Functionalized silica nanoparticles and methods of making and using the same

Abstract

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods of making and using functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more agents in vivo or in vitro. The functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can comprise functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R - MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R - MSRs).

Description

[0001]Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) FUNCTIONALIZED SILICA NANOPARTICLES AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME RELATED APPLCIATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63 / 556,792, filed on February 22, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT This invention was made with government support under CA223255 awarded by National Institutes of Health (NIH). The government has certain rights in this invention. BACKGROUND Biomaterial scaffold based vaccines have shown significant potential in generating potent antigen-specific immunity. However, the role of the scaffold surface chemistry in initiating and modulating the immune response is not well understood. Thus, for biomaterial scaffold based vaccines to be successful, there is a need to develop new ways to modify the scaffold surface chemistry and enhance the function of the scaffold to induce a potent antigen specific immune response in vivo. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery that functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems can improve the efficacy and release of one or more agents in vivo or in vitro. The functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can comprise functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs). The functionalized mesoporous silica systems can be generated using silane coupling agents capable of introducing a surface modification comprising a functional group that can alter a physicochemical property of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). The functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein can provide an effective means of fine tuning the release kinetics of one or more agents, including but not limited to adjuvants and antigens, in vitro and in vivo. The approach disclosed herein enables the fine tuning of kinetic release profiles for one or more agents, for example, by combining different types of functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) within a single composition, thereby allowing for the concurrent presentation of multiple agents having diverse release kinetics to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Accordingly, in one aspect, this disclosure provides a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) comprising a surface modification; wherein the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH 1 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) – MPS), wherein the surface modification is by a silane coupling agent having a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. In another aspect, this disclosure provides a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) which is a product of surface modification; wherein the surface modification is the result of a reaction between a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3 group and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) may comprise a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of an R (e.g., R – ), a PEG R (e.g., R(CH2CH2O)n – ), an R with at least one spacer (L) (e.g., R – (L)n – ), a PEG R with at least one spacer (L) (e.g., R – (L)n(CH2CH2O)n(L)n– ), and combinations thereof, wherein n is any integer or is zero (e.g., not present). In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) may comprise a chemical formula of a PEG R with at least one spacer (L) (e.g., R – L1(CH2CH2O)nL2– ), wherein n is any integer, and wherein L1and L2are independently the same or different. In some embodiments, L1and L2independently comprise the chemical formula of (L)n, wherein n is any integer or is zero (e.g., not present). In some embodiments, the spacer (L) comprises a chemical formula independently selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, (CH2CH2COO)n, (NHCOC3H6)n, (CH2CH2)n, (C2H4NHCONH)n, (C4H2O2NCH2CONH)n, (C2H4NHCONH(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2COO)n, (C2H4NHCONH(CH2CH2O)nNHCOC3H6)n, (C4H2O2NCH2CONH(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer.In some embodiments the R-functionalized MSR comprises the chemical formula of C2H4NHCONH(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2COOR. In some embodiments the R-functionalized MSR comprises the chemical formula of C2H4NHCONH(CH2CH2O)nNHCOC3H6R. In some embodiments the R-functionalized MSR comprises the chemical formula of C4H2O2NCH2CONH(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2R. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the functional group is selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2 –); a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5 –); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2 –) or an isomer thereof (Cn –), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4 –); an octyl (C8 –); an octadecyl (C18 –); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In 2 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises the spacer (L), optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agentcomprises a trimethoxy group, a triethoxy group, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, thesilane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R –Si(OCH3)3, R – L – Si(OCH3)3, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silane couplingagent is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or NH2 – L – Si(OCH3)3; (NH2)2 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or (NH2)2 – L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n – Si(OCH3)3 and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C6H5 – L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OCH3)3 or Cn – Si(OCH3)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OCH3)3 or Cn – L – Si(OCH3)3; C4 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C4 – L – Si(OCH3)3;C8 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OCH3)3; C18 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH –Si(OCH3)3 and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises achemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of NH2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or NH2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (NH2)2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2– Si(OC2H5)3or Cn– Si(OC2H5)3and / or CnH2n+2– L – Si(OC2H5)3or Cn– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C4– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C8 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C18 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – L – Si(OCH3)3, optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – L – Si(OCH3)3, optionally wherein the L comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some embodiments, the PEG comprises the chemical formula of (CH2CH2O)n, wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OCH3)3, or more simply R – (PEG)n – Si(OCH3)3. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – (CH2)n – (CH2CH2O)n – (CH2)n – Si(OCH3)3, or more simply R – (CH2)n – (PEG)n – (CH2)n – Si(OCH3)3. In some embodiments, n is the number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of about 2 Da to about 300 kDa. In some embodiments, n is the 3 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10 Da to about 250 kDa. In some embodiments, n is the number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10 Da to about 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 2 kDa to about 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 2 kDa to about 25 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 2 kDa to about 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 5 kDa. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, optionally wherein the L comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some embodiments, the PEG comprises the chemical formula of (CH2CH2O)n, wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OC2H5)3, or more simply R – (PEG)n– Si(OC2H5)3. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula of R – (CH2)n– (CH2CH2O)n– (CH2)n– Si(OC2H5)3, or more simply R – (CH2)n– (PEG)n– (CH2)n– Si(OC2H5)3. In some embodiments, n is the number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of about 2 Da to about 300 kDa. In some embodiments, n is the number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10 Da to about 250 kDa. In some embodiments, n is the number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10 Da to about 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 2 kDa to about 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 2 kDa to about 25 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 2 kDa to about 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEG is characterized by a molecular weight of about 5 kDa.In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – MPS is selected from the groupconsisting of NH2 – MPS and / or NH2 – L – MPS; (NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS;(CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS; C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS; CnH2n+2 –MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L – MPS; C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS; C8 –MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS; C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L – MPS; COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L –MPS; Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS; Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS; NHS– MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; and combinations thereof.In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – L – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – L – MPS; (NH2)2 – L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS; C6H5 – L – MPS; CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L – MPS; C4 – L – MPS; C8 – 4 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637)L – MPS; C18 – L – MPS; COOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – L – MPS; Biotin – L – MPS; NHS – L –MPS; and combinations thereof, optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – L – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – PEG – MPS; (NH2)2 – PEG – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – PEG – MPS; C6H5 – PEG – MPS; CnH2n+2 – PEG – MPS or Cn – PEG – MPS;C4 – PEG – MPS; C8 – PEG – MPS; C18 – PEG – MPS; COOH – PEG – MPS; Maleimide – PEG –MPS; Biotin – PEG – MPS; NHS – PEG – MPS; and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – MPS further comprises an agent. In some embodiments, the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption. In some embodiments, the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS covalently or non- covalently. In some embodiments, the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the altered physicochemical property is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. 5 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – MPS has a positive surface charge, a negative surface charge, or a neutral surface charge. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – MPS is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). In one aspect, this disclosure provides an injectable or implantable composition for controlled release of an agent, comprising the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) described herein. In another aspect, this disclosure provides an injectable or implantable composition for controlled release of an agent, comprising: a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS); and an agent loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises a plurality of R – MPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of R – MPS comprises at least two different types of R – MPS. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, each type of R – MPS is independently the product a surface modification, wherein the surface modification involves a reaction between a silane coupling agent having the chemical formula R – SiX3and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is a methoxy group (– OCH3) or an ethoxy group (– OC2H5). In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, each type of R – MPS comprises the same or different functional group, optionally wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2–); a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2–) or an isomer thereof (Cn–), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18–); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, each type of R – MPS comprises the same or different agent, optionally wherein at least one type of R – MPS comprises an active agent and at least one type of R – MPS comprises an adjuvant. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, each type of R – MPS was fabricated using the same or different silane coupling agent, optionally wherein: (a) the silane coupling agent further comprises a spacer (L) and has the chemical formula R 6 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) – L – SiX3, optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer; (b) the silane coupling agent has the chemical formula R – Si(OCH3)3 or R – L – Si(OCH3)3, optionally wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or NH2 – L – Si(OCH3)3; (NH2)2 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or (NH2)2 – L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n – Si(OCH3)3 and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C6H5 – L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OCH3)3 or Cn – Si(OCH3)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OCH3)3 or Cn – L – Si(OCH3)3; C4 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C4 – L – Si(OCH3)3;C8 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OCH3)3; C18 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH –Si(OCH3)3 and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3 and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3 and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof;; and / or (c) the silane coupling agent has the chemical formulaR – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, optionally wherein the silane coupling agent is selected fromthe group consisting of NH2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or NH2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (NH2)2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5– Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C6H5 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3or Cn– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C4– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C8 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C18 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, each type of R – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2– MPS and / or NH2– L –MPS; (NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS;C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS; CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L– MPS; C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS; C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS; C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L –MPS; COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS; NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; and combinationsthereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the each type of R – MPS is independently present in the composition at about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition is characterized by a release profile for the agent selected from the group consisting of (i) fast release, which is characterized by release of the agent over a period of hours to days; (ii) medium release, which is characterized by release of the agent over 7 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) a period of days to weeks; and (iii) slow release, which is characterized by release of the agent over a period of weeks to months. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the altered physicochemical property is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition has a positive surface charge, a negative surface charge, or a neutral surface charge. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS) and is characterized by fast release of the agent. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), and about 15% to about 25% of another functionalized 8 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) MPS (R – MPS and / or R – L – MPS) described herein and is characterized by medium release of the agent. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises another functionalized MPS (R – MPSand / or R – L – MPS), and is characterized by slow release of the agent. In some embodiments, theanother functionalized MPS (R – MPS and / or R – L – MPS) may comprise a PEG spacer. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), and about 15% to about 25% of amine-functionalized MPS (NH2 – MPS and / or NH2 – L – MPS) and is characterized by medium release of the agent. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises amine-functionalized MPS (NH2 – MPS and / or NH2– L – MPS), and is characterized by slow release of the agent. In some embodiments, the amine-functionalized MPS (NH2– MPS and / or NH2– L – MPS) may comprise a PEG spacer. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), and about 15% to about 25% of diamine-functionalized MPS ((NH2)2– MPS and / or (NH2)2– L – MPS) and is characterized by medium release of the agent. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises diamine-functionalized MPS ((NH2)2– MPSand / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS), and is characterized by slow release of the agent. In some embodiments,the diamine-functionalized MPS ((NH2)2– MPS and / or (NH2)2– L – MPS) may comprise a PEG spacer. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises a plurality of active agents, optionally, wherein the plurality of active agents comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten or more active agents. In some embodiments, each active agent is independently adsorbed to the MSP surface modified with a functional group. In some embodiments, each active agent independently binds to a functional group. In some embodiments, each active agent is independently released over a pre-determined time period in vitro and / or in vivo. In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of the active agent is released over the pre-determined time period. In some embodiments, the pre-determined time period comprises at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours or more; at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days or more; at least about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or more; or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months or more; optionally wherein the pre-determined time period comprises between about 1 day to about 60 days. 9 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the injectable or implantable composition comprises (i) a population of MSR surface modified with a cationic functional group; (ii) a population of MSR surface modified with an anionic functional group; (iii) a population of MSR surface modified with a neutral functional group; and / or (iv) a population of MSR surface modified with a hydrophobic functional group. In some embodiments, the injectable or implantable composition comprises at least 2, 3, or 4 of (i) a population of MSR surface modified with a cationic functional group; (ii) a population of MSR surface modified with an anionic functional group; (iii) a population of MSR surface modified with a neutral functional group; and (iv) a population of MSR surface modified with a hydrophobic functional group. In some embodiments, (i)-(iv) are independently present in the composition at a concentration ranging between about 1% to about 100%, optionally, wherein: (i) a population of MSR surface modified with a cationic functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more; (ii) a population of MSR surface modified with an anionic functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more; (iii) a population of MSR surface modified with a neutral functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more; and / or (iv) a population of MSR surface modified with a hydrophobic functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the active agent is selected from the group consisting of an atom, a chemical group, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a nucleobase, a sugar, a nucleic acid, an amino acid, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein, a protein complex, a small molecule, a biologic, and a cell. In some embodiments, the active agent is a chemoattractant for immune cells. In some embodiments, the chemoattractant for immune cells comprises a growth factor, a cytokine, and / or a chemokine. In some embodiments, the chemoattractant for immune cells comprises a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In some embodiments, the active agent is an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the adjuvant comprises a cytokine, a cytosine-guanosine oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), or a toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand. In some embodiments, the active agent comprises an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen comprises a cancer antigen or a non-cancer antigen. In one aspect, this disclosure provides a method of preventing or treating a disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject the R – MPS described herein, or the injectable or implantable composition described herein, thereby preventing or treating the disease in the subject. In another aspect, this disclosure provides a method of promoting an immune response in a subject, comprising administering to the subject the R – MPS described herein, or the injectable or implantable composition described herein, thereby promoting an immune response in the subject. 10 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) In one aspect, this disclosure provides a method of inducing a systemic antigen-specific immune response to said a vaccine antigen and / or inducing homing of a vaccine antigen-specific immune cells to a lymph node, comprising administering to a subject the R – MPS described herein, or the injectable or implantable composition described herein In another aspect, this disclosure provides a method of making a vaccine, comprising providing a suspension of mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) surface modified with a functional group; contacting said MSRs surface modified with a functional group with a vaccine antigen, an adjuvant, an immune cell recruitment compound, and / or an immune cell activation compound. In one aspect, this disclosure provides a method of making a composition for controlled release of one or more active agents, comprising providing a suspension of mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) surface modified with a functional group; and contacting said MSRs surface modified with a functional group with one or more active agents. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the MSRs comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) comprising a surface modification; wherein the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the surface modification is by a silane coupling agent having a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the MSRs comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) which is a product of surface modification; wherein the surface modification is the result of a reaction between a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3group and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. In one aspect, this disclosure provides a method of making a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), comprising reacting a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3 group with a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. 11 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the functional group is selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2 –); a diamine ((NH2)2 –); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n –), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5 –); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2 –) or an isomer thereof (Cn –), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4 –); an octyl (C8 –); an octadecyl (C18 –); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises the spacer (L), optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure describedherein, the silane coupling agent comprises a trimethoxy group, a triethoxy group, or a combinationthereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting ofR – Si(OCH3)3, R – L – Si(OCH3)3, and combinations thereof.In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of NH2– Si(OCH3)3and / or NH2– L – Si(OCH3)3; (NH2)2– Si(OCH3)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OCH3)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5– Si(OCH3)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2– Si(OCH3)3or Cn– Si(OCH3)3and / or CnH2n+2– L – Si(OCH3)3or Cn– L – Si(OCH3)3; C4–Si(OCH3)3 and / or C4 – L – Si(OCH3)3; C8 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OCH3)3; C18 – Si(OCH3)3and / or C18– L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH – Si(OCH3)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting ofR – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, and combinations thereof.In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or NH2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (NH2)2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OC2H5)3 and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C6H5 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4– Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C4 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C18 –Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or COOH – L – Si(OC2H5)3; 12 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – MPS and / or NH2 – L – MPS;(NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS; C6H5 –MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS; CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L –MPS; C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS; C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS; C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L –MPS; COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS; NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; and combinationsthereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the R – MPS further comprises an agent. In some embodiments, the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption. In some embodiments, the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS covalently or non- covalently. In some embodiments, the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments of the above aspects or any other aspect of the disclosure described herein, the altered physicochemical property is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. In some embodiments, the R – MPS has a positive surface charge, a 13 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) negative surface charge, or a neutral surface charge. In some embodiments, the R – MPS is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.1 is a schematic overview of an exemplary procedure for modifying the surface chemistry of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS) to achieve functionalized MPS having the following surface modifications: amine (NH2-MPS), diamine (diamine-MPS), phenylethyl (phenylethyl-MPS), carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS), octyl (C8-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG-MPS). FIGs.2A-2C show the nitrogen adsorption / desorption analysis for the surface area (FIG. 2A), pore volume (FIG.2B), and pore width distribution (FIG. 2C) of the following mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS): unmodified (OH-MPS), amine (NH2-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), octyl (C8-MPS), carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS), phenylethyl (phenylethyl-MPS), diamine (diamine-MPS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG-MPS). FIGs.3A-3B show release kinetics of the functionalized MPS (cationic) compared to MPS coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). FIGs.4A-4B show release kinetics of cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) from combination of functionalized MPS. CpG was loaded by absorption onto cationic MPS (NH2-OH), octadecyl (C18-MPS), and carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS) and release kinetics determined. FIGs.5A-5C show surface-modified mesoporous silica rods (MPS) enable control of adjuvant release kinetics in vitro. Adjuvants were loaded by adsorption onto MPS with different surface modification (pure MPS solutions) or onto mixtures of different ratios of surface-modified MPS. FIG.5A shows the in vitro release profile of CpG, FIG.5B shows the in vitro release profile of Poly:IC (PIC), and FIG. 5C shows the in vitro release profile of R848 from the indicated MPS conditions. Data are expressed as the cumulative percentage compared to the initial loaded amount, mean ± SD, n=3. FIGs.6A-6C show that CpG loaded on to amine-modified MPS is retained at the scaffold site in vivo to a greater extent than unmodified MPS. FIG.6A is a schematic representation of the three MPS vaccine formulations used to characterize CpG release in vivo. Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647)-labeled CpG (CpG*) was loaded onto unmodified-MPS (OH-Vax, fast release), amine-functionalized MPS (NH2-Vax, slow release), or a mixture of 85% OH-MPS and 15% NH2-MPS (Combo-Vax, medium release). For all MPS vaccine conditions, the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and the chemokine GM-CSF were loaded onto unmodified MPS. The bolus vaccine consisted of the same amounts of each vaccine component but delivered in PBS (without MPS). FIG.6B shows representative IVIS images of mice injected with indicated vaccine conditions containing CpG*. Scale bar indicates total radiance (p / sec / cm3 / sr). FIG.6C shows quantification of radiance at the injection site over time for the indicated vaccine conditions. Values shown are normalized to the maximum radiance signal 14 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) observed in each mouse. Means depicted; error bars, s.d. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test for normally distributed samples, and a Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test otherwise (*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P <0.001). FIG. 7 is a schematic overview of an exemplary procedure for modifying the surfacechemistry of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS) to achieve functionalized MPS having the following surface modifications: polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine (NH2-PEG-MPS), PEG maleimide (Maleimide-PEG-MPS), PEG NHS (NHS-PEG-MPS), PEG carboxylic acid (COOH-PEG-MPS), and PEG biotin (Biotin-PEG-MPS). FIG.8 shows Day 14 IgG immune responses caused by functionalized MPS having the following surface modifications: amine (NH2-MPS), unmodified (OH-MPS), phenylethyl (phenylethyl-MPS), diamine (diamine-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine (NH2-PEG-MPS), and PEG (OH-PEG-MPS). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE Disclosed herein are compositions and methods of making and using functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more agents in vivo or in vitro. The functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can comprise functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs). The functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein can provide an effective means of fine tuning the release kinetics of one or more agents, including but not limited to adjuvants and antigens, in vitro and in vivo. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein may be used to decouple the release kinetics of multiple agents, such as antigens and adjuvants in vaccines. In some embodiments, decoupling the release kinetics of different vaccine components may be achieved by independently loading each vaccine component onto a different type of functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), that has been surface modified with a functional group to alter specific physicochemical properties based on the need for adjuvant or antigen release. The functionalized mesoporous silica systems can be generated using silane coupling agents capable of introducing a surface modification comprising a functional group that can alter a physicochemical property of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). The functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein can be loaded with one or more agents, e.g., adjuvants and antigens, for controlled delivery and release in vivo or in vivo. The approach disclosed herein enables the fine tuning of kinetic release profiles for one or more agents by combining different types of functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) within a single composition, thereby allowing for the concurrent presentation of diverse release kinetics to enhance therapeutic efficacy. 15 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) I. DEFINITIONS In order that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear, however, in the event of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosure (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural (i.e., one or more), unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising, “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open- ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value recited or falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited. The term “about” or “approximately” usually means within 5%, or more preferably within 1%, of a given value or range. The term “biocompatible” as used herein refers to a substance or other material that is non- toxic and / or non-immunogenic. For example, a biocompatible material does not induce a significant immune response or deleterious tissue reaction, e.g., toxic reaction or significant irritation, over time when implanted into or placed adjacent to the biological tissue of a subject. As used herein, the term “drug delivery system” refers to a composition or device that controls delivery and release of one or more agents in vivo or in vitro. Such drug delivery systems can comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica system, such as a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rod (R – MSR). In some embodiments, the drug delivery systems disclosed herein can be implantable or injectable. The term “controlled release” is intended to refer to any active agent-containing composition in which the manner and profile of active agent release from the composition are controlled. This refers to immediate as well as non-immediate release compositions, with non-immediate release compositions including but not limited to sustained release and delayed release compositions. The term “sustained release” (also referred to as “extended release”) is used in its conventional sense to refer to composition that provides for gradual release of an active agent over an extended period of time, and that preferably, although not necessarily, results in substantially constant blood levels of an active agent over an extended time period. The term “delayed release” is used in its conventional sense to refer to a composition in which there is a time delay between administration of the composition and the release of the active agent 16 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) therefrom. “Delayed release” may or may not involve gradual release of active agent over an extended period of time, and thus may or may not be “sustained release.” Use of a long-term sustained release composition may be particularly suitable for treatment of chronic conditions. “Long-term” release, as used herein, means that the composition is constructed and arranged to deliver therapeutic levels of the active agents for at least 7 days, and preferably 30-60 days. Long-term sustained release compositions are well- known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include some of the release systems described above. As used herein, the term “functionalized” is intended to encompass the addition of a moiety comprising a functional group to the surface of a mesoporous silica system that may alter the physicochemical properties of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). Generally, the term “treatment” or “treating” is defined as the application or administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, said patient having a disease, a symptom of disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease or the predisposition toward disease. Thus, treating can include suppressing, inhibiting, preventing, treating, or a combination thereof. Treating refers, inter alia, to increasing time to disease progression, expediting remission, inducing remission, augmenting remission, speeding recovery, increasing efficacy of or decreasing resistance to alternative therapeutics, or a combination thereof. “Suppressing” or “inhibiting”, refers, inter alia, to delaying the onset of symptoms, preventing relapse to a disease, decreasing the number or frequency of relapse episodes, increasing latency between symptomatic episodes, reducing the severity of symptoms, reducing the severity of an acute episode, reducing the number of symptoms, reducing the incidence of disease-related symptoms, reducing the latency of symptoms, ameliorating symptoms, reducing secondary symptoms, reducing secondary infections, prolonging patient survival, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the symptoms are primary, while in another embodiment, symptoms are secondary. “Primary” refers to a symptom that is a direct result of a disorder, e.g., diabetes, while, secondary refers to a symptom that is derived from or consequent to a primary cause. Symptoms may be any manifestation of a disease or pathological condition. By “treatment,” “prevention,” or “amelioration” of a disease or disorder is meant delaying or preventing the onset of such a disease or disorder, reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, slowing down or stopping the progression, aggravation or deterioration the progression or severity of a condition associated with such a disease or disorder. In one embodiment, the symptoms of a disease or disorder are alleviated by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “treatment” or “treating” includes any administration of a compound described herein and includes: (i) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display the 17 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) pathology or symptomatology of the disease; (ii) inhibiting the disease in an subject that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the diseased (e.g., arresting further development of the pathology and / or symptomatology); or (iii) ameliorating the disease in a subject that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the diseased (e.g., reversing the pathology and / or symptomatology). Efficacy of treatment is determined in association with any known method for diagnosing the disorder. Alleviation of one or more symptoms of the disorder indicates that the compound confers a clinical benefit. Any of the therapeutic methods described to above can be applied to any suitable subject including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans. As used herein, the term “subject” includes any subject who may benefit from being administered a composition described herein, e.g., comprising a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rod (R – MSR). The term “subject” includes animals, e.g., vertebrates, amphibians, fish, mammals, non- human animals, including humans and primates, such as chimpanzees, monkeys and the like. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the subject is a human. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the subject is a human patient. The term “subject” also includes agriculturally productive livestock, for example, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalo, rabbits, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and bees; and domestic pets, for example, dogs, cats, caged birds and aquarium fish, and also so-called test animals, for example, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and mice. In certain embodiments, a subject can be one who has been previously diagnosed with or otherwise identified as suffering from or having a condition, disease, or disorder. A “subject in need” of treatment for a particular condition can be a subject having that condition, diagnosed as having that condition, or at increased risk of developing that condition relative to a given reference population. In some embodiments, the methods of treatment described herein comprise selecting a subject diagnosed with, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a cancer. As used herein, the term “administering,” for example, in the context of “administering to a subject a scaffold composition,” generally refers to the placement of the compositions described herein into a subject. In various embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to the subject via implantation or injection, optionally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to the subclavicular fossa of the subject. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered to multiple sites of the subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administered at a site near the lymphatic system of the subject (e.g., in proximity to one or more of the neck, groin, and underarms of the subject). In certain aspects, following administration to a subject, the compositions disclosed herein are removed (e.g., by surgical excision). 18 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein are useful for the treatment of any disorder, disease, or condition in which controlled release of one or more active agents is desirable. As used herein, the term “immune cells” generally refer to resting and / or activated cells of the immune system involved in defending a subject against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Examples of immune cells include, without limitations, white blood cells including, e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes (e.g., B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells), monocytes, macrophages (including, e.g., resident macrophages, resting macrophages, and activated macrophages); as well as Kupffer cells, histiocytes, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, mast cells, microglia, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiment, immune cells include derived immune cells, for example, immune cells derived from lymphoid stem cells and / or myeloid stem cells. In some embodiment, immune cells include white blood cells (leukocytes) which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and / or hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). In some embodiment, immune cells include hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and / or hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). In some embodiment, immune cells include lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells) and / or myeloid-derived cells (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cells). As used herein, the term “T cell” refers to all types of immune cells expressing CD3 including, without limitation, T-helper cells (CD4+ cells), cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ cells), T- regulatory cells (Treg), and gamma-delta T cells. As used herein, the term “cytotoxic cell” refer, without limitation, to cells capable of mediating cytotoxicity responses, such as CD8+ T cells, natural-killer (NK) cells, and neutrophils. The term “reduced” or “reduce” or “decrease” as used herein generally means a decrease of at least 5%, for example a decrease by at least about 10%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% decrease (e.g., substantially absent or below levels of detection), or any decrease between 5-100% as compared to a reference level, as that term is defined herein, and as determined by a method that achieves statistical significance (p <0.05). The term “increased” or “increase” as used herein generally means an increase of at least 5%, for example an increase by at least about 10%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% increase (e.g., substantially above levels of detection), or any increase between 5-100% as compared to a reference level, as that term is defined herein, and as determined by a method that achieves statistical significance (p <0.05). As used herein, the term “zeta potential” refers to an electrical potential gradient that arises across an interface, such as exists across the interface of solids and liquids. In some embodiments, this term may be used to refer to the electrical potential gradient that arises across the interface at the 19 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) surface of a nanoparticle, such as a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rod (R – MSR), described herein. In certain embodiments, the term “zeta potential” refers to the surface charge, e.g., the electrical potential across the diffuse layer of ions surrounding a particle. The zeta potential can be calculated from electrophoretic mobilities, i.e., the rates at which the particles migrate between charged electrodes placed in contact with the substance to be measured, using techniques well known in the art, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS). The migration velocity of the particles can depend on the amount of the surface charges and the applied field strength. Particles having a positive zeta potential migrate toward the negative electrode, and likewise particles having a negative zeta potential migrate toward the positive electrode. To determine the rate of migration, migrating particles can be irradiated with a laser in the electric field. The movement of the particles can be measured in a frequency shift in the reflected light compared to the incident light. The amount of frequency shift can be dependent on the migration speed and is the so-called Doppler frequency shift (Doppler effect). From the Doppler frequency, the wavelength, the scattering angle and the rate of migration of a particle can be derived. The electrophoretic mobility can be determined by the ratio of the moving speed and the electric field strength. The zeta potential can be directly proportional to the electrophoretic mobility and is typically reported in mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rod (R – MSR), can be about -50 mV to about + 50 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about -50 mV to about 0 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about -50 mV to about -1 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about -40 mV to about -1 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about -30 mV to about -1 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about -20 mV to about -1 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about -10 mV to about -1 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about 0 mV to about 50 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about 1 mV to about 40 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about 1 mV to about 30 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about 1 mV to about 20 mV. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of an R – MPS, e.g., a R – MSR, can be about 1 mV to about 10 mV. 20 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) II. Surface Modification & Functionalization In one embodiment, the disclosure features a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rod (R – MSR), and methods of making and using the same. As used herein, the term “surface modification” refers to a process wherein functional groups on a surface, in particular the surface of a nanoparticle, are added to, removed from, or altered. The modified surface is sometimes referred to as having been “functionalized.” As used herein, the term “functional group” refers to a chemical moiety that imparts a particular function or physicochemical property to a nanoparticle bearing the chemical moiety. The functional groups on the surface of a nanoparticle may confer physicochemical properties on its nanoparticle, may be surface modified, and may have adsorbed, bound, or otherwise anchored to it, without limitation, molecules that specifically interact (bind, react with, complex with) with desired sites in or on materials. Such molecules can include, without limitation, one or more active agents as described herein. The functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein can be fabricated using silane coupling agents that modify the surface of the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSP) with functional groups that can alter a physicochemical property of the MSP. The MSP may be modified by addition of functional moieties which provide carboxylic acid, amide, hydroxyl, and other functional groups. In some cases, preferred functional groups may be selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2–); a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2–) or an isomer thereof (Cn–), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18–); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)nmay be characterized by a n of about 1 to about 10000 ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)nmay be characterized by a n of about 1000 to about 8000 ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)nmay be characterized by a n of about 5000 to about 7000 ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n of about 4000 to about 6000 ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n of about 5000 ethylene oxide units. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n corresponding to a molecular weight of about 1 kDa to about 10000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n corresponding to a molecular weight of about 1000 kDa to about 8000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n 21 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) corresponding to a molecular weight of about 5000 kDa to about 7000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n corresponding to a molecular weight of about 4000 kDa to about 6000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n may be characterized by a n corresponding to a molecular weight of about 5000 kDa. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) isselected from the group consisting of NH2 – MPS and / or NH2 – L – MPS; (NH2)2 – MPS and / or(NH2)2 – L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS; C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L– MPS; CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L – MPS; C4 – MPS and / or C4– L – MPS; C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS; C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L – MPS; COOH – MPS and / orCOOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS; Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L– MPS; NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, the R – L – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2– L – MPS; (NH2)2– L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n– L – MPS; C6H5– L – MPS; CnH2n+2– L – MPS or Cn– L –MPS; C4 – L – MPS; C8 – L – MPS; C18 – L – MPS; COOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – L – MPS; NHS – L – MPS; and combinations thereof, optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, the R – L – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2– PEG – MPS; (NH2)2– PEG – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n– PEG – MPS; C6H5– PEG – MPS; CnH2n+2– PEG – MPSor Cn – PEG – MPS; C4 – PEG – MPS; C8 – PEG – MPS; C18 – PEG – MPS; COOH – PEG – MPS;Maleimide – PEG – MPS; Biotin – PEG – MPS; NHS – PEG – MPS; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) comprising a surface modification; wherein the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the surface modification is by a silane coupling agent having a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) which is a product of surface modification; wherein the surface modification is the result of a reaction between a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3 group and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. 22 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) The functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein provide an effective approach for introducing functional groups onto the nanoparticle surface for controlling, independently, the release kinetics of one or more agents, such as antigens and adjuvants, in vivo and in vitro. The compositions and methods described herein enable fine-tuning of psychochemical surface properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS), e.g., mesoporous silica rods (MSR), to meet specific requirements, based on the need for adjuvant or active agent release, as well as desired structural and charge characteristics. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the agents can interact with the functional groups located on the surface of the functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein, thereby leading to a precisely controlled release mechanism. This approach enables the independent adjustment of multiple agent release profiles by combining various functionalized MPS types within a single dosage and allows for the concurrent presentation of diverse release kinetics to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Silane Coupling Agents In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a silane coupling agent. As used herein, the term “silane coupling agent” is intended to include a molecule having an alkoxy group (such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxyl, isopropoxyl, butoxyl, and pentoxy group) capable of producing a silanol (Si-OH) group by hydrolysis at one end and having a functional group at the other end. Silane coupling agents typically include dual reactive functional groups, and its general chemical formula is usually expressed as R – SiX3or R – L – SiX3. In the formula, X can be a hydrolyzable group, such as chlorine, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyl functional group, which can be hydrolyzed and condense with the active hydroxyl group on the surface of the silica nanoparticle to form a siloxane bond, thereby connecting to the surface of the silica nanoparticle. Additionally, R can be a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the surface of the silica nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the functional group (R) can be selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2–); a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2–) or an isomer thereof (Cn–), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18 –); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the surface modification can involve a reaction between a silane coupling agent having the chemical formula R – SiX3 and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein R can be a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X can be a methoxy group (– OCH3) or an ethoxy group (– OC2H5). Additionally, L can be a spacer. In some embodiments, the spacer (L) comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of 23 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, the spacer (L) can comprise the chemical formula (CH2)n, wherein n is an integer, e.g., between 1 to 18. In some embodiments, the spacer (L) can comprise a PEG having the chemical formula (CH2CH2O)n, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent can have a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises the spacer (L), optionally wherein L comprises the chemical formula (CH2)n, wherein n is an integer, e.g., between 1 to 18. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises the spacer (L), optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agentcomprises a trimethoxy group, a triethoxy group, or a combination thereof.In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent can have a chemical formula selected fromthe group consisting of R – Si(OCH3)3, R – L – Si(OCH3)3, and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the silane coupling agent can be selected from the group consisting of NH2– Si(OCH3)3and / or NH2– L – Si(OCH3)3; (NH2)2– Si(OCH3)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OCH3)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5– Si(OCH3)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2– Si(OCH3)3or Cn– Si(OCH3)3and / or CnH2n+2– L – Si(OCH3)3or Cn– L – Si(OCH3)3; C4– Si(OCH3)3and / or C4– L – Si(OCH3)3; C8– Si(OCH3)3and / or C8– L – Si(OCH3)3; C18– Si(OCH3)3and / or C18– L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH – Si(OCH3)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent can have a chemical formula selected fromthe group consisting of R – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the silane coupling agent can be selected from the group consisting of NH2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or NH2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (NH2)2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2– Si(OC2H5)3or Cn– Si(OC2H5)3and / or CnH2n+2– L – Si(OC2H5)3or Cn– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C4– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C8– L –Si(OC2H5)3; C18 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or COOH – L –Si(OC2H5)3; Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof. While any silane coupling agent may be used, examples of silane coupling agents include, N- 2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane; gamma- aminopropyltriethoxysilane; N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilanes, aminoethyl- N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilanes; gamma-ureidopropyl-triethoxysilanes; 24 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) beta-(3-4 epoxy-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-trimethoxysilane; and gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilanes; vinyltrichlorosilane; vinyltris (beta-methoxyethoxy) silane; vinyltriethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; 3-metacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; beta-(3,4 epoxycyclohexyl)- ethyltrimethoxysilane; r-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane; r-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane; N-beta (aminoethyl)-r-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane; N-beta (aminoethyl)-r- aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane; N-phenyl-r- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; r-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane; r-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane; Vinyltrichlorosilane; Vinyltris (beta-methoxyethoxy) silane; Vinyltrimethoxysilane; r- metacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; beta-(3,4 epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxysilane; r- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane; r-glycidoxypropylmethylidiethoxysilane; N-beta (aminoethyl)-r- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; N-beta (aminoethyl)-r-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane; r- aminopropyltriethoxysilane; N-phenyl-r-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; r- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane; r-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and combinations thereof. III. Compositions for modulating the delivery and release kinetics of active agents In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a silica nanoparticle. As used herein, the term “silica” refers to amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2). As used herein, the term “silica nanoparticle” refers to a nanoparticle having a silica surface. This includes nanoparticles that are substantially, entirely silica, as well nanoparticles comprising other inorganic (e.g., metal oxide) or organic cores having a silica surface. The term “silica nanoparticle” is intended to encompass both unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS), e.g., unmodified mesoporous silica rods (MSR), as well as functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), as described herein. As used herein, the term “nanoparticle” refers to particles having a size of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a size of about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 15 nm, about 20 nm, about 25 nm, about 30 nm, about 35 nm, about 40 nm, about 45 nm, about 50 nm, about 55 nm, about 60 nm, about 65 nm, about 70 nm, about 75 nm, about 80 nm, about 85 nm, about 90 nm, about 95 nm, about 100 nm, about 105 nm, about 110 nm, about 115 nm, about 120 nm, about 125 nm, about 130 nm, about 135 nm, about 140 nm, about 145 nm, about 150 nm, about 155 nm, about 160 nm, about 165 nm, about 170 nm, about 175 nm, about 180 nm, about 185 nm, about 190 nm, about 195 nm, about 200 nm, about 205 nm, about 210 nm, about 215 nm, about 220 nm, about 225 nm, about 230 nm, about 235 nm, about 240 nm, about 245 nm, about 250 nm, about 255 nm, about 260 nm, about 265 nm, about 270 nm, about 275 nm, about 280 nm, about 285 nm, about 290 nm, about 295 nm, about 300 nm, about 305 nm, about 310 nm, about 315 nm, about 320 nm, about 325 nm, about 330 nm, about 335 nm, about 340 nm, about 345 nm, about 350 nm, about 355 nm, about 360 nm, about 365 nm, about 370 nm, about 375 nm, about 380 nm, about 385 nm, about 390 nm, about 395 25 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) nm, about 400 nm, about 405 nm, about 410 nm, about 415 nm, about 420 nm, about 425 nm, about 430 nm, about 435 nm, about 440 nm, about 445 nm, about 450 nm, about 455 nm, about 460 nm, about 465 nm, about 470 nm, about 475 nm, about 480 nm, about 485 nm, about 490 nm, about 495 nm, about 500 nm, about 505 nm, about 510 nm, about 515 nm, about 520 nm, about 525 nm, about 530 nm, about 535 nm, about 540 nm, about 545 nm, about 550 nm, about 555 nm, about 560 nm, about 565 nm, about 570 nm, about 575 nm, about 580 nm, about 585 nm, about 590 nm, about 595 nm, about 600 nm, about 605 nm, about 610 nm, about 615 nm, about 620 nm, about 625 nm, about 630 nm, about 635 nm, about 640 nm, about 645 nm, about 650 nm, about 655 nm, about 660 nm, about 665 nm, about 670 nm, about 675 nm, about 680 nm, about 685 nm, about 690 nm, about 695 nm, about 700 nm, about 705 nm, about 710 nm, about 715 nm, about 720 nm, about 725 nm, about 730 nm, about 735 nm, about 740 nm, about 745 nm, about 750 nm, about 755 nm, about 760 nm, about 765 nm, about 770 nm, about 775 nm, about 780 nm, about 785 nm, about 790 nm, about 795 nm, about 800 nm, about 805 nm, about 810 nm, about 815 nm, about 820 nm, about 825 nm, about 830 nm, about 835 nm, about 840 nm, about 845 nm, about 850 nm, about 855 nm, about 860 nm, about 865 nm, about 870 nm, about 875 nm, about 880 nm, about 885 nm, about 890 nm, about 895 nm, about 900 nm, about 905 nm, about 910 nm, about 915 nm, about 920 nm, about 925 nm, about 930 nm, about 935 nm, about 940 nm, about 945 nm, about 950 nm, about 955 nm, about 960 nm, about 965 nm, about 970 nm, about 975 nm, about 980 nm, about 985 nm, about 990 nm, about 995 nm, or about 1000 nm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a size of about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a size of about 1 μm, about 10 μm, about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 110 μm, about 120 μm, about 130 μm, about 140 μm, about 150 μm, about 160 μm, about 170 μm, about 180 μm, about 190 μm, about 200 μm, about 210 μm, about 220 μm, about 230 μm, about 240 μm, about 250 μm, about 260 μm, about 270 μm, about 280 μm, about 290 μm, about 300 μm, about 310 μm, about 320 μm, about 330 μm, about 340 μm, about 350 μm, about 360 μm, about 370 μm, about 380 μm, about 390 μm, about 400 μm, about 410 μm, about 420 μm, about 430 μm, about 440 μm, about 450 μm, about 460 μm, about 470 μm, about 480 μm, about 490 μm, about 500 μm, about 510 μm, about 520 μm, about 530 μm, about 540 μm, about 550 μm, about 560 μm, about 570 μm, about 580 μm, about 590 μm, about 600 μm, about 610 μm, about 620 μm, about 630 μm, about 640 μm, about 650 μm, about 660 μm, about 670 μm, about 680 μm, about 690 μm, about 700 μm, about 710 μm, about 720 μm, about 730 μm, about 740 μm, about 750 μm, about 760 μm, about 770 μm, about 780 μm, about 790 μm, about 800 μm, about 810 μm, about 820 μm, about 830 μm, about 840 μm, about 850 μm, about 860 μm, about 870 μm, about 880 μm, about 890 μm, about 900 μm, about 910 μm, about 920 μm, about 930 μm, about 940 μm, about 950 μm, about 960 μm, about 970 μm, about 980 μm, about 990 μm, or about 1000 μm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). 26 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) A nanoparticle may have a variety of shapes and cross-sectional geometries that may depend, in part, upon the process used to produce the particles. In one embodiment, a nanoparticle may have a shape that is a sphere, a rod, a tube, a flake, a fiber, a plate, a wire, a cube, or a whisker. A nanoparticle may include particles having two or more of the aforementioned shapes. In one embodiment, a cross-sectional geometry of the particle may be one or more of circular, ellipsoidal, triangular, rectangular, or polygonal. In one embodiment, a nanoparticle may consist essentially of non-spherical particles. For example, such particles may have the form of ellipsoids, which may have all three principal axes of differing lengths, or may be oblate or prelate ellipsoids of revolution. Non- spherical nanoparticles alternatively may be laminar in form, wherein laminar refers to particles in which the maximum dimension along one axis is substantially less than the maximum dimension along each of the other two axes. Non-spherical nanoparticles may also have the shape of frusta of pyramids or cones, or of elongated rods. In one embodiment, the nanoparticles may be irregular in shape. In one embodiment, a plurality of nanoparticles may consist essentially of spherical nanoparticles. In one embodiment, a plurality of nanoparticles may consist essentially of rod shaped nanoparticles. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that particles usually exhibit a distribution of particle sizes around the indicated “size.” In some embodiments, as used herein, the term “particle size” refers to the mode of a size distribution of particles, e.g., the value that occurs most frequently in the size distribution. Methods for measuring the particle size are known to a skilled artisan, e.g., by dynamic light scattering (such as photocorrelation spectroscopy, laser diffraction, low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS), and medium-angle laser light scattering (MALLS)), light obscuration methods (such as Coulter analysis method), or other techniques (such as rheology, and light or electron microscopy). The silica nanoparticles disclosed herein can be synthesized by any method known in the art. In some embodiments, the silica nanoparticle can be synthesized using a sol-gel method , which can generate pure and homogeneous products under mild conditions. In some embodiments, the process can involve initial hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of silicates employing mineral acids or bases as catalysts. First, silicate can be hydrolyzed in a mixture of ethanol, water, and acid or alkali to form silicic acid. Then, condensation / polymerization between silanol groups or between silanol groups and ethoxy groups forms a siloxane bridge (Si-O-Si), thereby forming silica structure. Particle size and morphology of silica nanoparticles can be controlled, for example, by altering catalyst type (acid or base) and the type of solvent. In some embodiments, the silica nanoparticle can be synthesized using a Stöber process. In general, the Stöber process is a sol-gel process wherein a molecular precursor, such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), is first reacted with water in an alcoholic solution, the resulting molecules then joining together to build larger structures. The reaction can produce silica particles with 27 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) diameters ranging from about 50 nm to about 2000 nm, depending on conditions. The Stöber process can be used to prepare, e.g., monodisperse (uniform) spherical silica (SiO2) materials. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles can be synthesized by modifying the Stöber process with added surfactants (e.g., cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)), micelle forming type materials, polymers, and other dopants. The micelles can act as masks for the TEOS based silica growth; after micelle removal, pores can be generated within the silica nanoparticles. Varying the materials and concentrations used to create the pores can allow for fine control of the pore size, structure, and particle crystallinity. In some embodiments, pore sizes can vary, for example, between 10 and 300 A depending on the structure directing material. Post synthetic modification of the nanoparticles can also be used to adjust the pore size. During mesoporous particle growth, there can be an increased condensation of silicon resulting in a larger degree of Si–O–Si bonds and fewer Si–OH groups relative to typical nonporous Stöber particles. The degree of Si condensation can also be affected by calcination which can reduce the number of Si–OH groups. In some embodiments, the MSRs described herein can be synthesized as described in Li et al. (“The effect of surface modification of mesoporous silica micro-rod scaffold on immune cell activation and infiltration.” Biomaterials vol.83 (2016): 249-56). For example, to synthesize the MSRs described herein, 4 g of P123 surfactant (average Mn~5800) can be dissolved in 150 g of 1.6 M HCl solution and stirred with 8.6 g of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%) at 40 °C for 20 hours, followed by aging at 100 °C for 24 hours. In some embodiments, the TEOS can be extracted in 1% EtOH in HCl at 80 °C for 18 hours. In some embodiments, the MSRs described herein can be synthesized as described in Kim et al. (“Injectable, spontaneously assembling, inorganic scaffolds modulate immune cells in vivo and increase vaccine efficacy.” Nature biotechnology vol.33,1 (2015): 64-72). For example, to synthesize the high aspect ratio MSRs (88 µm × 4.5 µm) described herein, 4 g of P123 surfactant (average Mn~5800, Aldrich) and 46 mg of ammonium fluoride (NH4F, 98%) can be dissolved in 150 g of 1.6 M HCl solution and stirred with 8.6 g of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%) at 40 °C for 20 hours, followed by aging at 100 °C for 24 hours. In some embodiments, to prepare lower aspect ratio MSRs (37 µm × 3.2 µm), the synthesis described herein can be conducted without adding ammonium fluoride. In some embodiments, to extract the surfactant, the as synthesized MSRs can be refluxed for 10 hours in 1% HCl in ethanol. The resulting MSR particles can be filtered, washed with ethanol, and dried. MSR morphology can be measured using any methods known in the art, including optical microscopy, SEM, and TEM. Pore size, pore volume, and surface area of the MSRs can be analyzed using N2adsorption / desorption isotherms. In some embodiments, the pore-filled MSRs described herein can be prepared as described in Kim et al. (“Injectable, spontaneously assembling, inorganic scaffolds modulate immune cells in vivo and increase vaccine efficacy.” Nature biotechnology vol.33,1 (2015): 64-72). For example, to prepare the pore-filled MSRs described herein, one gram of high aspect ratio MSRs can be 28 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) impregnated with 1.4 mL of TEOS under gentle agitation. Aqueous HCl (pH 1) can be added dropwise and mixed with MSRs. The mixture powder can be aged at 40 °C for 3 hours and water and ethanol formed during hydrolysis can be removed by evaporation at 80 °C. The impregnation procedure can be repeated 4 times. Such pore-filled MSRs typically do not comprise mesopores. In some embodiments, the monolith-type (pressed) MSRs described herein can be prepared as described in Kim et al. (“Injectable, spontaneously assembling, inorganic scaffolds modulate immune cells in vivo and increase vaccine efficacy.” Nature biotechnology vol.33,1 (2015): 64-72). For example, the monolith-type MSRs described herein can be prepared by pressing 5 mg of high aspect ratio MSRs in a mold of 8 mm diameter using a laboratory press. Such monolith-type (pressed) MSRstypically comprise mesopores but lack interparticle macropores.Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSP) In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSP). As used herein, the term “mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSP)” refers to a silica nanoparticle having a porous structure. In some embodiments, the MSP comprises pores having a pore size of about 2 nm to about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the MSP is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). As used herein, the term “mesopores” refers to pores having a size (e.g., diameter) of about 2 nm to about 50 nanometers. In some embodiments, the MSP comprises pores having a pore size of about 2 nm, about 3 nm, about 4 nm, about 5 nm, about 6 nm, about 7 nm, about 8 nm, about 9 nm, about 10 nm, about 11 nm, about 12 nm, about 13 nm, about 14 nm, about 15 nm, about 16 nm, about 17 nm, about 18 nm, about 19 nm, about 20 nm, about 21 nm, about 22 nm, about 23 nm, about 24 nm, about 25 nm, about 26 nm, about 27 nm, about 28 nm, about 29 nm, about 30 nm, about 31 nm, about 32 nm, about 33 nm, about 34 nm, about 35 nm, about 36 nm, about 37 nm, about 38 nm, about 39 nm, about 40 nm, about 41 nm, about 42 nm, about 43 nm, about 44 nm, about 45 nm, about 46 nm, about 47 nm, about 48 nm, about 49 nm, or about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSP) comprises a size of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a size of about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 15 nm, about 20 nm, about 25 nm, about 30 nm, about 35 nm, about 40 nm, about 45 nm, about 50 nm, about 55 nm, about 60 nm, about 65 nm, about 70 nm, about 75 nm, about 80 nm, about 85 nm, about 90 nm, about 95 nm, about 100 nm, about 105 nm, about 110 nm, about 115 nm, about 120 nm, about 125 nm, about 130 nm, about 135 nm, about 140 nm, about 145 nm, about 150 nm, about 155 nm, about 160 nm, about 165 nm, about 170 nm, about 175 nm, about 180 nm, about 185 nm, about 190 nm, about 195 nm, about 200 nm, about 205 nm, about 210 nm, about 215 nm, about 220 nm, about 225 nm, about 230 nm, about 235 nm, about 240 nm, about 245 nm, about 250 nm, about 255 nm, about 260 nm, 29 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) about 265 nm, about 270 nm, about 275 nm, about 280 nm, about 285 nm, about 290 nm, about 295 nm, about 300 nm, about 305 nm, about 310 nm, about 315 nm, about 320 nm, about 325 nm, about 330 nm, about 335 nm, about 340 nm, about 345 nm, about 350 nm, about 355 nm, about 360 nm, about 365 nm, about 370 nm, about 375 nm, about 380 nm, about 385 nm, about 390 nm, about 395 nm, about 400 nm, about 405 nm, about 410 nm, about 415 nm, about 420 nm, about 425 nm, about 430 nm, about 435 nm, about 440 nm, about 445 nm, about 450 nm, about 455 nm, about 460 nm, about 465 nm, about 470 nm, about 475 nm, about 480 nm, about 485 nm, about 490 nm, about 495 nm, about 500 nm, about 505 nm, about 510 nm, about 515 nm, about 520 nm, about 525 nm, about 530 nm, about 535 nm, about 540 nm, about 545 nm, about 550 nm, about 555 nm, about 560 nm, about 565 nm, about 570 nm, about 575 nm, about 580 nm, about 585 nm, about 590 nm, about 595 nm, about 600 nm, about 605 nm, about 610 nm, about 615 nm, about 620 nm, about 625 nm, about 630 nm, about 635 nm, about 640 nm, about 645 nm, about 650 nm, about 655 nm, about 660 nm, about 665 nm, about 670 nm, about 675 nm, about 680 nm, about 685 nm, about 690 nm, about 695 nm, about 700 nm, about 705 nm, about 710 nm, about 715 nm, about 720 nm, about 725 nm, about 730 nm, about 735 nm, about 740 nm, about 745 nm, about 750 nm, about 755 nm, about 760 nm, about 765 nm, about 770 nm, about 775 nm, about 780 nm, about 785 nm, about 790 nm, about 795 nm, about 800 nm, about 805 nm, about 810 nm, about 815 nm, about 820 nm, about 825 nm, about 830 nm, about 835 nm, about 840 nm, about 845 nm, about 850 nm, about 855 nm, about 860 nm, about 865 nm, about 870 nm, about 875 nm, about 880 nm, about 885 nm, about 890 nm, about 895 nm, about 900 nm, about 905 nm, about 910 nm, about 915 nm, about 920 nm, about 925 nm, about 930 nm, about 935 nm, about 940 nm, about 945 nm, about 950 nm, about 955 nm, about 960 nm, about 965 nm, about 970 nm, about 975 nm, about 980 nm, about 985 nm, about 990 nm, about 995 nm, or about 1000 nm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSP) comprises a size of about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a size of about 1 μm, about 10 μm, about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 110 μm, about 120 μm, about 130 μm, about 140 μm, about 150 μm, about 160 μm, about 170 μm, about 180 μm, about 190 μm, about 200 μm, about 210 μm, about 220 μm, about 230 μm, about 240 μm, about 250 μm, about 260 μm, about 270 μm, about 280 μm, about 290 μm, about 300 μm, about 310 μm, about 320 μm, about 330 μm, about 340 μm, about 350 μm, about 360 μm, about 370 μm, about 380 μm, about 390 μm, about 400 μm, about 410 μm, about 420 μm, about 430 μm, about 440 μm, about 450 μm, about 460 μm, about 470 μm, about 480 μm, about 490 μm, about 500 μm, about 510 μm, about 520 μm, about 530 μm, about 540 μm, about 550 μm, about 560 μm, about 570 μm, about 580 μm, about 590 μm, about 600 μm, about 610 μm, about 620 μm, about 630 μm, about 640 μm, about 650 μm, about 660 μm, about 670 μm, about 680 μm, about 690 μm, about 700 μm, about 710 μm, about 720 μm, about 730 μm, about 740 μm, about 750 μm, about 760 μm, about 770 μm, about 780 30 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) μm, about 790 μm, about 800 μm, about 810 μm, about 820 μm, about 830 μm, about 840 μm, about 850 μm, about 860 μm, about 870 μm, about 880 μm, about 890 μm, about 900 μm, about 910 μm, about 920 μm, about 930 μm, about 940 μm, about 950 μm, about 960 μm, about 970 μm, about 980 μm, about 990 μm, or about 1000 μm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSP) is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). Mesoporous Silica Rods (MSR) In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a scaffold device comprising mesoporous silica rods. Injectable mesoporous silica rods can randomly self-assemble to form a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold structure in vivo. The 3D scaffold structure can comprise interparticle spaces (macropores) that allow for immune cell (e.g., dendritic cell, T cell, and / or B cell) infiltration and / or trafficking. As used, herein the term “macropores” refers to pores having a size (e.g., diameter) of at least about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the macropores have a pore size of about 50 nm to about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the macropores have a pore size of about 50 nm, about 55 nm, about 60 nm, about 65 nm, about 70 nm, about 75 nm, about 80 nm, about 85 nm, about 90 nm, about 95 nm, about 100 nm, about 105 nm, about 110 nm, about 115 nm, about 120 nm, about 125 nm, about 130 nm, about 135 nm, about 140 nm, about 145 nm, about 150 nm, about 155 nm, about 160 nm, about 165 nm, about 170 nm, about 175 nm, about 180 nm, about 185 nm, about 190 nm, about 195 nm, about 200 nm, about 205 nm, about 210 nm, about 215 nm, about 220 nm, about 225 nm, about 230 nm, about 235 nm, about 240 nm, about 245 nm, about 250 nm, about 255 nm, about 260 nm, about 265 nm, about 270 nm, about 275 nm, about 280 nm, about 285 nm, about 290 nm, about 295 nm, about 300 nm, about 305 nm, about 310 nm, about 315 nm, about 320 nm, about 325 nm, about 330 nm, about 335 nm, about 340 nm, about 345 nm, about 350 nm, about 355 nm, about 360 nm, about 365 nm, about 370 nm, about 375 nm, about 380 nm, about 385 nm, about 390 nm, about 395 nm, about 400 nm, about 405 nm, about 410 nm, about 415 nm, about 420 nm, about 425 nm, about 430 nm, about 435 nm, about 440 nm, about 445 nm, about 450 nm, about 455 nm, about 460 nm, about 465 nm, about 470 nm, about 475 nm, about 480 nm, about 485 nm, about 490 nm, about 495 nm, or about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a size of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a size of about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 15 nm, about 20 nm, about 25 nm, about 30 nm, about 35 nm, about 40 nm, about 45 nm, about 50 nm, about 55 nm, about 60 nm, about 65 nm, about 70 nm, about 75 nm, about 80 nm, about 85 nm, about 90 nm, about 95 nm, about 100 nm, about 105 nm, about 110 nm, about 115 nm, about 120 nm, about 125 nm, about 130 31 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) nm, about 135 nm, about 140 nm, about 145 nm, about 150 nm, about 155 nm, about 160 nm, about 165 nm, about 170 nm, about 175 nm, about 180 nm, about 185 nm, about 190 nm, about 195 nm, about 200 nm, about 205 nm, about 210 nm, about 215 nm, about 220 nm, about 225 nm, about 230 nm, about 235 nm, about 240 nm, about 245 nm, about 250 nm, about 255 nm, about 260 nm, about 265 nm, about 270 nm, about 275 nm, about 280 nm, about 285 nm, about 290 nm, about 295 nm, about 300 nm, about 305 nm, about 310 nm, about 315 nm, about 320 nm, about 325 nm, about 330 nm, about 335 nm, about 340 nm, about 345 nm, about 350 nm, about 355 nm, about 360 nm, about 365 nm, about 370 nm, about 375 nm, about 380 nm, about 385 nm, about 390 nm, about 395 nm, about 400 nm, about 405 nm, about 410 nm, about 415 nm, about 420 nm, about 425 nm, about 430 nm, about 435 nm, about 440 nm, about 445 nm, about 450 nm, about 455 nm, about 460 nm, about 465 nm, about 470 nm, about 475 nm, about 480 nm, about 485 nm, about 490 nm, about 495 nm, about 500 nm, about 505 nm, about 510 nm, about 515 nm, about 520 nm, about 525 nm, about 530 nm, about 535 nm, about 540 nm, about 545 nm, about 550 nm, about 555 nm, about 560 nm, about 565 nm, about 570 nm, about 575 nm, about 580 nm, about 585 nm, about 590 nm, about 595 nm, about 600 nm, about 605 nm, about 610 nm, about 615 nm, about 620 nm, about 625 nm, about 630 nm, about 635 nm, about 640 nm, about 645 nm, about 650 nm, about 655 nm, about 660 nm, about 665 nm, about 670 nm, about 675 nm, about 680 nm, about 685 nm, about 690 nm, about 695 nm, about 700 nm, about 705 nm, about 710 nm, about 715 nm, about 720 nm, about 725 nm, about 730 nm, about 735 nm, about 740 nm, about 745 nm, about 750 nm, about 755 nm, about 760 nm, about 765 nm, about 770 nm, about 775 nm, about 780 nm, about 785 nm, about 790 nm, about 795 nm, about 800 nm, about 805 nm, about 810 nm, about 815 nm, about 820 nm, about 825 nm, about 830 nm, about 835 nm, about 840 nm, about 845 nm, about 850 nm, about 855 nm, about 860 nm, about 865 nm, about 870 nm, about 875 nm, about 880 nm, about 885 nm, about 890 nm, about 895 nm, about 900 nm, about 905 nm, about 910 nm, about 915 nm, about 920 nm, about 925 nm, about 930 nm, about 935 nm, about 940 nm, about 945 nm, about 950 nm, about 955 nm, about 960 nm, about 965 nm, about 970 nm, about 975 nm, about 980 nm, about 985 nm, about 990 nm, about 995 nm, or about 1000 nm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a size of about 1 μm to about 1000 μm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a size of about 1 μm, about 10 μm, about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 110 μm, about 120 μm, about 130 μm, about 140 μm, about 150 μm, about 160 μm, about 170 μm, about 180 μm, about 190 μm, about 200 μm, about 210 μm, about 220 μm, about 230 μm, about 240 μm, about 250 μm, about 260 μm, about 270 μm, about 280 μm, about 290 μm, about 300 μm, about 310 μm, about 320 μm, about 330 μm, about 340 μm, about 350 μm, about 360 μm, about 370 μm, about 380 μm, about 390 μm, about 400 μm, about 410 μm, about 420 μm, about 430 μm, about 440 μm, about 450 μm, about 460 μm, about 470 μm, about 480 μm, about 490 μm, about 500 μm, about 510 μm, 32 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) about 520 μm, about 530 μm, about 540 μm, about 550 μm, about 560 μm, about 570 μm, about 580 μm, about 590 μm, about 600 μm, about 610 μm, about 620 μm, about 630 μm, about 640 μm, about 650 μm, about 660 μm, about 670 μm, about 680 μm, about 690 μm, about 700 μm, about 710 μm, about 720 μm, about 730 μm, about 740 μm, about 750 μm, about 760 μm, about 770 μm, about 780 μm, about 790 μm, about 800 μm, about 810 μm, about 820 μm, about 830 μm, about 840 μm, about 850 μm, about 860 μm, about 870 μm, about 880 μm, about 890 μm, about 900 μm, about 910 μm, about 920 μm, about 930 μm, about 940 μm, about 950 μm, about 960 μm, about 970 μm, about 980 μm, about 990 μm, or about 1000 μm in any dimension (e.g., length, width, or diameter). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a length of about 50 nm to about 1000 μm. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a length of about 50 nm to about 1000 nm (e.g., about 50 nm, about 60 nm, about 70 nm, about 80 nm, about 90 nm, about 100 nm, about 110 nm, about 120 nm, about 130 nm, about 140 nm, about 150 nm, about 160 nm, about 170 nm, about 180 nm, about 190 nm, about 200 nm, about 210 nm, about 220 nm, about 230 nm, about 240 nm, about 250 nm, about 260 nm, about 270 nm, about 280 nm, about 290 nm, about 300 nm, about 310 nm, about 320 nm, about 330 nm, about 340 nm, about 350 nm, about 360 nm, about 370 nm, about 380 nm, about 390 nm, about 400 nm, about 410 nm, about 420 nm, about 430 nm, about 440 nm, about 450 nm, about 460 nm, about 470 nm, about 480 nm, about 490 nm, about 500 nm, about 510 nm, about 520 nm, about 530 nm, about 540 nm, about 550 nm, about 560 nm, about 570 nm, about 580 nm, about 590 nm, about 600 nm, about 610 nm, about 620 nm, about 630 nm, about 640 nm, about 650 nm, about 660 nm, about 670 nm, about 680 nm, about 690 nm, about 700 nm, about 710 nm, about 720 nm, about 730 nm, about 740 nm, about 750 nm, about 760 nm, about 770 nm, about 780 nm, about 790 nm, about 800 nm, about 810 nm, about 820 nm, about 830 nm, about 840 nm, about 850 nm, about 860 nm, about 870 nm, about 880 nm, about 890 nm, about 900 nm, about 910 nm, about 920 nm, about 930 nm, about 940 nm, about 950 nm, about 960 nm, about 970 nm, about 980 nm, about 990 nm, or about 1000 nm). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a diameter of about 50 nm to about 1000 μm. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a diameter of about 50 nm to about 1000 nm (e.g., about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 110 μm, about 120 μm, about 130 μm, about 140 μm, about 150 μm, about 160 μm, about 170 μm, about 180 μm, about 190 μm, about 200 μm, about 210 μm, about 220 μm, about 230 μm, about 240 μm, about 250 μm, about 260 μm, about 270 μm, about 280 μm, about 290 μm, about 300 μm, about 310 μm, about 320 μm, about 330 μm, about 340 μm, about 350 μm, about 360 μm, about 370 μm, about 380 μm, about 390 μm, about 400 μm, about 410 μm, about 420 μm, about 430 μm, about 440 μm, about 450 μm, about 460 μm, about 470 μm, about 480 μm, about 490 μm, about 500 μm, about 510 μm, about 520 μm, about 530 μm, about 540 μm, about 550 μm, about 560 μm, about 570 μm, about 580 μm, about 590 μm, about 600 μm, about 610 μm, about 620 μm, about 630 μm, about 640 μm, about 650 μm, about 660 μm, about 670 μm, about 680 μm, about 690 μm, about 33 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 700 μm, about 710 μm, about 720 μm, about 730 μm, about 740 μm, about 750 μm, about 760 μm, about 770 μm, about 780 μm, about 790 μm, about 800 μm, about 810 μm, about 820 μm, about 830 μm, about 840 μm, about 850 μm, about 860 μm, about 870 μm, about 880 μm, about 890 μm, about 900 μm, about 910 μm, about 920 μm, about 930 μm, about 940 μm, about 950 μm, about 960 μm, about 970 μm, about 980 μm, about 990 μm, or about 1000 μm). In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rod comprises a length that is at least about 10% greater than the diameter of the mesoporous silica rod. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods comprise a length that is at least about 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, or 150% greater than the diameter of the mesoporous silica rods. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods comprise a length that is at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, or 500 times the diameter of the mesoporous silica rods. In some embodiments, the rods comprise pores of between 1-50 nm in diameter, e.g., pores comprising within the range about 1-50, 2-50, 3-50, 4- 50, 5-50, 6-50, 7-50, 8-50, 9-10, 10-50, 15-50, 25-50, 1-25, 2-25, 3-25, 4-25, 5-25, 6-25, 7-25, 8- 25, 9-25, 10-25, or 15-25 nm. In certain embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods comprise pores having a diameter of about or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 nm, or about 1-10, 1-15, 1-5, 2-5, 2-10, 3- 10, 4-10, 5-10, 5-15, or 10-25 nm. In various embodiments, the length of the mesoporous silica rods ranges from 5 μm to 500 μm. In one example, the rods comprise a length of 5-25 μm, e.g., 10- 20 μm. In other examples, the rods comprise length of 50 μm to 250 μm or 80 μm to 120 μm. In certain embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods comprise a length of about 25-100, 25-250, 25-500, 50-250, or 50-500 μm, or a length of at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, or 100 μm but no more than about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods are 80 to 120 μm in length. For example, the mesoporous silica rods may comprise (a) pores having a diameter of between 2-50 nm, 3-50 nm, 5-50 nm, 5-25 nm, 5-10 nm; and / or (b) a length of about 5-25 μm, 80 to 120 μm. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods may comprise a combination of rods with different lengths and / or rods with range of different sizes (e.g., within one of the ranges disclosed above or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more of the ranges disclosed above). In some embodiments, rods with a length of about l00 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 100-250 nm, 250-500 nm, 500-750 nm, or 750-1000 nm are combined with rods having a length of about 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 25 μm, 30 μm, 35 μm, 40 μm, 45 μm, 50 μm, 55 μm, 60 μm, 65 μm, 70 μm, 75 μm, 80 μm, 85 μm, 90 μm, 95 μm, 100 μm, 150 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 5-500 μm, 25-50 μm, 25-100 μm, 50- 100 μm, 25-500 μm, or 50-500 μm. In certain embodiments, the rods have a width of about 0.5 μm, Ι μm, 1.5 μm, 2 μm, 2.5 μm, 3 μm, 3.5 μm, 4 μm, 4.5 μm, 5 μm, 5.5 μm, 6 μm, 6.5 μm, 7 μm, 7.5 μm, 8 34 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) μm, 8.5 μm, 9 μm, 9.5 μm, 10 μm, 11 μm, 12 μm, 13 μm, 14 μm, 15 μm, 16 μm, 17 μm, 18 μm, 19 μm, 20 μm, l-20 μm, l-10 μm, 5-10 μm, 1- 5 μm, 0.5-20 μm, 7.5-12.5 μm, or 5-15 μm. In some embodiments, one set of rods is small enough to be phagocytosed by immune cells such as dendritic cells or macrophages, and another set of rods is too big to be phagocytosed by the immune cells. In various embodiments, rods having different adjuvants, antigens, or other agents disclosed herein are mixed. Thus, provided herein are mixtures of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more classes of mesoporous silica rods, with each class of rods having a different adjuvant or antigen (e.g., an antigenic peptide, such as a purified peptide). For example, a mixture may comprise a first class of rods comprising a first antigen, a second class of rods comprising a second antigen, a third class of rods comprising a third antigen, and so on. A mixture of rods may have the same or similar sizes or range of sizes, or may include one or more rods with a particular antigen or antigens (e.g., rods small enough to be phagocytosed) and another one or more rods with another antigen or antigens (e.g., rods too big to be phagocytosed). In certain embodiments, the rods that are too big to be phagocytosed form scaffolds upon administration (e.g., injection) into a subject. Injectable mesoporous silica rods randomly self-assemble to form a 3 dimensional (3D) scaffold in vivo. In some embodiments, this system is designed such that it controls the release of multiple agents, such as adjuvants and antigens. In some embodiments, this system is designed such that it recruits and transiently houses immune cells and contact them with an adjuvant and / or an active agent of the disclosure. After recruitment and temporary housing or presence of the cells in the structure, these immune cells can migrate out of the device structure and homed to a lymph node. Thus, the composition is one in which cells traffic / circulate in and out of, their status of immune activation being altered / modulated as a result of the trafficking through the device. In various embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods are suspended in an aqueous solution, such as a buffer [e.g., phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), or another physiologically (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable) buffer] for injection. In some embodiments, the mesoporous silica rods are injected in water. Mesoporous silica rods may be injected in a variety of concentrations. In some embodiments, the rods are injected at a concentration of about 1 mg / ml, 2 mg / ml, 3 mg / ml, 4 mg / ml, 5 mg / ml, 6 mg / ml, 7 mg / ml, 8 mg / ml, 9 mg / ml, 10 mg / ml, 11 mg / ml, 12 mg / ml, 13 mg / ml, 14 mg / ml, 15 mg / ml, 16 mg / ml, 17 mg / ml, 18 mg / ml, 19 mg / ml, 20 mg / ml, 21 mg / ml, 22 mg / ml, 23 mg / ml, 24 mg / ml, 25 mg / ml, 30 mg / ml, 35 mg / ml, 40 mg / ml, 45 mg / ml, 50 mg / ml, 55 mg / ml, 60 mg / ml, 10-40 mg / ml, 20-35 mg / ml, 20-40 mg / ml, 25-35 mg / ml, 25-50 mg / ml, 25-45 mg / ml, 25-30 mg / ml, 30-50 mg / ml, 1 -30 mg / ml, 1 -40 mg / ml, 1-50 mg / ml, 1-60 mg / ml, 5-50 mg / ml, or 5-60 mg / ml. Physicochemical Properties In one embodiments, the disclosure provides compositions and methods of making and using functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or 35 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) more agents in vivo or in vitro. The functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can comprise functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. For example, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can have an altered physicochemical property that is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof. Such physicochemical properties can be altered, for example, by the introduction of a functional group (R) selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2 –); a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5 –); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2 –) or an isomer thereof (Cn –), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18–); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein have an altered physicochemical property that is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 0% to about 20%; about 10% to about 30%; about 20% to about 40%; about 30% to about 50%; about 40% to about 60%; about 50% to about 70%; about 60% to about 80%; about 70% to about 90%; or about 80% to about 100% or more. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein have an altered physicochemical property that is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – 36 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can comprise functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), with altered release kinetics for an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS. In some embodiments, the release kinetics for the agent can be characterized as fast release, medium release, or slow release. In some embodiments, fast release is characterized by release of the agent over a period of hours to days. In some embodiments, mesoporous silica drug delivery systems comprising unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), e.g., unmodified mesoporous silica rods (OH – MSRs), are characterized by fast release of an agent. In some embodiments, medium release is characterized by release of the agent over a period of days to weeks. In some embodiments, mesoporous silica drug delivery systems comprising about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), and about 15% to about 25% of another functionalized MPS (R – MPS and / or R – L – MPS), e.g., functionalized MSRs (R –MSRs and / or R – L – MSRs), are characterized by medium release of an agent. In someembodiments, mesoporous silica drug delivery systems comprising about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), e.g., unmodified mesoporous silica rods (OH – MSRs), and about 15% to about 25% of amine-functionalized MPS (NH2– MPS and / or NH2–L – MPS), e.g., amine-functionalized MSRs (NH2 – MSRs and / or NH2 – L – MSRs), arecharacterized by medium release of an agent. In some embodiments, mesoporous silica drug delivery systems comprising about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), e.g., unmodified mesoporous silica rods (OH – MSRs), and about 15% to about 25% of diamine-functionalized MPS ((NH2)2– MPS and / or (NH2)2– L – MPS), e.g., diamine-functionalizedMSRs ((NH2)2 – MSRs and / or (NH2)2 – L – MSRs), are characterized by medium release of an agent.In some embodiments, the L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, slow release is characterized by release of the agent over a period of weeks to months. In some embodiments, mesoporous silica drug delivery systems comprising functionalized MPS (R – MPS and / or R – L – MPS), e.g., functionalized MSRs (R – MSRs and / or R –L – MSRs), are characterized by slow release of an agent. In some embodiments, mesoporous silicadrug delivery systems comprising amine-functionalized MPS (NH2 – MPS and / or NH2 – L – MPS),e.g., amine-functionalized MSRs (NH2 – MSRs and / or NH2 – L – MSRs), are characterized by slow37 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) release of an agent. In some embodiments, mesoporous silica drug delivery systems comprising diamine-functionalized MPS ((NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS), e.g., diamine-functionalizedMSRs ((NH2)2 – MSRs and / or (NH2)2 – L – MSRs), are characterized by slow release of an agent. Insome embodiments, the L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. Alkyl chain modifications In some embodiments, the higher the alkyl chain MSR modification, the higher the log P for nonpolar compounds, and an increased retention. In some embodiments, the modification results in enhanced retention of non-polar molecules. Such modifications can be valuable in applications where selective retention of non-polar compounds is desirable, and where hydrophobic compounds may need to be held within the MSR material for longer periods. Maleimide (MAL) group modifications In some embodiments, the maleimide-functionalized MSRs can selectively react with thiol groups in proteins and peptides containing cysteine, thereby enabling stable conjugation. In some embodiments, the maleimide-functionalized MSRs may comprise a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of a maleimide (e.g., C4H2O2NCH2CONH – ), a PEG maleimide (e.g., C4H2O2NCH2CONH(CH2CH2O)n– ), a maleimide with at least one spacer (L) (e.g., C4H2O2NCH2CONH(CH2CH2O)n– CH2CH2– ), and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, the MAL-functionalized MSR comprises the chemical formula of C4H2O2NCH2CONH(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2MAL. Biotin group modifications In some embodiments, the biotin-functionalized MSRs can facilitate targeted delivery due to their strong affinity for streptavidin or avidin. In some embodiments, the biotin-functionalized MSRs may comprise a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of a biotin (e.g., C10H16N2O3S-), a PEG biotin (e.g., C10H16N2O3S(CH2CH2O)n– ), a PEG biotin with at least one spacer (L) (e.g., C10H16N2O3S– NHCOC3H6(CH2CH2O)nC2H4NHCONH – ), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the biotin-functionalized MSR comprises the chemical formula of C2H4NHCONH(CH2CH2O)nNHCOC3H6Biotin. N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) group modifications In some embodiments, the NHS-functionalized MSRs can efficiently attach to proteins, peptides, or other biomolecules via amide bond formation, thereby allowing modulation of drug delivery and bioconjugation. In some embodiments, the NHS-functionalized MSRs may comprise a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of an NHS (e.g., CH2COOC4H4O2N – ), a PEG 38 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) NHS (e.g., CH2COOC4H4O2N(CH2CH2O)n – ), an NHS with at least one spacer (L) (e.g., CH2COOC4H4O2N – CH2CH2COO(CH2CH2O)nC2H4NHCONH – ), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the NHS-functionalized MSR comprises the chemical formula of C2H4NHCONH(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2COONHS. Phenyl group modifications In some embodiments, the introduction of phenyl groups can facilitate π-π stacking interactions within the mesoporous structure. Higher percentages of phenyl-modified MSRs, with their increased electron density and potential for ring-to-ring interactions, can effectively trap or delay the release of compounds due to stronger molecular interactions. This can be especially useful when the goal is to entrap or control the release of small molecules or drugs.NH2 and (NH2)2 modificationsIn some embodiments, increasing the percentage of positively charged NH2modified MSRs can enhance the material's ability to retain negatively charged molecules through electrostatic interactions. In some embodiments, increasing the percentage of positively charged (NH2)2modified MSRs can enhance the material's ability to retain negatively charged molecules through electrostatic interactions. As shown in FIG.5A the retention of a negatively charged molecule is prolonged as the percentage of NH2modified MSRs increases. This property can be beneficial in applications where selective retention of negatively charged species is required, such as in adsorption or controlled release systems for charged compounds. Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Systems & Device Scaffolds The mesoporous silica drug delivery systems and scaffold devices of the present disclosure can comprise an injectable or implantable composition for controlled release of one or more agents, comprising a silica nanoparticle, e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs). The systems and devices of the present disclosure can comprise an injectable or implantable composition, e.g., an injectable or implantable scaffold. The scaffold can comprise one or more biomaterials. Preferably, the biomaterial is a biocompatible material that is non-toxic and / or non- immunogenic. The systems and devices of the present disclosure can comprise biomaterials that are non- biodegradable or biodegradable. In certain embodiments, the biomaterial can be a non-biodegradable material. Exemplary non-biodegradable materials include, but are not limited to, metal, plastic polymer, or silk polymer. In certain embodiments, the systems and devices of the present disclosure comprises a biodegradable material. The biodegradable material may be degraded by physical or chemical action, e.g., level of hydration, heat, oxidation, ion exchange, or by cellular action, e.g., 39 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) elaboration of enzyme, peptides, or other compounds by nearby or resident cells. In certain embodiments, the systems and devices of the present disclosure comprises both non-degradable and degradable materials. In some embodiments, the injectable or implantable compositions for controlled release of one or more agents, comprising a silica nanoparticle, e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), can be configured to release the one or more agents, independently, at a predetermined rate based on the alteration of a physicochemical property by the presence of a surface modification comprising a functional group selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2 –); a diamine ((NH2)2 –); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n –), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5 –); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2 –) or an isomer thereof (Cn –), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4 –); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18–); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the release kinetics of an agent may be based on a ratio of different types of functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs). In some embodiments, the systems and devices of the present disclosure can comprise a plurality of R – MPS (e.g., at least two different types of R – MPS), wherein each type of R – MPS is independently present in the composition at about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more. In some embodiments, the scaffolds comprise biomaterials that are surface modified, e.g., functionalized. The degree of surface modification, e.g., with a functional group, can be varied from about 1% to about 100%. As used herein, the degree of modification means the molar percentage of the sites on the biomaterial that are modified with a functional group. For example, the degree of modification can be about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. It is intended that values and ranges intermediate to the recited values are also intended to be part of this disclosure. The injectable or implantable scaffolds of the present disclosure may comprise an external surface. Alternatively, or in addition, the scaffolds may comprise an internal surface. External or internal surfaces of the scaffolds of the present disclosure may be solid or porous. Pore size of the scaffolds can be less than about 10 nm, between about 100 nm-20 μm, or greater than about 20 μm, 40 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) e.g., up to and including 1000 μm in diameter. For example, the pores may be nanoporous, microporous, or macroporous. For example, the diameter of nanopores are less than about 10 nm; micropore are in the range of about 100 nm-20 μm in diameter; and, macropores are greater than about 20 μm, e.g., greater than about 100 μm, e.g., greater than about 400 μm, e.g., greater than 600 μm or greater than 800 μm. In some embodiments, the injectable or implantable scaffolds of the present disclosure are organized in a variety of geometric shapes (e.g., rods, discs, beads, pellets), niches, planar layers (e.g., thin sheets). For example, discs of about 0.1-200 millimeters in diameter, e.g., 5, 10, 20, 40, 50 millimeters may be implanted subcutaneously. The disc may have a thickness of 0.1 to 10 millimeters, e.g., 1, 2, 5 millimeters. The discs are readily compressed or lyophilized for administration to a patient. An exemplary disc for subcutaneous administration has the following dimensions: 8 millimeters in diameter and 1 millimeter in thickness. In some embodiments, the injectable or implantable scaffolds may comprise multiple components and / or compartments. In certain embodiments, a multiple compartment device is assembled in vivo by applying sequential layers of similarly or differentially doped gel or other scaffold material to the target site. For example, the device is formed by sequentially injecting the next, inner layer into the center of the previously injected material using a needle, forming concentric spheroids. In certain embodiments, non-concentric compartments are formed by injecting material into different locations in a previously injected layer. A multi-headed injection device extrudes compartments in parallel and simultaneously. The layers are made of similar or different biomaterials differentially doped with pharmaceutical compositions. Alternatively, compartments self-organize based on their hydro-philic / phobic characteristics or on secondary interactions within each compartment. In certain embodiments, multicomponent scaffolds are optionally constructed in concentric layers each of which is characterized by different physical qualities such as the percentage of polymer, the percentage of crosslinking of polymer, chemical composition of the hydrogel, pore size, porosity, and pore architecture, stiffness, toughness, ductility, viscoelasticity, and / or composition of bioactive substances such as growth factors, homing / migration factors, differentiation factors. Active Agents The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise an active agent. As used herein, the term “active agent” refers to an active ingredient that is intended for use in a particular application. In some embodiments, the term “active agent” refers to an agent that possesses therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic properties in vivo, for example when administered to a human subject or an animal, including mammals and domestic animals. Examples of active agents include, but are not limited to, amino acids, proteins, peptides, antigens, antibodies, adjuvants, chemoattractants, growth factors, cytokines, nucleic acids, vectors, sugars, antigens, vaccines, viruses, enzymes, cells, small molecules, drugs, and any combination thereof. 41 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) In some embodiments, the agent can be physically associated with (e.g., covalently or non- covalently attached to) a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the agent can be loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption. In some embodiments, the agent can be loaded onto the R – MPS covalently. In some embodiments, the agent can be loaded onto the R – MPS non-covalently. In some embodiments, loading the agent onto the R – MPS involves the formation of a non-covalent interaction between the agent and the R – MPS. In some embodiments, the non-covalent interaction comprises the formation of weak and reversible interactions between the agent and the R – MPS. In some embodiments, the active agent binds to the functional group (R). In some embodiments, the agent is not amenable to being effectively loaded onto the unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS). In some embodiments, when the agent is not amenable to being effectively loaded onto the unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), the agent can be effectively loaded onto the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS). In some embodiments, the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS) to facilitate effective loading of the agent onto the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS). In some embodiments, the agent is not amenable to being effectively released from the unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS). In some embodiments, when the agent is not amenable to being effectively released from the unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), the agent can be effectively released from the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS). In some embodiments, the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS) to facilitate effective release of the agent from the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS). In some embodiments, the agent can be released from the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) over a pre-determined time period, e.g., in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, an amount of about 5% to about 100% (e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%) of the active agent can be released from the R – MPS over the pre-determined time period. In some embodiments, the pre-determined time period can comprise at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours or more; at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days or more; at least about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or more; or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months or more. In some embodiments, the pre-determined time period comprises between about 1 day to about 60 days. In some embodiments, the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS) to modify the effective release profile of the agent from the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS). In some embodiments, modifying the release profile of the agent can comprise modifying (e.g., increasing or 42 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) decreasing) the amount of agent released from the R – MPS. In some embodiments, modifying the release profile of the agent can comprise modifying (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the pre-determined time period over which the agent is released from the R – MPS. In some embodiments, the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof. Antigens The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise an antigen. The antigen can be a cancer antigen or a non-cancer antigen (e.g., a microbial antigen or a viral antigen). In one embodiment, the antigen is a polypeptide. In one embodiment, the polypeptide antigen comprises a stretch of at least 10 consecutive amino acids identical to a stretch of at least 10 consecutive amino acids of a cancer antigen, a microbial antigen, or a viral antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a cancer antigen. The device comprising a cancer antigen can be used to vaccinate and / or provide protective immunity to a subject to whom such a device was administered. In some embodiments, a cancer / tumor antigen is from a subject who is administered a device provided herein. In certain embodiments, a cancer / tumor antigen is from a different subject. In various embodiments, a cancer antigen is present in a cancer cell lysate. For example, the tumor cell lysate may comprise one or more lysed cells from a biopsy. In some embodiments, the cancer antigen is present on an attenuated live cancer cell. For example, the attenuated live cancer cell may be an irradiated cancer cell. Antigens may be used alone or in combination with GM-CSF, CpG-ODN sequences, or immunomodulators. Moreover, antigens can be provided simultaneously or sequentially with GM-CSF, CpG-ODN sequences, or immunomodulators. One or more antigens may be selected based on an antigenic profile of a subject's cancer or of a pathogen. In certain embodiments, the device lacks a cancer antigen prior to administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the device comprises an immunoconjugate, wherein the immunoconjugate comprises an immunostimulatory compound covalently linked to an antigen. In various embodiments, the antigen comprises a cancer antigen, such as a central nervous system (CNS) cancer antigen, CNS germ cell tumor antigen, lung cancer antigen, leukemia antigen, acute myeloid leukemia antigen, multiple myeloma antigen, renal cancer antigen, malignant glioma antigen, medulloblastoma antigen, breast cancer antigen, prostate cancer antigen, Kaposi's sarcoma antigen, ovarian cancer antigen, adenocarcinoma antigen, or melanoma antigen. In some embodiments, treating the subject comprises reducing metastasis in the subject. Exemplary cancer antigens encompassed by the compositions, methods, and devices of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, tumor lysates extracted from biopsies, and irradiated tumor cells. Exemplary polypeptide cancer antigens include one or more of the following proteins, or fragments thereof: MAGE series of antigens (MAGE-1 is an example), MART-1 / melana, tyrosinase, ganglioside, gp100, GD-2, O-acetylated GD-3, GM-2, MUC-1, Sos1, Protein kinase C-binding protein, Reverse transcriptase protein, AKAP protein, VRK1, KIAA1735, T7-1, T11-3, T11-9, Homo 43 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) Sapiens telomerase ferment (hTRT), Cytokeratin-19 (CYFRA21-1), SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ANTIGEN 1 (SCCA-1), (PROTEIN T4-A), SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ANTIGEN 2 (SCCA-2), Ovarian carcinoma antigen CA125 (1A1-3B) (KIAA0049), MUCIN 1 (TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MUCIN), (CARCINOMA-ASSOCIATED MUCIN), (POLYMORPHIC EPITHELIAL MUCIN),(PEM),(PEMT),(EPISIALIN), (TUMOR-ASSOCIATED EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN),(EMA),(H23AG), (PEANUT-REACTIVE URINARY MUCIN), (PUM), (BREAST CARCINOMA- ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN DF3), CTCL tumor antigen se1-1, CTCL tumor antigen se14-3, CTCL tumor antigen se20-4, CTCL tumor antigen se20-9, CTCL tumor antigen se33-1, CTCL tumor antigen se37-2, CTCL tumor antigen se57-1, CTCL tumor antigen se89-1, Prostate-specific membrane antigen, 5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein, Orf73 Kaposi's sarcoma- associated herpesvirus, MAGE-C1 (cancer / testis antigen CT7), MAGE-B1 ANTIGEN (MAGE-XP ANTIGEN) (DAM10), MAGE-B2 ANTIGEN (DAM6), MAGE-2 ANTIGEN, MAGE-4a antigen, MAGE-4b antigen, Colon cancer antigen NY-CO-45, Lung cancer antigen NY-LU-12 variant A, Cancer associated surface antigen, Adenocarcinoma antigen ART1, Paraneoplastic associated brain- testis-cancer antigen (onconeuronal antigen MA2; paraneoplastic neuronal antigen), Neuro- oncological ventral antigen 2 (NOVA2), Hepatocellular carcinoma antigen gene 520, TUMOR- ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN CO-029, Tumor-associated antigen MAGE-X2, Synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 2, Squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cell, Serologically defined colon cancer antigen 1, Serologically defined breast cancer antigen NY-BR-15, Serologically defined breast cancer antigen NY-BR-16, Chromogranin A; parathyroid secretory protein 1, DUPAN-2, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CA 195, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Trp2, ovalbumin, M27, and M30. In embodiments, the antigen comprises a fragment of one or more of the following proteins. In exemplary embodiments, the fragment can comprise 10 or more consecutive amino acids identical in sequence to one or more of the foregoing proteins. In some embodiments, the fragment can comprise 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or more amino acids. In one embodiment, the fragment can comprise 10-500 amino acids. In one embodiment, the antigen is a melanoma antigen. Exemplary melanoma antigens include, but are not limited to, tyrosinase, gp75 (tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1 )), gp100 (Pmel17), Melan A / MART-1, TRP-2, MAGE family, BAGE family, GAGE family, NY-ESO-1, CDK4, β- catenin, mutated introns, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V gene product, MUM-1, p15, gangliosides (e.g., GM2, GD2, GM3, GD3), high molecular weight chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, p97 melanotransferrin, and SEREX antigens (e.g., D-1, SSX-2) (Hodi FS, Clin Cancer Res, February 1, 2006, 12: 673-678), or fragments thereof. In certain embodiments, the antigen comprises a non-tumor antigen such as a microbial antigen. For example, the microbial antigen may comprise a bacterial antigen, a fungal antigen, an archaean antigen, or a protozoan antigen. In some embodiments, the microbial antigen is a viral antigen, e.g., an HIV antigen or influenza antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is from a 44 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) microbe such as a bacterium, virus, protozoan, archaean, or fungus. Various embodiments relate to vaccinating against or treating a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. In various embodiments, a delivery vehicle comprising an antigen from a pathogen. For example, a pathogen includes but is not limited to a fungus, a bacterium (e.g., Staphylococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Mycobacterium species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Salmonella species, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Neisseria species, Brucella species, Bordetella species, Borrelia species, Campylobacter species, Chlamydia species, Chlamydophila species, Clostrium species, Clostrium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium tetani, Helicobacter species, Helicobacter pylori, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Corynebacterium species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterococcus species, Escherichia species, Escherichia coli, Listeria species, Francisella species, Vibrio species, Vibrio cholera, Legionella species, or Yersinia pestis), a virus (e.g., adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, 2, or 8, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, measles, Mumps, human papillomavirus, poliovirus, rabies, respiratory syncytial virus, rubella virus, or varicella-zoster virus), a parasite or a protozoa (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium, Giardia lamblia, Trypanosoma brucei, or a parasitic protozoa such as malaria-causing Plasmodium). In one embodiment, a pathogen antigen can be derived from a pathogen cell or particle described herein. Adjuvants The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise an adjuvant. The term “adjuvant”, as used herein, refers to compounds that can be added to vaccines to stimulate immune responses against antigens. Adjuvants may enhance the immunogenicity of highly purified or recombinant antigens. Adjuvants may reduce the amount of antigen or the number of immunizations needed to protective immunity. For example, adjuvants may activate antibody- secreting B cells to produce a higher amount of antibodies. Alternatively, adjuvants can act as a depot for an antigen, present the antigen over a longer period of time, which could help maximize the immune response and provide a longer-lasting protection. Adjuvants may also be used to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine by helping to modify the immune response to particular types of immune system cells, for example, by activating T cells instead of antibody-secreting B cells depending on the purpose of the vaccine. Adjuvants are also used in the production of antibodies from immunized animals (Petrovsky1 et al, 2002, Immunology and Cell Biology 82: 488–496). Adjuvants can be classified according to their source, mechanism of action or physicochemical properties. For example, adjuvants can be classified into three groups: (i) active immunostimulants, being substances that increase the immune response to the antigen; (ii) carriers, being immunogenic proteins that provide T-cell help; and (iii) vehicle adjuvants, being oil emulsions or liposomes that serve as a matrix for antigens as well as stimulating the immune response (Edelman R.1992, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8: 1409–11). An alternative adjuvant classification divides 45 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) adjuvants according to administration route, namely mucosal or parenteral. A third classification divides adjuvants into alum salts and other mineral adjuvants; tensoactive agents; bacterial derivatives; vehicles and slow release materials or cytokines (Byars et al.,1990, Laboratory Methods in Immunology: 39–51). A fourth classification divides adjuvants into the following groups: gel-based adjuvants, tensoactive agents, bacterial products, oil emulsions, particulated adjuvants, fusion proteins or lipopeptides (Jennings R et al., 1998, Dev. Biol. Stand, 92: 19–28). The device of the present disclosure may comprise one or more adjuvants. Adjuvants suitable for use in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, mineral salt-based adjuvants such as alum-based adjuvants, calcium-based adjuvants, iron-based adjuvants, zirconium-based adjuvants; particulate adjuvants; mucosal adjuvants; tensoactive adjuvants; bacteria-derived adjuvants; oil-based adjuvants; cytokines, liposome adjuvants, polymeric microsphere adjuvants, carbohydrate adjuvants. Exemplary adjuvants include, but are not limited to, aluminium hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate, Quil A, Quil A derived saponin QS-21, or other types of saponins, Detox, ISCOMs, cell wall peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, trehalose dimycolate, bacterial nucleic acids such as DNA containing CpG motifs, FIA, Montanide, Adjuvant 65, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Lipovant, interferon, granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), AS03, AS04, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, STING, Toll-like receptor ligand, CD40L, ovalbumin (OVA), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a combination of LPS (or MPLA) and OxPAPC, MF59, N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), poly (DL- lactide-coglycolide) microspheres, paraffin oil, squalene, virosome, gamma inulin, glucans, dextrans, lentinans, glucomannans and galactomannans, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), antibodies against immune suppressive molecules (e.g., antibody or antagonist against transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, A2aR antagonists), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Fas ligand, Trail, lymphotactin, Mannan (M-FP), APG-2, Hsp70 and Hsp90. In certain embodiments, the device of the present disclosure comprises an agent that activates and matures recruited immune cells. In some embodiments, the agent is a toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand. TLRs are a class of single transmembrane domain, non-catalytic, receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are present on microbes and are distinguishable from host molecules. TLRs are present in all vertebrates. Thirteen TLRs (referred to as TLRs1-13, consecutively) have been identified in humans and mice. Human TLRs comprise TLRs 1-10. TLRs and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors comprise a receptor superfamily the members of which all share a TIR domain (Toll-IL-1 receptor). TIR domains exist in three varieties with three distinct functions. TIR domains of subgroup 1 are present in receptors for interleukins produced by 46 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. TIR domains of subgroup 2 are present in classical TLRs which bind directly or indirectly to molecules of microbial origin. TIR domains of subgroup 3 are present in cytosolic adaptor proteins that mediate signaling between proteins comprising TIR domains of subgroups 1 and 2. TLR ligands comprise molecules that are constantly associated with and highly specific for a threat to the host’s survival such as a pathogen or cellular stress. TLR ligands are highly specific for pathogens and not the host. Exemplary pathogenic molecules include, but are not limited to, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, lipoarabinomannan, flagellin, double-stranded RNA, and unmethylated CpG islands of DNA. All known TLR ligands found either on a cell surface or an internal cellular compartment are encompassed by the compositions, methods, and devices of the present disclosure. Exemplary TLR ligands include, but are not limited to, triacyl lipoproteins (TLR1); lipoproteins, gram positive peptidoglycan, lipteichoic acids, fungi, and viral glycoproteins (TLR2); double-stranded RNA, poly I:C (TLR 3); lipopolysaccaride, viral glycoproteins (TLR 4); flagellin (TLR5); diacyl lipoproteins (TLR6); small synthetic compounds, single-stranded RNA (TLR7 and TLR 8); unmethylated CpG DNA (TLR9); Profilin (TLR11). Also included as TRL ligands are host molecules like fibronectin and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Host TLR ligands are also encompassed by the present disclosure. The role of TLRs in innate immunity and the signaling molecules used to activate and inhibit them are known in the art ( for a review, see Holger K. Frank B., Hessel E., and Coffman RL. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists. Nature Medicine 13, 552-559 (2007), the content of which is herein incorporated by reference). CpG sites are regions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) where a cysteine nucleotide occurs next to a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its length (the “p” represents the phosphate linkage between them and distinguishes them from a cytosine-guanine complementary base pairing). CpG sites play a pivotal role in DNA methylation, which is one of several endogenous mechanisms cells use to silence gene expression. Methylation of CpG sites within promoter elements can lead to gene silencing. In the case of cancer, it is known that tumor suppressor genes are often silences while oncogenes, or cancer-inducing genes, are expressed. Importantly, CpG sites in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes (which prevent cancer formation) have been shown to be methylated while CpG sites in the promoter regions of oncogenes are hypomethylated or unmethylated in certain cancers. The TLR-9 receptor binds unmethylated CpG sites in DNA. In certain embodiments, the device of present disclosure comprises a cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides and oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN). Contemplated CpG oligonucleotides may be isolated from endogenous sources or synthesized in vivo or in vitro. Exemplary sources of endogenous CpG oligonucleotides include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, molds, or parasites. In some embodiments, endogenous CpG oligonucleotides are isolated from mammalian benign or malignant neoplastic tumors. In some embodiments, synthetic 47 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) CpG oligonucleotides are synthesized in vivo following transfection or transformation of template DNA into a host organism. In certain embodiments, Synthetic CpG oligonucleotides are synthesized in vitro by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other art-recognized methods (Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, Vol.1, 2, 3 (1989), herein incorporated by reference). CpG oligonucleotides are presented for cellular uptake by dendritic cells. In some embodiments, naked CpG oligonucleotides are used. The term “naked” is used to describe an isolated endogenous or synthetic polynucleotide (or oligonucleotide) that is free of additional substituents. In some embodiments, CpG oligonucleotides are bound to one or more compounds to increase the efficiency of cellular uptake. In some embodiments, , CpG oligonucleotides are bound to one or more compounds to increase the stability of the oligonucleotide within the scaffold and / or dendritic cell. In certain embodiments, CpG oligonucleotides are condensed prior to cellular uptake. In some embodiments, CpG oligonucleotides are condensed using polyethylimine (PEI), a cationic polymer that increases the efficiency of cellular uptake into dendritic cells. CpG oligonucleotides can be divided into multiple classes. For example, exemplary CpG- ODNs encompassed by compositions, methods and devices of the present disclosure are stimulatory, neutral, or suppressive. The term “stimulatory” used herein is meant to describe a class of CpG-ODN sequences that activate TLR9. The term “neutral” used herein is meant to describe a class of CpG- ODN sequences that do not activate TLR9. The term “suppressive” used herein is meant to describe a class of CpG-ODN sequences that inhibit TLR9. The term “activate TLR9” describes a process by which TLR9 initiates intracellular signaling. Simulatory CpG-ODNs can further be divided into three types A, B and C, which differ in their immune-stimulatory activities. Type A stimulatory CpG ODNs are characterized by a phosphodiester central CpG-containing palindromic motif and a phosphorothioate 3’ poly-G string. Following activation of TLR9, these CpG ODNs induce high IFN-α production from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Type A CpG ODNs weakly stimulate TLR9-dependent NF-κB signaling. Type B stimulatory CpG ODNs contain a full phosphorothioate backbone with one or moreCpG dinucleotides. Following TLR9 activation, these CpG-ODNs strongly activate B cells. In contrast to Type A Cpg-ODNs, Type B CpG-ODNs weakly stimulate IFN-α secretion. Type C stimulatory CpG ODNs comprise features of Types A and B. Type C CpG-ODNs contain a complete phosphorothioate backbone and a CpG containing palindromic motif. Similar to Type A CpG ODNs, Type C CpG ODNs induce strong IFN-α production from pDC. Simlar to Type B CpG ODNs, Type C CpG ODNs induce strong B cell stimulation. Exemplary stimulatory CpG ODNs comprise, but are not limited to, ODN 1585, ODN 1668, ODN 1826, ODN 2006, ODN 2006-G5, ODN 2216, ODN 2336, ODN 2395, ODN M362 (all InvivoGen). The present disclosure also encompasses any humanized version of the preceding CpG ODNs. In one preferred embodiment, compositions, methods, and devices of the present disclosure 48 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) comprise ODN 1826 (the sequence of which from 5’ to 3’ is tccatgacgttcctgacgtt, wherein CpG elements are bolded, SEQ ID NO: 10). Neutral, or control, CpG ODNs that do not stimulate TLR9 are encompassed by the present disclosure. These ODNs comprise the same sequence as their stimulatory counterparts but contain GpC dinucleotides in place of CpG dinucleotides. Exemplary neutral, or control, CpG ODNs encompassed by the present disclosure comprise, but are not limited to, ODN 1585 control, ODN 1668 control, ODN 1826 control, ODN 2006 control, ODN 2216 control, ODN 2336 control, ODN 2395 control, ODN M362 control (all InvivoGen). The present disclosure also encompasses any humanized version of the preceding CpG ODNs. Suppressive CpG ODNs that inhibit TLR9 are encompassed by the present disclosure. Exemplary potent inhibitory sequences are (TTAGGG)4 (ODN TTAGGG, InvivoGen, SEQ ID NO:11), found in mammalian telomeres and ODN 2088 (InvivoGen), derived from a murine stimulatory CpG ODN by replacement of 3 bases. Suppressive ODNs disrupt the colocalization of CpG ODNs with TLR9 in endosomal vesicles without affecting cellular binding and uptake. Suppressive CpG ODNs encompassed by the present disclosure are used to fine-tune, attenuate, reverse, or oppose the action of a stimulatory CpG-ODN. Alternatively, or in addition, compositions, methods, or devices of the present disclosure comprising suppressive CpG ODNs are used to treat autoimmune conditions or prevent immune responses following transplant procedures. Chemoattractants The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise a chemoattractant for cells. The term “chemoattractant,” as used herein, refers to any agent that attracts a motile cell, such as immune cells. In certain embodiments, the chemoattractant for immune cells is a growth factor or cytokine. In some embodiments, the chemoattractant is a chemokine. Exemplary chemokines include, but are not limited to, CC chemokines, CXC chemokines, C chemokines, CX3C chemokines. Exemplary cytokines include, but are not limited to, interleukin, lymphokines, monokines, interferons, and colony stimulating factors. All known growth factors are encompassed by the compositions, methods, and devices of the present disclosure. Exemplary growth factors include, but are not limited to, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophins, Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), myostatin (GDF-8), growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF or FGF-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In some embodiments, the device includes a chemoattractant for immune cells. In some embodiments, the device comprises a compound that attracts an immune cell to or into the device, wherein the immune cell comprises a macrophage, T-cell, B-cell, natural killer (NK) cell, or dendritic cell. Non-limiting examples of compounds useful for attracting an immune cell to or into the device comprises granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), an FMS-like 49 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL-19), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL-21), a N-formyl peptide, fractalkine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 (MIP-3a).The present disclosure encompasses cytokines as well as growth factors for stimulating dendritic cell activation. Exemplary cytokines include, but are not limited to, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-121L-15, 1L-17, 1L-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IFN-α. In certain embodiments, the chemoattractant for immune cells is Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a protein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Specifically, GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes. Monocytes exit the blood stream, migrate into tissue, and subsequently mature into macrophages. In some embodiments, the device can comprise and release GM-CSF polypeptides to attract host DCs to the device. Contemplated GM-CSF polypeptides are isolated from endogenous sources or synthesized in vivo or in vitro. Endogenous GM-CSF polypeptides may be isolated from healthy human tissue. Synthetic GM-CSF polypeptides are synthesized in vivo following transfection or transformation of template DNA into a host organism or cell, e.g., a mammalian or human cell line. Alternatively, synthetic GM-CSF polypeptides are synthesized in vitro by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other art-recognized methods Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, Vol.1, 2, 3 (1989), herein incorporated by reference). In certain embodiments, GM-CSF polypeptides may be recombinant. In some embodiments, GM-CSF polypeptides are humanized derivatives of mammalian GM-CSF polypeptides. Exemplary mammalian species from which GM-CSF polypeptides are derived include, but are not limited to, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, ferret, cat, dog, monkey, or primate. In some embodiments, GM-CSF is a recombinant human protein (PeproTech, Catalog # 300-03). In some embodiments, GM-CSF is a recombinant murine (mouse) protein (PeproTech, Catalog #315-03). In some embodiments, GM-CSF is a humanized derivative of a recombinant mouse protein. In certain embodiments, GM-CSF polypeptides may be modified to increase protein stability in vivo. In certain embodiments, GM-CSF polypeptides may be engineered to be more or less immunogenic. Endogenous mature human GM-CSF polypeptides are glycosylated, reportedly, at amino acid residues 23 (leucine), 27 (asparagine), and 39 (glutamic acid) (see US Patent No. 5,073,627). In certain embodiments, GM-CSF polypeptides of the present disclosure may be modified at one or more of these amino acid residues with respect to glycosylation state. The chemoattractant for immune cells may recruit immune cells to the scaffolds of the present disclosure. Immune cells include cells of the immune system that are involved in immune response. Exemplary immune cells includes, but not limited to, T cells, B cells, leucocytes, lymphocytes, 50 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, histiocytes, mast cells, and microglia. In certain embodiments, the chemoattractant for immune cells recruits dendritic cells (DCs) to the scaffold of the present disclosure. Dendritic cells (DCs) are immune cells within the mammalian immune system and are derived from hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells. More specifically, dendritic cells can be categorized into lymphoid (or plasmacytoid) dendritic cell (pDC) and myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) subdivisions having arisen from a lymphoid (or plasmacytoid) or myeloid precursor cell, respectively. From the progenitor cell, regardless of the progenitor cell type, an immature dendritic cell is born. Immature dendritic cells are characterized by high endocytic activity and low T-cell activation potential. Thus, immature dendritic cells constitutively sample their immediate surrounding environment for pathogens. Exemplary pathogens include, but are not limited to, a virus or a bacteria. Sampling is accomplished by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Dendritic cells activate and mature once a pathogen is recognized by a pattern recognition receptor, such as a toll-like receptor. Mature dendritic cells not only phagocytose pathogens and break them down, but also, degrade their proteins, and present pieces of these proteins, also referred to as antigens, on their cell surfaces using MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules (Classes I, II, and III). Mature dendritic cells also upregulate cell-surface receptors that serve as co-receptors for T-cell activation. Exemplary co-receptors include, but are not limited to, CD80, CD86, and CD40. Simultaneously, mature dendritic cells upregulate chemotactic receptors, such as CCR7, that allows the cell to migrate through the blood stream or the lymphatic system to the spleen or lymph node, respectively. Dendritic cells are present in external tissues that are in contact with the external environment such as the skin (dendritic cells residing in skin are also referred to as Langerhans cells). Alternatively, dendritic cells are present in internal tissues that are in contact with the external environment such as linings of the nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. Finally, immature dendritic cells reside in the blood stream. Once activated, dendritic cells from all off these tissues migrate to lymphoid tissues where they present antigens and interact with T cells and B cells to initiate an immune response. One signaling system of particular importance for the present disclosure involves the chemokine receptor CCR7 expressed on the surface of dendritic cells and the chemokine receptor ligand CCL19 secreted by lymph node structures to attract migrating mature dendritic cells toward high concentrations of immune cells. Exemplary immune cells activated by contact with mature dendritic cells include, but are not limited to, helper T cells, killer T cells, and B cells. Although multiple cell types within the immune system present antigens, including macrophages and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells are the most potent activators of all antigen-presenting cells. Dendritic cells earned their name from the characteristic cell shape comprising multiple dendrites extending from the cell body. The functional benefit of this cell shape is a significantly increased cell surface and contact area to the surroundings compared to the cell volume. Immature 51 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) dendritic cells sometimes lack the characteristic dendrite formations and are referred to as veiled cells. Veiled cells possess large cytoplasmic veils rather than dendrites. IV. Methods of enhancing an immune response and preventing or treating a disease The compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used, in some embodiments, to promote, augment, or enhance a subject’s immune response to an antigen. The methods allow controlled delivery of agents such as antigens and / or adjuvants directly to immune cells localized at biologically relevant sites in the body. The method comprises administering to the subject a functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more agents in vivo or in vitro. The functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems disclosed herein can comprise functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of promoting an immune response to an antigen in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject a functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more antigens, thereby promoting an immune response to an antigen in a subject. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems can comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of preventing or treating a disease in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject a functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more antigens, thereby preventing or treating the disease in the subject. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems can comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of promoting an immune response in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject a functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more antigens, thereby promoting an immune response in the subject. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems can comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of inducing a systemic antigen-specific immune response to said a vaccine antigen and / or inducing homing of a vaccine antigen-specific immune cells to a lymph node. The method comprises administering to the subject a functionalized 52 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) mesoporous silica drug delivery systems to control the delivery and release of one or more antigens, thereby inducing a systemic antigen-specific immune response to said a vaccine antigen and / or inducing homing of a vaccine antigen-specific immune cells to a lymph node. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems can comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., a mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. V. Methods of making functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery systems In one embodiment, the disclosure features a method of making a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rod (R – MSR). The functionalized mesoporous silica systems disclosed herein can be fabricated using silane coupling agents that modify the surface of the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSP) with functional groups that alter a physicochemical property of the MSP. In some embodiments, the method of making the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) comprises surface modifying the MPS; wherein the surface modification comprises a reaction between a silane coupling agent having the chemical formula R – SiX3and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is a methoxy group (– OCH3) or an ethoxy group (– OC2H5). In some embodiments, the functional group (R) is selected from the group consisting of an amine (NH2–); a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2–) or an isomer thereof (Cn–), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18–); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) is selected from the group consisting of NH2– MPS and / orNH2 – L – MPS; (NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n –L – MPS; C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS; CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L –MPS or Cn – L – MPS; C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS; C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS; C18 – MPSand / or C18 – L – MPS; COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide– L – MPS; Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS; NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the R – L – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – L – MPS; (NH2)2 – L – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS; C6H5 – L – MPS; CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L –MPS; C4 – L – MPS; C8 – L – MPS; C18 – L – MPS; COOH – L – MPS; Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – L – MPS; NHS – L – MPS; and combinations thereof, optionally wherein L comprises a 53 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, the R – L – MPS is selected from the group consisting of NH2 – PEG – MPS; (NH2)2 – PEG – MPS; (CH2CH2O)n – PEG – MPS; C6H5 – PEG – MPS; CnH2n+2 – PEG – MPSor Cn – PEG – MPS; C4 – PEG – MPS; C8 – PEG – MPS; C18 – PEG – MPS; COOH – PEG – MPS;Maleimide – PEG – MPS; Biotin – PEG – MPS; NHS – PEG – MPS; and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of making a vaccine, comprising providing a suspension of mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) surface modified with a functional group; contacting said MSRs surface modified with a functional group with a vaccine antigen, an adjuvant, an immune cell recruitment compound, and / or an immune cell activation compound. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of making a composition for controlled release of one or more active agents, comprising providing a suspension of mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) surface modified with a functional group; and contacting said MSRs surface modified with a functional group with one or more active agents. VI. Pharmaceutical Compositions For administration to a subject, silica nanoparticles, devices, scaffolds, and agents described herein can be provided as pharmaceutically acceptable (e.g., sterile) compositions. Accordingly, in one aspect, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a functionalized mesoporous silica drug delivery system disclosed herein. In another aspect, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (R – MPS), e.g., a functionalized mesoporous silica rods (R – MSRs), that has been surface modified to introduce a functional group (R) that can alter a physicochemical property of mesoporous silica nanoparticle. These pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and / or diluents. As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be specifically formulated for administration by implantation or injection. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Moreover, for animal (e.g., human) administration, it will be understood that compositions should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biological Standards. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a pharmaceutically- acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, manufacturing aid (e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid), or solvent 54 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG); (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and / or polyanhydrides; (22) bulking agents, such as polypeptides and amino acids (23) serum component, such as serum albumin, HDL and LDL; (22) C2-C12alcohols, such as ethanol; and (23) other non- toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, disintegrating agents, binders, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, protease inhibitors, plasticizers, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, viscosity increasing agents, film forming agents, solubilizing agents, surfactants, preservative and antioxidants can also be present in the formulation. The terms such as “excipient”, “carrier”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or the like are used interchangeably herein. The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting. The entire contents of all of the references cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. EXAMPLES Example 1: Characterization of Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Rods (MSRs / MPS) Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSP) systems that can be implanted or injected were generated to evaluate their capability to tune the release kinetics of adjuvants and antigens in vaccines. The MSP systems were made of functionalized biodegradable silica rods that assemble into porous, three-dimensional structures. The MSPs were modified using silane chemistry to introduce functional groups onto the MSPs to facilitated the delivery of different drugs and adjuvants of vaccines both in vitro and in vivo. After establishing that surface modifications of mesoporous silica rods (MPS) can be used to tune the release of multiple adjuvants in vitro, the approach was further validated in vivo using the TLR9 agonist CpG.The data demonstrated that rapid 55 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) release of the TLR9 agonist CpG from MPS vaccines, mediated by alterations in MPS surface chemistry, generated potent cytotoxic T cell responses and robust, Th1-skewed IgG2a / c antibody titers, demonstrating that the functionalized MPS can be used to effectively control the delivery and release kinetics of drugs. To characterize the functionalized mesoporous silica rod (MSRs) systems, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. For these experiments, a library of modified MSRs with varying charge and hydrophobicity properties was generated using silane chemistry (FIG. 1). FIG. 1 is a schematic overview of an exemplary procedure for modifying the surface chemistry of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS) to achieve functionalized MPS having the following surface modifications: amine (NH2-MPS), diamine (diamine-MPS), phenylethyl (phenylethyl-MPS), carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS), octyl (C8-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG-MPS). Characterization of key features of the modified MPS confirmed the expected effects of the different functionalization. Nitrogen surface area analysis revealed a substantial reduction in surface area for the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS) in comparison to the unmodified MPS, with the exception of C8-MPS, which was as an outlier. A corresponding trend was also observed in the volume adsorbed distribution analysis. The observed decrease in surface area and BJH (Barrett- Joyner-Halenda) volume adsorbed is attributed to the space occupancy by the functionalizing groups on the MPS (FIGs.2A-2C). FIGs.2A-2C show the nitrogen adsorption / desorption analysis for the surface area (FIG. 2A), pore volume (FIG.2B), and pore width distribution (FIG. 2C) of the following mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS): unmodified (OH-MPS), amine (NH2-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), octyl (C8-MPS), carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS), phenylethyl (phenylethyl- MPS), diamine (diamine-MPS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG-MPS). This phenomenon underscored the impact of surface functionalization on the physicochemical properties of MPS, shedding light on the importance of tailoring their surface characteristics for various applications. The decrease in hydroxyl content on the surface of MPS due to surface modification resulted in an increase in positive surface charge. The zeta potentials exhibited variations corresponding to the charge properties of the surface groups, such as a notably positive charge for amine-MPS and diamine-MPS, or a shift towards a more neutral charge for C18-MPS. The release kinetics of functionalized MPS were compared to MPS coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) (not covalently conjugated as per the current disclosure), a surface coating that has been used in the past to control release (FIGs.3A-3B) FIGs.3A-3B show release kinetics of the functionalized MPS (cationic) compared to MPS coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Next, release kinetics of three different adjuvants from modified MPS were measured (FIGs. 4A-4B, FIGs.5A-5C). One of two distinct strategy was used to tune the release: adjuvants were either adsorbed directly onto MPS with different surface modifications, or into mixtures of defined ratios of different MPS types. The adjuvants examined were all agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the TLR9 agonist cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), the TLR3 agonist 56 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) poly(I:C) (PIC), and the TLR7 / 8 agonist Resiquimod (R848). Since CpG oligonucleotides are low molecular weight, negatively charged molecules, it was hypothesized that varying the ratio of positively charged NH2-MPS and negatively charged OH-MPS would be sufficient to tune the release of CpG. As expected, the majority of CpG was rapidly released from OH-MPS within hours, whereas release from NH2-MPS was limited to 10% after 11 days. Addition of small percentages (10-15%) of NH2-MPS to OH-MPS led to a switch from a burst release to a sustained release profile, while percentages of amine content greater than 50% led to release profiles indistinguishable from that of 100% NH2-MPS. A similar approach was employed to modulate PIC release, and loading of PIC onto OH-MPS led to a sustained release profile culminating in 60% of the PIC cargo being released after 15 days. The addition of 10-20% amine content to OH-MPS led to a reduction in the total amount of PIC released over 15 days to 30% (10% NH2-MPS) and 15% (20% NH2-MPS) respectively. However, addition of >20% amine content onto MPS led to comparable or increased PIC release relative to OH- MPS, culminating in the 100% NH2-MPS condition leading to release of the entire PIC cargo over the 15-day study. Given the greater physicochemical complexity of R848 relative to CpG and PIC, R848 release was assessed across different types of modified MPS. Differences in R848 release between conditions were primarily reflected in the amount of R848 released from MPS at early time points, with NH2-, diamine-, and anionic-MPS showing burst release of R848 and the remaining modifications leading to more sustained release behavior. Combination of different functionalized MPS was also investigated to test if one adjuvant or drug can be absorbed on to one type of functionalized MPS and another drug or adjuvant can be absorbed onto another functionalized MPS. The hypothesis was that with this approach, we can deliver combination of multiple drugs using by combining multiple functionalized MPS in one dose. To test this hypothesis, cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) was loaded by absorption onto cationic MPS (NH2- OH), octadecyl (C18-MPS), and carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS) respectively (FIGs.4A-4B). FIGs.4A-4B show release kinetics of cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) from combination of functionalized MPS. CpG was loaded by absorption onto cationic MPS (NH2-OH), octadecyl (C18-MPS), and carboxylic acid (anionic-MPS) and release kinetics determined. FIGs.5A-5C show surface-modified mesoporous silica rods (MPS) enable control of adjuvant release kinetics in vitro. Adjuvants were loaded by adsorption onto MPS with different surface modification (pure MPS solutions) or onto mixtures of different ratios of surface-modified MPS. FIG.5A shows the in vitro release profile of CpG, FIG.5B shows the in vitro release profile of Poly:IC (PIC), and FIG. 5C shows the in vitro release profile of R848 from the indicated MPS conditions. Data are expressed as the cumulative percentage compared to the initial loaded amount, mean ± SD, n=3. FIGs.6A-6C show that CpG loaded on to amine-modified MPS is retained at the scaffold site in vivo to a greater extent than unmodified MPS. FIG.6A is a schematic representation of the three 57 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) MPS vaccine formulations used to characterize CpG release in vivo. Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647)-labeled CpG (CpG*) was loaded onto unmodified-MPS (OH-Vax, fast release), amine-functionalized MPS (NH2-Vax, slow release), or a mixture of 85% OH-MPS and 15% NH2-MPS (Combo-Vax, medium release). For all MPS vaccine conditions, the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and the chemokine GM-CSF were loaded onto unmodified MPS. The bolus vaccine consisted of the same amounts of each vaccine component but delivered in PBS (without MPS). FIG.6B shows representative IVIS images of mice injected with indicated vaccine conditions containing CpG*. Scale bar indicates total radiance (p / sec / cm3 / sr). FIG.6C shows quantification of radiance at the injection site over time for the indicated vaccine conditions. Values shown are normalized to the maximum radiance signal observed in each mouse. Means depicted; error bars, s.d. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test for normally distributed samples, and a Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test otherwise (*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P <0.001). Example 2: Development of a Library of Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Rods (MSRs / MPS) To further characterize the system, additional functionalized mesoporous silica rods (MPS) were synthesized to expand the library of functionalized MPS. The synthesis utilized the same silanol chemistry as described in Example 1, e.g., where trimethoxy and triethoxy silanol groups reacted with the hydroxyl groups on OH-MPS to generate functionalized MPS. FIG. 7 depicts the chemical structures of additional functionalized mesoporous silica rods (MPS) to show the indicated surface modifications. To confirm successful functionalization, zeta potential measurements were performed. The zeta potential data for some of the generated functionalized MPS is provided in Table 1. The simplified formulas presented in Table 1 are formatted to show that the indicated functional group(s) and / or linker(s) are present in the MPS tested, and are not intended to represent the complete chemical formula and arrangement of the functionalized MPS. Table 1. Zeta potential Charge of Functionalized MPS 58 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) Throughout the examples described herein, the various functionalized MPS were modified using a silane coupling agent comprising a methoxy (-OCH3) group. For example, the MPS-Isobutyl was generated with the coupling agent Isobutyl(trimethoxy)Silane; the MPS-(propyl)chlorine (- C3H6Cl) was generated with the coupling agent (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxy silane; the MPS-Diamine was generated with the coupling agent N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine; the MPS- Propyldiamine was generated with the coupling agent N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; the MPS-Propyl was generated with the coupling agentTrimethoxy(propyl)silane; the MPS-C8 was generated with the coupling agent Trimethoxy(octyl)silane; the MPS-Phenyl was generated with the coupling agent Trimethoxy phenyl silane; and the MPS-Phenylethyl was generated with the coupling agent Trimethoxy(2- phenylethyl)silane. The remaining of the functionalized MPS were modified using a silane coupling agent comprising a ethoxy (-OC2H5) group.Example 3: Generating Immune Responses Using Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Rods(MSRs / MPS) This study evaluated the immune response generated by select modified MPS. Specifically, this study aimed to determine whether the modified MPS (MPS-R) could elicit a stronger or distinct immune response compared to the unmodified MPS (MPS-OH) and exhibit immunogenic properties. To test this, six types of modified MPS were selected: amine (NH2-MPS), phenylethyl (C6H5-MPS), diamine ((NH2)2-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine (NH2-PEG-MPS), and PEG (OH-PEG-MPS). Vaccines were formulated by adsorbing cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) and ovalbumin AF647 (Ova) onto the MPS. Vaccine Manufacture: Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647)-labeled Ovalbumin plus CpG were loaded onto unmodified-MPS and modified MPS. The bolus vaccine consisted of the same amounts of each vaccine component but delivered in PBS (without MPS). Vaccines were lyophilized and were resuspended in PBS right before injection. Each injection contained 200 mcL of PBS, 100 mcg of CpG, and 50 mcg of Ova. Animal: For this study 16 Male BALB / c, aged 15-16 weeks were used. Each group of vaccine had n=2. Blood serum was collected and titers from Days 0, 7, 14. Titers: Antibody titers was performed and analyzed using the similar procedure which is published online (M. C. Sobral, L. Cabizzosu, S. J. Kang, Z. Feng, H. Ijaz, D. J. Mooney, Modulati 59 ME147656195v.1 Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) ng Adjuvant Release Kinetics From Scaffold Vaccines to Tune Adaptive Immune Responses. Adv. Healthcare Mater.2024, 2304574). FIG.8 shows Day 14 IgG immune responses caused by functionalized MPS having the following surface modifications: amine (NH2-MPS), unmodified (OH-MPS), phenylethyl (phenylethyl-MPS), diamine (diamine-MPS), octadecyl (C18-MPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine (NH2-PEG-MPS), and PEG (OH-PEG-MPS). FIG. 8 shows that different types of functionalized MPS triggered different immune responses. For example, some of the functionalized MPS produced a higher immune response as compared to bolus administration and / or unmodified MPS. In additional studies with unmodified MPS (data not shown), immune responses were generally found to peak at later time points, e.g., at about Day 48. In contrast, as demonstrated herein, the functionalized MPS can induce immune responsesat earlier time points. Overall, this study confirms that different functionalized MPS can influence immune responses based on the type of vaccine adjuvant used, and this response may be fine-tuned as needed. Incorporation by Reference All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control. Equivalents Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the present disclosure described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 60 ME147656195v.1

