Method and transmitter for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission
The transmitter system addresses the challenge of achieving reduced PAPR and EVM by iteratively clipping and filtering signals, optimizing power amplifier parameters, resulting in improved power efficiency and reduced emissions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/074886
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in achieving both reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) while minimizing power consumption, as current Crest Factor Reduction (CFR) methods fail to reach the minimum PAPR with target EVM and often diverge if the target PAPR is improperly set.
A transmitter system comprising filters, a Crest Factor Reduction (CFR) unit, and a Power Amplifier Controller (PAC) that iteratively clips and filters multi-carrier signals to reduce PAPR, using Successive Approximation Iterative Clipping and Error Filtering (SA-ICEF) to achieve the minimum PAPR under EVM constraints, and adjusts power amplifier parameters based on a predefined lookup table for optimal power efficiency.
The system effectively reduces PAPR and power consumption, improving signal quality and reducing carbon emissions, operational costs, and the size/weight of radio products by optimizing heat dissipation.
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Figure CN2024074886_07082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND TRANSMITTER FOR CONTROLLING POWER EFFICIENCY OF SIGNAL DURING SIGNAL TRANSMISSIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to a field of wireless communication network. More particularly, it relates to controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in the wireless communication network.BACKGROUND
[0002] Since past few decades, data traffic over cellular networks has grown intensively, and power consumption of the cellular networks has also increased substantially. According to current research, mobile networks represent approximately 0.2%of global carbon emissions, and 0.6%of global electricity use. However, if no action is employed by industries / companies, the electricity usage and related carbon emission may achieve an unacceptable level.
[0003] Further, Power Amplifiers, PAs, play a critical role in total power consumption of a base station in the wireless communication network. The efficiency of the PA is denoted by power-added efficiency, PAE, or drain efficiency. The efficiency of the PA decides / indicates how much portion of power consumption may be successfully transferred and the remaining is dissipated as heat. In addition to more carbon emission and electricity usage, the unwanted heat dissipation also causes negative impacts. For example, it increases both size and weight of radio product, as well as the cost of operation.
[0004] In existing wireless communication systems such as Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB, Wireless Fidelity, Wi-Fi, cellular systems like Long Term Evolution, LTE, or New Radio, NR, all are adopting Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, OFDM, as a main modulation scheme. This is due to low complexity and relatively high spectrum efficiency of the OFDM. However, to accommodate high Peak-to-average Power Radio, PAPR, of the OFDM signal, equivalent power backoff needs to be applied to the PA, which leads to low power efficiency. To overcome this challenge / problem, the PAPR of the OFDM signal should be reduced. On the other hand, reduction of the PAPR may result in poor Error Vector Magnitude, EVM, performance. The EVM is a measure to quantify the performance of a radio transmitter or a radio receiver in the wireless communication network. Generally, a higher PAPR has a lower power efficiency but a better EVM, while a lower PAPR has a higher power efficiency but a poor EVM.
[0005] To reduce the PAPR of the OFDM signal, several approaches are used. Among the several approaches, iterative clipping and filtering, ICF, is most favourable. In the ICF approach, when an OFDM signal is clipped, the resulting distortion caused by the clipping will spread to the whole spectrum; this is not allowed in any communication system. To mitigate this contamination of the spectrum, the distortion is characteristically filtered to be contained into frequencies around signal carriers. However, on the other hand, unfortunately the PAPR of the OFDM signal may regrow after the filtering. Therefore, another stage of clipping and filtering may be employed to further reduce the PAPR. The process of clipping and filtering may be performed iteratively until the final PAPR is lower than a threshold value.
[0006] Further, the requirement of the PAPR is not the only factor that needs to be considered. In addition to the requirement of the PAPR, also the requirement of EVM imposes a factor which needs to be considered, as the distortion after the ICF should be kept within required boundaries. That is, the distortion may be hidden in the signal carrier, but should not exceed a limit. In an existing system, a bounded distortion is proposed in which only the distortion around the constellation is allowed. In another existing system, similar idea is applied, i.e., using a bounded distortion, but a permissible region of frequencies is varied for the distortion. Similarly, in another existing system instead of using a fixed frequency response filter, the existing system employs an optimal frequency response filter which is optimized in each iteration by second-order cone program, SOCP. Eventually, the number of iterations required to reach a given PAPR level is significantly decreased, and the processed OFDM symbols have less distortion outside the carrier. Further, the existing systems may present a frequency-selective Crest Factor Reduction, CFR, method that employs iterative clipping and error filtering, ICEF, to set a limit on the error at each subcarrier. However, the complexity of such methods is prohibitive for radio products because of the limited computation capabilities.SUMMARY
[0007] Thus, there is a need for providing an improved method to overcome the limitations of the existing systems.
