 184, 494, 239, 206, 186, 2175, 1920, 252, 2039, 1637, 381, 190, 1493, 2102, 207, 210, 231, 248, 462, 2101, 323, 411, 301, 1972, 187, 499, 1349, 306, 2073, 1592, 243, 400, 395, 492, 361, 1386, 1650, 1918, 205, 308, 1627, 1841, 1853, 2174, 1564, 195, 1504, 201, 1561, 1567, 354, 1638, 155, 1649, 2113, 1917, 247, 1575, 1323, 1864, 1904, 405, 1855, 543, 1752, 1839, 2178, 1751, 2081, 353, 1614, 1653, 1541, 1343, 227, 1613, 2095, 1986, 487, 1754, 309, 295, 1883, 398, 1604, 262, 410, 466, 1777, 1833, 2087, 1749, 1851, 1753, 1843, 1850, 1910, 1897, 2169, 185, 541, 230, 1550, 1553, 1593, 1873, 2071, 1562, 1572, 404, 1747, 1644, 1641, 291, 1356, 1566, 533, 1828, 2177, 1639, 166, 1616, 1916, 2026, 1712, 229, 459, 1852, 1974, 1761, 1975, 1885, 2088, 1576, 170, 1526, 1874, 1351, 1574, 315, 1838, 1915, 1952, 1525, 1538, 1605, 1648, 1700, 199, 517, 549, 1382, 1563, 1615, 544, 241, 1537, 171, 1591, 1662, 1940, 1907, 2114, 268, 529, 1581, 1980, 1930, 152, 396, 1893, 1617, 1578, 1640, 1902, 1912, 2032, 2168, 2089, 1645, 2084, 1430, 1364, 228, 1363, 204, 2173, 345, 1516, 1517, 1652, 177, 1551, 1770, 1571, 1966, 2096, 1559, 1856, 344, 1475, 1582, 161, 1743, 2057, 451, 1834, 1938, 1901, 1603, 316, 198, 1898, 412, 1360, 1748, 1610, 2176, 384, 1922, 373, 264, 1607, 2006, 1840, 1854, 1892, 1549, 2099, 484, 2182, 1507, 1960, 1357, 1746, 431, 162, 1894, 1565, 408, 502, 376, 1857, 1939, 447, 1943, 1944, 1823, 1762, 2093, 1784, 1976, 324, 328, 1832, 2078, 1691, 2018, 1963, 470, 2185, 1498, 1580, 1909, 1552, 1766, 299, 1865, 1663, 1392, 1787, 2097, 2065, 1724, 1778, 506, 377, 1560, 1584, 1858, 552, 181, 1557, 1962, 1989, 1502, 1836, 1900, 1519, 1774, 1872, 1891, 1405, 1959, 1977, 1919, 1736, 1339, 1393, 1849, 2171, 1466, 375, 1418, 2058, 1612, 2008, 1353, 1842, 2172, 272, 1905, 1569, 2126, 1870, 1655, 1978, 2170, 1861, 1862, 1955, 357, 391, 351, 1611, 1520, 1903, 1324, 311, 1492, 2115, 1794, 1679, 2072, 2000, 346, 1779, 1826, 318, 1633, 1906, 1659, 1750, 2092, 1987, 2023, 246, 1508, 1620, 2085, 2077, 363, 329, 1387, 1635, 1946, 1626, 503, 1908, 380, 428, 1385, 1368, 1660, 1744, 1817, 1971, 1998, 290, 1325, 2024, 300, 1585, 1406, 1469, 1332, 1510, 1846, 1871, 1875, 1924, 1933, 1689, 2075, 1322, 1558, 1646, 1886, 1953, 1619, 1825, 1490, 2127, 1845, 1495, 1956, 1798, 1967, 2044, 1326, 1745, 1982, 180, 1529, 1896, 1911, 2070, 1369, 1555, 1829, 2047, 1848, 1496, 1527, 1642, 2017, 292, 1863, 1441, 1542, 1804, 1954, 1422, 1775, 1884, 1932, 2079, 497, 1416, 1835, 1876, 1547, 1602, 1799, 1965, 1968, 305, 1589, 1684, 482, 1981, 1877, 1958, 2090, 173, 1702, 1665, 1678, 1936, 378, 1860, 224, 1773, 222, 1427, 1844, 443, 2040, 1737, 1742, 1808, 1636, 163, 1899, 2076, 1994, 1786, 203, 1488, 1497, 1608, 2130, 1763, 453, 1695, 2042, 1531, 1713, 1656, 1680, 2068, 1729, 1501, 359, 455, 1381, 202, 1334, 1540, 265, 2025, 528, 1515, 2162, 1494, 1803, 1721, 1765, 1556, 216, 1383, 217, 270, 1456, 1979, 1878, 430, 2117, 1546, 1400, 1692, 1806, 425, 1831, 1847, 523, 332, 1404, 1881, 1859, 1880, 2125, 1813, 1782, 1970, 367, 1764, 2049, 1394, 1396, 1506, 2041, 1362, 1741, 321, 364, 2037, 240, 1425, 1690, 1380, 1757, 1682, 1554, 1890, 1925, 1676, 266, 1609, 2011, 167, 1384, 2164, 1505, 154, 1797, 2106, 2010, 1336, 1673, 1703, 1723, 1485, 1544, 1709, 1796, 1512, 1694, 1969, 2103, 1548, 1439, 1722, 1819, 1335, 1913, 1990, 1717, 1812, 352, 1500, 424, 1715, 2021, 483, 485, 1370, 1442, 436, 493, 1888, 1755, 2019, 1739, 388, 200, 1740, 1658, 1532, 2124, 1926, 1809, 1499, 1705, 1397, 1991, 1725, 1780, 1738, 2063, 1389, 1345, 1711, 1476, 1728, 1822, 1726, 2105, 348, 1945, 1701, 1513, 1685, 2020, 2080, 226, 1788, 1866, 1354, 355, 2098, 1643, 407, 1344, 1367, 473, 1810, 1811, 1518, 2048, 510, 1388, 350, 1398, 1511, 319, 1647, 1710, 340, 1730, 1795, 1837, 2012, 522, 1328, 1338, 1588, 1800, 327, 488, 468, 269, 1415, 1929, 1350, 342, 1395, 2016, 538, 2038, 1618, 1718, 1988, 1463, 1792, 2043, 461, 478, 1716, 1706, 1895, 1818, 1534, 1698, 1984, 2004, 419, 1583, 1868, 481, 1403, 2118, 1664, 1914, 2031, 2121, 307, 1579, 242, 1935, 1941, 1821, 233, 1950, 160, 505, 254, 1889, 1697, 1867, 2165, 1407, 1391, 1524, 1696, 1816, 2181, 1783, 1882, 501, 2123, 334, 182, 1949, 2030, 1514, 1491, 358, 293, 1772, 437, 532, 1791, 1801, 2109, 2036, 1948, 1681, 283, 1443, 1996, 1793, 537, 1440, 379, 441, 1373, 1423, 179, 1732, 289, 277, 1869, 1688, 472, 401, 1597, 1961, 1957, 1530, 1781, 2151, 1484, 365, 2022, 1436, 175, 1596, 1704, 1355, 322, 1408, 331, 153, 1879, 1785, 374, 2159, 159, 288, 520, 1361, 556, 454, 1937, 2107, 1421, 1428, 467, 1402, 1720, 1413, 1815, 435, 1599, 338, 279, 1420, 2144, 349, 1411, 460, 2013, 1410, 1708, 341, 168, 1805, 496, 1448, 1931, 1432, 2009, 1594, 2045, 1999, 1424, 450, 1598, 1951, 339, 1807, 2001, 156, 2029, 1814, 1433, 1444, 399, 476, 1535, 320, 418, 1687, 2129, 1401, 1827, 1399, 429, 1465, 1767, 2116, 474, 369, 2027, 2086, 2157, 1333, 486, 1337, 2108, 1992, 1340, 2122, 448, 464, 457, 420, 1426, 1997, 1457, 1600, 1887, 421, 2152, 546, 1995, 360, 1414, 1790, 1489, 1964, 312, 1536, 1947, 2158, 547, 343, 151, 356, 218, 1927, 337, 504, 2142, 1707, 1654, 1733, 2015, 1435, 1601, 2112, 336, 1634, 438, 253, and 2074. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 in the cell.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2H. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, 205, 207, 306, 551, 186, 323, 512, 387, 296, 374, 211, 394, 395, 298, 161, 195, 170, 541, 507, 258, 487, 494, 398, 370, 354, 515, 361, 362, 303, 157, 382, 176, 391, 367, 403, 465, 373, 167, 204, 304, and 171. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, 205, 207, 306, 551, 186, 323, 512, 387, 296, 374, 211, 394, 395, 298, 161, 195, 170, 541, 507, 258, and 487. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, and 205. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) .
[0079] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2H. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, 205, 207, 306, 551, 186, 323, 512, 387, 296, 374, 211, 394, 395, 298, 161, 195, 170, 541, 507, 258, 487, 494, 398, 370, 354, 515, 361, 362, 303, 157, 382, 176, 391, 367, 403, 465, 373, 167, 204, 304, 171, 324, 155, 383, 415, 491, 543, 252, 455, 318, 520, 499, 184, 353, 492, 406, 297, 388, 517, 482, 411, 381, 327, 210, 409, 529, 187, 227, 239, 201, 443, 533, 430, 262, 413, 265, 344, 315, 523, 328, 376, 466, 544, 384, 493, 329, 316, 402, 190, 414, 180, 154, 497, 256, 404, 228, 231, 377, 199, 396, 248, 162, 343, 504, and 462. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0080] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2H. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, 205, 207, 306, 551, 186, 323, 512, 387, 296, 374, 211, 394, 395, 298, 161, 195, 170, 541, 507, 258, 487, 494, 398, 370, 354, 515, 361, 362, 303, 157, 382, 176, 391, 367, 403, 465, 373, 167, 204, 304, 171, 324, 155, 383, 415, 491, 543, 252, 455, 318, 520, 499, 184, 353, 492, 406, 297, 388, 517, 482, 411, 381, 327, 210, 409, 529, 187, 227, 239, 201, 443, 533, 430, 262, 413, 265, 344, 315, 523, 328, 376, 466, 544, 384, 493, 329, 316, 402, 190, 414, 180, 154, 497, 256, 404, 228, 231, 377, 199, 396, 248, 162, 343, 504, 152, 462, 159, 294, 299, 229, 483, 425, 230, 405, 266, 277, 505, 449, 447, 346, 400, 485, 301, 198, 338, 311, 467, 379, 295, 552, 185, 441, 549, 410, 241, 217, 177, 291, 308, 292, 375, 473, 309, 200, 358, 351, 412, 503, 357, 484, 247, 182, 506, 450, 332, 342, 224, 496, 435, 321, 532, 457, 475, 459, 331, 363, 502, 419, 253, 468, 272, 488, 181, 378, 364, 522, 264, 528, 243, 437, 470, 436, 240, 319, 345, 479, 469, 202, 160, 305, 486, 407, 242, 429, 359, 173, 408, 341, 461, 431, 355, 481, 269, 477, 203, and 216. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:164 in the cell.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, 1144; SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, 205; SEQ ID NOs: 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362 533; SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, 177; SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, 239; SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, and 226; SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, 310; or SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, and 205.
[0082] In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatoma carcinoma cell, or HepG2) , and the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 1141, 362, 359, 177, 201, 298, 190, 323, and 1144. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) , and the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 177, 184, 359, 380, 201, 323, 394, 208, and 205. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , and the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs 207, 239, 208, 268, 298, 173, 238, 396, 362 and 533. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 155, 154, 157, 298, 239, 409, 207, 362, 238, and 177. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , and the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 217, 190, 238, 547, 177, 195, 223, 228, 552, and 239. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) , and the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 547, 223, 177, 176, 194, 190, 239, 247, and 226. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatoma carcinoma cell, or HepG2) , and the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1462, 1450, 238, 197, 551, 1352, 1472, 370, 208, and 310. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) and the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 347, 333, 206, 197, 238, 208, 310, 194, 335, and 205.
[0083] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5A. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 291, 306, 238, 239, 362, 268, 297, 361, 406, 176, 207, 223, 400, 358, 298, 305, 190, 246, 290, 243, 301, 962, 177, 323, 303, 175, 201, 359, 295, 1194, 403, 224, 373, 1070, 348, 211, 173, 1149, 1112, 296, 206, 217, 349, 208, 300, 228, 360, 215, 1090, and 378. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 291, 306, 238, 239, 362, 268, 297, 361, 406, 176, 207, 223, 400, 358, 298, 305, 190, 246, 290, 243, 301, 962, 177, 323, 303, 175, 201, 359, 295, and 1194. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 291, 306, 238, 239, 362, 268, 297, 361, 406, and 176. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) .
