Real-time tracking of radioactive materials and sources throughout the supply chain

Abstract

The invention provides for real-time tracking of radioactive material throughout the supply chain, including during transportation. The invention implements a distributed ledger system including computing devices each located at a respective geographical location, with a distributed ledger comprising recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material along a transportation route. When the radioactive material is at a first geographical location, corresponding to a first entity that handles radioactive material, the invention involves, at a first computing device, located at the first geographical location, receiving first data associated with the radioactive material at the first geographical location, updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger based on the received first data, and transmitting the update to the distributed ledger to a central computing device corresponding to an administrator of the system to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device.

Description

[0001] REAL-TIME TRACKING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS AND SOURCES

[0002] THROUGHOUT THE SUPPLY CHAIN

[0003] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0004] The present disclosure relates to real-time tracking of radioactive materials and sources through its supply chain, including during or in transport, e.g. across border locations, while in use by the end client, etc., and visibility thereof to various different entities involved in the transportation process. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a system and to a method.

[0005] BACKGROUND

[0006] Nuclear technology has applications in various fields such as energy, medicine and agriculture. This technology makes use of nuclear and other radioactive materials that can cause significant harm to humans and the environment upon incorrect handling or exposure. Furthermore, many industries rely on the transport of such radioactive material from a source, e.g. a production facility, to a destination, e.g. a warehouse or factory. This transport can be by any suitable means, e.g. road, air, sea, and it is common for radioactive material to be transported internationally, i.e. across territorial borders.

[0007] It is clear that safety is of utmost importance during transport of radioactive material, as well as national security. Border infrastructure at territorial border locations commonly include radiation portal monitors (RPMs) to detect the presence of nuclear and other radioactive material that is being transported across borders. Indeed, there are over 11000 such RPMs at border locations globally. Alarms may be raised if a detected radiation level exceeds certain thresholds.

[0008] While RPMs may be being used to detect radiation levels of radioactive material being transported, the collected measurement data may not be stored or handled in a useful or consistent manner at different locations. This makes it difficult to ensure that such material is being transported in a safe and secure manner, and makes it difficult to identify risks or the source an issue in the event of materials being lost, for instance. The materials being transported and / or the RPM equipment may be being handled / operated by relatively unskilled personnel who may not be aware of the risks associated with the material or proper processes for tracking such materials. There is a need for increased safety and security in relation to the transport and storage of radioactive materials. It is against this background to which the present disclosure is set.

[0009] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The disclosure relates generally to the provision of systems and methods that allow for real-time monitoring and tracking of nuclear and other radioactive materials and sources as they are transported between, and stored at, different locations. This allows for end-to- end visibility of such radioactive materials and sources across an entire supply chain, including transport cycle / journey from beginning to end. The disclosure provides for storage and tracking of data collected during the monitoring and tracking of radioactive materials in a manner that ensures consistency, accessibility, transparency and traceability of transported materials.

[0011] In one aspect, the beneficial effects of the disclosure are realised via the provision of a distributed ledger architecture / system, e.g. a blockchain system, that is configured to store and process collected data in relation to the transportation of radioactive materials, such as data collected from various sensors including radiation portal monitors (RPMs), geographical location / positioning sensors, etc.

[0012] A system for implementing the distributed ledger architecture may comprise a plurality of computing devices that may communicate across a wireless network, e.g. the Internet. Each of the computing devices may include a processor and a memory, e.g. a physical storage medium, that stores at least a portion of the distributed ledger. The distributed ledger may include a distributed and / or central database for storing data associated with the transportation of radioactive materials and sources, including radiation level measurements, geographical location data, authentication data, timestamp data, etc. Each computing device may comprise an input configured to receive the various data to be stored, e.g. from appropriate sensors and / or via a human machine interface (HMI).

[0013] Each computing device may be located at a different geographical location and may correspond to different entities or personnel responsible for handling radioactive material while it is being transported through a complex supply chain, e.g. a production facility manager, a courier agent, a custom official, a customer, a warehouse manager, a site manager, etc. The distributed ledger / blockchain may comprise a plurality of nodes, and each entity may correspond to I be associated with a respective one of the nodes. At each node may be recorded data associated with radioactive material being transported as measured by I received at the respective associated entity. In this way, a particular load I item of radioactive material being transported can be regarded as moving between I through the nodes of the blockchain as it is transported between different entities in different geographical locations.

[0014] An administrator (admin) or central node may store the blockchain / ledger and other nodes may access / download at least part of the ledger (depending on permissions of the respective entity) stored at the admin / central node. Data used to update the blockchain at a given node I computing device may be used to update the blockchain at the central / admin node.

[0015] The processor at each computing device may be configured to analyse or process the received and stored radioactive material data. The processor may be configured to determine one or more metric values therewith, and may be configured to monitor said metric values over time and / or compare said metric values against one or more metric thresholds. For instance, measured radiation levels of radioactive material may be compared against a threshold radiation level corresponding to an upper allowable level, e.g. from a safety point of view. As another example, a timestamp indicating that the radioactive material is at a particular geographical location, e.g. at one of the various entities (such as at a border location), may be used to determine when it may be expected that the radioactive material will arrive at a different geographical location, e.g. a next entity along the route of the radioactive material as it is transported. This could be based on distance between entities and / or expected journey times.

[0016] Each computing device may comprise an output configured to communicate / send notifications and / or transmit one or more control signals. The outputs from a respective computing device may be based on the one or more metric value determinations. For instance, if the detected radiation levels associated with a particular source / load of radioactive material are determined to be above an allowable / acceptable level at a particular entity then the respective computing device output an alarm or notification to an appropriate party, e.g. an official associated with the respective entity, and / or output a control signal to control infrastructure, e.g. close a border control gate / barrier, to prevent a vehicle transporting the radioactive material from crossing the border or continuing its journey. According to an aspect of the invention there is provided a method of performing real-time tracking of a radioactive material load being transported between a plurality of defined geographical locations as part of a transportation route of the radioactive material load. Each defined geographical location corresponds to a respective entity responsible for handling the radioactive material load along the transportation route.