[0008] Most of the existing CFR methods focus on the performance, i.e., minimizing the EVM at a target PAPR. However, since the PAPR is highly related to the power efficiency, the CFR methods need to minimize the PAPR at the target EVM. Further, if modulation order is low, then the required EVM is also easier. Hence, the resulted PAPR may be reduced aggressively to save power. Conversely, if the modulation order is high, the required EVM is also harder. Hence, the result of PAPR may be relaxed to meet tough / strict EVM requirements. Nevertheless, no such CFR method exists that meets strict EVM requirements, while at the same time reduce the PAPR and power consumption for signal transmission. Further, researchers and designers may attempt to use ICEF or similar methods for efficiency-oriented design, because they also set constraint on EVM. However, these methods cannot reach the minimum PAPR while at the same time reaching the target EVM. Further, if the target PAPR is not set properly, the iteration may diverge. Meanwhile, the minimum PAPR obtained by these methods is not the actual minimum PAPR. That means that even if the target PAPR is set properly, the minimum PAPR cannot be reached. Therefore, there is a need for an improved method for providing efficient signal transmission by reducing the power consumption.
[0009] It is therefore an object of the present disclosure to provide a transmitter and a method for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in the wireless communication network to mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate all or at least some of the above-discussed drawbacks of presently known solutions.
[0010] This and other objects are achieved by means of a transmitter, and a method defined in the appended claims. The term exemplary is in the present context to be understood as serving as an instance, example or illustration.
[0011] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a transmitter is provided. The transmitter is utilised for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in the wireless communication network. The transmitter comprises at least one filter arranged at an input terminal of the transmitter. The at least one filter is arranged to generate a multi-carrier signal from a plurality of carrier signals received at the input terminal of the transmitter. The transmitter comprises a Crest Factor Reduction, CFR, unit arranged to receive the generated multi-carrier signal. The CFR unit identifies a value of at least one quality constraint parameter relating to the transmission of the multi-carrier signal to obtain a desired quality of the multi-carrier signal. The CFR unit generates a clipped signal from the multi-carrier signal, in which a peak component of the multicarrier signal is reduced based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter so that a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR, value associated with the clipped signal is reduced in relation to the PAPR, value associated with the multi-carrier signal. The transmitter comprises a Power Amplifier Controller, PAC, arranged to receive the PAPR value associated with the clipped signal. The PAC is further arranged to identify a value of at least one power amplifier parameter for use in amplifying the at least one clipped signal according to the reduced PAPR value. The transmitter comprises at least one Power Amplifier, PA, arranged to receive the at least one clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter. The at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal.
[0012] Optionally, the value of the at least one quality constraint parameter is selected from a group comprising at least an Error Vector magnitude, EVM, and an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACLR.
[0013] Optionally, the CFR unit is arranged to generate the peak component based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter. The CFR unit is arranged to insert a time delay to the multi-carrier signal based on the time delay of generation of the peak component and remove the peak component from the multi-carrier signal to reduce the PAPR value associated with the multi-carrier signal.
[0014] Optionally, the CFR unit is arranged to compare an amplitude of the multi-carrier signal with a predefined threshold amplitude value to determine whether the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value. Further, remove the peak component from the multi-carrier signal where the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value.
[0015] Optionally, the at least one PA parameter comprises a gate bias data and a drain voltage data.
[0016] Optionally, the PAC is arranged to send the reduced PAPR value to a database to access a predefined lookup table. The look-up table comprises one or more threshold values of the at least one PA parameter defined according to one or more predefined PAPR values. The PAC is arranged to establish the connection with the database, wherein the database compares the reduced PAPR value with value of at least one PAPR from the one or more predefined PAPR values. Further, receive the value of the at least one PA parameter according to the reduced PAPR value.
[0017] Optionally, the at least one PAC is arranged to compare the reduced PAPR value with each PAPR value from a plurality of PAPR values stored in the predefined look-up table, wherein each PAPR value is associated with a pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data. Map the reduced PAPR value with the pre-stored gate bias data and drain voltage data in the predefined look-up table. Further, extract an output gate bias data and an output drain voltage data according to the mapping, wherein the output gate bias data and an output drain voltage are used as the at least one PA parameter.
[0018] Optionally, the transmitter comprises a transmit module arranged to transmit the amplified signal to one or more Radio Units, RUs.
