Amplifier device

Abstract

Disclosed is a proportional-integral corrector with an amplifier device (10), which comprises: - a positive supply VCC, - a negative supply VEE, - a non-inverting input (13) Vplus, - an inverting input (14) Vmoins, - an amplified-signal output (15) Vout; - an integer number n of operational amplifiers (101 to 104) having: · a non-inverting terminal (131 to 134) connected to the signal input (13) Vplus, · an inverting terminal (141 to 144) connected to the signal input (14) Vmoins, · an amplified-signal output terminal Viout (151 to 154), and · a closed dynamic control loop (161 to 168); and - an electronic module (17) for averaging the voltages of the output amplified signals Viout (151 to 154).

Description

[0001] Amplifier device

[0002] 1. TECHNICAL DOMAIN

[0003] The field of the invention is that of amplifier devices.

[0004] The invention relates more particularly to an amplifier device on board a spacecraft, for example a satellite.

[0005] The invention applies in particular, but not exclusively, to a proportional-integral corrector ("PI") which comprises an amplifier device and to a regulated direct voltage / direct voltage type converter.

[0006] The present invention is not limited to this particular application and is of interest for all applications in which a failure of an operational amplifier or a single event causing a momentary malfunction of an operational amplifier can impact the operation of an analog electronic circuit.

[0007] 2. TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

[0008] An operational amplifier (also called an op-amp, op amp, or opamp, short for operational amplifier) ​​is a high-gain differential amplifier: it is an electronic amplifier that strongly amplifies a difference in electrical potentials present at its inputs. The very high voltage gain of an op-amp in open loop makes it a component used in a wide variety of applications. Initially, op-amps were designed to perform mathematical operations in analog computers. They made it easy to implement basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. Subsequently, the operational amplifier was used in many other applications, such as motor control, voltage regulation, current sources, and oscillators.

[0009] Physically, an operational amplifier consists of transistors, commonly in the form of an integrated circuit.

[0010] The popularity of the operational amplifier as a component of analog circuits is due to its versatility. By using negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit—its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth, etc.—are determined by external components and have little dependence on the temperature coefficients or technical tolerance of the op-amp itself. Op-amps are now widely used in electronic devices, including a wide range of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices and ground vehicles. Many standard op-amp integrated circuits, i.e., those manufactured in large quantities rather than to order (referred to as "commercial off the shelf" or "COTS"), cost only a few cents.Conversely, some integrated or hybrid op-amps with special performance specifications (referred to as High Reliability or "Hi-Rel" components) can cost over a hundred US dollars in small quantities.

[0011] Op-amps can be used as components or as elements of more complex or specifically constrained integrated circuits. In the space sector, "NewSpace" is a term related to the emergence of a privately-owned space industry. They are particularly concerned with the development of low-cost and public access to space.

[0012] With the advent of this industry, particularly for the deployment of satellite constellations, new components designed for the automotive sector have been introduced into spacecraft. Compared to radiation-hardened components, these components have the advantage of being much cheaper, more compact, and more efficient. However, like most semiconductor electronic devices, these components, particularly operational amplifiers, are susceptible to Single Event Effects (SEEs). In space, when particles such as heavy ions (from the natural radiation environment) strike certain areas of the integrated circuit, its behavior can be disrupted for a period of time.Thus, operational amplifiers present a very restrictive vulnerability which requires the sizing of electronic circuits in spacecraft to be made more complex.

[0013] The use of operational amplifiers in this context has therefore become very complex and expensive alternatives have been implemented to do without this component, whereas they were previously widely used in space electronics thanks to their versatility. For example, alternatives to reduce the SEE signatures of an operational electronic circuit include:

[0014] - either to use other components, such as FPGAs ("Field-programmable gate array") or comparators, for example to regulate DC / DC converters, - or to accept the SEE of the operational amplifier by deoptimizing the entire electronic architecture, for example by adding low-pass filters, adding post-regulators, etc.