[0084] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5A. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 291, 306, 238, 239, 362, 268, 297, 361, 406, 176, 207, 223, 400, 358, 298, 305, 190, 246, 290, 243, 301, 962, 177, 323, 303, 175, 201, 359, 295, 1194, 403, 224, 373, 1070, 348, 211, 173, 1149, 1112, 296, 206, 217, 349, 208, 300, 228, 360, 215, 1090, 378, 380, 1078, 1300, 1080, 1141, 945, 394, 1083, 184, 377, 1144, 231, 294, 307, 1162, 205, 242, 977, 163, 204, 1109, 989, 1085, 1230, 1102, 1111, 1082, 179, 1077, 1137, 1060, 552, 350, 154. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5B. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, 361, 359, 297, 207, 246, 238, 360, 303, 349, 208, 294, 380, 406, 311, 403, 173, 323, 295, 268, 211, 358, 298, 176, 373, 307, 163, 378, 377, 177, 205, 394, 309, 224, 335, 296, 348, 180, 223, 175, 243, and 350. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, 361, 359, 297, 207, 246, 238, 360, 303, 349, 208, 294, 380, 406, 311, 403, 173, 323, 295, 268, 211, and 358. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, and 361. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) .
[0086] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5B. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, 361, 359, 297, 207, 246, 238, 360, 303, 349, 208, 294, 380, 406, 311, 403, 173, 323, 295, 268, 211, 358, 298, 176, 373, 307, 163, 378, 377, 177, 205, 394, 309, 224, 335, 296, 348, 180, 223, 175, 243, 350, 322, 300, 190, 374, 1194, 341, 217, 299, 379, 184, 466, 201, 228, 1149, 204, 215, 459, 242, 1144, 1141, 543, 231, 277, 962, 533, 1162, 1300, 1070, and 179. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0087] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5C. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 297, 291, 290, 239, 301, 306, 238, 361, 223, 323, 400, 207, 1090, 305, 380, 359, 406, 298, 206, 303, 403, 211, 268, 377, 373, 972, 335, 1107, 295, 394, 208, 176, 228, 378, 358, 360, 224, 311, 1110, 309, 184, 190, 294, 296, 246, 177, 349, 173, and 243. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 297, 291, 290, 239, 301, 306, 238, 361, 223, 323, 400, 207, 1090, 305, 380, 359, 406, 298, 206, 303, 403, 211, 268, 377, 373, 972, 335, 1107, and 295. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 297, 291, 290, 239, 301, 306, 238, 361, and 223. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from kidney. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) .
[0088] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5C. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 297, 291, 290, 239, 301, 306, 238, 361, 223, 323, 400, 207, 1090, 305, 380, 359, 406, 298, 206, 303, 403, 211, 268, 377, 373, 972, 335, 1107, 295, 394, 208, 176, 228, 378, 358, 360, 224, 311, 1110, 309, 184, 190, 294, 296, 246, 177, 349, 173, 243, 300, 163, 205, 307, 348, 194, 217, 175, 322, 1194, 374, 341, 201, 242, 1003, 180, 299, 1000, 1077, 459, 350, 1079, 533, 379, 204, 466, 1095, 215, 1070, 1303, 1112, 195, 1141, 231, 1300, 1198, 1083, 1109, and 179. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from kidney. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5D. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1300, 1141, 1162, 1144, 1194, 1109, 962, 1070, 1168, 1114, 1078, 989, 977, 1083, 1082, 1000, 1062, 1111, 1116, 1085, 1230, 1077, 1112, 1089, 154, 1119, 1066, 1102, 1110, 1074, 1090, 1080, 1101, 1303, 1060, 1073, 1120, 1105, 152, 1113, 1100, 1228, 971, 1292, 945, 1137, 1106, 1088, and 1107. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1300, 1141, 1162, 1144, 1194, 1109, 962, 1070, 1168, 1114, 1078, 989, 977, 1083, 1082, 1000, 1062, 1111, 1116, 1085, 1230, 1077, 1112, 1089, 154, 1119, 1066, 1102, 1110, 1074, 1090, 1080, 1101, 1303, 1060, 1073, 1120, 1105, 152, 1113, and 1100. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1300, 1141, 1162, 1144, 1194, 1109, 962, 1070, and 1168. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) .
[0090] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5D. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1300, 1141, 1162, 1144, 1194, 1109, 962, 1070, 1168, 1114, 1078, 989, 977, 1083, 1082, 1000, 1062, 1111, 1116, 1085, 1230, 1077, 1112, 1089, 154, 1119, 1066, 1102, 1110, 1074, 1090, 1080, 1101, 1303, 1060, 1073, 1120, and 1105. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5E. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1116, 190, 1082, 1078, 1090, 1085, 1070, 1194, 962, 1162, 1170, 243, 1144, 1141, 1119, 977, 1089, 1300, 177, 1114, 176, 1080, 1112, 217, 1120, 175, 238, 1077, 1160, 945, 1000, 223, 989, 215, 552, 1101, 1106, 1110, 1066, 242, 1107, 1111, 1303, 201, 205, 1073, 1230, 1079, and 949. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1116, 190, 1082, 1078, 1090, 1085, 1070, 1194, 962, 1162, 1170, 243, 1144, 1141, 1119, 977, 1089, 1300, 177, 1114, 176, 1080, 1112, 217, 1120, 175, 238, 1077, and 1160. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1116, 190, 1082, 1078, 1090, 1085, 1070, 1194, and 962. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from nervous system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) .
[0092] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5E. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1116, 190, 1082, 1078, 1090, 1085, 1070, 1194, 962, 1162, 1170, 243, 1144, 1141, 1119, 977, 1089, 1300, 177, 1114, 176, 1080, 1112, 217, 1120, 175, 238, 1077, 1160, 945, 1000, 223, 989, 215, 552, 1101, 1106, 1110, 1066, 242, 1107, 1111, 1303, 201, 205, 1073, 1230, 1079, 949, 1292, 231, 1293, 1105, 194, 1109, 1083, 239, 1072, 1100, 195, 547, 179, 228, 154, 1081, 972, 1074, 1113, 1221, 406, 1103, 1060, 184, 1095, 1137, 981, 1063, 400, 1086, 974, 968, 277, 1203, 1215, 306, 246, 1228, 1126, 1062, 1168, 1010, 1102, 394, 1189, 1121, 1084, 980, 204, 969, 1213, 301, 1220, 359, 1088, 1198, 309, 1180, 918, 173, 1067, 971, 1199, 1065, 1217, 311, 1076, 1190, and 978. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from nervous system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5F. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 962, 1149, 1085, 989, 1194, 1078, 1070, 1144, 945, 1109, 1114, 1077, 1162, 1082, 1141, 1110, 1300, 1083, 1116, 1089, 1080, 1066, 1000, 972, 974, 1111, 1101, 977, 1079, 1100, 1112, 1160, 1168, 1107, 238, 1303, 1105, 154, 1119, 1068, 1090, 968, 1060, 1086, 190, 1073, 1074, 223, 1003, and 1063. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 962, 1149, 1085, 989, 1194, 1078, 1070, 1144, 945, 1109, 1114, 1077, 1162, 1082, 1141, 1110, 1300, 1083, 1116, 1089, 1080, 1066, 1000, 972, 974, 1111, 1101, 977, 1079, and 1100. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 962, 1149, 1085, 989, 1194, 1078, 1070, 1144, 945, and 1109. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from muscle. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) .
[0094] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5F. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 962, 1149, 1085, 989, 1194, 1078, 1070, 1144, 945, 1109, 1114, 1077, 1162, 1082, 1141, 1110, 1300, 1083, 1116, 1089, 1080, 1066, 1000, 972, 974, 1111, 1101, 977, 1079, 1100, 1112, 1160, 1168, 1107, 238, 1303, 1105, 154, 1119, 1068, 1090, 968, 1060, 1086, 190, 1073, 1074, 223, 1003, 1063, 1113, 1234, 1120, 1230, 1170, 1081, 1072, 1062, 246, 1065, 406, 1088, 1084, 1161, 177, 176, 1106, 243, 239, 215, 306, 400, 1137, 1102, 1126, 980, 1076, 1096, 201, 231, 268, 311, 242, 1292, 1215, 1203, 362, 394, 184, 971, 228, 403, 1213, 1221, 1067, 969, 359, 291, 301, 1189, 298, 205, 552, 981, 1010, 1095, 309, 1228, 1293, 179, 173, 175, 1150, 373, 1121, 1092, 1187, 1103, 207, 1140, 1231, 1198, 194, 217, 1229, 361, 1193, 303, 204, 323, 305, 1217, 1165, 944, 918, 1220, 978, 277, 297, and 206. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from muscle. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5G. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 972, 1149, 1070, 1110, 1194, 1107, 962, 1141, 1144, 1078, 1000, 1085, 1077, 1162, 1112, 1079, 1083, 1116, 1082, 989, 1095, 1100, 154, 1160, 1080, 1111, 1066, 1230, 977, 1109, 1072, 1081, 968, 1102, 1106, 1101, 1105, 1060, 1168, 1119, 1089, 1303, 949, 1114, 1074, 1137, 1073, 1103, and 1198. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 972, 1149, 1070, 1110, 1194, 1107, 962, 1141, 1144, 1078, 1000, 1085, 1077, 1162, 1112, 1079, 1083, 1116, 1082, 989, 1095, 1100, 154, 1160, 1080, 1111, 1066, 1230, and 977. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 972, 1149, 1070, 1110, 1194, 1107, 962, 1141, and 1144. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from skeletal system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) .
[0096] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5G. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 972, 1149, 1070, 1110, 1194, 1107, 962, 1141, 1144, 1078, 1000, 1085, 1077, 1162, 1112, 1079, 1083, 1116, 1082, 989, 1095, 1100, 154, 1160, 1080, 1111, 1066, 1230, 977, 1109, 1072, 1081, 968, 1102, 1106, 1101, 1105, 1060, 1168, 1119, 1089, 1303, 949, 1114, 1074, 1137, 1073, 1103, 1198, 1084, 1120, 1300, and 945. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from skeletal system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5H. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1141, 1162, 1114, 1300, 1144, 962, 989, 1112, 1000, 1070, 1109, 1082, 1066, 1085, 977, 1168, 152, 1116, 154, 1078, 1102, 1089, 1077, 1074, 1101, 1107, 1110, 1105, 972, 1063, 1080, 1073, 945, 1083, 1090, 1079, 1100, 1120, 968, 1113, 1170, 1060, 1119, 1003, 974, 1081, 1065, 1194, and 918. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1141, 1162, 1114, 1300, 1144, 962, 989, 1112, 1000, 1070, 1109, 1082, 1066, 1085, 977, 1168, 152, 1116, 154, 1078, 1102, 1089, 1077, 1074, 1101, 1107, 1110, 1105, and 972. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1141, 1162, 1114, 1300, 1144, 962, 989, 1112, and 1000. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from salivary gland. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) .
[0098] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5H. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1149, 1141, 1162, 1114, 1300, 1144, 962, 989, 1112, 1000, 1070, 1109, 1082, 1066, 1085, 977, and 1168. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from salivary gland. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5I. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, 1141, 1077, 989, 1144, 1116, 1111, 1162, 945, 1082, 1114, 1062, 1088, 1000, 977, 1089, 1110, 1080, 1066, 1100, 1090, 1060, 1107, 1101, 1119, 1068, 1072, 1113, 152, 974, 1230, 1112, 972, 1073, 1234, 1096, 1003, 1102, 1160, 1079, 1293, and 1137. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, 1141, 1077, 989, 1144, 1116, 1111, 1162, 945, 1082, 1114, 1062, 1088, 1000, 977, 1089, 1110, 1080, 1066, 1100, 1090, and 1060. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, and 1141. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from lung. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) .
[0100] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5I. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, 1141, 1077, 989, 1144, 1116, 1111, 1162, 945, 1082, 1114, 1062, 1088, 1000, 977, 1089, 1110, 1080, 1066, 1100, 1090, 1060, 1107, 1101, 1119, 1068, 1072, and 1113. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from lung. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5J. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 361, 491, 387, 303, 370, 298, 265, 197, 373, 208, 382, 347, 238, 363, 362, 310, 258, 252, 541, 394, 374, 406, 194, 551, 494, 207, 190, 187, 492, 323, 499, 413, 395, 205, 375, 414, 400, 543, 411, 176, 201, 465, 296, 211, 487, 415, 333, 462, and 256. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 361, 491, 387, 303, 370, 298, 265, 197, 373, 208, 382, 347, 238, 363, 362, 310, 258, 252, 541, 394, 374, 406, 194, 551, 494, 207, 190, 187, and 492. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 361, 491, 387, 303, 370, 298, 265, 197, and 373. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) .