[0019] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method implemented in a transmitter for use in controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in the wireless communication network is provided. The method comprises generating, through at least one filter arranged at an input terminal of the transmitter, a multi-carrier signal from a plurality of carrier signals received at the input terminal of the transmitter. The method receiving, through a Crest Factor Reduction, CFR, unit, the generated multi-carrier signal. The method identifying, through the CFR unit, a value of at least one quality constraint parameter relating to the transmission of the multi-carrier signal to obtain a desired quality of the multi-carrier signal. The method generating, through the CFR unit, a clipped signal from the multi-carrier signal, in which a peak component of the multicarrier signal is reduced based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter so that a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR, value associated with the clipped signal is reduced in relation to the PAPR, value associated with the multi-carrier signal. The method receiving, though a Power Amplifier Controller, PAC, the PAPR value associated with the at least one clipped signal. The PAC is further arranged to identify a value of at least one power amplifier parameter for use in amplifying the at least one clipped signal according to the reduced PAPR value. The method receiving, through at least one Power Amplifier, PA, the at least one clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter. The at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal.
[0020] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium, having thereon a computer program comprising program instructions. The computer program is loadable into a data processing unit and configured to cause execution of the method according to the first and second aspects when the computer program is run by the data processing unit.
[0021] Some embodiments disclosed herein have one or more of the following advantages:
[0022] Obtaining power efficiency improvements in base stations in wireless communication systems as the peak component is clipped from the multi-carrier signal based on PA parameters of the power amplifier.
[0023] Reducing carbon emission and electricity usage as the multi-carrier signal is transmitted with improved power efficiency.
[0024] Reducing operation costs for network operators of wireless communication systems as the signal is transmitted with improved power efficiency.
[0025] Reducing the size and / or weight of radio products as the heat dissipation in the amplifiers is optimized.
[0026] Providing a high-quality improved signal for transmission.
[0027] The proposed method may be implemented in different baseline approaches / methodologies for signal transmission.
[0028] Other advantages may be readily apparent to one having skill in the art. Certain embodiments may have none, some, or all of the recited advantages.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of the example embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the example embodiments.
[0030] Fig. 1 discloses an example of a wireless communication system;
[0031] Fig. 2 discloses a schematic diagram of an example of a transmitter for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in wireless communication network;
[0032] Fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating example steps for a method for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in wireless communication network;
[0033] Figs. 4a-4d illustrates graphs showing various results for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in a wireless communication network; and
[0034] Fig. 5 discloses an example computing environment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] Aspects of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The apparatus and methods disclosed herein can, however, be realized in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the aspects set forth herein. Like numbers in the drawings refer to like elements throughout.
[0036] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects of the disclosure only and is not intended to limit the invention. It should be emphasized that the term “comprises / comprising” when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. As used herein, the singular forms "a" , "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0037] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described and exemplified more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The solutions disclosed herein can, however, be realized in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
[0038] It will be appreciated that when the present disclosure is described in terms of a platform and a method, it may also be embodied in one or more processors and one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the one or more memories store one or more programs that perform the steps, services and functions disclosed herein when executed by the one or more processors.
[0039] Fig. 1 discloses an example wireless communication system 100. Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the examples disclosed herein are described in related to a wireless communication system / wireless network, such as the example wireless communication system 100 described in Fig. 1.
[0040] The wireless communication system 100 may comprise and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and / or radio network or other similar type of system. The wireless communication system 100 may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules of procedures. Thus, the wireless communication system 100 may implement communication standards, such as, but not limited to, global system for mobile communications, GSM, universal mobile telecommunications system, UMTS, long term evolution, LTE, and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards, wireless local area network, WLAN, standards such as, IEEE 802.11 standards, and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standards, such as, worldwide interoperability for microwave access, WiMax, Bluetooth, Z-Wave and / or ZigBee standards.
[0041] For simplicity, as depicted in Fig. 1, the wireless communication system 100 comprises a transmitter 200, a network node 104, and a radio access network, RAN 106. The transmitter 200 and the network node 104 operate together in order to provide wireless connections in the wireless communication system 100. The RAN 106 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks, PSTNs, packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks, WANs, local area networks, LANs, wireless local area networks, WLANs, wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices (for example, wireless devices and a network node) .
[0042] The network node 104 may refer to equipment capable, configured, arranged, and / or operable to and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless communication system 100 to enable and / or provide wireless access and / or to perform other functions (for example, administration) in the wireless communication system 100. Examples of the network node 104 include, but are not limited to, access points, Aps (for example, radio access points) , base stations, BSs (for example, radio base stations, nodeBs, evolved NodeBs, eNBs, new radio, NR, nodes (gNBs) , or the like) . The BSs may be categorized based on an amount of coverage the BSs provide (or, stated different, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto BSs, pico BSs, micro-BSs, macro-BSs. The BS may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay.