[0017] The method is implemented by a distributed ledger system that comprises a plurality of computing devices each located at a respective one of the plurality of defined geographical locations and configured to communicate across a wireless network. Each computing device comprises a computer processor and a storage medium storing at least a portion of a distributed ledger comprising recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route. Access to encrypted data stored in the distributed ledger is restricted to users who have special / required credentials.

[0018] When the radioactive material load is at a first geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a first entity of the plurality of entities, the method comprises, at a first computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the first geographical location: receiving, at an input of the first computing device, first data associated with the radioactive material load at the first geographical location; updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at a first storage medium of the first computing device based on the received first data; and transmitting, from an output of the first computing device and via the wireless network, the update to the distributed ledger at the first storage medium to a central computing device of the system, storing the master / complete / full copy of the ledger, to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device. The transmitted signal to the central computing device occurs soon after, or in response to, the update to the recorded data in the distributed ledger, to ensure real-time tracking of up-to-date information relating to the radioactive material load is facilitated across the distributed ledger system.

[0019] The first data may comprise timestamp data indicating a time at which the radioactive material load is at the first geographical location. Optionally, the time is a time of arrival of the radioactive material load at the first geographical location. Further optionally, the timestamp data is received from a geographical location sensor of a vehicle transporting the radioactive material load.

[0020] The method may comprise determining, based on the timestamp data, an expected time of arrival of the radioactive material load at a second geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a second entity of the plurality of entities. The second entity may follow - e.g. directly follow - the first entity along the transportation route.

[0021] The step of determining the expected time of arrival may be performed by a first computer processor of the first computing device. The method may comprise, at the first computing device: updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the first storage medium of the first computing device based on the determined time of arrival.

[0022] The method may comprise, at a second computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the second geographical location: accessing the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device, updated to include the first data from the first computing device, and storing the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the second storage medium of the second computing device. Access may be performed by downloading part or all of the distributed ledger from the central computing device. Access is controlled based on the credentials / permissions of the user of the second computing device (i.e. credentials of the second entity at the second geographical location). The second entity may only have permission to access a subset of data stored in the distributed ledger, and so may download only said subset to the second computing device.

[0023] The step of determining the expected time of arrival may be performed by a second computer processor of the second computing device based on the first data in the updated distributed ledger of the second storage medium.

[0024] The method may comprise, at the second computing device, further updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the second storage medium based on the determined expected time of arrival. The method may comprise, at the second computing device at the second geographical location, monitoring for arrival of the radioactive material load at the second geographical location. If the expected time of arrival passes without the radioactive material load arriving at the second geographical location, then the method may comprise outputting an alarm notification at the second entity.

[0025] The first data may comprise a measured radiation level of the radioactive material load, received from a first radiation portal monitor at the first geographical location. Optionally, the method comprises measuring, using the first radiation portal monitor, the radiation level of the radioactive material load at the first geographical location. Further optionally, measuring the radiation level of the radioactive material load comprises measuring the radiation level of a vehicle transporting the radioactive material load.

[0026] The method may comprise comparing, at a first computer processor of the first computing device, the measured radiation level of the radioactive material load against a defined threshold radiation level corresponding to an upper allowable level. If the measured radiation level is greater than the defined threshold radiation level, then the method may comprise outputting, from the output of the first computing device, an alarm notification at the first entity. Optionally, the method may comprise, at the first computing device, updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the first storage medium of the first computing device based on the comparison between measured and threshold radiation levels.

[0027] The method may comprise, if the measured radiation level is greater than the defined threshold radiation level, then outputting, from the output of the first computing device, a control signal to automatically control physical infrastructure to prevent a vehicle transporting the radioactive material load from departing from the first geographical location. Optionally, controlling the physical infrastructure includes closing a border control barrier.

[0028] The method may comprise, at the first computing device, updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the first storage medium of the first computing device based on the measured radiation level of the radioactive material load at the first geographical location. The method may comprise transmitting, from the output of the first computing device and via the wireless network, the update to the distributed ledger at the central computing device to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device. When the radioactive material load is at a second geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a second entity of the plurality of entities that follows the first entity along the transportation route, the method may comprise, at a second computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the second geographical location, receiving, at an input of the second computing device, second data associated with the radioactive material load at the second geographical location. The second data may comprise a second measured radiation level of the radioactive material load, received from a second radiation portal monitor at the second geographical location.

[0029] Optionally, the method comprises measuring, using the second radiation portal monitor, the radiation level of the radioactive material load at the second geographical location. The method may comprise retrieving / accessing, from the (updated) distributed ledger at the central computing device, the measured radiation level at the first geographical location. The method may comprise determining a difference between the second measured radiation level and the retrieved measured radiation level. If the determined difference is greater than a defined threshold difference, then the method may comprise outputting an alarm notification at the second entity.

[0030] The first data may comprise authentication data to verify an identity of the radioactive material load.

[0031] The authentication data may include a unique identifier associated with the radioactive material load. The method may comprise comparing the unique identifier received in the first data against one or more unique identifiers stored in the first storage medium of the first computing device to verify the identity of the radioactive material load. The data may also include the specific license number issued by the national regulator in the destination country and other physical characteristics of the radioactive material and source.

[0032] The unique identifier may be received as scanned Quick Response, QR, code data, from a scanner device at the first geographical location, of a barcode provided on the radioactive material load or a container carrying the radioactive material load. Optionally, the barcode is a QR code.