[0102] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5J. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of 306, 361, 491, 387, 303, 370, 298, 265, 197, 373, 208, 382, 347, 238, 363, 362, 310, 258, 252, 541, 394, 374, 406, 194, 551, 494, 207, 190, 187, 492, 323, 499, 413, 395, 205, 375, 414, 400, 543, 411, 176, 201, 465, 296, 211, 487, 415, 333, 462, 256, 398, 515, 443, 262, 381, 409, 383, 206, 512, 297, 239, 377, 204, 403, 338, 335, 396, 388, 318, 248, 184, 227, and 295. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0103] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5K. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 361, 208, 310, 347, 541, 258, 492, 543, 387, 265, 362, 494, 363, 323, 551, 499, 194, 491, 306, 395, 298, 190, 333, 406, 388, 353, 370, 256, 262, 443, 373, 411, 394, 374, 197, 207, 415, 465, 338, 252, 367, 206, 187, 318, 487, 398, 248, 413, 382, and 455. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 361, 208, 310, 347, 541, 258, 492, 543, 387, 265, 362, 494, 363, 323, 551, 499, 194, 491, 306, 395, 298, 190, 333, 406, 388, 353, 370, 256, 262, and 443. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 361, 208, 310, 347, 541, 258, 492, 543, 387, and 265. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) .
[0104] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5K. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 361, 208, 310, 347, 541, 258, 492, 543, 387, 265, 362, 494, 363, 323, 551, 499, 194, 491, 306, 395, 298, 190, 333, 406, 388, 353, 370, 256, 262, 443, 373, 411, 394, 374, 197, 207, 415, 465, 338, 252, 367, 206, 187, 318, 487, 398, 248, 413, 382, 455, 383, 204, 176, 296, 403, 238, 462, 400, 205, 409, 303, 295, 211, 414, and 520. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from cervix uteri. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0105] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5L. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 362, 361, 491, 310, 406, 370, 239, 211, 347, 335, 207, 297, 208, 238, 298, 304, 190, 363, 323, 265, 353, 373, 515, 551, 206, 375, 187, 494, 387, 499, 176, 409, 541, 543, 296, 415, 382, 210, 414, 388, 303, 377, 256, 492, 374, 411, 328, 152, and 544. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 362, 361, 491, 310, 406, 370, 239, 211, 347, 335, 207, 297, 208, 238, 298, 304, 190, 363, 323, 265, 353, 373, 515, 551, 206, 375, 187, 494, and 387. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 362, 361, 491, 310, 406, 370, 239, 211, and 347. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) .
[0106] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5L. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 306, 362, 361, 491, 310, 406, 370, 239, 211, 347, 335, 207, 297, 208, 238, 298, 304, 190, 363, 323, 265, 353, 373, 515, 551, 206, 375, 187, 494, 387, 499, 176, 409, 541, 543, 296, 415, 382, 210, 414, 388, 303, 377, 256, 492, 374, 411, 328, and 544. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0107] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5B or 5I. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, 361, 359, 297, 207, 246, 238, 360, 303, 349, 208, 294, 380, 406, 311, 403, 173, 323, 295, 268, 211, 358, 298, 176, 373, 307, 163, 378, 377, 177, 205, 394, 309, 224, 335, 296, 348, 180, 223, 175, 243, and 350; or SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, 1141, 1077, 989, 1144, 1116, 1111, 1162, 945, 1082, 1114, 1062, 1088, 1000, 977, 1089, 1110, 1080, 1066, 1100, 1090, 1060, 1107, 1101, 1119, 1068, 1072, 1113, 152, 974, 1230, 1112, 972, 1073, 1234, 1096, 1003, 1102, 1160, 1079, 1293, and 1137. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, 361, 359, 297, 207, 246, 238, 360, 303, 349, 208, 294, 380, 406, 311, 403, 173, 323, 295, 268, 211, and 358; or SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, 1141, 1077, 989, 1144, 1116, 1111, 1162, 945, 1082, 1114, 1062, 1088, 1000, 977, 1089, 1110, 1080, 1066, 1100, 1090, and 1060. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, and 361; or SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, and 1141. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, a HeLa cell, or A549 cell) .
[0108] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 5B or 5I. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 362, 400, 239, 290, 306, 301, 291, 206, 305, 361, 359, 297, 207, 246, 238, 360, 303, 349, 208, 294, 380, 406, 311, 403, 173, 323, 295, 268, 211, 358, 298, 176, 373, 307, 163, 378, 377, 177, 205, 394, 309, 224, 335, 296, 348, 180, 223, 175, 243, 350, 322, 300, 190, 374, 1194, 341, 217, 299, 379, 184, 466, 201, 228, 1149, 204, 215, 459, 242, 1144, 1141, 543, 231, 277, 962, 533, 1162, 1300, 1070, and 179; or SEQ ID NOs: 1194, 962, 1070, 1300, 1085, 1149, 1109, 1083, 1078, 1141, 1077, 989, 1144, 1116, 1111, 1162, 945, 1082, 1114, 1062, 1088, 1000, 977, 1089, 1110, 1080, 1066, 1100, 1090, 1060, 1107, 1101, 1119, 1068, 1072, and 1113. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from or an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, a HeLa cell, or A549 cell) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 in the cell.
[0109] In certain embodiments, the TIE is capable of driving the expression of a protein in a cell of multiple origin. In this regard, the present invention provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell of multiple origin, comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell of two or more origin, three or more origin, four or more origin or five or more origin, comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five different types of cells, comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE is capable of driving the expression of a protein in a cell of two or more origin, three or more origin, four or more origin or five or more origin. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE is capable of driving the expression of a protein in at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five different types of cells. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from two or more (three or more, four or more, or five or more) selected from nervous, digestive, endocrine, skeletal, respiratory, integumentary, lymphatic, reproductive, muscular, excretory, or immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from two or more (three or more, four or more, or five or more) selected from liver, cervix uteri, kidney, immune system, nervous system, skeletal system, muscle, salivary gland, or lung. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from two or more (three or more, four or more, or five or more) selected from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, an osteosarcoma cell, or a Saos2 cell) , a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, a HeLa cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , and / or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, a NK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) .
[0110] In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell of multiple origin, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell of two or more origin, three or more origin, four or more origin or five or more origin, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five different types of cells, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell.
[0111] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein in the cell of multiple origin is comparable to or higher than when a control TIE IRES (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) is used. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein in the different types of cells is comparable to or higher than when a control TIE IRES (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) is used. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is CVB3. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0112] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 (e.g. the “Relative fold to CVB3” in Table 1A-1E, Table 2A-2H or Table 3A-3L is equal to or greater than 1) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 (e.g. the “Relative fold to CVB3” in Table 1A-1E, or Table 2A-2H is equal to or greater than that of SEQ ID NO: 164) .
[0113] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than when a control IRES is used (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE of CVB3. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE of EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0114] In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 291, 305, 359, 268, 295, 301, 400, 297, 239, 362, 361, 406, 306, 303, 323, 290, and 207. In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 223, 238, 291, 298, 224, 305, 359, 268, 173, 177, 206, 246, 378, 358, 295, 301, 403, 400, 373, 349, 176, 297, 239, 362, 208, 361, 243, 406, 296, 306, 303, 360, 323, 290, 207, and 211. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver, cervix uteri and / or kidney. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) , and / or a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) .
[0115] In this regard, the present invention also provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell derived from liver, cervix uteri and / or kidney, particularly a cell of or derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) , and / or a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell derived from liver, cervix uteri and / or kidney, particularly a cell of or derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a HeLa cell) , and / or a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 238, 291, 305, 359, 268, 295, 301, 400, 297, 239, 362, 361, 406, 306, 303, 323, 290, and 207. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 223, 238, 291, 298, 224, 305, 359, 268, 173, 177, 206, 246, 378, 358, 295, 301, 403, 400, 373, 349, 176, 297, 239, 362, 208, 361, 243, 406, 296, 306, 303, 360, 323, 290, 207, and 211.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1077, 977, 1000, 989, 1066, 1109, 1110, 1168, 154, and 1102. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1074, 1141, 962, 1114, 1060, 1168, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 154, 989, 1083, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1105, 1100, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1102, 1109, 1110, 1300, 945, 152, 1113, and 1120. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from muscle, lung and / or salivary gland. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , and / or a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) .
[0117] In this regard, the present invention also provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell derived from muscle, lung and / or salivary gland, particularly a cell of or derived from a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , and / or a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell derived from muscle, lung and / or salivary gland, particularly a cell of or derived from a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , and / or a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1077, 977, 1000, 989, 1066, 1109, 1110, 1168, 154, and 1102. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1074, 1141, 962, 1114, 1060, 1168, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 154, 989, 1083, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1105, 1100, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1102, 1109, 1110, 1300, 945, 152, 1113, and 1120.
[0118] In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1162, 1077, and 977. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1079, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 989, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1110, 1300, and 945. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from immune system and / or salivary gland. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , and / or a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) .
[0119] In this regard, the present invention also provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell derived from immune system and / or salivary gland, particularly a cell of or derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , and / or a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell derived from immune system and / or salivary gland, particularly a cell of or derived from a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , and / or a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1162, 1077, and 977. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1079, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 989, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1110, 1300, and 945.
[0120] In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1144, 1160, 1085, 1149, 1080, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, and 977. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1303, 1141, 962, 1114, 1106, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1160, 1079, 1230, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 989, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 949, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1111, and 1110. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from skeletal system and / or nervous system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) and / or a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) .
[0121] In this regard, the present invention also provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell derived from skeletal system and / or nervous system, particularly a cell of or derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) and / or a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell derived from skeletal system and / or nervous system, particularly a cell of or derived from a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, or a Saos2 cell) and / or a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1144, 1160, 1085, 1149, 1080, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, and 977. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1303, 1141, 962, 1114, 1106, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1160, 1079, 1230, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 989, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 949, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, llll, and 1110.
[0122] In some embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 238, 239, 291, 297, 305, 306, 361, 362, and 400. In certain embodiments, the protein may be H1HA. In some embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2191-2199.
[0123] In some embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 223, 207, 238, 239, 291, 305, 306, 361, 362, and 400. In certain embodiments, the protein may be GLA. In some embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2212-2220.
[0124] In some embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 207, 208, 406, 239, 291, 297, 323, 298, 373, and 400. In certain embodiments, the protein may be IL-2. In some embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2221-2229.
[0125] In some embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 265, 370, 208, 291, 303, 297, 298, 373, and 400. In certain embodiments, the protein may be OTC. In some embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2201-2210.
[0126] In some embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 164, 166, 194, 197, 205, 206, 215, 217, 231, 236, 242, 246, 291, 359, 394, 396, 400, 406, 547, 552, 918, 949, 962, 1000, 1070, 1090, 1112, 1161, 1234, 1292, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1449, 1450, 1472, 1486, 1637, 1653, 2084, 2086, 2092, 2169 and 2179.
[0127] In some embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 206, 291, 1090, 1112, 1449, 1472, 1486 and 1653. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from digestive system and / or immune system. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , and / or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, a NK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) .
[0128] In this regard, the present invention also provides an engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell derived from digestive system and / or immune system, particularly a cell of or derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , and / or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, a NK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) , comprising a (n) (universal) translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE. In this regard, the present invention also provides a method of expressing a protein in a cell derived from digestive system and / or immune system, particularly a cell of or derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , and / or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, aNK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) , comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In certain embodiments, the (universal) TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 206, 291, 1090, 1112, 1449, 1472, 1486 and 1653.
[0129] In some embodiments, the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 159, 173, 175, 176, 182, 201, 204, 211, 222, 243, 244, 247, 256, 258, 268, 283, 288, 289, 290, 296, 297, 298, 300, 303, 304, 305, 310, 311, 321, 323, 333, 335, 347, 358, 360, 370, 377, 380, 382, 383, 387, 391, 403, 413, 414, 415, 465, 466, 491, 507, 515, 541, 551, 556, 915, 977, 981, 1068, 1073, 1081, 1082, 1089, 1098, 1102, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1114, 1116, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1126, 1137, 1139, 1141, 1144, 1149, 1150, 1160, 1162, 1168, 1170, 1187, 1194, 1197, 1198, 1311, 1349, 1352, 1359, 1417, 1438, 1451, 1462, 1473, 1493, 1504, 1539, 1568, 1592, 1650, 1920, 1921, 1973, 1985, 2039, 2073, 2091, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2162, 2168, 2174, 2175, 2178, and 2183.
[0130] In some embodiments, the TIE is at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, at least 500 nucleotides, at least 600 nucleotides, at least 700 nucleotides, at least 800 nucleotides, at least 900 nucleotides, at least 1000 nucleotides, at least 1100 nueleotides, at least 1200 nucleotides, at least 1300 nueleotides in length, preferably at least 400 nueleotides in length, more preferably between 400-1000 nucleotides in length, more preferably between 600-700 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 1300 nueleotides in length.