[0043] The transmitter 200 may refer to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with wireless devices 108. In some examples, the wireless devices 108 may include one or more of: computing devices, wireless devices 108, ultra-low power wireless devices, Internet of Things, IoT, devices, and so on.
[0044] In the wireless communication system 100, the network node 104 and the transmitter 200 are connected to 3GPP 5G core network, CN 102, where specific network services and operations are provided through software components called network functions, NFs. The wireless communication system 100 hosts large scale applications.
[0045] Most of the existing CFR methods focus on the performance, i.e., minimizing the EVM at the target PAPR. However, since the PAPR is highly related to the power efficiency, the CFR methods need to minimize the PAPR at the target EVM. However, these existing CFR methods cannot reach at the minimum PAPR with target EVM. Further, if the target PAPR is not set properly, the iteration performed in the existing CFR methods may diverge. Meanwhile, the minimum PAPR obtained by the existing CFR methods may not be the actual minimum PAPR. That means that even if the target PAPR is set properly, the minimum PAPR may not be obtained.
[0046] Thus, the present disclosure presents a wireless communication network 100, a network node 104 and a transmitter 200, wherein the transmitter 200 is adapted for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in the wireless communication network by reducing the PAPR of signal and the power consumption.
[0047] Fig. 2 discloses a schematic diagram illustrating an example transmitter 200 for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in wireless communication network according to some embodiments. The transmitter 200 comprises at least one filter 202 arranged at an input terminal of the transmitter. For example, filter branch 1, filter branch 2, …filter branch M-1 and filter branch M as shown in Fig. 2. The at least one filter 202 is arranged to generate a multi-carrier signal from a plurality of carrier signals received at the input terminal of the transmitter.
[0048] For example, the plurality of carrier signals maybe “M” and received through the filter branch 1, filter branch 2, …filter branch M-1 and filter branch M. In Fig. 2, the multi-carrier signal generated by the at least one filter 202 is represented by “x” .
[0049] The transmitter 200 further comprises a Crest Factor Reduction, CFR, unit 204 that is arranged to receive the generated multi-carrier signal. The CFR unit 204 of the transmitter 200 is arranged to identify a value of at least one quality constraint parameter relating to the transmission of the multi-carrier signal to obtain a desired quality of the multi-carrier signal. Further, the CFR unit 204 is arranged to generate a clipped signal from the multi-carrier signal, in which a peak component of the multi-carrier signal is reduced based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter so that a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR, value associated with the clipped signal is reduced in relation to the PAPR, value associated with the multi-carrier signal.
[0050] For example, the CFR unit 204 in Fig. 2 is arranged to clip the multi-carrier signal “x” to reduce the PAPR value by subtracting the identified value of at least one quality constraint parameter, i.e., “c” , to generate the clipped signal
[0051] The transmitter 200 comprises a Power Amplifier Controller, PAC, 208 that is arranged to receive the PAPR value associated with the at least one clipped signal. The PAC 208 is further arranged to identify a value of at least one power amplifier, parameter for use in amplifying the at least one clipped signal according to the reduced PAPR value.
[0052] The transmitter 200 comprises at least one Power Amplifier, PA, 206 that is arranged to receive the at least one clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter. Further, the at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal.
[0053] Optionally, the value of at least one quality constraint parameter is selected by the CFR unit 204 from a group comprising at least an Error Vector magnitude, EVM, and an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACLR.
[0054] Optionally, the CFR unit 204 is arranged to generate the peak component based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter. Further, the CFR unit 204 is arranged to insert a time delay to the multi-carrier signal based on the time delay of generation of the peak component and remove the peak component from the multi-carrier signal to reduce the PAPR value associated with the multi-carrier signal.
[0055] Optionally, the CFR unit 204 is arranged to compare an amplitude of the multi-carrier signal with a predefined threshold amplitude value to determine whether the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value. Further, remove the peak component from the multi-carrier signal when the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value.
[0056] Optionally, the at least one PA parameter comprises a gate bias data and a drain voltage data.
[0057] Optionally, the PAC 208 is arranged to send the reduced PAPR value to a database to access a predefined lookup table. The look-up table comprises one or more threshold values of the at least one PA parameter defined according to one or more predefined PAPR values. The PAC 208 is arranged to establish the connection with the database, wherein the database is arranged to compare the reduced PAPR value with value of at least one PAPR from the one or more predefined PAPR values. Further, the PAC 208 is arranged to receive the value of the at least one PA parameter according to the reduced PAPR value.