[0015] Each of these alternatives imposes complexity and significant additional cost on electronic circuits.

[0016] The paper "Low-noise amplification of voltage response for thermopile optical detectors" by Li Chaochen et al. discloses a device for amplifying a low-amplitude signal in a thermopile, aiming to reduce noise during amplification.

[0017] Patent application US2021 / 184634A1 discloses a device for amplifying a low amplitude signal in a photosensor, aiming to obtain robust detection performance even in the presence of imbalances between the amplifiers.

[0018] Utility model CN214591329U discloses a device for reducing the noise of a preamplifier.

[0019] 3. SUMMARY

[0020] The present invention aims to remedy all or part of the drawbacks of the prior art.

[0021] To this end, according to a first aspect, the present invention aims at an amplifier device comprising:

[0022] - a positive supply voltage input, voltage called "V C c”, a negative or “reference” supply voltage input, voltage called “V E E ",

[0023] - a non-inverting signal input, called “V pius", this signal having a voltage between the supply voltages V C c and VEE,

[0024] - an inverting signal input, called “V mO ins”, this signal having a voltage between the supply voltages V C c and VEE,

[0025] - an amplified signal output, called “V ou t » ;

[0026] - an integer n, strictly greater than 1, of operational amplifiers, each operational amplifier i, with i between 1 and n inclusive, having: o a positive supply terminal connected to the positive supply voltage input Vcc, o a negative supply terminal connected to the negative supply voltage input VEE, o a non-inverting signal input terminal, called Vi pius connected to the signal input V pius , so that the signals Vi piusare identical for the n operational amplifiers, o an inverting signal input terminal, called Vi mO ins connected to the signal input V moi ns, so that the signals Vi mO ins are identical for the n operational amplifiers, o an amplified signal output terminal, called Vi out voltage between the supply voltages V C c and V E E, resulting from the amplification of the difference of the two voltages of the input signals Vi pius and Vi mO ins according to a predetermined gain identical for the n operational amplifiers, and o a closed dynamic control loop connecting the terminal Vi out at the signal input terminal Vimoins, loop consisting of at least one electrical resistor and at least one capacitor, mounted in parallel; and an electronic module for constituting the average of the voltages of the amplified output signals Vi outn operational amplifiers, to generate the amplified signal V ou t on the amplified signal output.

[0027] By comprising a plurality of operational amplifiers connected in parallel and which amplify the same signals, then by constituting the average of the amplified signals, the amplifier device provides an amplified signal less sensitive to failures and SEE than the operational amplifiers used. From a user point of view, this amplifier device behaves like a classic macro-component which only undergoes at the output, during SEE, small variations of approximately one microsecond and of amplitude equal to one n ième of their supply voltage.

[0028] The amplifier device of the invention makes it possible to drastically reduce the SEE signature compared to one of the n operational amplifiers incorporated in the device. The invention thus makes it possible to rehabilitate the operational amplifier in spacecraft electronics by proposing a space-saving and low-cost assembly.

[0029] This amplifier device allows to realize an operational amplifier function compatible with space specifications and competitive in terms of cost and compactness. This amplifier device has a high tolerance to the singular effects of the natural environment, in particular by reducing the residual duration of disturbances and their occurrence, which allows their use in space applications.

[0030] This significantly reduces the constraints of the space environment on analog electronics designs, such as acquisition chains, power electronics, converters and linear regulators. These designs are therefore simpler, more compact and more robust.

[0031] In embodiments, the amplifier device comprises, for each operational amplifier, an independent decoupling circuit, between the positive supply voltage input V C c and the positive supply terminal of this operational amplifier.

[0032] By decoupling each of the operational amplifier inputs, the performance of the amplifier device is further improved.