[0033] The unique identifier may be received as radio-frequency identification, RFID, data, from an RFID receiver device at the first geographical location. The RFID data may be communicated to the RFID receiver device from an RFID transmitter device travelling with the radioactive material load when the radioactive material load moves within a threshold distance of the RFID receiver device at the first geographical location.

[0034] The received authentication data may be encrypted. The method may comprise decrypting the encrypted authentication data in order to verify the identity of the radioactive material load.

[0035] The distributed ledger system may be a private blockchain system.

[0036] The plurality of entities may include one or more of: a border control authority; an international customs authority; and a local customs authority.

[0037] The plurality of entities may include one or more of: a production facility manager; an international courier agent; a domestic courier agent; a site manager; a warehouse manager; and a customer.

[0038] The central computing device may be associated with an administrator entity responsible for coordinating transport of the radioactive material load.

[0039] The recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route may include one or more of: location history of the radioactive material load; optionally, wherein the location history comprises the geographical locations along the transportation route that have been visited by the radioactive material load and / or time spent at one or more locations; a type of the radioactive material in the load; a quantity of the radioactive material in the load; one or more physical characteristics of the radioactive material in the load; activity level of the radioactive material in the load; measured radiation levels of the radioactive material load at respective ones of the geographical locations; inventory statuses and / or changes of the radioactive material load; documentation indicating checks performed in relation to the radioactive material load at one or more of the geographical locations; security incident reports related to the radioactive material load. The method may comprise, at one of the plurality of computing devices, retrieving recorded data in the distributed ledger stored in the storage medium of the respective computing device, or the (updated) distributed ledger at the central computing device. The method may comprise retrieving defined expected data in the distributed ledger stored in the storage medium of the respective computing device, or the (updated) distributed ledger at the central computing device, the defined expected data comprising expected parameter data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route. The method may comprise identifying anomalies in the transportation of the radioactive material load by comparing differences between the retrieved recorded data and the retrieved defined expected data. Optionally, the method comprises outputting, via an output of the respective computing device, an alarm notification upon identification of one or more anomalies.

[0040] The expected parameter data may include one or more of: expected level of radiation at one or more of the geographical locations; expected time of arrival at one or more of the geographical locations; expected route between specific ones of the geographical locations; expected duration of stay at one or more of the geographical locations; expected type or quantity of the radioactive material load; expected documentation to be completed at one or more of the geographical locations; and expected stopping locations of the radioactive material load along the transportation route.

[0041] According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a non-transitory, computer- readable storage medium storing instructions thereon that, when executed by one or more computer processors, cause the one or more computer processors to perform a method as defined above.

[0042] According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a system for performing real-time tracking of a radioactive material load being transported between a plurality of defined geographical locations as part of a transportation route of the radioactive material load. Each defined geographical location corresponds to a respective entity responsible for handling the radioactive material load along the transportation route.

[0043] The system comprises a plurality of computing devices each located at a respective one of the plurality of defined geographical locations and configured to communicate across a wireless network. Each computing device comprises a computer processor and a storage medium storing at least a portion of a distributed ledger comprising recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route.

[0044] When the radioactive material load is at a first geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a first entity of the plurality of entities, a first computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the first geographical location, is configured to: receive, at an input of the first computing device, first data associated with the radioactive material load at the first geographical location; update the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at a first storage medium of the first computing device based on the received first data; transmit, from an output of the first computing device and via the wireless network, the update to the distributed ledger at the first storage medium to a central computing device of the system to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device.

[0045] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0046] Examples of the disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0047] Figure 1 schematically illustrates an example of a system in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, the system including a plurality of computing devices in communication via a wireless network;

[0048] Figure 2 schematically illustrates an example journey that a radioactive material source takes via various entities each represented by a node of a blockchain stored on the system of Figure 1 ;

[0049] Figure 3 schematically illustrates the integration of collected radiation data at a detection side of the system of Figure 1 at a server side of the system of Figure 1 ; and

[0050] Figures 4(a)-4(d) shows pages of a mobile app on a mobile device that implements part of the system of Figure 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0051] The inventor of the present disclosure has understood that there is a need for an additional layer of radiation safety in the transportation of radioactive materials, e.g. radioisotopes, that yields data that may be used in conjunction with information-based risk assessments. This can enhance the detection of radioactive material leaks, illicit trafficking, commercial fraud, etc. The problem to be addressed is that data associated with radioactive material transport is collected in an inconsistent manner, may not be stored properly, and may not be accessible by different entities.

[0052] Indeed, there is evidence that additional safety around radiation transport is needed. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) maintains the Incident and Trafficking Database (ITDB) on incidents of illicit trafficking and other unauthorised activities and events involving nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control, which includes many stolen radioactive sources. The ITDP reported 3,689 entries between 1992 and 2019, of which eight percent involved incidents with a confirmed or likely act of trafficking or malicious use and 64 percent were not related to trafficking or malicious use (Radioactive Source Uses, Risks, and Control - Radioactive Sources - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.qov))

[0053] Extensive radioactive material detection at border locations is primarily driven by concerns related to national security and public safety. Such measures may be in place for one or more of the following reasons:

[0054] • Safety and Security: Radioactive materials can pose serious health risks and have the potential for misuse in criminal activities. Ensuring that radioactive materials are not illicitly transported across borders helps prevent harm to individuals and the environment.

[0055] • Legislative Requirements: Many countries have enacted legislation and regulations that mandate the monitoring and control of radioactive materials. Compliance with these laws is essential for maintaining safety and security. International agreements and standards, such as those set by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), also contribute to the establishment of norms for radiation detection at borders.

[0056] • Passage Requirements: The specific requirements for passage through a border location can vary by country and are often defined by national laws and regulations. Typically, vehicles, cargo, and individuals must undergo radiation screening using radiation portal monitors (RPMs). Passage may be permitted if the measured radiation levels fall within acceptable limits, and alarms are not triggered.