[0058] Optionally, the at least one PAC 208 is arranged to compare the reduced PAPR value with each PAPR value from a plurality of PAPR values stored in the predefined look-up table, wherein each PAPR value is associated with a pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data. The at least one PAC 208 is further arranged to map the reduced PAPR value with the pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data in the predefined look-up table. Further, the at least one PAC 208 is arranged to extract an output gate bias data and an output drain voltage data according to the mapping, wherein the output gate bias data and an output drain voltage are used as the at least one PA parameter.
[0059] Optionally, the transmitter 200 comprises a transmit module arranged to transmit the amplified signal to one or more Radio Units, RUs.
[0060] The foregoing description of the specific examples will so fully reveal the general nature of the examples herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific examples without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed examples. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the examples herein have been described in terms of preferred examples, those skilled in the art will recognize that the examples herein can be practiced with modification within the scope of the disclosure.
[0061] Fig. 3 shows a flowchart illustrating example steps for a method 300 for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in wireless communication network according to some embodiments.
[0062] At step 302, the method 300 comprises generating, through at least one filter 202 arranged at an input terminal of the transmitter 200, a multi-carrier signal from a plurality of carrier signals received at the input terminal of the transmitter 200.
[0063] At step 304, the method 300 comprises receiving, through a CFR unit 204, the generated multi-carrier signal.
[0064] At step 306, the method 300 comprises identifying, through the CFR unit 204, a value of at least one quality constraint parameter relating to the transmission of the multi-carrier signal to obtain a desired quality of the multi-carrier signal.
[0065] At step 308, the method 300 comprises generating, through the CFR unit 204, a clipped signal from the multi-carrier signal, in which a peak component of the multicarrier signal is reduced based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter so that a PAPR value associated with the clipped signal is reduced in relation to the PAPR, value associated with the multi-carrier signal.
[0066] At step 310, the method 300 comprises receiving, though a PAC 208, the PAPR value associated with the clipped signal. The method 300 identifies, through the PAC 208, a value of at least one power amplifier parameter for use in amplifying the clipped signal according to the reduced PAPR value.
[0067] At step 312, the method 300 comprises receiving, through at least one PA 206, at least one clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value, and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter. The at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal.
[0068] In an example, the proposed method 300 firstly sets a required EVM according to 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, requirement specifications. Secondly, the present method 300 runs a Successive Approximation Iterative Clipping and Error Filtering, SA-ICEF, that approaches the minimum PAPR value under the constraint of EVM. Thirdly, the proposed method 300 using the PAPR value as an index, finds out the gate bias and drain voltage from a predefined look-up table. Fourthly, the proposed method 300 sets these values to the at least one PA 206. Finally, the proposed method 300 transmits signal with the highest power efficiency at the required EVM.
[0069] In an example, one or more quality threshold value setting the quality of the least one multi-carrier signal is defined according to 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, requirement specifications.
[0070] For example, EVM requirements indicates that different modulation scheme requires different signal quality. According to trade-off between PAPR and EVM in CFR theory / method, the PAPR should be set with respect to the EVM requirement. Such as, lower order modulation may have lower PAPR, and higher order modulation may have higher PAPR. The required EVM for each modulation scheme is shown in below Table 1, which refers to 3GPP specification.
[0071] Table 1
[0072] In an example, drain voltage Vdd and gate bias Vbias are the values identified by the PAC 208 as shown in Fig. 2. In another example, the drain voltage Vdd and the gate bias Vbias are set in power supply and biasing circuit of the PAC 208, respectively. Further, the transmitter 200 comprises at least one PA 106 arranged to receive the at least one clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter. The at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal. For example, the clipped signal is modified in a Digital Pre-Distortion, DPD 210, and output of DPD 210, i.e., “y” is sent to the PA 206 to generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter.
[0073] Among the steps one to five described in above paragraph, the critical step is how to achieve the minimum PAPR value with the constraint of the EVM set as the value of the at least one constraint parameter. This cannot be realized by existing CFR methods. Therefore, the proposed method 300 also referred as Successive Approximation Iterative Clipping and Error Filtering, “SA-ICEF” , which contains two loops of iterations is provided to achieve the minimum PAPR value. Further, as iteration proceeds, the PAPR of the clipped signal successively approximates the minimum PAPR value with constraint set by the required EVM.