[0033] In embodiments, the independent decoupling circuit of each operational amplifier comprises:

[0034] - at least one electrical resistance between the positive supply voltage input Vcc and the positive supply terminal of this operational amplifier and

[0035] - at least one capacitor between the negative supply voltage input VEE and the positive supply terminal of this operational amplifier.

[0036] This decoupling circuit is simple, compact and robust.

[0037] In embodiments, for each operational amplifier:

[0038] - the non-inverting signal input terminal Vi pius is connected to the signal input V pius , via at least one identical electrical resistance for the n operational amplifiers, and

[0039] - the signal input inverting terminal Vimoins is connected to the signal input V mO ins, via at least one identical electrical resistance for the n operational amplifiers.

[0040] This parallel connection of the n operational amplifiers with respectively identical resistances for their signal inputs to be amplified ensures that the signals Vi pius are identical for the n operational amplifiers, and that the Vimoins signals are identical for the n operational amplifiers.

[0041] In embodiments, the electronic module for constituting the average of the amplified output voltages Vi ou t of operational amplifiers comprises, between each amplified voltage output terminal Vi ou t of an operational amplifier and the amplified voltage output, at least one electrical resistance.

[0042] The average is thus achieved with extremely simple, light and space-saving components.

[0043] In embodiments, the amplifier device which is the subject of the invention comprises, in a single integrated circuit:

[0044] - the n operational amplifiers, - the n closed dynamic control loops connecting terminal Vi out at the input terminal of voltage V mO ins of an operational amplifier, and

[0045] - the electronic module for constituting the average of the amplified output voltages Vi 0Lrt n operational amplifiers.

[0046] Thus the implementation of the amplifier device which is the subject of the invention can take the form of a simple integrated circuit, such as a simple operational amplifier. A possible feedback loop is then produced outside this integrated circuit.

[0047] According to a second aspect, the present invention relates to a proportional-integral corrector, which comprises an amplifier device as succinctly set out above and a closed negative feedback loop connecting the output V outat the Vminus input, comprising in series, at least one capacitor and at least one electrical resistor;

[0048] - the Vminus input receiving an electrical signal via at least one electrical resistor

[0049] - entrance V pius receiving an electrical signal via at least one electrical resistor.

[0050] According to a third aspect, the present invention relates to a regulated DC voltage / DC voltage converter, which comprises a proportional-integral corrector which is the subject of the invention, in which the closed negative feedback loop connecting the output V ou t at the V input moin comprises, in series, at least one electrical resistor and at least one capacitor.

[0051] The advantages, aims and particular characteristics of this proportional-integral corrector and of this converter being similar to those of the device which is the subject of the invention, they are not recalled here.

[0052] According to a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to space equipment comprising at least one DC voltage / regulated DC voltage type converter which is the subject of the invention.

[0053] 4. LIST OF FIGURES

[0054] Other aims, characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following description, given by way of illustrative and non-limiting example, in relation to the appended drawings, in which:

[0055] [Fig. 1] represents an electronic diagram of a particular embodiment of the amplifier device which is the subject of the invention comprising four operational amplifiers; [Fig. 2] represents an electronic diagram of independent decoupling circuits of the four operational amplifiers of the device illustrated in [Fig. 1];

[0056] [Fig. 3] represents a block diagram comprising the components illustrated in [Fig. 1] and in [Fig- 2];

[0057] [Fig. 4] represents an electronic diagram of a proportional-integral corrector comprising the integrated circuit illustrated in [Fig. 3];

[0058] [Fig. 5] represents a simulation result of the response of the proportional-integral corrector of [Fig. 4] to the effects of a singular event on one of the operational amplifiers,

[0059] [Fig. 6] represents a block diagram of a buck converter; and

[0060] [Fig. 7] represents a space equipment comprising a regulated buck converter illustrated in [Fig. 6],

[0061] 5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0062] In all figures of this document, identical elements and steps are designated by the same numerical reference.