[0131] In some embodiments, the TIE is derived from a virus genus selected from Enterovirus, Kobuvirus, Pestivirus, Cardiovirus, Hepacivirus, Iflavirus, Parechovirus, Pegivirus, Senecavirus, Sapelovirus, Cripavirus, Salivirus, Tombusvirus, Aphthovirus, Hepatovirus, Ailurivirus, Megrivirus, Cosavirus, Aparavirus, Triatovirus, Sicinivirus, Rosavirus, Hunnivirus, Alphacarmovirus, Limnipivirus, Parabovirus, Aureusvirus, Fipivirus, Boosepivirus, Gallivirus, Mischivirus, Dicipivirus, Pasivirus, Alphanecrovirus, Betacarmovirus, Gammacarmovirus, Oscivirus, Teschovirus, Rabovirus, Mosavirus, Tremovirus, Avisivirus, Avihepatovirus, Rafivirus, Betanecrovirus, Grusopivirus, Kunsagivirus, Panicovirus, Malagasivirus, Crohivirus, Erbovirus, Mupivirus, Anativirus, Orivirus, Aquamavirus, Rohelivirus, Felipivirus, Potamipivtrus, Tralespevirus, Umbravirus, Passerivirus, Pemapivirus, Tropivirus, Tottorivirus, Marsupivtrus, Bopivirus, Betacoronavirus, Sakobuvirus, Gruhelivirus, Myrropivirus, 4alivirus, Crahelivirus, Diresapivirus, Harkavirus, Hemipivirus, Machlomovirus, Rajidapivirus, Shanbavirus, Symapivirus, Torchivirus, Ampivirus, Caecilivirus, Danipivirus, Livupivirus, Ludopivtrus, Poecivirus, and Pygoscepivirus. In some embodiments, the TIE is derived from a virus genus selected from Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiocirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Sallivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, and Tottorvirus.
[0132] In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%identity with the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 2230-4905. In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule comprises or consists of a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2230-4905.
[0133] In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule is produced from a precursor RNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA polynucleotide is produced by other methods known in the art.
[0134] Precursor RNA molecule
[0135] In one aspect, the invention provides a precursor RNA molecule for producing the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule is a circular RNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises a translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE, wherein the TIE comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186.
[0136] In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises the following sequences operably linked to the TIE and / or operable linked to one another: (1) a 3′ group I intron segment; (2) the coding sequence of the protein; and (3) a 5′ group I intron segment. In certain embodiments, the 3′ group I intron segment and the 5′ group I intron segment are each derived from a bacterial phage, a viral vector, an organelle genome, or a nuclear rDNA gene. In certain embodiments, the 3′ group I intron segment and the 5′ group I intron segment are each derived from an anabaena bacterium, a T4 phage virus, a twort bacteriophage, a tetrahymena, or an azoarcus bacterium. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises one or more spacer sequences, said one or more spacer sequences being operably linked to at least one of the 3′ group I intron segment, TIE sequence, coding sequence, and 5′ group I intron segment. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises two spacer sequences. In certain embodiments, the two spacer sequences comprise a 5′ external spacer sequence and a 3′ external spacer sequence, or a 5′ internal spacer sequence and a 3′ internal spacer sequence. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises four spacer sequences. In certain embodiments, the four spacer sequences comprise a 5′ external spacer sequence, a 3′ external spacer sequence, a 5′ internal spacer sequence, and a 3′ internal spacer sequence. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA polynucleotide comprises a 3′ exon segment and a 5′ exon segment, each derived from a natural exon. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises the following elements operably linked to one another: (a) the 5′ external spacer sequence; (b) the 3′ group I intron segment; (c) the 5′ exon segment; (d) the 5′ internal duplex sequence; (e) the TIE sequence; (f) the coding sequence; (g) the 3′ internal duplex sequence; (h) the 3′ exon segment; (j) the 5′ group I intron segment; and (k) the 3′ external spacer sequence. In certain embodiments, elements (a) -(k) are arranged in the order of (a) - (k) . In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises the following elements operably linked to one another: (a) the 3′ group I intron segment; (b) the 5′ exon segment; (c) the 5′ internal duplex sequence; (d) the 5′ internal spacer sequence; (e) the TIE sequence; (f) the coding sequence; (g) the 3′ internal spacer sequence; (h) the 3′ internal duplex sequence; (i) the 3′ exon segment; and (j) the 5′ group I intron segment. In certain embodiments, elements (a) - (j) are arranged in the order of (a) - (j) . In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises the following elements operably linked to one another: (a) the 5′ external spacer sequence; (b) the 3′ group I intron segment; (c) the 5′ exon segment; (d) the 5′ internal duplex sequence; (e) the 5′ internal spacer sequence; (f) the TIE sequence; (g) the coding sequence; (h) the 3′ internal spacer sequence; (i) the 3′ internal duplex sequence; (j) the 5′ exon element; (k) the 5′ group I intron segment; and (l) the 3′ external spacer sequence. In certain embodiments, elements (a) - (l) are arranged in the order of (a) - (l) . In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises fully synthetic nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule comprises partially synthetic nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the precursor RNA molecule is transcribed from a vector or DNA molecule comprising a PCR product, a linearized plasmid, a non-linearized plasmid, a linearized minicircle, a non-linearized minicircle, a viral vector, a cosmid, a cDNA, or an artificial chromosome.
[0137] In one aspect, provided herein is a nucleic acid vector for generating the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, said vector comprises a coding sequence of the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0138] As used herein, "vector" refers to a DNA derived from a virus, plasmid or cell of a higher organism into which a foreign DNA fragment can be or has been inserted for cloning and / or expression purposes. In certain embodiments, the vector can be stably maintained in the organism. The vector may contain, for example, an origin of replication, a selectable marker or a reporter gene, such as antibiotic resistance or GFP, and / or a multiple cloning site (MCS) . The term includes linear DNA fragments (e.g., PCR products, linear plasmid fragments) , plasmid vectors, viral vectors, cosmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) , yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) , and the like.
[0139] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid vector further comprises an RNA polymerase promoter sequence operably linked to the coding sequence of the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention. The operably linked promoter allows in vivo and / or in vitro transcription of the precursor RNA molecule. The promoter is, for example, a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, a T6 viral RNA polymerase promoter, a SP6 viral RNA polymerase promoter, a T3 viral RNA polymerase promoter or a T4 viral RNA polymerase promoter.
[0140] In another aspect, the present invention provides an engineered RNA molecule, which is prepared from the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the nucleic acid vector of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule comprises the TIE sequence and the coding sequence ora protein operably linked to the TIE. In certain embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule comprises: (a) the 5′ exon segment; (b) the 5′ internal duplex sequence; (c) the 5′ internal spacer sequence; (d) the TIE sequence; (e) the coding sequence; (f) the 3′ internal spacer sequence (g) the 3′ internal duplex sequence; and (h) the 5′ exon element. In certain embodiments, (a) - (h) are arranged in the order from (a) to (h) .
[0141] Composition
[0142] The invention also relates to a composition, which comprises the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention. The invention also relates to a composition for expressing a protein in a cell of multiple origin, which comprises the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention. In this regard, the present invention provides a composition for expressing a protein in a cell of two or more origin, three or more origin, four or more origin or five or more origin, which comprises the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention. In this regard, the present invention provides a composition for expressing a protein in at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five different types of cells, which comprises the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0143] The invention also relates to a composition, which comprises the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0144] In certain embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is a cosmetic composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is a composition with a non-medical application.
[0145] Compositions of the invention may further comprise a carrier. In certain embodiments, the carrier is a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier. Compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art.
[0146] In an embodiment, pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carriers may include, but are not limited to, buffers, excipients, stabilizers, or preservatives. Examples of pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carriers are physiologically compatible solvents, dispersion media, coating, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delay agents, etc., such as salts, buffers, sugars, antioxidants, aqueous or non-aqueous carriers, preservatives, wetting agents, surfactants or emulsifiers, or combinations thereof. The amount of pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier in a composition may be experimentally determined based on the activity of the carrier and the desired properties of the preparation, such as stability and / or minimum oxidation. The carrier is "acceptable" in the sense that it is compatible with other components of the composition and is not harmful to its recipient.
[0147] The composition of the present invention may be formulated for any administration route. Preferably, the composition may be formulated in a form for intrarticularis (in joints) , parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, dermal, buccal, subelingual, transnasal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, oral, topical, intrathecal, inhaled, transrectal, patch, pump, percutaneous, transrectal, muscular, body surface, mucosal, or intracranial administration.
[0148] The invention also provides a composition, which comprises a delivery device (e.g. nanoparticles) comprising the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or a delivery vector encoding the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention or the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0149] In one embodiment, the delivery device is selected from one or more of the following: macromolecular complexes, liposomes, nanocapsules, nanoparticles, exosomes, exosome-lipid conjugates, microspheres, beads, oil-in-water emulsions, lipid-nanoparticle conjugates, micelles, mixed micelles, and peptide-based polymeric complexes. In some embodiments, a suitable liposome, nanoparticle, or lipid-nanoparticle conjugate contains one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids, and / or one or more PEG-modified lipids. In another embodiment, a suitable liposome, nanoparticle, or lipid-nanoparticle conjugate contains lipids including (but not limited to) monoglycerides, diglycerides, thiolipids, lysolecithin, phospholipids, saponins, cholic acids, etc. In one embodiment, the compositions described herein comprise one or more liposomes or lipid nanoparticles.
[0150] In one embodiment, the delivery device comprises at least one targeting moiety. In another embodiment, the targeted moiety is a binding ligand, a mouse antibody, a human or humanized antibody, or a fragment thereof.
[0151] In some embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule described herein can be combined with the delivery device. In some embodiments, the combination may refer to incorporation into the delivery device, encapsulation within the liquid of the delivery device, dispersion within the delivery device, linking to the delivery device by linking molecules, embedding in the delivery device, compounding with the delivery device, dispersion in a solution containing the delivery device, mixing with the delivery device, binding with the delivery device, inclusion into the delivery device as a suspension, inclusion into or combination with micelles, attaching to a colloidal dispersion system, or combination with the delivery device in other ways.
[0152] In one embodiment, the delivery vector includes a non-viral, viral, plasmid, and non-plasmid vector. In one embodiment, examples of the virus delivery vectors include, but are not limited to, adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus (also known as adeno-associated virus, AAV) vectors, poxvirus vectors, herpes simplex virus I vectors, retrovirus vectors, lentiviral vectors, etc. In one embodiment, the delivery carrier is an AAV carrier. In one embodiment, the coding sequence of the engineered RNA molecule is operably linked to an expression element on the delivery vector.
[0153] Use and method
[0154] In one aspect, the present invention provides the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention, or the composition of the present invention, for use in expressing a protein in a cell. In one embodiment, the expressing a protein in a cell is in vitro expressing a protein in a cell.
[0155] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention, or the composition of the present invention with the cell. In one embodiment, the method is an in vitro method.
[0156] In one embodiment, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, an osteosarcoma cell, or a Saos2 cell) , a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, a HeLa cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) .
[0157] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprised in the engineered RNA molecule is capable of facilitating expression of the protein in the cell. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein in the cell is comparable to or higher than when a control TIE IRES (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) is used. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is CVB3. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0158] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 (e.g. the “Relative fold to CVB3” in Table 1A-1E, Table 2A-2H or Table 3A-3L is equal to or greater than 1) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 (e.g. the “Relative fold to CVB3” in Table 1A-1E, or Table 2A-2H is equal to or greater than that of SEQ ID NO: 164) .
[0159] In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than when a control IRES is used (e.g., CVB3 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 152) , or EMCV-A (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164) ) . In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE of CVB3. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising or consisting of a TIE of EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the expression level of the protein is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 600%higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0160] In one aspect, the present invention provides the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention, for use in treating a disease in a subject.
[0161] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising administrating an effective amount of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention to the subject.
[0162] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a subject.
[0163] The specific disease to be treated may depend on the specific protein encoded on the engineered RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the disease is selected from a disease associated with nervous, digestive, endocrine, skeletal, respiratory, integumentary, lymphatic, reproductive, muscular, excretory, or immune system. In some embodiments, the disease is selected from certain infectious or parasitic diseases, neoplasms, diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs, diseases of the immune system, endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases, mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorders, sleep-wake disorders, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the visual system, diseases of the ear or mastoid process, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the skin, diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue, diseases of the genitourinary system, conditions related to sexual health, diseases of the obstetrics and gynecology, developmental anomalies, certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, symptoms, signs or clinical findings, not elsewhere classified, injury, poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes, external causes of morbidity or mortality. In some embodiments, the disease is selected from liver cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia (e.g. monocytic leukemia) , brain tumor (e.g. cerebral neuroma) , myosarcoma, bone cancer (e.g. osteosarcoma) , salivary gland tumor, lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) .