[0074] In another example, the proposed CFR methodology is utilised to minimize PAPR with constraint on the EVM, along with the ACLR which are selected as the constraint parameters in the proposed method 300. In another example, requirement for a Digital Pre-Distortion, DPD 210 to linearize the PA 206 may be relaxed if the constraint on the ACLR is optional. Further, the optimization problem may be expressed as given below:
[0075] minimze PAPR
[0076] subject to
[0077] EVM<EVM requirement
[0078] ACLR<ACLR requiremnt
[0079] In an example, Table 2 shows the description of the proposed methodology of the SA-ICEF.
[0080] Table 2
[0081] Step 1: Update evm with ε, the resulting EVM from previous iteration. In every iteration, since a clipping error c is subtracted from x, its contribution must be removed from EVM.
[0082] Step 2: Update papr with a step size δ. Its value is defined in a database.
[0083] Step 3: Calculate magnitude of clipping level.
[0084] Step 4: Find out the indexes of peaks that are greater than threshold.
[0085] Step 5: Calculate the clipping error c. The error vector c is composed of [c (1) , c (2) , . . ., c (N) ] . N is the size of one block. It is also corresponding to the size of FFT / IFFT.
[0086] Step 6: FFT of c. The result C is the spectrum of c. The vector C is composed of [C (1) , C (2) , . . ., C (N) ] .
[0087] Step 7: Filter error with spectrum mask SMEVM and SMACLR. F denotes the frequency bins occupied by the plurality of carriers.
[0088] The spectrum mask is divided into two parts, SMEVM and SMACLR. The first part comprises SMEVM frequencies occupied by the plurality of carriers, which is derived from the EVM requirement. The second part comprises SMACLR frequencies unoccupied by the plurality of carriers, which is derived from the ACLR requirement.
[0089] The averaged power and the bandwidth of the carrier are denoted P and B, respectively. The Power Spectral Density, PSD, is thus written as (Watt / Hz) . The EVM requirement is denoted EVM (%) . The first part of spectrum mask for the carrier can then be calculated as:
[0090] The ACLR requirement is denoted ACLR (dBc) . The second part of spectrum mask can then be calculated as:
[0091] The ACLR requirement is optional for the CFR. However, it may relax the requirement for DPD 210. If the ACLR requirement is not defined, it can be set to 0. That means that no error is allowed outside of the carriers.
[0092] Step 8: IFFT of C. The result c is the modified clipped error with constraint on both EVM and ACLR.
[0093] Step 9: Subtract c from x. The result x is the clipped signal with lower PAPR than original one.
[0094] Step 10: Calculate ε which consider the clipped error introduced in current iteration. The function rms (·) denotes the root mean squares.
[0095] In an example, once the minimum PAPR is given, it may be used to indicate the proper gate bias and / or drain voltage or provide values of the gate bias and the drain voltage for power efficient transmission. In order to obtain the proper gate bias and / or drain voltage, a predefined look-up-table is utilised. The predefined look-up table may be stored in the database. When the look-up table is stored in the database, it allows for usage in operating networks with reduced computational complexity.
[0096] Here, the form of table may be written as: Vdd, Vbias=Table (PAPR)
[0097] As already illustrated in Fig. 2, the combination of the DPD 210 and the PA 206 is considered as a linearized nonlinear device. To create the predefined look-up table, an ideal value for Vdd and / or Vbias may be assigned to different PAPR values, with the DPD 210 and the PA 206 working properly. An example of the predefined look-up table is given in Table 3. In Table 3, PAPR is the input index, Vdd and / or Vbias is the output value.
[0098] Table 3
[0099] Figs. 4a-4d illustrates graphs showing various results for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in an example wireless communication network.
[0100] Fig. 4a shows an evolution curve of PAPR and EVM in SA-ICEF, where for example, two cases such as EVM<7%and EVM<4%are considered. The case wherein the initial PAPR is 9.0 decibel, dB, and the step size is 0.5 dB is considered. It is seen that at first several iterations, PAPR is reduced quickly, as shown in Fig. 4a. When EVM reaches the EVM requirement, the PAPR reaches its limit and cannot be reduced any more. In the end, the PAPR reaches a specific point which denotes the minimum PAPR with constraint on EVM.
[0101] Fig. 4b shows results of PAPR and EVM versus target EVM. The result of EVM is equivalent to the target EVM, which is also shown in Fig. 4b. Meanwhile, the result of PAPR deceases as the target EVM increases. This is also in consistent with the trade-off between the PAPR and the EVM in CFR theory / method.