[0063] In [Fig. 1], we observe an amplifier device 10 comprising:

[0064] - an input 11 of positive supply voltage, voltage called “Vœ”, an input 12 of negative or “reference” supply voltage, voltage called “VEE”,

[0065] - a non-inverting signal input 13, called “V pius ", this signal having a voltage between the supply voltages Vcc and VEE,

[0066] - an inverting signal input 14, called “V mO ins”, this signal having a voltage between the supply voltages Vcc and VEE,

[0067] - an output 15 of amplified signal, called “V ou t ».

[0068] The amplifier device 10 further comprises an integer number n, strictly greater than 1, of operational amplifiers. The number n is determined according to optimization criteria taking into account, for example, the size, the weight, the electrical consumption, the cost price and the vulnerability to the natural radiation environment.

[0069] In [Fig. 1] and [Fig. 5], the number n is equal to four. There are therefore four identical operational amplifiers 101 to 104. Each operational amplifier i, with i between 1 and 4 inclusive, has: a positive supply terminal, respectively 111 to 114, connected to the input 1 of positive supply voltage Vcc, a negative supply terminal, respectively 121 to 124, connected to the input 12 of negative supply voltage V E E,

[0070] - a non-inverting signal input terminal, called Vi pius , respectively 131 to 134, connected to signal input 13 V pius , so that the signals Vi pius are identical for the n operational amplifiers,

[0071] - an inverting signal input terminal, called Vimoins, respectively 141 to 144, connected to signal input 14 V mO ins, such that the Vimoins signals are identical for the n operational amplifiers,

[0072] - an amplified signal output terminal, called Vi ou t, respectively 151 to 154, of voltage between the supply voltages V C c and V E E, resulting from the amplification of the difference of the two voltages of the input signals Vi pius and Viminus according to a predetermined gain identical for the n operational amplifiers, and a closed dynamic control loop connecting the terminal Vi out, respectively 151 to 154, to the signal input terminal Vimoins, respectively 141 to 144, consists of at least one electrical resistor, respectively 161 to 164 and at least one capacitor, respectively 165 to 168, connected in parallel.

[0073] The amplifier device 10 also comprises an electronic module 17 for constituting the average of the voltages of the amplified output signals Viout, respectively 151 to 154, of the n operational amplifiers 111 to 114, to generate the amplified signal V out on the amplified signal output 15.

[0074] Each of the identical resistors 169, positioned between the input 14 and one of the inputs 141 to 144 of one of the operational amplifiers 101 to 104, on the one hand, and each of the identical resistors 170, positioned between the input 13 and one of the inputs 131 to 134 of one of the operational amplifiers 101 to 104, on the other hand, ensure that:

[0075] - Vi signalspius are, apart from disparities linked to the manufacturing tolerances of the components, identical for the n (four in the example shown) operational amplifiers 101 to 104,

[0076] - the Vimoins signals are, apart from disparities linked to the manufacturing tolerances of the components, identical for the n operational amplifiers 101 to 104. Thus, for each operational amplifier 101 to 104:

[0077] - non-inverting terminal 131 to 134 of signal input Vi pius is connected to signal input 13 V pius , via at least one electrical resistor 170 identical for the n operational amplifiers 101 to 104, and - the inverting terminal 141 to 144 of signal input Vi mO ins is connected to signal input 14 V mO ins, via at least one electrical resistor 169 identical for the n operational amplifiers 101 to 104.

[0078] This parallel connection of the n operational amplifiers 101 to 104 with resistors 169 and 170, respectively identical for their signal inputs to be amplified Vi pius and Vi mOins ensure that the Vi signals pius are, apart from disparities related to the manufacturing tolerances of the components, identical for the n operational amplifiers, and that the Vimoins signals are, apart from disparities related to the manufacturing tolerances of the components, identical for the n operational amplifiers. Note that the value of the resistors 169 and that of the resistors 170 may be different.