[0057] • Informational and Preventive Measures: RPM measurements serve both informational and preventive purposes. They provide real-time data on radiation levels associated with objects passing through border checkpoints. If elevated radiation levels are detected, authorities can take immediate action, including further inspection, isolation, or denial of entry.

[0058] • Other Locations for RPM Measurements: While border locations are primary points of focus, RPMs may also be deployed at other critical infrastructure points, including seaports, airports, and key transportation hubs. These measures help ensure a comprehensive approach to radiation detection, addressing potential threats in various transportation modes.

[0059] Measurement data collected from RPMs may be used for different purposes, such as:

[0060] • Immediate Response: If an RPM detects elevated radiation levels, it may trigger an alarm, prompting authorities to take immediate action, such as further inspection or isolation of the detected source.

[0061] • Investigation: Authorities may investigate the source of the radiation to determine its origin, nature, and potential threat.

[0062] • Documentation and Analysis: The data collected by RPMs is often stored and analysed for trends, patterns, and potential improvements to the detection system.

[0063] • Compliance Monitoring: Collected data helps ensure compliance with national and international regulations and allows authorities to identify and address potential vulnerabilities in the transportation of radioactive materials.

[0064] Despite the presence of RPMs at border locations across different territories to detect the entry and passage of radioisotopes, there is a need to track and trace these materials throughout the supply chain. This includes the production, transportation, storage and use of these materials. In some territories, there may be an inadequate governance system to automatically track these dangerous materials, and in some cases, they may be handled by low-skilled or untrained workers who might not understand their risks. The daily use of these materials, including the transportation from warehouses to work sites (at the end user location) needs to be controlled through end-to-end visibility and tracking of these materials. Accidents can happen even in countries with well-developed governance systems, e.g. radioactive material loads can go missing. There is also a risk that some retired radioactive sources might being repurposed in an unsafe manner. Current methods for handling radioactive sources / materials depend on a manual ledger, where tracking across different locations / territories is not possible.

[0065] The disclosure proposes the use of blockchain technology to collect, store and share data associated with the transport of radioactive material. Blockchain technology possesses several advantages over existing technologies such as:

[0066] • Advanced security: all data stored in the block are hashed, encrypted, and can only be unlocked through the specific key.

[0067] • Interoperability: blockchain-based platforms are capable of exchanging information with other systems and platforms through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that would allow the import and export of data with other systems of stakeholders in an ecosystem.

[0068] • Automation: the integration of information by any smart device camera, via scanning of QR (Quick-Response) codes, for instance, placed on the devices, which can create an automatic ledger of the mobility of scanned devices.

[0069] • Future-proof technology: blockchain-based platforms can be easily integrated with other advanced technologies. For example, the Internet of Things (loT), sensors, Artificial Intelligence (Al) and big data engines for analysis of information and generation of reports.

[0070] The ecosystem of nuclear materials trade represents the stakeholders and institutions involved in the management and / or handling of the radioisotopes that are being moved from one place to another. In other words, it represents the stations and journeys taken by the commodity. The journey is often complex, and includes multiple entities with different operating systems, organizational cultures, and administrative roles. The use of blockchain enables collaboration among these entities through sharing of accredited information about the source without asking them to change their operating systems. The blockchain platform will simply be interoperable with various systems, and data can be imported and exported safely and efficiently.

[0071] The data yielded from passive nuclear detection technologies can be used in conjunction with information-based risk assessment, and other non-intrusive inspection technologies to enhance the detection of radioactive materials trafficking. Furthermore, nuclear detection technologies can enhance the use and sustainability of transportation and shipment of radioactive materials by developing advanced methods, techniques, algorithms, and software tools to identify nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. Additionally, the enhancement of nuclear security systems with various active detection technologies such as the use of X-rays and neutrons is also required. These systems can provide a better understanding of legitimate shipping practices of commodities containing high activities.

[0072] Blockchain technology can harness the capabilities of the aforementioned detection technologies, along with the substantial volume of generated data, for the encryption of sensitive information and the automation of workflows. This synergy significantly reinforces the comprehensive nuclear security systems by adding an extra layer of security, offering resilience against digital attacks, and effectively combating the contraband of radioactive materials. Blockchain technology also allows integration with Internet of Things (loT) devices, such as GPS trackers, hand-held radiation detectors, and other sensors, which will allow for automation of all of the data collection processes involved with the tracking and monitoring of radioactive materials / sources, and will provide a single repository for the collected data.

[0073] The voluminous amount of data that will be generated from such a system can support decision making in terms of policies and legislations. The obtained data may include: the whereabout of various materials, their daily use, how they are handled, the human- source / material interaction, and whether the protection measures are followed.

[0074] Information-based risk assessment of radioactive source / material tracking involves evaluating the potential risks associated with the movement, handling, and use of radioactive sources based on available information. This process can identify and understand the factors that contribute to the risk of unauthorized access, loss, theft, or malicious use of radioactive materials. The key components of information-based risk assessment for radioactive source tracking include:

[0075] • Data collection: gather information on the radioactive sources in question, including details about their type, quantity, activity, location, and security measures in place. This data may come from regulatory records, monitoring systems, and reports from authorized users. • Regulatory compliance: assess compliance with national and international regulations governing the handling, transportation, and storage of radioactive materials. Ensure that authorized users adhere to established protocols and security measures.

[0076] • Security measures: evaluate the effectiveness of security measures in place, such as access controls, surveillance systems, and communication protocols. Consider whether these measures adequately mitigate the risk of unauthorized access or theft.

[0077] • Transportation security: analyse the security measures during the transportation of radioactive sources. This includes assessing the security of transport containers, tracking systems and adherence to transportation regulations.

[0078] • Vulnerability assessment: identify vulnerabilities in the current tracking and security systems. This may involve assessing potential weak points in physical security, communication channels or personnel training.