[0102] Fig. 4c shows a graph used to assess whether the result PAPR is identical to the minimum PAPR. Fig. 4c shows comparison of simulation result together with the lower bound. Further, based on the comparison it is noted that the lower bound is obtained by an idealistic CFR method. It is seen that gap between the simulation result and the lower bound is quite small, just around 0.2~0.3 dB. Thus, SA-ICEF approaches the minimum PAPR under the constraint set by the required EVM.
[0103] Fig. 4d shows a graph representing a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of clipped signal. As the EVM requirement is more relaxed, the minimum PAPR can be further reduced. A lower PAPR can be utilized to increase the power efficiency of the PA. The result, i.e., the lower PAPR will be informed to the PAC 208.
[0104] Fig. 5 illustrates an example-computing environment 500 implementing a transmitter 200 and a method 300 as shown in Figs. 2, and 3 for controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in a wireless communication network 1000. As depicted in Fig. 5, the computing environment 500 comprises at least one data processing module 506 that is equipped with a control module 502 and an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 504, a plurality of networking devices 508 and a plurality Input output, I / O devices 510, a memory 512, a storage 514. The data processing module 506 may be responsible for implementing the platform and method described in Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. For example, the data processing module 506 in some embodiments is equivalent to the controlling circuitry of the platform described above in conjunction with Figs. 2 and 3. The data processing module 506 is capable of executing software instructions stored in memory 512. The data processing module 506 receives commands from the control module 502 in order to perform its processing. Further, any logical and arithmetic operations involved in the execution of the instructions are computed with the help of the ALU 504.
[0105] The computer program is loadable into the data processing module 506, which may, for example, be comprised in an electronic apparatus (such as the platform) . When loaded into the data processing module 506, the computer program may be stored in the memory 512 associated with or comprised in the data processing module 506. According to some embodiments, the computer program may, when loaded into and run by the data processing module 506, cause execution of method steps according to, for example, any of the methods illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, or otherwise described herein.
[0106] The overall computing environment 500 may be composed of multiple homogeneous and / or heterogeneous cores, multiple CPUs of different kinds, special media and other accelerators. Further, the plurality of data processing modules 1206 may be located on a single chip or over multiple chips.
[0107] The algorithm comprising of instructions and codes required for the implementation are stored in either the memory 512 or the storage 514 or both. At the time of execution, the instructions may be fetched from the corresponding memory 512 and / or storage 514 and executed by the data processing module 506.
[0108] In case of any hardware implementations various networking devices 508 or external I / O devices 510 may be connected to the computing environment to support the implementation through the networking devices 508 and the I / O devices 510.
[0109] The embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented through at least one software program running on at least one hardware device and performing network management functions to control the elements. The elements shown in Fig. 5 include blocks which can be at least one of a hardware device, or a combination of hardware device and software module.
Claims
1.A transmitter (200) for use in controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in a wireless communication network, the transmitter (200) comprising:at least one filter (202) arranged at an input terminal of the transmitter (200) , wherein the at least one filter (202) is arranged to generate a multi-carrier signal from a plurality of carrier signals received at the input terminal of the transmitter (200) ;a Crest Factor Reduction, CFR, unit (204) arranged to:receive the generated multi-carrier signal;identify a value of at least one quality constraint parameter relating to the transmission of the multi-carrier signal to obtain a desired quality of the multi-carrier signal;generate a clipped signal from the multi-carrier signal, in which a peak component of the multicarrier signal is reduced based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter so that a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR, value associated with the clipped signal is reduced in relation to the PAPR, value associated with the multi-carrier signal; anda Power Amplifier Controller, PAC (208) , arranged to receive the PAPR value associated with the clipped signal, wherein the PAC (208) is further arranged to identify a value of at least one power amplifier, parameter for use in amplifying the clipped signal according to the reduced PAPR value; andat least one Power Amplifier, PA (206) arranged to receive the clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value, and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter, wherein the at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal.2.The transmitter (200) according to claim 1, wherein value of the at least one quality constraint parameter is selected from a group comprising at least an Error Vector magnitude, EVM, and an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACLR.3.The transmitter (200) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the CFR unit (204) is arranged to:generate the peak component based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter;insert a time delay to the multi-carrier signal based on the time delay of generation of the peak component; andremove the peak component from the multi-carrier signal to reduce the PAPR value associated with the multi-carrier signal.4.The transmitter (200) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the CFR unit (204) is arranged to:compare an amplitude of the multi-carrier signal