[0079] The electronic module 17 for constituting the average of the voltages of the output signals on the outputs 151 to 154 of the operational amplifiers 101 to 104 comprises four identical resistors 171 connected, on the one hand, to these outputs 151 to 154 and, on the other hand, to the output 15.

[0080] As understood from the above description, operational amplifiers 101 to 104 receive the same signals Vi pius and Viminus and amplify their difference with the same gain. The average of the output signals Vi ou t allows that, even if one of the operational amplifiers 101 to 104 experiences a singular event, the averaged output signal Vi out has a variation less than one n ième of the difference between the positive supply voltages Vcc and negative VEE.

[0081] In [Fig. 2], we observe four independent decoupling circuits 181 to 184 of the four operational amplifiers, respectively 101 to 104. Each independent decoupling circuit 181 to 184 is positioned between the positive supply voltage input Vcc 1 1 of the amplifier device 10 and the positive supply terminal 111 to 114 of one of the operational amplifiers 101 to 104. In the embodiment shown in [Fig. 2], each independent decoupling circuit 181 to 184 of each operational amplifier 101 to 104 comprises:

[0082] - at least one electrical resistor 185 between the positive supply voltage input Vcc 11 and the positive supply terminal 111 to 114 of this operational amplifier 101 to 104 and

[0083] - at least one capacitor 186 between the negative supply voltage input VEE 12 and the positive supply terminal 111 to 114 of this operational amplifier 101 to 104.

[0084] By decoupling each of the inputs of the operational amplifiers 101 to 104, the performance of the amplifier device 10 is further improved. In [Fig. 3], a block diagram 20 is shown comprising the components of the amplifier device 10, itself represented as an operational amplifier. In this integrated circuit 20, a pin 21 is electrically connected to the positive supply voltage input 11 V C c, a pin 22 is electrically connected to the negative supply voltage input 12 V E E, a pin 23 is electrically connected to the non-inverting input 13 of signal V pius , a pin 24 is electrically connected to the inverting input 14 of signal Vminus, and a pin 25 is connected to the output 15 of amplified signal V ou t-

[0085] 6. EXAMPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INVENTION

[0086] We now present, in relation to [Fig. 4], [Fig. 6] and [Fig. 7], examples of implementation of the amplifier device which is the subject of the invention in analog electronic circuits.

[0087] In [Fig. 4], we observe an electronic diagram of a proportional-integral corrector 30 comprising the integrated circuit 20. To constitute this proportional-integral corrector, we associate with the integrated circuit 20, two external resistors 31 and 32 at the input of the signals on the pins 23 and 24 of the integrated circuit 20. In addition, we associate with the integrated circuit 20, a feedback loop formed by a resistor 33 and a capacitor 34, connected in series between the output 25 and the input 24, downstream of the resistor 32. We note, in the diagram of [Fig. 4], that the pin 22 is connected to a ground return node (the voltage "0"). Thus, in this assembly, VEE is not a negative voltage but the zero voltage.

[0088] In [Fig. 5], we observe a simulation corroborated by experimental results of the response of the proportional-integral corrector 30 to the effects of a singular event affecting the operational amplifier 102. In this [Fig. 5], curve 41 represents the response of the operational amplifier 101, curve 42 represents the response of the operational amplifier 102, curve 43 represents the response of the operational amplifier 103, curve 44 represents the response of the operational amplifier 104 and curve 45 represents the response of the proportional-integral corrector 30. In this example, n is 4, V C c is 3.3 V and VEE is 0 V.

[0089] A singular transient event propagates, with a signature duration of 20 ps and an amplitude of 2.2V causing the output voltage V to increase 2out of the operational amplifier 102 to 0 V. In response to this transient, the three other operational amplifiers, not affected by this singular event, compensate for this loss of voltage, filtering the disturbance so to speak. The result on the output V ou t 45 is as follows: we observe two transients corresponding to the falling and rising edges of the disturbance on V 2ou t, the first with a duration of approximately 1.5 ps (controlled by elements 169, 161 and 165) and an amplitude of 0.6 V (less than 3.3 V divided by n, i.e. in the example, n = 4), the number n being the number of contributors to the average 171, the second of barely 1 ps and 0.3 V.