[0079] • Threat assessment: consider potential threats that could compromise the security of radioactive sources. This may include insider threats, external theft, or acts of terrorism. Evaluate the likelihood and consequence of these threats.

[0080] As mentioned above, the present disclosure allows for radioactive sources to be tracked and traced, which can enhance the detection of illicit trafficking and commercial fraud by providing a comprehensive and transparent means to monitor the movement and use of radioactive materials. This is achieved through:

[0081] • Real-Time Monitoring: via end-to-end visibility throughout the ecosystem, the system will allow authorities to have instant visibility into the location and status of these materials. Any deviations from authorized routes or unexpected movements can trigger alarms, enabling rapid response.

[0082] • Identification of anomalies: the system can automatically detect anomalies in the transportation of handling of the radioactive sources. This includes unexpected stops. Route deviations, or prolonged exposure to specific locations. Such anomalies can be indicative of illicit activities or potential security threats.

[0083] • Inventory Management: the system facilitates accurate and up-to-date inventory management of radioactive sources. This ensures that authorities are aware of the quantity and types of sources in circulation, making it easier to identify discrepancies or missing materials that may be associated with illicit trafficking. • Authentication and Verification: By incorporating authentication features such as unique identifiers and QR codes, or RFID tags, the system enables quick and reliable verification of the authenticity of the radioactive sources. This helps prevent the use of counterfeit or unauthorized materials.

[0084] • Information sharing: The system facilitates seamless information sharing among regulatory bodies, law-enforcement agencies, and other stakeholders. Improved communication enhances the collective ability to detect and respond to potential threats or instances of commercial fraud.

[0085] • Integration with border controls: the blockchain-based system allows interoperability with the border control systems to enhance the detection of illicit trafficking. As radioactive sources cross borders, the system can provide relevant information to customs and border protection authorities, allowing targeted inspections and scrutiny.

[0086] • Automated Alerts and Notifications: the system may be configured to generate automated alerts and notifications in response to predefined triggers, such as deviations from planned routes or unexpected changes in the radiation levels. This proactive approach enables rapid intervention.

[0087] • Data analytics for pattern recognition: Analysing data collected by the system which allows for identification of patterns and trends. Data analytics can reveal unusual behaviours or patterns associated with illicit trafficking or commercial fraud. Aiding in the development of predictive models.

[0088] Figure 1 schematically illustrates an example of a system 10 in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure. The system 10 includes a plurality of computing devices 12 in communication via a wireless network 14. Each computing device 12 has a processor 121 and a memory 122 configured to store at least part of a blockchain or other distributed ledger. The blockchain may be a private blockchain framework. Each computing device 12 may be associated with an entity through / past which a radioactive material load is transported, e.g. a border location. Each computing device 12 has an input configured to receive input data from one or more sources. For instance, the input may be configured to receive sensor data from one or more sensors that are for detecting one or more parameters associated with a radioactive material load.

[0089] A central computing device 12a of the system 10 may be associated with an entity responsible for administering the distributed ledger system. A copy of the complete blockchain is stored in a memory 122a of the central computing device 12a. Updates to the blockchain may be received from other computing devices 12 associated with the entities that the radioactive material load interacts with during transport through the supply chain. A processor 121a of the central computing device 12 may determine whether to accept updates to the centrally-stored blockchain received from the other computing devices 12. The other computing devices 12 can access / download part or all of the (updated) blockchain from the central computing device 12a. Different entities have different access rights, and so a given entity can only access / download data from the central blockchain for which they have permission.

[0090] A vehicle 16 that transports a load 18 of radioactive material may be inspected for radiation levels at certain locations along its journey, e.g. as it passes certain entities such as a border location. In particular, one or more radiation portal monitors (RPMs) 20 or other radiation sensors may be used to detect or measure radiation levels of the vehicle 16 carrying the radioactive material when it is located at, or in the vicinity of, a certain entity. RPMs can vary in appearance, but they often resemble large rectangular or cylindrical structures. They may have external shielding to protect the detectors from environmental factors. The size of RPMs can vary depending on their intended use. Portable RPMs may be smaller, while fixed installations can be larger. RPMs can be found in various locations, including border crossings, ports, airports, and other points of entry. They are strategically placed to screen vehicles, cargo, or people for the presence of radioactive materials. RPMs measure radiation levels emitted by objects passing through or near them. They can detect gamma radiation, which is commonly associated with radioactive materials. The RPMs 20 may be fixed RPMs, such that they are installed in specific locations, such as border crossings or ports. The RPMs 20 may be mobile RPMs, i.e. portable units that can be deployed to different locations as needed. The RPMs 20 may be handheld RPMs, i.e. portable devices used for manual scanning of objects or individuals.

[0091] The RPMs 20 may implement / perform automatic scanning, i.e. they are set up to automatically scan vehicles or cargo as they pass through a designated area. If elevated radiation levels are detected, an alarm may be triggered automatically. The RPMs 20 may alternatively implement manual scanning. That is, in certain situations handheld RPMs may be used by personnel to scan specific objects or areas more closely.

[0092] The collected radiation measurement data may be used for several purposes: • Immediate Response: If an RPM detects elevated radiation levels, then it may trigger an alarm, prompting authorities to take immediate action, such as further inspection or isolation of the detected source.

[0093] • Investigation: Authorities may investigate the source of the radiation to determine its origin, nature, and potential threat.

[0094] • Documentation and Analysis: The data collected by RPMs is often stored and analysed for trends, patterns, and potential improvements to the detection system.

[0095] • Compliance Monitoring: Collected data helps ensure compliance with national and international regulations and allows authorities to identify and address potential vulnerabilities in the transportation of radioactive materials.

[0096] Continuous monitoring of radiation levels emitted by the radioactive sources may help to identify abnormal radiation levels that may indicate unauthorized access, leakage or other security threats.