[0164] As used herein, "subject" is intended to include living organisms in which an immune response can be elicited, and may include, but is not limited to, mammals, such as human or non-human mammals, such as domesticated, agricultural or wild animals, as well as birds and aquatic animals.
[0165] As used herein, the terms “administer” , “administering” , “administration” , “dose” , “dosing” , and the like refer to a method that can be used to enable the delivery of the composition to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to, intra-articular (in joints) , parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, buccal, sublingual, transnasal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, oral, topical, intrathecal, inhalation, transrectal, patch, pump, percutaneous, transrectal, muscular, body surface, mucosal, intracranial, etc administration. Possible administration techniques for the agents and methods described herein can be found, for example, in Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, current edition; Pergamon and Remington, Pharmaceutical Sciences (current edition) , Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
[0166] As used herein, “treat” or "treating" an individual suffering from a disease means that the individual′s symptoms are partially or completely alleviated, or remain unchanged after treatment. Thus, treatment includes prevention, treatment and / or cure. Prevention refers to prevention of a potential disease and / or prevention of worsening of symptoms or disease progression.
[0167] As used herein, "effective amount" refers to an amount when administered to the subject which results in beneficial or desired results, including clinical results, e.g., inhibits, suppresses or reduces the symptoms of the condition being treated in the subject as compared to a control. The precise amount of the component that provides an "effective amount" to an individual will depend on the mode of administration, the type and severity of the disease or condition, and on individual characteristics such as general health, age, sex, weight, and drug tolerance. One skilled in the art will be able to determine the appropriate dosage based on these and other factors.
[0168] As one skilled in the art will understand, the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention may be administered to patients in a variety of forms depending on the selected route of administration. The specific mode of administration and administration protocol will be selected by the attending clinician taking into account specific conditions (e.g. individual, disease, condition of disease involved, specific treatment) . In some embodiments, the method comprises administrating the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention by a mode selected from intraarticular (in joint) , parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, dermal, buccal, sublingual, nasal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, oral, topical, intrathecal, inhaled, rectal, patch, pump, percutaneous, transrectal, muscular, body surface, mucous membrane, intracranial, etc. administration. In some embodiments, parenteral administration may be performed by continuous infusion over a selected period of time. In some embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention is formulated in a form to be administered by a mode selected from intraarticular (in the joint) , parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, dermal, buccal, sublingual, nasal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, oral, topical, intrathecal, inhaled, rectal, patch, pump, percutaneous, transreetal, muscular, body surface, mucous membrane, intracranial, etc. administration.
[0169] In some embodiments, the method may comprise the administration of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention once or multiple times a day or less than once a day (e.g., once a week or once a month, etc. ) over a period of days to months or even years. In one embodiment, the method may comprise administrating to the subject the effective amount of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention once a day, once every other day, twice a week, once a week, once every two weeks, once a month, once every other month, once every 3 months, or once every 6 months. In one embodiment, for the use described herein, the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention is formulated in the form to be administrated once a day, once every other day, twice weekly, once weekly, once every two weeks, once monthly, once every other month, once every three months, or once every six months.
[0170] The appropriate dose will depend, for example, on the specific the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention, the subject, the mode of administration and the nature and severity of the condition to be treated and the property of prior treatment the patient has undergone. Finaly, the attending physician will determine the amount of the engineered RNA molecule for an individual. In some embodiments, the attending physician may administer a low-dose of the engineered RNA molecule or the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention and observe the individual's response. In other embodiments, the initial dose of the engineered RNA molecule administered to an individual is higher, and the dose is then adjusted downward until symptoms of recurrence occur. Larger doses of the engineered RNA molecule or the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention may be administered until the individual has achieved optimal therapeutic effect, and at this point, the dose is generally not increased further. In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is formulated to contain about 0.006mg to about 600mg, about 0.06mg to about 600mg, about 0.3mg to about 600mg, about 0.6mg to about 600mg, about 6mg to about 600mg, about 60mg to about 600mg, about 120mg to about 600mg, about 300mg to about 600mg, about 0.006mg to about 300mg, about 0.06mg to about 300mg, about 0.6mg to about 300mg, about 6mg to about 60mg, about 60mg to about 300mg, about 120rug to about 300mg, about 0.006 mg to about 60mg, about 0.06mg to about 60mg, about 0.3mg to about 60mg, about 0.6mg to about 60mg, about 6mg to about 60mg the engineered RNA molecule or the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention (per dose unit) . In some embodiments, a single administration of the composition is about 0.0001mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 0.001mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 0.005mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 0.01mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 0.1mg / kg to about 10mg / k g, about 1mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 2mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 5mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 0.0001mg / kg to about 5mg / kg, about 0.001mg / kg to about 5mg / kg, about 0.01m g / kg to about 5mg / kg, about 0.1mg / kg to about 10mg / kg, about 1mg / kg to about 5mg / kg, about 2mg / kg to about 5mg / kg, about 0.0001mg / kg to about 1mg / kg, about 0.001mg / kg to about 1mg / kg, about 0.005mg / kg to about 1m g / kg, about 0.01mg / kg to about 1mg / kg or about 0.1mg / kg to about 1mg / kg of the engineered RNA molecule or the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention.
[0171] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the engineered RNA molecule of the present invention, the precursor RNA molecule of the present invention or the composition of the present invention as a cosmetic product.
[0172] Method for identifying TIE
[0173] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for identifying a translation initiation element (TIE) capable of driving protein expression in a cell, comprising:
[0174] a. selecting a TIE from a TIE library,
[0175] b. constructing an engineered RNA molecule comprising the selected TIE and the coding sequence or a protein operably linked to the TIE,
[0176] c. introducing the engineered RNA molecule into the cell (comprising one or more ribosomes) ,
[0177] d. culturing the cell under a condition allowing the expression of the protein,
[0178] e. determining the expression level of the protein, and
[0179] f. selecting a TIE capable of driving the expression of the protein at a higher level as compared to a control TIE under comparable conditions.
[0180] In some embodiments, in step a, the TIE is selected based on the length of the TIE. In some embodiments, in step a, the TIE is selected based on the length of the TIE of at least 400 nucleotides in length, preferably between 400-1000 nucleofides in length, more preferably between 600-700 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 1300 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the selected TIE is at least 400 nucleotides in length, preferably between 400-1000 nucleotides in length, more preferably between 600-700 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 1300 nucleotides in length.
[0181] In some embodiments, in step a, the TIE is selected based on the virus genus of the TIE. In some embodiments, the selected TIE is from Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiocirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Sallivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, or Tottorvirus. In some embodiments, in step a, the TIE is selected based on the virus genus of the TIE of Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiocirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Sallivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, or Tottorvirus.
[0182] In embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule is a linear RNA molecule (such as mRNA) or a circular RNA molecule.
[0183] In certain embodiments, the TIE comprises or is an IRES.
[0184] In certain embodiments, the TIE library comprises a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%identity with the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186. In certain embodiments, the TIE library comprises a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186. In certain embodiments, the TIE library comprises or consists of all the TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186.
[0185] In certain embodiments, the control TIE is CVB3. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is EMCV-A. In certain embodiments, the control TIE is a TIE comprising or consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.
[0186] In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from an animal. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from a non-human mammal. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from human. In certain embodiments, the cell is derived from liver, cervix uteri, kidney, immune system, nervous system, skeletal system, muscle, salivary gland, or lung. In certain embodiments, the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, an osteosarcoma cell, or a Saos2 cell) , a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2Cl2 cell) , a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell, a HeLa cell, or a A549 cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , and / or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, a NK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) .
[0187] The coding sequence of the protein can encode proteins of eukaryotic, prokaryotic or viral origin. In certain embodiments, the protein can be any protein for therapeutic or diagnostic use. In certain embodiments, the protein can be a reporter protein, such as a luciferase. In certain embodiments, the coding sequence of the protein comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2187, 2188 and 2189.
[0188] TIE library
[0189] The present invention built a TIE library for the purpose of the invention, wherein 288 of them are considered to be used as IRES sequences for the first time (i.e. not reported before as IRES or IRES-like sequences, indicated as “new” IRES sequences, SEQ ID Nos: 270-340, 342-416, 418 to 556) .
[0190] In one aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a translation initiation element (TIE) library, wherein said TIE library comprises or consists of at least one polynucleotide having a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 151-557. In embodiments, said TIE library comprises or consists of at least one polynucleotide having a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 151-556. In embodiments, said TIE library comprises or consists of at least one polynucleotide having a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 270-340, 342-416, 418 to 556. In embodiments, said TIE library comprises or consists of at least one polynucleotide having a sequence selected from Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 1C, Table 1D or Table 1E.
[0191] In one aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of selecting a TIE for use in providing an engineered RNA polynucleotide, comprising:
[0192] (i) providing the TIE library of the present invention,
[0193] (ii) inserting the TIE into an engineered RNA polynucleotide, and
[0194] (iii) introducing the engineered RNA polynucleotide into a cell.
[0195] In one aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of selecting a TIE for use in providing an engineered RNA polynucleotide to express a protein in a cell, comprising:
[0196] (i) providing the TIE library of the present invention,
[0197] (ii) inserting the TIE into an engineered RNA polynucleotide comprising a protein coding sequence,
[0198] (iii) introducing the engineered RNA polynucleotide into a cell, and
[0199] (iv) expressing the protein in the cell.
[0200] In embodiments, the cell is originated from an animal. In embodiments, the cell is originated from a non-human mammal. In embodiments, the cell is originated from human. In embodiments, the cell is an epithelial cell, a liver cell, a neuron cell, a myeloid cell, or a kidney cell. In embodiments, the cell is a HeLa cell, a HepG2 cell, a Neuro2A cell, a THP1 cell or a HK2 cell. In embodiments, the engineered RNA polynucleotide is a linear or a circular RNA.
[0201] In one aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide the use of the TIE library of the present invention in providing an engineered RNA polynucleotide for expressing a protein in a cell. In embodiments, the cell is originated from an animal. In embodiments, the cell is originated from a non-human mammal. In embodiments, the cell is originated from human. In embodiments, the cell is an epithelial cell, a liver cell, a neuron cell, a myeloid cell, or a kidney cell. In embodiments, the cell is a HeLa cell, a HepG2 cell, a Neuro2A cell, a THP1 cell or a HK2 cell. In embodiments, the engineered RNA polynucleotide is a linear or a circular RNA.
[0202] In one aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide an engineered RNA polynucleofide obtained by the method of the present invention, wherein said RNA polynucleotide comprises a TIE which is selected from the TIE library of the present invention (and a protein coding sequence) . In embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule is a linear RNA. In embodiments, the engineered RNA molecule is a circular RNA. In embodiments, the TIE is an IRES sequence. In embodiments, the engineered RNA polynucleotide is a circular RNA comprising an IRES sequence selected from the TIE library of the present invention and a protein coding sequence. In embodiments, the engineered eireular RNA molecule further comprises an untranslated region (UTR) .
[0203] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a product expressed by the engineered RNA polynucleotide as described above.
[0204] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered RNA polynucleotide as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0205] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide use of the engineered RNA polynucleotide in preparing a pharmaceutical composition as described above.
[0206] In yet another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating a disease or condition in a subject, comprising contacting the engineered RNA polynucleotide or the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention with a target cell and expressing the protein, for example the target cell is an epithelial cell, a liver cell, a neuron cell, a myeloid cell, or a kidney cell.
[0207] In one aspect of the present invention, the engineered RNA polynucleotide is produced from a precursor. In other aspects of the present invention, the engineered RNA polynucleotide is produced by other methods known in the art.
[0208] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide an IRES library for use in preparing a circular RNA polynucleotide for expressing a protein in neural tissue or cells and / or in the Neuro2a cell, wherein said IRES library comprises one or more sequence selected from Table iA.
[0209] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide an IRES library for use in preparing a circular RNA polynucleotide for expressing a protein in epithelial tissue or cells and / or in the Hela cell, wherein said IRES library comprises one or more sequence selected from Table 1B.
[0210] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide an IRES library for use in preparing a circular RNA polynucleotide for expressing a protein in liver tissue or cells and / or in the HepG2 cell, wherein said IRES library comprises one or more sequence selected from Table 1C.
[0211] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide an IRES library for use in preparing a circular RNA polynucleotide for expressing a protein in the immune system or myeloid cells and / or in the THP1 cell, wherein said IRES library comprises one or more sequence selected from Table 1D.