with a predefined threshold amplitude value to determine whether the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value; andremove the peak component from the multi-carrier signal where the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value.5.The transmitter (200) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one PA parameter comprises a gate bias data and a drain voltage data.6.The transmitter (200) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the PAC (208) is arranged to:send the reduced PAPR value to a database to access a predefined look-up table, wherein the look-up table comprises one or more threshold values of the at least one PA parameter defined according to one or more predefined PAPR values;establish the connection with the database, wherein the database compares the reduced PAPR value with value of at least one PAPR from the one or more predefined PAPR values; andreceive the value of the at least one PA parameter according to the reduced PAPR value.7.The transmitter (200) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one PAC (208) is arranged to:compare the reduced PAPR value with each PAPR value from a plurality of PAPR values stored in the predefined look-up table, wherein each PAPR value is associated with a pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data;map the reduced PAPR value with the pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data in the predefined look-up table; andextract an output gate bias data and an output drain voltage data according to the mapping, wherein the output gate bias data and an output drain voltage are used as the at least one PA parameter.8.The transmitter (200) according to claim 1, comprising:a transmit module arranged to transmit the amplified signal to one or more Radio Units, RUs.9.A method (300) implemented in a transmitter (200) for use in controlling power efficiency of signal during signal transmission in a wireless communication network, the method (300) comprising:generating, through at least one filter (202) arranged at an input terminal of the transmitter (200) , a multi-carrier signal from a plurality of carrier signals received at the input terminal of the transmitter (200) ;receiving, through a Crest Factor Reduction, CFR, unit (204) , the generated multi-carrier signal;identifying, through the CFR unit (204) , a value of at least one quality constraint parameter relating to the transmission of the multi-carrier signal to obtain a desired quality of the multi-carrier signal;generating, through the CFR unit (204) , a clipped signal from the multi-carrier signal, in which a peak component of the multicarrier signal is reduced based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter so that a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR, value associated with the clipped signal is reduced in relation to the PAPR, value associated with the multi-carrier signal; andreceiving, though a Power Amplifier Controller, PAC (208) , the PAPR value associated with the clipped signal, wherein the PAC (208) is further arranged to identify a value of at least one power amplifier parameter for use in amplifying the at least one clipped signal according to the reduced PAPR value; andreceiving, through at least one Power Amplifier, PA (206) , the clipped signal having the reduced PAPR value and generate at least one amplified signal according to the value of the at least one PA parameter, wherein the at least one amplified signal is of use for the transmission of the multi-carrier signal.10.The method (300) according to claim 9, wherein value of the at least one quality constraint parameter is selected from a group comprising at least an Error Vector magnitude, EVM, and an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACLR.11.The method (300) according to claims 9-10, comprising:generating, through the CFR unit (204) , the peak component based on the identified value of the at least one quality constraint parameter;inserting, through the CFR unit (204) , a time delay to the multi-carrier signal based on the time delay of generation of the peak component; andremoving, through the CFR unit (204) , the peak component from the multi-carrier signal to reduce the PAPR value associated with the multi-carrier signal.12.The method (300) according to claims 9-11, comprising:comparing, through the CFR unit (204) , an amplitude of the multi-carrier signal with a predefined threshold amplitude value to determine whether the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value; andremoving, through the CFR unit (204) , the peak component from the multi-carrier signal where the amplitude is greater than the predefined threshold value.13.The method (300) according to claims 9-12, wherein the at least one PA parameter comprises a gate bias data and a drain voltage data.14.The method (300) according to claims 9-13, comprising:sending, through the PAC (208) , the reduced PAPR value to a database to access a predefined lookup table, wherein the look-up table comprises one or more threshold values of the at least one PA parameter defined according to one or more predefined PAPR values;establishing, through the PAC (208) , the connection with the database, wherein the database compares the reduced PAPR value with value of at least one PAPR from the one or more predefined PAPR values; andreceiving, through the PAC (208) , the value of the at least one PA parameters according to the reduced PAPR value.15.The method (300) according to claims 9-14, comprising:comparing, through the PAC (208) , the reduced PAPR value with each PAPR value from a plurality of PAPR values stored in the predefined look-up table, wherein each PAPR value is associated with a pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data;mapping, through the PAC (208) , the reduced PAPR value with the pre-stored gate bias data and a drain voltage data in the predefined look-up table; andextracting, through the PAC (208) , an output gate bias data and an output drain voltage data according to the mapping, wherein the output gate bias data and an output drain voltage are used as the at least one PA parameter.16.The method (300) according to claim 9, comprising:transmitting, through a transmit module, the amplified signal to one or more Radio Units, RUs.
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