[0097] One or more of the computing devices 12 may receive data indicative of an identifier to identify the load 18 of radioactive material passing through the respective entity, e.g. border location. This identifier will serve as a key input for tracking and tracing the source throughout its lifecycle. The identifier may be a unique identifier, e.g. a QR code, a barcode. The identifier may be visible in association with the load 18 of radioactive material, e.g. the identifier may be printed / displayed on the exterior of a container housing the radioactive material. A sensor in the form of a scanner, e.g. QR scanner, or other image sensor, may be used to capture the identifier data, automatically or manually, as the vehicle 16 passes a certain location associated with a particular identity in order to identify the radioactive source 18.

[0098] Each computing device 12 may be configured to receive source information, i.e. information relating to the radioactive material being transported. This detailed information may include information such as material (type), activity level, physical characteristics, and any associated hazards. This information is typically provided during a registration or licensing process. This information may be obtainable by using the received identifier data to lookup a database, located either locally or accessible at a different location across the network 14. Alternatively, such information may be received via a human-machine interface 123 of the respective computing device 12. Each computing device 12 may be configured to receive geographical information, such as the location of various radioactive sources, e.g. the load 18, at any given time. This may be obtained from GPS (Global Positioning System) tracking systems 24 fitted to the load 18 or the vehicle 16, or by integrating with location-based services.

[0099] Each computing device 12 may be configured to receive transportation data, e.g. information related to the transportation of the radioactive source 18. This may include details about the transport vehicle(s) 18, route plans, departure and arrival times, and any deviations from the planned route. Each computing device 12 may be configured to receive security protocols and events, e.g. data on access control, surveillance systems, security checks, and any security incidents or breaches.

[0100] As mentioned above, each computing device 12 may store at least part of a blockchain of information related to the transport of the radioactive material load 18. The blockchain may comprise three (main) development stack layers: foundational protocol, network and an interface. These layers are constructed to imitate transaction scenarios for entities and activities involved in the trade / transport of radioactive material. The entities may include one or more of: production facility manager, international courier agent, customs (country of origin and customs at the country of use), domestic transport agent, customer (company who has purchased the source), warehouse manager (of the customer) and site manager (site where the source is being used). Figure 2 schematically illustrates an example of various entities that the vehicle 16 and radioactive material load 18 may pass during transport of the load.

[0101] Each entity may constitute, or be represented by, a respective node of the blockchain. A digital twin for the radioisotope or radioactive material load 18 being tracked may be created for storing on the blockchain. This may involve development of a first block on the chain (e.g. at the production facility level) for the specific radioactive source, and may include all of the relevant information, such as certificate of origin, physical specifications, radiation activity, chain or custody, historical record of this information, etc. A QR code including that information may be created, and then printed and stuck to the container carrying the radioactive material load 18. Identification of the load 18 may be performed via scanning of the printed QR code using the scanner 22 and using the GPS tracker 24. The information on the QR code may be encrypted, and so scanning it without having an account in the system 10 will not reveal any information. Each coded item would then constitute a block on the chain and all information related to that item may be stored on that specific block. Making use of the specific characters of the blockchain, when a transaction occurs (movement of the item / load 18 from one node to another), the transaction details (time, place and stakeholder) may then be stored and timestamped. That is, there is a single blockchain for each item, but which moves between different nodes. In other words, when the QR code is scanned at the next / subsequent node, the custody of that product (radioactive material load) is moved accordingly, creating a chain of custody for that specific product, until it reaches a final node (destination). The information from ‘non-human’ nodes, e.g. radiation detectors, GPS devices, etc., is also recorded in the system (see Figure 3, described below). This allows for a paper-free inventory that makes a secure and encrypted platform. The sources of data and information may be from the following data points / sensors:

[0102] • The GPS coordinates: these provide the location of the item / load 18 through scanning the QR code when it passes via different nodes.

[0103] • GPS trackers: devices installed in the load container or the transportation vehicle 16, that may draw a real-time mobility map.

[0104] • Radiation detectors: through the software integration, i.e. by importation of Application Programmable Interface (APIs), these will automatically signal the information related to the item such as radionuclide type, exposure, dose, etc.

[0105] The schematic illustration in Figure 3 shows the integration of data from the radiation detection system (RPM or handheld radiation detectors), which then passes through a gateway to the cloud server and the blockchain network. Figure 3 also illustrates the interaction between the server system, which include the database server, the network and cloud server and the application server, and the user-interface which can be a web application, mobile application or a desktop application.

[0106] The system 10 may provide valuable information, enhance security, support decisionmaking processes, and / or perform automatic control actions based on the collected and / or analysed information visible on the blockchain to different entities across the system 10. The outputs from one or more of the computing devices 12 may include:

[0107] • Location and movement reports: Real-time or periodic reports detailing the current location and movement history of the radioactive sources. This information helps authorities track the physical whereabout of the sources and identify any unexpected movement. • Status alerts and alarms: Immediate alerts and / or alarms triggered by predefined events or anomalies. For example, alarms may be generated for unauthorized access, deviations from planned routes, or abnormal radiation levels, prompting rapid response and investigation.

[0108] • Radiation level data: Continuous monitoring and reporting of radiation levels emitted by radioactive sources. This data provides insights into the normal functioning of the sources and helps identify potential leaks or abnormal radiation patterns.

[0109] • Security incidents reports: Detailed reports on any security incidents, breaches, or suspicious activities related to radioactive sources. These reports include information about the nature of the incident, time and location, and actions taken in response.

[0110] • Compliance reports: Reports indicating the compliance status of radioactive source handlers and transportation procedures. These reports help regulatory authorities ensure that users adhere to established regulations and protocols.

[0111] • Authentication and Verification results: Results of authentication and verification processes to confirm the authenticity and authorization of radioactive sources. This output ensures that only genuine and authorized sources are in circulation.