[0212] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide an IRES library for use in preparing a circular RNA polynucleotide for expressing a protein in kidney tissue or cells and / or in the HK2 cell, wherein said IRES library comprises one or more sequence selected from Table 1E.
[0213] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide use of the IRES library as above for providing an engineered RNA polynucleotide to express a protein in a tissue or cell line, wherein said engineered RNA polynucleotide is a circular RNA.
[0214] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for selecting an IRES to provide an engineered circular RNA polynucleotide to express a protein in a tissue or a cell line, wherein said method comprises:
[0215] (i) providing the IRES library of the present invention,
[0216] (ii) inserting the IRES sequence selected from the library into an engineered circular RNA polynucleotide which comprises a protein coding sequence,
[0217] (iv) providing the engineered circular RNA polynucleotide to a cell,
[0218] (v) expressing the protein in the cell.
[0219] In embodiments, the cell is originated from an animal, for example a non-human mammal. In embodiments, the cell is originated from human. In embodiments the cell is an epithelial cell, a liver cell, a neuron cell, a myeloid cell, or a kidney cell, for example the cell is a HeLa cell, a HepG2 cell, a Neuro2A cell, a THP1 cell or a HK2 cell.
[0220] In another aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating a disease or condition in a subject, comprising
[0221] (i) providing the IRES library of the present invention,
[0222] (ii) inserting the IRES sequence selected from the library into an engineered circular RNA polynucleotide which comprises a protein coding sequence encoding a therapeutic protein,
[0223] (iii) providing the engineered circular RNA polynucleotide to a target cell,
[0224] (iv) expressing the protein,
[0225] wherein said target cell is an epithelial cell, a liver cell, a neuron cell, a myeloid cell, or a kidney cell.
[0226] Examples
[0227] The following examples have been included to provide guidance to one of ordinary skill in the art for practicing representative embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter. In light of the present disclosure and the general level of skill in the art, those of skill can appreciate that the following examples are intended to be exemplary only and that numerous changes, modifications, and alterations can be employed without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. The synthetic descriptions and specific examples that follow are only intended for the purposes of illustration, and are not to be construed as limiting in any manner the present invention.
[0228] Non-limiting illustrative examples of the various assays or methods are provided below.
[0229] Method
[0230] circRNA generation method
[0231] The main methods of RNA circularization in vitro include 1) using ligase, like T4 RNA ligase (Liu., et al., (2021) RNA circles with minimized immunogenicity as potent PKR inhibitors. ) , 2) ribozyme self-splicing for RNA circularization, like Group I / II Intron (Wesselhoeft A.R., et al., (2018) Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells. ) , 3) ribozyme self-cleaving and ligase combination for RNA circularization, like Twister combined with RtcB (Litke., et al., (2019) Highly efficient expression of circular RNA aptamers in cells using autocatalytic transcripts) . Circular RNAs produced in these ways can be delivered into cells or tissues to play a role. See Figure 4.
[0232] In vitro transfection and translation
[0233] A desirable amount of a circular RNA can be transfected into cells (e.g., prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells) using a transfecting agent, such as Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) . In vitro translation of a desirable amount of a circular RNA may be performed in a cell free lysate. The cell lysate may be collected to analyze the protein expression after incubation.
[0234] Luciferase assay
[0235] Cells transfected with an RNA polynucleotide or circular RNA comprising an IRES-like sequence, endogenous IRES sequence or a variant thereof, or a combination thereof of the present disclosure according to the methods or techniques described herein may be lysed. A luciferase reporter assay, such as the dual-luciferase reporter assay system from PromegaTM, is used to generate the luminescent signal. The luminescence can be measured, for example, by Bio-Tek synergy H1 or other methods known in the art. In the working examples, the luminescence is measured at 24 hrs after introducing the circular RNAs to the cell lines.
[0236] Example 1. CircRNA synthesis
[0237] CircRNAs were synthesized by IVT using the RiboMAXTM Large Scale RNA Production Systems (Promega, P1300) . IVT templates were linearized plasmid by restriction enzyme and column purified before RNA synthesis. 0.4 μg of circRNA template was used per 20 μL of IVT reaction. Reactions were incubated overnight at 37 ℃ with shaking at 300 r. p. m. with a heated lid. IVT templates were subsequently degraded with 0.4 μL ofDNase I per IVT reaction for 20 minutes at 37 ℃ with shaking at 300 r. p. m. Then, add 500 mM EDTA (final conc. of EDTA is 30 mM) to stop DNase I activity.
[0238] Next, the circularization reaction can be performed with a mixture includes: IVT reaction mix, 30 mM MgCl2 and DNase / RNase Free Water up to 60 μL. The mixture can be incubated at 55℃for 15min. The remaining RNA was column purified before further enzymatic reactions.
[0239] To isolate circRNAs, column-purified RNA was digested with one unit of RNase R per microgram of RNA for 60 minutes at 37 ℃ with shaking at 300 r. p. m. Samples were then column purified (MEGACLEAR Kit, Thermofisher) , quantified using a NanoDrop One speetrophotometer and verified for complete digestion using a Sciex (PA800 plus) . In some instances, due to reagent shortages, verification was performed with agarose gel under formamide-based denaturing conditions (RNA Gel Loading Dye (2X) , Thermo Scientific, R0641) . In cases of incomplete digestion of linear RNAs, RNase R digestion was repeated.
[0240] Example 2. Evaluation of IRESs activity via different cargos
[0241] In vitro Luciferase assay
[0242] Cells were transfected with different IRES-circRNA firefly luciferase. At 24 hours after transfection, add reagents according to ONE-GloTM Luciferase Assay System (Promega) . Add a volume of reagent equal to that of the culture medium in each well. Mix for optimal consistency. For 96-well plates, typically 100 μL of reagent is added to the cells grown in 100 μL of medium. Wait at least 3 minutes to allow complete cell lysis and measure in a luminometer.
[0243] In vitro NanoLuc assay
[0244] Different IRES-circRNA, connected NanoLuc luciferase by P2A for quantification, were transfected into cells. At 24 hours after transfection, add reagents according to Luciferase Assay System (Promega) . The reagent is prepared by mixing Luciferase Assay Substrate and Luciferase Assay Buffer (add 200 μL of substrate to 10 mL of buffer) to use directly on cells expressing luciferase (avolume of reagent equal to that of the culture medium in each well) . To each well, 100 μL of mixed reagent from the Luciferase Assay System was added, after which the plate was vortexed for 1 minute, incubated at room temperature for an additional 2 minutes and read on a microplate reader.
[0245] In vitro HiBiT assay
[0246] Cells were transfected with different IRES-circRNA fused HiBiT. Cargos of interest can be tagged with HiBiT at the C terminus using linkers to ensure HiBiT can represent cargos'expression. At 24 hours after transfection, add reagents according to HiBiT Lytic Detection System (Promega) . Dilute the LgBiT Protein 1: 100 and the HiBiT Lyric Substrate 1:50 into an appropriate volume of room temperature HiBiT Lytic Buffer in a new tube. Mix by inversion. Add a volume of HiBiT Lyric Reagent equal to the culture medium present in each well, and mix. Incubate the plate for 10 minutes at 37 ℃ for equilibration of LgBiT and HiBiT in the lysate. Measure luminescence on a microplate reader.
[0247] Example 3. Identified IRESs with high activity in circRNA
[0248] Initiated by IRES, the translation of engineered circRNA can be generally derived from the virus UTR for internal ribosome entry. The activity of IRES is a key factor for the efficiency of circRNA translation. To achieve the high activity IRES for circRNA translation, we constructed an IRES library, which contains 406 sequences (SEQ ID Nos: 151-556) derived from 17 virus species, wherein 288 sequences were used for the first time in RNA translation ( “new” IRESes) . Then, we inserted each sequence in the IRES library into the circular Luciferase or circular OTC-NanoLuc respectively to initiate the circular RNA translation to detect the protein translation / expression efficiency in HeLa, HepG2, Neuro2A, THP1 and HK2 cell lines, each cell line being selected as a representative cell line for epithelial tissue, liver tissue, neural tissue, immune system / tissue and kidney tissue, respectively.
[0249] Based on the high throughput screening data, we identified a series of IRES with higher activity than CVB3, which is commonly used as a strong IRES. Most of these highly active IRES were even first discovered for circular RNA translation in different cell types (See Figure 1) .
[0250] In addition, we also found that the efficiency of initiating circular RNA translation is very different among IRESs derived from the same virus type with high sequence and structural similarity, such as IRESs derived from CVB3-2 and CVB5. Like CVB3-type IRES, they are derived from the UTR of Enterovirus species, so their sequence identity to CVB3-type IRES is higher than 90%, and their secondary structures are similar. However, the efficiency of initiating eireRNA translation driven by these IRESs are significantly different. In HeLa cells, the expression level of circular Luciferase driven by CVB3-2-type IRES was 1.665 times that of CVB3-type IRES, while CVB5-type IRES initiated the circular Luciferase expression was 10%of that of CVB3-type IRES. The phenotype is consistent in HepG2 cells and HeLa cells (Figures 2 and 3) .
[0251] In summary, we identified a series of IRES derived from the virus UTR with high activity for circRNA translation, and also note that there can be significant activity differences between the IRES even from similar viruses.
[0252] Example 4. IRES-circRNAs screening library construction and intracellular activity analysis
[0253] The Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) is an RNA element with hundreds of base pairs that mediates a cap-independent initiation of translation and plays a key role in protein synthesis. Native IRES are typically located in the higher-order RNA structure of the gene spacer of the 5′UTR or polycistronic mRNA. As an internal recognition site for ribosomes, IRES can well achieve circular RNA expression. Therefore, the strength of IRES activity determines the translation efficiency of circular RNA, which plays a key role in the application of protein translation based on circular RNA vectors. To this end, we used in vitro synthesized circular RNA as the expression vector to construct an IRES-crieRNAs screening library to screen out IRES with high expression activity by High-throughput Screen System.
[0254] The constructed IRES library covers almost all potential 5′UTR sequences from viral genus, including Enterovirus, Kobuvirus, Pestivirus, Cardiovirus, Hepacivirus, Iflavirus, Parechovirus, Pegivirus, Senecavirus, Sapelovirus, Cripavirus, Salivirus, Tombusvirus, Aphthovirus, Hepatovirus, Ailurivirus, Megrivirus, Cosavirus, Aparavirus, Triatovirus, Sicinivirus, Rosavirus, Hunnivirus, Alphacarmovirus, Limnipivirus, Parabovirus, Aureusvirus, Fipivirus, Boosepivirus, Gallivirus, Mischivirus, Dicipivirus, Pasivirus, Alphanecrovirus, Betacarmovirus, Gammacarmovirus, Oscivirus, Teschovirus, Rabovirus, Mosavirus, Tremovirus, Avisivirus, Avihepatovirus, Rafivirus, Betanecrovirus, Grusopivirus, Kunsagivirus, Panicovirus, Malagasivirus, Crohivirus, Erbovirus, Mupivirus, Anativirus, Orivirus, Aquamavirus, Rohelivirus, Felipivirus, Potamipivirus, Tralespevirus, Umbravirus, Passerivirus, Pemapivirus, Tropivirus, Tottorivirus, Marsupivirus, Bopivirus, Betacoronavirus, Sakobuvirus, Gruhelivirus, Myrropivtrus, Aalivirus, Crahelivirus, Diresapivirus, Harkavirus, Hemipivirus, Machlomovirus, Rajidapivirus, Shanbavirus, Symapivirus, Torchivirus, Ampivirus, Caecilivirus, Danipivirus, Livupivirus, Ludopivirus, Poecivirus, Pygoscepivirus. (SEQ ID NO: 1-2186) .
[0255] Insert the IRES candidates of interest into a circular RNA backbone construct encoding firefly luciferase (Luc) (SEQ ID NO: 2187) or OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT (SEQ ID NO: 2188, 2189) . Generated circular RNAs followed the protocol outlined in Example 1 and transfected into HeLa, HepG2, HK2, THP1, Neuro2a, and Saos2 cells using Lipofectamine MessengerMAX (thermoFisher) . 24 hours after transfection, the luminescence of Luc protein was measured using the commercially available reagent ONE-GloTM Luciferase Assay System (Promega) . Similarly, we measured the luminescence of NanoLuc protein by the commercially available reagent Nano- Luciferase Assay System (Promega) or the luminescence of HiBiT protein with the commercially available reagent HiBiT Lytic Detection System (Promega) . Here, we use the widely known CVB3 IRES (SEQ ID NO: 152) as a normalization indicator. The results (Figure 5A-H) showed that most of the native IRES sequences have higher activity compared to the EMCV IRES (SEQ ID NO: 164) in HeLa, HepG2, HK2, THP1, Neuro2a, and Saos2 cells (Table 2A-2H. ) , suggesting enhanced protein expression (with strong initiating protein translational activity) in the circular RNA environment.