Claims

Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) CLAIMS 1. A functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) comprising a surface modification; wherein the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the surface modification is by a silane coupling agent having a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof.

2. A functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) which is a product of surface modification; wherein the surface modification is the result of a reaction between a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3group and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof.

3. The R – MPS of claim 1 or 2, wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2–) or an isomer thereof (Cn–), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4 –); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18 –); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); 61 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof.

4. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises the spacer (L), optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer.

5. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the silane coupling agentcomprises a trimethoxy group, a triethoxy group, or a combination thereof.

6. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the silane coupling agentcomprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – Si(OCH3)3, R – L –Si(OCH3)3, and combinations thereof.

7. The R – MPS of claim 6, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2– Si(OCH3)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OCH3)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5– Si(OCH3)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2– Si(OCH3)3or Cn– Si(OCH3)3and / or CnH2n+2– L – Si(OCH3)3or Cn– L – Si(OCH3)3; C4– Si(OCH3)3and / or C4– L – Si(OCH3)3; C8– Si(OCH3)3and / or C8– L – Si(OCH3)3; C18– Si(OCH3)3and / or C18– L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH – Si(OCH3)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof.

8. The R – MPS of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises achemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, andcombinations thereof.

9. The R – MPS of claim 8, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or (NH2)2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; 62 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) (CH2CH2O)n – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C6H5 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C4 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C18 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or COOH – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof.

10. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, which is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS;(CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS;C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS;CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L – MPS;C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS;C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS;C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L – MPS;COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L – MPS;Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS;NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; andcombinations thereof.

11. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising an agent.

12. The R – MPS of claim 11, wherein the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption.

13. The R – MPS of claim 11, wherein the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS covalently or non- covalently.

14. The R – MPS of any one of claims 11-13, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof. 63 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 15. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the altered physicochemical property is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof.

16. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS.

17. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS.

18. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, which has a positive surface charge, a negative surface charge, or a neutral surface charge.

19. The R – MPS of any one of the preceding claims, which is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR).

20. An injectable or implantable composition for controlled release of an agent, comprising the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) of any one of claims 1-19.

21. An injectable or implantable composition for controlled release of an agent, comprising: a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS); and an agent loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption. 64 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 22. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 20 or 21, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof.

23. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 20-22, which comprises a plurality of R – MPS.

24. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 23, wherein the plurality of R – MPS comprises at least two different types of R – MPS.

25. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 24, wherein each type of R – MPS is independently the product a surface modification, wherein the surface modification involves a reaction between a silane coupling agent having the chemical formula R – SiX3and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is a methoxy group (– OCH3) or an ethoxy group (– OC2H5).

26. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 25, wherein each type of R – MPS comprises the same or different functional group, optionally wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa; a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2–) or an isomer thereof (Cn–), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8–); an octadecyl (C18–); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof. 65 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 27. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 25 or 26, wherein each type of R – MPS comprises the same or different agent, optionally wherein at least one type of R – MPS comprises an active agent and at least one type of R – MPS comprises an adjuvant.

28. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-27, wherein each type of R – MPS was fabricated using the same or different silane coupling agent, optionally wherein: (a) the silane coupling agent further comprises a spacer (L) and has the chemical formula R – L – SiX3, optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer; (b) the silane coupling agent has the chemical formula R – Si(OCH3)3 or R – L – Si(OCH3)3, optionally wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2 – Si(OCH3)3 and / or (NH2)2 – L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OCH3)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5– Si(OCH3)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OCH3)3 or Cn – Si(OCH3)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OCH3)3 or Cn – L – Si(OCH3)3; C4– Si(OCH3)3and / or C4– L – Si(OCH3)3; C8– Si(OCH3)3and / or C8– L – Si(OCH3)3; C18– Si(OCH3)3and / or C18– L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH – Si(OCH3)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof; and / or (c) the silane coupling agent has the chemical formula R – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3,optionally wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OC2H5)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OC2H5)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4– Si(OC2H5)3and / or C4– L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C18 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or COOH – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; 66 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof.

29. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-28, wherein each type of R – MPS is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS;(CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS;C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS;CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L – MPS;C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS;C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS;C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L – MPS;COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L – MPS;Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS;NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; andcombinations thereof.

30. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-29, wherein each type of R – MPS is independently present in the composition at about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more.

31. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-30, wherein the composition is characterized by a release profile for the agent selected from the group consisting of (i) fast release, which is characterized by release of the agent over a period of hours to days; (ii) medium release, which is characterized by release of the agent over a period of days to weeks; and (iii) slow release, which is characterized by release of the agent over a period of weeks to months.

32. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-31, wherein the altered physicochemical property is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; 67 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof.

33. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-32, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS.

34. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-33, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS.

35. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-34, which has a positive surface charge, a negative surface charge, or a neutral surface charge.

36. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-35, which is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR).

37. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-36, which comprises unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS) and is characterized by fast release of the agent.

38. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-36, which comprises about 75% to about 95% unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH – MPS), and about 15% to about 25% of amine-functionalized MPS (NH2– MPS) and is characterized by medium release of the agent.

39. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-36, which comprises anamine-functionalized MPS (NH2 – MPS), and is characterized by slow release of the agent.68 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 40. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 25-39, which comprises a plurality of active agents, optionally, wherein the plurality of active agents comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten or more active agents.

41. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 40, wherein each active agent is independently adsorbed to the MSP surface modified with a functional group.

42. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 41, wherein each active agent independently binds to a functional group.

43. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 40-42, wherein each active agent is independently released over a pre-determined time period in vitro and / or in vivo.

44. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 43, wherein at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of the active agent is released over the pre- determined time period.

45. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 43 or 44, wherein the pre-determined time period comprises at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours or more; at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days or more; at least about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or more; or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months or more; optionally wherein the pre-determined time period comprises between about 1 day to about 60 days.

46. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 40-45, which comprises (i) a population of MSR surface modified with a cationic functional group; (ii) a population of MSR surface modified with an anionic functional group; (iii) a population of MSR surface modified with a neutral functional group; and / or (iv) a population of MSR surface modified with a hydrophobic functional group.

47. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 46, comprising at least 2, 3, or 4 of (i) a population of MSR surface modified with a cationic functional group; (ii) a population of MSR surface modified with an anionic functional group; (iii) a population of MSR surface modified with a neutral functional group; and (iv) a population of MSR surface modified with a hydrophobic functional group. 69 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 48. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 46 or 47, wherein (i)-(iv) are independently present in the composition at a concentration ranging between about 1% to about 100%, optionally, wherein: (i) a population of MSR surface modified with a cationic functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more; (ii) a population of MSR surface modified with an anionic functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more; (iii) a population of MSR surface modified with a neutral functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more; and / or (iv) a population of MSR surface modified with a hydrophobic functional group is present in the composition at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, or about 95% or more.

49. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 46-48, wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of an atom, a chemical group, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a nucleobase, a sugar, a nucleic acid, an amino acid, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein, a protein complex, a small molecule, a biologic, and a cell.

50. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 46-49, wherein the active agent is a chemoattractant for immune cells.

51. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 50, wherein the chemoattractant for immune cells comprises a growth factor, a cytokine, and / or a chemokine.

52. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 51, wherein the chemoattractant for immune cells comprises a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

53. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 46-52, wherein the active agent is an adjuvant.

54. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 53, wherein the adjuvant comprises a cytokine, a cytosine-guanosine oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), or a toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand. 70 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 55. The injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 20-54, wherein the active agent comprises an antigen.

56. The injectable or implantable composition of claim 55, wherein the antigen comprises a cancer antigen or a non-cancer antigen.

57. A method of preventing or treating a disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject the R – MPS of any one of claims 1-19, or the injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 20-56, thereby preventing or treating the disease in the subject.

58. A method of promoting an immune response in a subject, comprising administering to the subject the R – MPS of any one of claims 1-19, or the injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 20-56, thereby promoting an immune response in the subject.

59. A method of inducing a systemic antigen-specific immune response to said a vaccine antigen and / or inducing homing of a vaccine antigen-specific immune cells to a lymph node, comprising administering to a subject the R – MPS of any one of claims 1-19, or the injectable or implantable composition of any one of claims 20-56.

60. A method of making a vaccine, comprising providing a suspension of mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) surface modified with a functional group; contacting said MSRs surface modified with a functional group with a vaccine antigen, an adjuvant, an immune cell recruitment compound, and / or an immune cell activation compound.

61. A method of making a composition for controlled release of one or more active agents, comprising providing a suspension of mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) surface modified with a functional group; and contacting said MSRs surface modified with a functional group with one or more active agents.

62. The method of claim 60 or 61, wherein the MSRs comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) comprising a surface modification; wherein the surface modification comprises a functional group (R) that alters a physicochemical property of an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the surface modification is by a silane coupling agent having a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; and 71 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof.

63. The method of claim 60 or 61, wherein the MSRs comprise a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS) which is a product of surface modification; wherein the surface modification is the result of a reaction between a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3 group and a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof.

64. A method of making a functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (R – MPS), comprising reacting a silane coupling agent comprising a SiX3group with a hydroxyl group (– OH) on an unmodified – MPS (OH – MPS), wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – SiX3, R – L – SiX3, and combinations thereof, wherein L is a spacer; wherein R is a functional group that alters a physicochemical property of the OH – MPS; and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group (– OCH3), an ethoxy group (– OC2H5), and combinations thereof.

65. The method of any one of claims 62-64, wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of a diamine ((NH2)2–); a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ((CH2CH2O)n–), wherein n is the number of ethylene oxide units, optionally corresponding to a molecular weight of about 250 Da to about 10 kDa a phenylethyl (C6H5–); an acyclic alkane (CnH2n+2 –) or an isomer thereof (Cn –), wherein n is an integer between 1 to 18; a tetra (C4–); an octyl (C8 –); an octadecyl (C18 –); a carboxylic acid (COOH –); a maleimide (Maleimide –); 72 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) a biotin (Biotin –); a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS –); and combinations thereof.

66. The method of any one of claims 62-65, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises the spacer (L), optionally wherein L comprises a chemical formula selected from the group consisting of (CH2)n, (CH2CH2O)n, and combinations thereof, wherein n is an integer.

67. The method of any one of claims 62-66, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a trimethoxy group, a triethoxy group, or a combination thereof.

68. The method of any one of claims 62-67, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises achemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – Si(OCH3)3, R – L – Si(OCH3)3, andcombinations thereof.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2– Si(OCH3)3and / or (NH2)2– L – Si(OCH3)3; (CH2CH2O)n– Si(OCH3)3and / or (CH2CH2O)n– L – Si(OCH3)3; C6H5– Si(OCH3)3and / or C6H5– L – Si(OCH3)3; CnH2n+2– Si(OCH3)3or Cn– Si(OCH3)3and / or CnH2n+2– L – Si(OCH3)3or Cn– L – Si(OCH3)3; C4– Si(OCH3)3and / or C4– L – Si(OCH3)3; C8– Si(OCH3)3and / or C8– L – Si(OCH3)3; C18– Si(OCH3)3and / or C18– L – Si(OCH3)3; COOH – Si(OCH3)3and / or COOH – L – Si(OCH3)3; Maleimide – Si(OCH3)3and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OCH3)3; Biotin – Si(OCH3)3and / or Biotin – L – Si(OCH3)3; NHS – Si(OCH3)3and / or NHS – L – Si(OCH3)3; and combinations thereof.

70. The method of any one of claims 62-67, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises achemical formula selected from the group consisting of R – Si(OC2H5)3 or R – L – Si(OC2H5)3, andcombinations thereof.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of 73 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) (NH2)2 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or (NH2)2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; (CH2CH2O)n – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C6H5 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C6H5 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; CnH2n+2 – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or CnH2n+2 – L – Si(OC2H5)3 or Cn – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C4 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C4 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C8 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C8 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; C18 – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or C18 – L – Si(OC2H5)3; COOH – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or COOH – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Maleimide – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Maleimide – L – Si(OC2H5)3; Biotin – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or Biotin – L – Si(OC2H5)3; NHS – Si(OC2H5)3 and / or NHS – L – Si(OC2H5)3; and combinations thereof.

72. The method of any one of claims 62-71, wherein the R – MPS is selected from the group consisting of (NH2)2 – MPS and / or (NH2)2 – L – MPS;(CH2CH2O)n – MPS and / or (CH2CH2O)n – L – MPS;C6H5 – MPS and / or C6H5 – L – MPS;CnH2n+2 – MPS or Cn – MPS and / or CnH2n+2 – L – MPS or Cn – L – MPS;C4 – MPS and / or C4 – L – MPS;C8 – MPS and / or C8 – L – MPS;C18 – MPS and / or C18 – L – MPS;COOH – MPS and / or COOH – L – MPS;Maleimide – MPS and / or Maleimide – L – MPS;Biotin – MPS and / or Biotin – L – MPS;NHS – MPS and / or NHS – L – MPS; andcombinations thereof.

73. The method of any one of claims 62-72, wherein the R – MPS further comprises an agent.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS by adsorption.

75. The method of claim 73, wherein the agent is loaded onto the R – MPS covalently or non- covalently. 74 ME147656195v.1Attorney Docket No.: 117823-36720 (HU 9637) 76. The method of any one of claims 73-75, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an active agent, an adjuvant, and combinations thereof.

77. The method of any one of claims 62-76, wherein the altered physicochemical property is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydroxyl content on the surface of the R – MPS; (ii) surface charge (zeta potential) of the R – MPS; (iii) surface area of the R – MPS; (iv) pore volume of the R – MPS; (v) pore width distribution of the R – MPS; (vi) hydrophobicity of the R – MPS; (vii) loading of an agent by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (viii) release kinetics of an agent loaded by adsorption onto the R – MPS; (ix) immunogenicity of the R – MPS; and (x) combinations thereof.

78. The method of any one of claims 62-77, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS.

79. The method of any one of claims 62-78, wherein the alteration of the physicochemical property comprises a decrease of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100% or more relative to a reference value or amount for the OH – MPS.

80. The method of any one of claims 62-79, wherein the R – MPS has a positive surface charge, a negative surface charge, or a neutral surface charge.

81. The method of any one of claims 62-80, wherein the R – MPS is a mesoporous silica rod (MSR). 75 ME147656195v.1

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