[0090] We therefore note two favorable results of the implementation of the present invention. On the one hand, the amplitude of the transients is less than the amplitude between VEE and Vcc divided by the number n of op-amps. On the other hand, the duration of the transient phenomenon on the averaged output 45 is much less than the duration of the singular transient event of the output 42.

[0091] In [Fig. 6], we see an electronic diagram of a buck 50 converter, or series chopper. The buck converter is a switching power supply that converts a DC voltage into another DC voltage of lower value. It has a high efficiency (up to 95%) and its output voltage is regulated by adjusting the value of the peak current of the inductor via the control of the duty cycle of the power transistor. This type of regulation is very common because it allows a damped response to load transients and protection against inductor saturation.

[0092] This converter 50 can be described in two distinct parts. The first is the power cell 51 of the buck converter 50, whose purpose is to transfer power from a given command. This circuit 51 is composed of:

[0093] - a capacitor 52 at the input charged to the input voltage V E ,

[0094] - a controllable power transistor of the P-channel MOSFET type 53,

[0095] - a Schottky 54 type diode,

[0096] - an inductance 55,

[0097] - a shunt type resistor 56 allowing the current flowing through the inductance to be measured,

[0098] - a capacitor 57 at the output, charged to the output voltage Vs, and

[0099] - a resistance bridge 58 allowing the output voltage to be measured.

[0100] The second part of the converter 50 is the peak current voltage regulator 60, the purpose of which is to provide the power cell 51 with control of the power transistor 53 from the voltage and current observables. The logic circuits are powered by a voltage source V C c 61. This circuit 60 is composed of:

[0101] - a voltage reference 62;

[0102] - a Proportional Integral (PI) corrector 63 where we find the component 20 described with respect to [Fig. 3]. This corrector 63 provides a set value of the peak current making it possible to reduce to zero the error between the voltage reference 62 and the voltage measurement provided by the resistance bridge 58;

[0103] - a PWM 64 module (in English "Pulse Width Modulation") whose nominal operation is as follows. On the rising edge of the clock, a command is sent to saturate the power transistor 53, and this as long as the current measurement is lower than the set voltage. When the current measurement is higher than the set voltage, a command is sent to block the power transistor 53 until a new rising edge of the clock. And so on for each period.

[0104] All other things being equal, given its very reduced SET signature (as described with regard to [Fig. 5]), the assembly 20 makes it possible to significantly reduce the sizing constraints of the power cell 51. Indeed, the disturbance of the peak current setpoint being very reduced, even insignificant, compared to the bandwidth of the converter 50, the SET is no longer sizing for the passives (inductance and output capacitors) and allows a reduction in the size of the components and therefore to gain in surface area, mass and competitiveness.