[0256] Example 5. Correlation analysis between length and expression efficiency of IRESs
[0257] In this embodiment, the correlation between IRES length and IRES activity is analyzed. We analyzed the expression efficiency of IRESs in combination with different Cargos (Luciferase, OTC) in different cells (HeLa, HepG2, HK2, THP1, Neuro2a, Saos2, C2Cl2, A549, A253) at 24 hours after transfection, as shown in Figure 6. When the length of IRES is less than 400 nt, the activity of IRES is low or even no activity in any cell or in combination with different ORFs. However, with the increase of IRES length, the activity of IRES showed a Gaussian distribution, with peak IRES activity observed when the IRES length is between 600-700 nt. The overall IRES activity decreases gradually as the length deviates from this range, whether it is shorter or longer. However, when the length exceeds 1300 nt, the overall activity of IRES rebounds (Figure 6A) . We further analyzed the provenance of IRES species with a length of more than 1000 nt. As shown in Figure 6B, IRESs with a length over 1300 nt are mainly derived from Ailurivirus and Mischivirus (SEQ ID NO: 1300, 2168-2178, 87, 1205, 1292, 1303) , while the shorter IRESs on the other hand, are mainly derived from Enterovirus, suggesting that the species differences of IRES may also affect their expression.
[0258] In summary, the efficiency of IRES-initiated circRNAs translation is strongly correlated with its length.
[0259] Example 6. IRES from a specific genus has a higher expression potential
[0260] This embodiment mainly clarifies the difference in the activity of IRES derived from different species. We analyzed the differences in the activity of IRESs from different species with a length greater than 400 nt in different cells (HeLa, HepG2, HK2, THP1, Neuro2a, Saos2, C2Cl2, A549, A253) . As shown in Figure 7A, we found that IRES of different genus exhibited different expression potentials. IRESs derived from Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Salivirus and Sapelovirus, showed strong translational initiation ability (Table 3A-3R, 4A-4C) , while the IRESs from other genus, such as Megrivirus, Malagasivirus, and Sakobuvirus, did not show any translational activity in the above nine cell lines.
[0261] Example 7. IRES has a significant cell-type tendency
[0262] This embodiment mainly illustrates the differences in the activity of IRES in different cell types. To further enhance the credibility of our data, we selected some IRESs that showed high activity in HepG2 cells based on high-throughput screening data. We manually re-generated the circular RNAs containing these IRESs and re-transfected them into nine different cell types (HeLa, HepG2, HK2, THP1, Neuro2a, Saos2, C2Cl2, A549, and A253) to analyze their activity differences within various cellular environments (Table 5A-5L) . From the data, we found that there were differences in the expression of IRES among different cells (Figure 8A-M) . For example, the correlations between Saos2 and Neuro-2a cells, HeLa and HepG2 cells, HK-2 and Hela cells, C2Cl2 and A549 cells, Hela and A549 cells, and THP1 and A253 cells were high (> 0.8, Figure 8B-G) . The correlations between Hela and C2C 12, Hela and Neuro-2a, HepG2 and Neuro-2a, HK-2 and Neuro-2a, and HK-2 and A253 cells were all low (< 0.6, Figure 8H-M) .
[0263] Further, we compared the top 30 IRESs (Figure 9A-D) or the top 50 IRESs (Figure 9E-H) in each cell line. The results showed that there were 18 (SEQ ID NO: 238, 291, 305, 359, 268, 295, 301, 400, 297, 239, 362, 361, 406, 306, 303, 323, 290, 207) and 36 (SEQ ID NO: 223, 238, 291, 298, 224, 305, 359, 268, 173, 177, 206, 246, 378, 358, 295, 301, 403, 400, 373, 349, 176, 297, 239, 362, 208, 361, 243, 406, 296, 306, 303, 360, 323, 290, 207, 211) overlaps in the top 30 (SEQ ID NO:1090, 962, 177, 175, 176, 243, 190, 1194, 238, 291, 298, 305, 359, 268, 223, 972, 206, 295, 301, 403, 400, 1107, 373, 335, 297, 239, 362, 361, 406, 306, 303, 380, 323, 290, 207, 211, 377, 246, 358, 201, 311, 173, 294, 349, 208, 360) or top 50 IRES (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 962, 972, 1149, 1107, 1070, 1112, 1194, 1110, 223, 190, 238, 291, 205, 298, 224, 305, 359, 311, 350, 163, 268, 173, 294, 177, 206, 246, 378, 358, 295, 301, 403, 394, 400, 373, 175, 335, 349, 176, 297, 239, 362, 208, 361, 348, 243, 180, 406, 296, 309, 306, 303, 360, 323, 380, 290, 207, 307, 211, 377, 217, 215, 201, 228, 300, 184) in HepG2, HeLa, and HK-2 cells, respectively (Figure 9A, E) . In THP1 and A253 cells, there were 24 (SEQ ID NO: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1077, 977, 1000, 989, 1066, 1109, 1110, 1168, 154, 1102) and 40 (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1074, 1141, 962, 1114, 1060, 1168, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 154, 989, 1083, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1105, 1100, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1102, 1109, 1110, 1300, 945, 152, 1113, 1120) overlaps in the top 30 (SEQ ID NO: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1119, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1000, 1062, 989, 1083, 1066, 1111, 1109, 1110, 1168, 1230, 154, 1102, 972, 1107, 1074, 152, 1101, 1105) or top 50 IRES (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1303, 1074, 1141, 962, 1114, 1106, 1060, 1168, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1137, 1079, 1230, 972, 1089, 968, 1085, 1101, 1081, 1149, 154, 989, 1083, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1105, 1100, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1102, 1111, 1109, 1110, 1300, 974, 945, 1003, 1063, 152, 1062, 1113, 1088, 1170, 918, 1120, 1065, 1228, 1292, 971) , respectively (Figure 9B, F) . In C2Cl2, A549, A253, and Neuro-2a cells, there were 15 (SEQ ID NO: 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1144, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1070, 1078, 1162, 1077, 977) and 29 (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1141, 962, 1114, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1079, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 989, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1110, 1300, 945) overlaps in the top 30 (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1116, 1170, 217, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1119, 1144, 1160, 177, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1080, 175, 1070, 176, 1078, 1120, 1112, 1162, 243, 190, 1194, 1077, 238, 977, 1060, 1000, 1062, 989, 1083, 945, 1066, 1100, 1088, 1111, 1109, 1110, 1168, 154, 1102, 972, 1107, 1079, 1074, 152, 1101, 1105, 974) ortop 50 IRES (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1303, 1074, 1141, 962, 1114, 1106, 1060, 1168, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1137, 1160, 1079, 1230, 972, 1089, 968, 1085, 1101, 1081, 1149, 154, 989, 1083, 1107, 1080, 1072, 1070, 1066, 1078, 949, 1105, 1100, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1102, 1111, 1109, 1110, 1300, 223, 1086, 974, 945, 1003, 190, 238, 1068, 1063, 152, 1234, 1062, 1096, 1113, 1088, 1293, 1170, 918, 1120, 1065, 205, 177, 175, 176, 243, 217, 552, 215, 242, 201) , respectively (Figure 9C, G) . In Saos2 and Neuro-2a cells, there were 17 (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1116, 1141, 962, 1144, 1160, 1085, 1149, 1080, 1070, 1078, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977) and 33 (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1303, 1141, 962, 1114, 1106, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1160, 1079, 1230, 1089, 1085, 1101, 1149, 989, 1107, 1080, 1070, 1066, 1078, 949, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1111, 1110) overlaps in the top 30 (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1116, 1170, 217, 1141, 962, 1114, 1300, 1119, 1144, 1160, 177, 1089, 1085, 1149, 1080, 175, 1070, 176, 1078, 1120, 1112, 1162, 243, 190, 1194, 1077, 238, 977, 1000, 989, 1083, 1066, 1100, 1111, 1110, 1230, 154, 972, 1107, 1079, 1095) or top 50 IRES (SEQ ID NO: 1090, 1082, 1073, 1116, 1303, 1074, 1141, 1198, 962, 1114, 1106, 1060, 1168, 1000, 1119, 1144, 1137, 1160, 1103, 1079, 1230, 972, 1089, 968, 1085, 1101, 1081, 1149, 154, 989, 1083, 1107, 1080, 1072, 1070, 1066, 1078, 1095, 949, 1105, 1100, 1112, 1162, 1194, 1077, 977, 1102, 1111, 1109, 1110, 1300, 223, 945, 190, 238, 1170, 1120, 205, 177, 175, 176, 243, 217, 552, 215, 242, 201) , respectively (Figure 9D, H) .
[0264] In summary, there is a significant cell type tropism in IRES.
[0265] Example 8. The protein-coding sequence affects IRES activity
[0266] Studies have shown that IRES often has a unique secondary or even tertiary structure, and these special structures may play a crucial role in the function of IRES as the initiation of translation. The various domains of IRESs bind translation initiation factors and ribosomes, or in some cases mimic tRNAs or other translational components. However, the effect of protein-coding regions on IRES activity has not been clearly reported. We found that IRES exhibited a variety of translation efficiencies when combined with different sequences obtained by codon optimization (CO) , and that this diversity was not caused by codon optimization (Figure 10) . For example, 9 different CO sequences coding H1HAs (SEQ ID NO: 2191-2199) were combined with 10 IRES (SEQ ID NO: 207, 238, 239, 291, 297, 305, 306, 361, 362, 400) , and there was a significant difference in the ranking of translational levels (Figure 10A) . Among them, the translation efficiency ofEnterovirusA121 (SEQ ID NO: 306) binding to coding sequence CO3 (SEQ ID NO: 2193) was the highest, but the translation efficiency was significantly reduced after binding to coding sequence CO1 (SEQ ID NO: 2191) , while the binding of coding sequence CO1 to CoxsackievirusA14 (SEQ ID NO: 297) showed the highest translation level, indicating that the difference in translation efficiency was not caused by the coding sequence CO1 itself, but mainly because the coding sequence CO1 inhibited the activity of EnterovirusA121. The same phenomenon is shown in the GLA coding sequence (Figure 10B) , the IL-2 coding sequence (Figure 10C) , and the OTC coding sequence (Figure 10D) .
[0267] In summary, IRES can produce dozens of fold differences in the activity of different coding sequences of proteins, indicating that protein coding sequences can affect the function of IRES.
[0268] Example 9. Construction of IRES Sub-libraries
[0269] Sub-library 1: Sub-library 1 was constructed by selecting IRES with strong activity within each species from 12 viral genera which displayed generally high-activity IRESs from high-throughput screening results. These genera include Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Gallivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Parabovirus, Parachovirus, and Sapelovirus. This sub-library comprises a total of 44 IRES sequences (SEQ ID NO: 164, 166, 194, 197, 205, 206, 215, 217, 231, 236, 242, 246, 291, 359, 394, 396, 400, 406, 547, 552, 918, 949, 962, 1000, 1070, 1090, 1112, 1161, 1234, 1292, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1449, 1450, 1472, 1486, 1637, 1653, 2084, 2086, 2092, 2169 and 2179) .
[0270] Sub-library 2: Sub-library 2 was formed based on high-throughput screening results from 17 viral genera characterized by their generally high-activity IRES elements. These genera are Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Cardiovirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Malagasivirus, Megrivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, and Tottorivirus. From each genus, the top 20%most active IRES elements or those ranking in the top 20 were selected (Table 6) . This sub-library consists of a total of 118 IRES sequences (SEQ ID NO: 159, 173, 175, 176, 182, 201, 204, 211, 222, 243, 244, 247, 256, 258, 268, 283, 288, 289, 290, 296, 297, 298, 300, 303, 304, 305, 310, 311, 321, 323, 333, 335, 347, 358, 360, 370, 377, 380, 382, 383, 387, 391, 403, 413, 414, 415, 465, 466, 491, 507, 515, 541, 551, 556, 915, 977, 981, 1068, 1073, 1081, 1082, 1089, 1098, 1102, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1114, 1116, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1126, 1137, 1139, 1141, 1144, 1149, 1150, 1160, 1162, 1168, 1170, 1187, 1194, 1197, 1198, 1311, 1349, 1352, 1359, 1417, 1438, 1451, 1462, 1473, 1493, 1504, 1539, 1568, 1592, 1650, 1920, 1921, 1973, 1985, 2039, 2073, 2091, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2162, 2168, 2174, 2175, 2178, 2183) .
[0271] Subsequently, the IRESs from each sub-library were individually cloned into a circRNA plasmid backbone designed for expressing the Luciferase protein. The plasmids primarily consist of the IRES, luciferase gene, and Twort group I intron. The linearized plasmid followed by in vitro transcription (IVT) to obtain a precursor circLuciferase containing a 3′ intron-IRES-Luciferase -5′ intron structure. The IVT reaction can include the following Table 7.