[0112] • Inventory status and changes: Reports on the current inventory of radioactive sources, including acquisitions, disposals, transfers, and any changes in the status of the sources. This information aids in maintaining accurate records and detecting discrepancies.

[0113] • User activity logs: Logs detailing the activities of users within the track and trace system. This includes login / logout times, actions performed, and access privileges. User activity logs contribute to accountability and auditability.

[0114] While blockchain technology offers enhanced security, transparency, and immutability, there are specific considerations and hurdles associated with the specific use case of the present disclosure:

[0115] • Integration with existing systems: Many organisations already have established databases, monitoring systems and protocols for radioactive source tracking. Integrating a blockchain-based solution with these existing systems can be complex and may require careful planning to avoid disruptions.

[0116] • Scalability: The scalability of blockchain networks, especially public ones, can be a real challenge when dealing with a large number of transactions associated with tracking numerous radioactive sources. Ensuring that the platform can handle the scalability requirements of a real-time monitoring and data updates is crucial. As described above, one option is to use private blockchain networks.

[0117] • Latency: Blockchain transactions may introduce latency due to the consensus mechanisms and block validation processes. In scenarios where real-time monitoring is crucial, delays in transaction processing could impact the effectiveness of the track and trace system. Again, a private blockchain network where the consensus protocols are light is beneficial in this regard.

[0118] • Interoperability. Ensuring interoperability with different stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and existing tracking systems is a challenge. Standardisation of data formats and communication protocols is essential for seamless integration and collaboration. The challenge is from other systems which requires good collaboration between various entities.

[0119] • Regulatory compliance. Adhering to regulatory requirements for handling radioactive materials is essential. Implementing a blockchain solution that complies with existing regulations and can adapt to changes in legislation poses a challenge, particularity in a highly regulated environment.

[0120] • Tokenization and Smart contracts. Tokenisation of radioactive sources and implementing smart contracts for automated execution of a predefined rules requires careful consideration. The design of smart contracts should be robust, secure, and able to accommodate changes in regulations or operational requirements.

[0121] • User authentication and identity management. Managing user authentication and identity on a blockchain platform is critical, ensuring that only authorized personnel have access to specific information while maintaining traceability poses challenges in the identity management.

[0122] An example of a digital platform, e.g. mobile phone app, that supports the track and trace of radioactive sources using blockchain technology in accordance with examples of the disclosure is outlined here. Figure 4 shows pages / screens of the mobile app that may be displayed to a user on the mobile phone / device, and may allow for user input via the mobile phone / device.

[0123] Figure 4(a) shows an example of a landing page of an admin portal of the digital platform. This can be used to sign up new users according to different user categories. Figures 4(b) and 4(c) illustrate how the admin portal allows a super administrator (admin) to add users such as a production facility manager, a customer, a transporter or a customs official. The admin portal may allow the super admin to manage and add categories of the radioactive materials to be tracked (e.g. industrial, medical, etc.), as well as sub-categories, which facilitates classification and search of radioactive materials in the portal. Products (materials) can be managed in the admin portal, where radioactive sources can be added with specifications, or amended or deleted from the database.

[0124] The admin portal allows for the creation of unique QR codes for radioactive sources, which are to then be used to scan products (from one user to another) and thus record a transaction with information including location, date, user information, etc. The mobile app provides for registering and documenting transactions between various users of the app. The landing page of the app may be for logging in and selection of the user type, as illustrated in Figure 4(d). An invitation to join the app is typically received from the super admin, who may also define the user type. Beneficially, this controls access to sensitive information. The app allows for screening of the QR code and browsing through screened radioactive sources. The app can provide information about a screened radioactive source and also allow for tracking the source, e.g. via an integrated map displayed in the app.

[0125] Although in the example of Figure 1 above each entity has a node I computing device associated therewith, in some examples an entity may simply access the blockchain stored in the central computing device I node via the app. In some examples, such as in the example of Figure 1 , an entity may access (a partial or full copy of) the blockchain in the respective computing device via the app.

[0126] Many modifications may be made to the examples described herein without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A method of performing real-time tracking of a radioactive material load being transported between a plurality of defined geographical locations as part of a transportation route of the radioactive material load, each defined geographical location corresponding to a respective entity responsible for handling the radioactive material load along the transportation route, the method being implemented by a distributed ledger system that comprises a plurality of computing devices each located at a respective one of the plurality of defined geographical locations and configured to communicate across a wireless network, each computing device comprising a computer processor and a storage medium storing at least a portion of a distributed ledger comprising recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route, when the radioactive material load is at a first geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a first entity of the plurality of entities, the method comprising, at a first computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the first geographical location: receiving, at an input of the first computing device, first data associated with the radioactive material load at the first geographical location; updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at a first storage medium of the first computing device based on the received first data; transmitting, from an output of the first computing device and via the wireless network, the update to the distributed ledger at the first storage medium to a central computing device of the distributed ledger system to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device.

2. A method according to Claim 1 , wherein the first data comprises timestamp data indicating a time at which the radioactive material load is at the first geographical location.

3. A method according to Claim 2, the method comprising determining, based on the timestamp data, an expected time of arrival of the radioactive material load at a second geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a second entity of the plurality of entities, wherein the second entity follows the first entity along the transportation route.

4. A method according to Claim 3, wherein the step of determining the expected time of arrival is performed by a first computer processor of the first computing device, the method comprising, at the first computing device: updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the first storage medium of the first computing device based on the determined time of arrival.

5. A method according to Claim 3 or Claim 4, the method comprising, at a second computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the second geographical location: accessing the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device, updated to include the first data from the first computing device, and storing the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the second storage medium of the second computing device, wherein the step of determining the expected time of arrival is performed by a second computer processor of the second computing device based on the first data in the updated distributed ledger of the second storage medium, the method comprising, at the second computing device, further updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the second storage medium based on the determined expected time of arrival.