[0105] As illustrated in [Fig. 7], in one implementation of the invention, a space device 80 comprises an analog electronic circuit 81 comprising a power supply 82 and a buck converter 83.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. Proportional-integral corrector (30) comprising an amplifier device (10), said amplifier device (10) comprising: - an input (1 1 ) of positive supply voltage, voltage called “V C c”, an input (12) of negative or “reference” supply voltage, voltage called “V E E ", - a non-inverting signal input (13), called “V pius ", this signal having a voltage between the supply voltages V C c and VEE, - an inverting signal input (14), called “V mOins ", this signal having a voltage between the supply voltages V C c and VEE, an output (15) of amplified signal, called “V out» , an integer n, strictly greater than 1, of operational amplifiers (101 to 104), each operational amplifier i, with i between 1 and n inclusive, having: o a positive supply terminal (1 1 1 to 1 14) connected to the input (1 1 ) of positive supply voltage V C c, o a negative supply terminal (121 to 124) connected to the negative supply voltage input (12) VEE, o a non-inverting signal input terminal, called Vi pius (131 to 134) connected to the V signal input (13) pius , so that the signals Vi pius are identical for the n operational amplifiers, o an inverting signal input terminal, called Vi mO in S (141 to 144) connected to the V signal input (14) mO ins, so that the signals Vi mO in S are identical for the n operational amplifiers, o an amplified signal output terminal, called Vi out(151 to 154) of voltage between the supply voltages V C c and VEE, resulting from the amplification of the difference of the two voltages of the input signals Vi pius and Viminus according to a predetermined gain identical for the n operational amplifiers, and o a closed dynamic control loop connecting the terminal Vi out (151 to 154) to signal input terminal Vi moi ns (141 to 144), loop consisting of at least one electrical resistor (161 to 164) and at least one capacitor (165 to 168), mounted in parallel; and - an electronic module (17) for constituting the average of the voltages of the amplified output signals Vi out (151 to 154) of the n operational amplifiers (11 1 to 1 14), to generate the amplified signal V out on the amplified signal output (15); the proportional-integral corrector (30) also comprising a closed loop (33, 34) of negative feedback connecting the output V out (15) at the V input moi ns (14) and comprising in series, at least one capacitor (34) and at least one electrical resistor (33); the Vminus input receiving an electrical signal via at least one electrical resistor (32), and the V pius (13) receiving an electrical signal via at least one electrical resistor (31).

2. Proportional-integral corrector (30) according to claim 1, which comprises, for each operational amplifier (101 to 104), an independent decoupling circuit (181 to 184), between the positive supply voltage input Vcc (11) and the positive supply terminal (111 to 114) of this operational amplifier.

3. Proportional integral corrector (30) according to claim 2, in which the independent decoupling circuit (181 to 184) of each operational amplifier (101 to 104) comprises: - at least one electrical resistor (185) between the positive supply voltage input Vcc (11) and the positive supply terminal (11 1 to 114) of this operational amplifier and - at least one capacitor (186) between the negative supply voltage input VEE (12) and the positive supply terminal (111 to 114) of this operational amplifier.

4. Proportional-integral corrector (30) according to one of claims 1 to 3, in which, for each operational amplifier (101 to 104): - the non-inverting terminal (131 to 134) of signal input Vi pius is connected to the signal input (13) V pius , via at least one electrical resistance (170) identical for the n operational amplifiers, and - the inverting terminal (141 to 144) of the Vimoins signal input is connected to the Vmoins signal input (14), via at least one electrical resistor (169) identical for the n operational amplifiers.

5. Proportional-integral corrector (30) according to one of claims 1 to 4, in which the electronic module (17) for constituting the average of the amplified output voltages Vi out operational amplifiers have, between each amplified voltage output terminal Vi ou t (151 to 154) of an operational amplifier (101 to 104) and the amplified voltage output (15), at least one electrical resistor (171).

6. Proportional-integral corrector (30) according to one of claims 1 to 5, which comprises, in a single integrated circuit (20): - the n operational amplifiers (101 to 104), - the n closed loops (161 to 168) of dynamic control connecting the terminal Vi out (151 to 154) to the input terminal of voltage V mO ins (141 to 144) of an operational amplifier, and - the electronic module (17) for constituting the average of the amplified output voltages Vi ou t of the n operational amplifiers.

7. A regulated DC voltage / DC voltage converter (50, 60) which comprises a proportional-integral corrector (30) according to one of claims 1 to 6, in which the closed negative feedback loop (33, 34) connecting the output V ou t (15) at the V input mO ins (14) comprises, in series, at least one electrical resistor (33) and at least one capacitor (34).

8. Space equipment (80) comprising at least one converter (50, 60) of the direct voltage / regulated direct voltage type according to claim 7.

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