[0272] Table 7. The IVT reaction
[0273] Incubate the IVT reaction immediately after preparation at 37℃ incubated 3h. When the IVT reaction has reached the plateau stop the reaction by adding DNase I (final conc. of DNase I is 1U / 1ug template) , incubated 30min at 37℃. Then, add 100 mM EDTA (final conc. of EDTA is 30 mM) to stop DNase I activity.
[0274] Next, the circularization reaction can be performed with a mixture includes: IVT reaction mix, 30mM MgCl2 and DNase / RNase Free Water up to 60μL. The mixture can be incubated at 55℃ for 15min.
[0275] To purify the circRNA, we combined the poly-A tailing reaction and RNaseR treatment to remove the linear RNA, followed by buffer exchange to eliminate proteins, NTPs, and other impurities. Following the cleanup, the circRNA can be quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by PAGE gel electrophoresis or CGE to confirm the circRNA purity.
[0276] Finally, circRNAs containing IRES from each Sub-library were transfected into primary cells and luciferase protein levels were measured to reflect IRES activity.
[0277] Example 10. Activity of IRESs from Sub-libraries in primary cells
[0278] The circRNAs prepared from IRES Sub-libraries were transfected into HepG2 cells, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) , human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocytes (T cells) , and human PBMC-induced dendritic cells (HiDC) . The activity of the IRES was assessed by measuring the expression levels of Luciferase. HepG2 and PHH cells were transfected using Lipofectamine MessengerMAX (Thermo Fisher) . Luciferase activity was measured 24 hours post-transfection using the commercial ONE-GloTM Luciferase Assay System (Promega) . T cells and HiDC were transfected using an in-house developed Ready-to-Use LNP 010-031. Luciferase activity in T cells was measured 24 hours post-transfection, while for HiDC, it was measured 48 hours post-transfection.
[0279] The luminescence intensity results of IRES Sub-library 1 showed varying degrees of IRES expression strength depending on the viral genus origin of the IRESs, with cell-specific differences observed (Figure 11A-D) . Comparing the top 20 IRESs across all four cell types revealed that eight IRESs (SEQ ID NO: 206, 291, 1090, 1112, 1449, 1472, 1486 and 1653) overlapped among the four cell types (Figure 11E) . These findings indicate that highly active IRESs exhibit strong universality across different cell types.
[0280] The results of IRES Sub-library 2 also indicate the high activity of the IRESs in Sub-library 2 (Table 6) and their strong universality across different cell types.
[0281] Table 1A
[0282] Table 1B
[0283] Table 1C
[0284] Table 1D
[0285] Table 1E
[0286] Table 2A. Activity of IRES sequences in HepG2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0287] Table 2B. Activity of IRES sequences in HeLa cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0288] Table 2C. Activity of IRES sequences in HK2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0289] Table 2D. Activity of IRES sequences in THP1 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0290] Table 2E. Activity of IRES sequences in Neuro2a cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0291] Table 2F. Activity of IRES sequences in Saos2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0292] Table 2G. Activity of IRES sequences in HepG2 cell (OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo)
[0293] Table 2H. Activity of IRES sequences in HeLa cell (OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo)
[0294] Table 3A. Activity of IRES sequences derived from differem genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0295] Table 3B. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0296] Table 3C. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0297] Table 3D. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0298] Table 3E. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0299] Table 3F. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0300] Table 3G. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0301] Table 3H. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0302] Table 3I. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0303] Table 3J. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0304] Table 3K. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0305] Table 3L. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0306] Table 3M. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0307] Table 3N. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0308] Table 3O. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0309] Table 3P. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0310] Table 3Q. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0311] Table 3R. Activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus ( “OTC_” means OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo, others mean firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0312] Table 4A. Ranking of activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus
[0313] Table 4B. Ranking of activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus
[0314] Table 4C. Ranking of activity of IRES sequences derived from different genus
[0315] Table 5A. Activity of IRES sequences in HepG2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0316] Table 5B. Activity of IRES sequences in HeLa cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0317] Table 5C. Activity of IRES sequences in HK2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0318] Table 5D. Activity of IRES sequences in THPI cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0319] Table 5E. Activity of IRES sequences in Neuro2a cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0320] Table 5F. Activity of IRES sequences in C2Cl2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0321] Table 5G. Activity of IRES sequences in Saos2 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0322] Table 5H. Activity of IRES sequences in A253 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0323] Table 5I. Activity of IRES sequences in A549 cell (firefly luciferase (Luc) as cargo)
[0324] Table 5J. Activity of IRES sequences in HepG2 cell (OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo)
[0325] Table 5K. Activity of IRES sequences in HeLa cell (OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo)
[0326] Table 5L. Activity of IRES sequences in THP1 cell (OTC-NanoLuc / HiBiT as cargo)
[0327] Table 6. Ranking of activity of IRES sequences in sub-library 2
Claims
1.An engineered RNA molecule for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising a translation initiation element (TIE) and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE, wherein the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2186.2.The engineered RNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 166, 204, 215, 216, 217, 236, 242, 271, 272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 316, 321, 322, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 391, 395, 396, 398, 400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 443, 455, 459, 462, 465, 466, 482, 484, 487, 493, 494, 497, 499, 502, 504, 506, 507, 510, 515, 517, 523, 529, 533, 537, 538, 541, 543, 544, 547, 549, 551, 552, 556, 918, 944, 945, 949, 962, 968, 969, 971, 972, 974, 977, 978, 980, 981, 989, 992, 1003, 1010, 1060, 1062, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1088, 1089, 1092, 1095, 1096, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1116, 1119, 1121, 1126, 1141, 1144, 1149, 1160, 1162, 1165, 1168, 1170, 1180, 1189, 1193, 1194, 1198, 1199, 1203, 1213, 1215, 1217, 1220, 1228, 1230, 1231, 1234, 1292, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1311, 1323, 1343, 1349, 1351, 1352, 1356, 1359, 1382, 1386, 1417, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1462, 1472, 1473, 1486, 1493, 1504, 1525, 1526, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1541, 1553, 1562, 1563, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1572, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1581, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1604, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1641, 1644, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1653, 1662, 1700, 1712, 1747, 1749, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1761, 1777, 1828, 1833, 1838, 1839, 1841, 1843, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1855, 1864, 1873, 1874, 1883, 1885, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1930, 1940, 1952, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1986, 2026, 2039, 2071, 2073, 2081, 2087, 2088, 2091, 2095, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2113, 2114, 2169, 2174, 2175, 2177, 2178, and 2183,preferably, wherein the expression level of the protein is comparable to or higher than the expression mediated by an RNA molecule comprising a TIE of CVB3 in the cell.3.The engineered RNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 164, 166, 194, 197, 205, 206, 215, 217, 231, 236, 242, 246, 291, 359, 394, 396, 400, 406, 547, 552, 918, 949, 962, 1000, 1070, 1090, 1112, 1161, 1234, 1292, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1449, 1450, 1472, 1486, 1637, 1653, 2084, 2086, 2092, 2169 and 2179,preferably, wherein the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 206, 291, 1090, 1112, 1449, 1472, 1486 and 1653,preferably, wherein the TIE is capable of driving the expression of a protein in a cell of multiple origin.4.The engineered RNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the TIE comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 159, 173, 175, 176, 182, 201, 204, 211, 222, 243, 244, 247, 256, 258, 268, 283, 288, 289, 290, 296, 297, 298, 300, 303, 304, 305, 310, 311, 321, 323, 333, 335, 347, 358, 360, 370, 377, 380, 382, 383, 387, 391, 403, 413, 414, 415, 465, 466, 491, 507, 515, 541, 551, 556, 915, 977, 981, 1068, 1073, 1081, 1082, 1089, 1098, 1102, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1114, 1116, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1126, 1137, 1139, 1141, 1144, 1149, 1150, 1160, 1162, 1168, 1170, 1187, 1194, 1197, 1198, 1311, 1349, 1352, 1359, 1417, 1438, 1451, 1462, 1473, 1493, 1504, 1539, 1568, 1592, 1650, 1920, 192 1, 1973, 1985, 2039, 2073, 2091, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2162, 2168, 2174, 2175, 2178, and 2183.5.The engineered RNA molecule of any one of preceding claims, wherein the cell is derived from liver, cervix uteri, kidney, immune system, nervous system, skeletal system, muscle, salivary gland, or lung,preferably, wherein the cell is or is derived from a hepatocyte (such as a normal hepatocyte, a hepatocarcinoma cell, a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) , or HepG2) , a cervix uteri cell (such as a normal cervix uteri cell, a cervical cancer cell, or a HeLa cell) , a kidney cell (such as a normal kidney cell, a renal carcinoma cell, or a HK2 cell) , a myeloid cell (such as a normal myeloid cell, a myelocytic leukemia cell, or a THP1 cell) , a nerve cell (such as a normal nerve cell, a neuroma cell, or a Neuro2a cell) , a bone cell (such as a normal bone cell, a bone cancer cell, an osteosarcoma cell, or a Saos2 cell) , a muscle cell (such as a normal muscle cell, a myosarcoma cell, or a C2C12 cell) , a salivary gland cell (such as a normal salivary gland cell, a salivary gland tumor cell, or a A253 cell) , an epithelial cell (such as a normal epithelial cell) , a lung cell (such as a normal lung cell, a lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) cell, or a A549 cell) , or a lymphocyte (such as a B cell, a NK cell, a T cell, a dentritic cell, human PBMC-induced dendritic cell (HiDC) , or human PBMC-derived activity T lymphocyte) .6.The engineered RNA molecule of any one of preceding claims, wherein the TIE comprises an IRES.7.The engineered RNA molecule of any one of preceding claims, wherein the engineered RNA molecule is a linear RNA molecule (such as mRNA) or a circular RNA molecule.8.The engineered RNA molecule of any one of preceding claims, wherein the TIE is at least 400 nucleotides in length, preferably between 400-1000 nucleotides in length, preferably between 600-700 nucleotides in length, preferably at least 1300 nucleotides in length.9.The engineered RNA molecule of any one of preceding claims, wherein the TIE is derived from a virus genus selected from Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiocirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Sallivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, and Tottorvirus.10.A precursor RNA molecule for producing the engineered RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the engineered RNA molecule is a circular RNA molecule.11.A composition, comprising the engineered RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-9.12.The composition of claim 11, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition or a cosmetic composition.13.An in vitro method of expressing a protein in a cell, comprising contacting the engineered RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-9 or the composition of claim 11 or 12 with the cell.14.A method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising administrating an effective amount of the engineered RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-9 or the composition of claim 1 1 or 12 to the subject.15.Use of the engineered RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-9 or the composition of claim 11 or 12 in preparation ora medicament for treating a disease in a subject.16.The method of claim 14 or the use of claim 15, wherein the disease is selected from liver cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia (e.g. monocytic leukemia) , brain tumor (e.g. cerebral neuroma) , myosarcoma, bone cancer (e.g. osteosarcoma) , salivary gland tumor, and lung cancer (e.g. non-small-cell lung cancer) .17.Use of the engineered RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-9 or the composition of claim 11 or 12 as a cosmetic product.18.A method for identifying a translation initiation element (TIE) capable of driving protein expression in a cell, comprising:a. selecting a TIE from a TIE library,b. constructing an engineered RNA molecule comprising the selected TIE and a coding sequence of a protein operably linked to the TIE,c. introducing the engineered RNA molecule into the cell,d. culturing the cell under a condition allowing the expression of the protein,e. determining the expression level of the protein, andf. selecting a TIE capable of driving the expression of the protein at a higher level as compared to a control TIE under comparable conditions.19.The method of claim 18, wherein in step a, the TIE is selected based on the length of the TIE, wherein the selected TIE is at least 400 nucleotides in length, preferably between 400-1000 nucleotides in length, more preferably between 600-700 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 1300 nucleotides in length.20.The method of claim 18, wherein in step a, the TIE is selected based on the virus genus of the TIE, wherein the selected TIE is from Ailurivirus, Aphthovirus, Boosepivirus, Cardiocirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Mischivirus, Oscivirus, Parabovirus, Parechovirus, Parechovirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Sallivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, or Tottorvirus.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Methods and nucleic acid molecules for cell-free and vector-free in vitro RNA transcription of therapeutic mRNA
CN114717229A
Non-capped linear RNA recombinant nucleic acid molecule and application thereof
CN116262926A
Circular RNA platforms, uses thereof, and their manufacturing processes from engineered DNA
US20230235337A1
Recombinant nucleic acid molecule based on point mutation of translation initiation element and use thereof in preparation of circular RNA
US20230279407A1
Compositions and methods for improved protein translation from recombinant circular rnas
WO2023178294A2