6. A method according to Claim 4 or Claim 5, the method comprising, at the second computing device at the second geographical location: monitoring for arrival of the radioactive material load at the second geographical location; and if the expected time of arrival passes without the radioactive material load arriving at the second geographical location, then outputting an alarm notification at the second entity.

7. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the first data comprises a measured radiation level of the radioactive material load, received from a first radiation portal monitor at the first geographical location.

8. A method according to Claim 7, the method comprising:comparing, at a first computer processor of the first computing device, the measured radiation level of the radioactive material load against a defined threshold radiation level corresponding to an upper allowable level; and, if the measured radiation level is greater than the defined threshold radiation level, then outputting, from the output of the first computing device, an alarm notification at the first entity.

9. A method according to Claim 8, the method comprising: if the measured radiation level is greater than the defined threshold radiation level, then outputting, from the output of the first computing device, a control signal to automatically control physical infrastructure to prevent a vehicle transporting the radioactive material load from departing from the first geographical location.

10. A method according to any of Claims 7 to 9, the method comprising: at the first computing device, updating the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at the first storage medium of the first computing device based on the measured radiation level of the radioactive material load at the first geographical location; transmitting, from the output of the first computing device and via the wireless network, the update to the distributed ledger at the first storage medium to the central computing device to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device, when the radioactive material load is at a second geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a second entity of the plurality of entities that follows the first entity along the transportation route, the method comprising, at a second computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the second geographical location: receiving, at an input of the second computing device, second data associated with the radioactive material load at the second geographical location, wherein the second data comprises a second measured radiation level of the radioactive material load, received from a second radiation portal monitor at the second geographical location; accessing, from the updated distributed ledger at the central computing device, the measured radiation level at the first geographical location; determining a difference between the second measured radiation level and the retrieved measured radiation level;if the determined difference is greater than a defined threshold difference, then outputting an alarm notification at the second entity.

11. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the first data comprises authentication data to verify an identity of the radioactive material load.

12. A method according to Claim 11 , wherein the authentication data includes a unique identifier associated with the radioactive material load, the method comprising comparing the unique identifier received in the first data against one or more unique identifiers stored in the first storage medium of the first computing device to verify the identity of the radioactive material load.

13. A method according to Claim 12, wherein the unique identifier is received as: scanned barcode data, from a scanner device at the first geographical location, of a barcode provided on the radioactive material load or a container carrying the radioactive material load; or radio-frequency identification, RFID, data, from an RFID receiver device at the first geographical location, wherein the RFID data is communicated to the RFID receiver device from an RFID transmitter device travelling with the radioactive material load when the radioactive material load moves within a threshold distance of the RFID receiver device at the first geographical location.

14. A method according to any of Claims 11 to 13, wherein the received authentication data is encrypted, and wherein the method comprises decrypting the encrypted authentication data in order to verify the identity of the radioactive material load.

15. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the distributed ledger system is a private blockchain system.

16. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the plurality of entities includes one or more of: a border control authority; an international customs authority; and a local customs authority.

17. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the plurality of entities includes one or more of: a production facility manager; an international courier agent; a domestic courier agent; a site manager; a warehouse manager; and a customer.

18. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the central computing device is associated with an administrator entity responsible for coordinating transport of the radioactive material load.

19. A method according to any previous claim, wherein the recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route includes one or more of: location history of the radioactive material load; a type of the radioactive material in the load; a quantity of the radioactive material in the load; one or more physical characteristics of the radioactive material in the load; activity level of the radioactive material in the load; measured radiation levels of the radioactive material load at respective ones of the geographical locations; inventory statuses and / or changes of the radioactive material load; documentation indicating checks performed in relation to the radioactive material load at one or more of the geographical locations; security incident reports related to the radioactive material load.

20. A method according to any previous claim, the method comprising, at one of the plurality of computing devices: retrieving recorded data in the distributed ledger stored in the storage medium of the respective computing device; retrieving defined expected data in the distributed ledger stored in the storage medium of the respective computing device, the defined expected data comprising expected parameter data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route; identifying anomalies in the transportation of the radioactive material load by comparing differences between the retrieved recorded data and the retrieved defined expected data.

21. A method according to Claim 20, wherein the expected parameter data includes one or more of: expected level of radiation at one or more of the geographical locations; expected time of arrival at one or more of the geographical locations;expected route between specific ones of the geographical locations; expected duration of stay at one or more of the geographical locations; expected type or quantity of the radioactive material load; expected documentation to be completed at one or more of the geographical locations; and expected stopping locations of the radioactive material load along the transportation route.

22. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium storing instructions thereon that, when executed by one or more computer processors, cause the one or more computer processors to perform a method according to any previous claim.

23. A system for performing real-time tracking of a radioactive material load being transported between a plurality of defined geographical locations as part of a transportation route of the radioactive material load, each defined geographical location corresponding to a respective entity responsible for handling the radioactive material load along the transportation route, the system comprising a plurality of computing devices each located at a respective one of the plurality of defined geographical locations and configured to communicate across a wireless network, each computing device comprising a computer processor and a storage medium storing at least a portion of a distributed ledger comprising recorded data associated with transport of the radioactive material load along the transportation route, when the radioactive material load is at a first geographical location of the plurality of defined geographical locations, corresponding to a first entity of the plurality of entities, a first computing device, of the plurality of computing devices, located at the first geographical location, is configured to: receive, at an input of the first computing device, first data associated with the radioactive material load at the first geographical location; update the recorded data in the distributed ledger stored at a first storage medium of the first computing device based on the received first data; transmit, from an output of the first computing device and via the wireless network, the update to the distributed ledger at the first storage medium to a central computing device of the system to update the distributed ledger stored at the central computing device.

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