Adsorbent composition comprising plurality of particles of clay coupled to amino-silanes

Abstract

An adsorbent composition comprising: a plurality of particles of an acid-activated clay with a predetermined particle size. Each particle may have a surface comprising metal oxides or metal hydroxides and each particle may have a surface modified by coupling the metal oxides to ligands comprising amino-silane coupling agents configured to adsorb impurities. Each amino-silane coupling agents may comprise an alkoxysilane group and an amine group. The alkoxysilane group may couple to the metal oxide or metal peroxide of each particle. The adsorbent composition may comprise the amino-silane coupling agent and the acid-activated clay with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (the acid-activated clay: the amino-silane coupling agent). The acid-activated clay may comprise a plurality of pore with a predetermined diameter formed between particles.

Description

ADSORBENT COMPOSITION COMPRISING PLURALITY OF PARTICLES OFCLAY COUPLED TO AMINO-SILANESTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure is generally related to an exemplary composition for removing impurities, and more particularly to an exemplary adsorbent composition for removing organic impurities from oil products.BACKGROUND

[0002] Edible oils are fatty liquids which may be physically derived from a variety of seeds and animal tissues. Crud forms of edible oils include a considerable amount of unwanted contaminants such as impurities. Refining removes these contaminants from edible oils, making it suitable for use in food products.

[0003] Bleaching is one of the several processes of purifying that make up the refining process. An adsorbent is added during the bleaching process in order to eliminate trace metals, organic impurities, and coloured materials such as carotene and chlorophyll. Using natural or acid-activated bleaching clay as the adsorbent in the bleaching process has been standard procedure in industrial scale. But still the aldehyde amounts exceed the permissible limits according to the standards (the reference value is 90 micrograms per day). Therefore, there is need to develop an adsorbent which can reduce the aldehyde amounts of edible oils to the standard range.SUMMARY

[0004] This summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter of the present disclosure, and is not intended to identify essential elements or key elements of the subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to determine the scope of the claimed implementations. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more exemplaryaspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. The proper scope of the present disclosure may be ascertained from the claims set forth below in view of the detailed description below and the drawings.

[0005] One or more exemplary embodiments describe an adsorbent composition for adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorption composition may comprise a plurality of exemplary particles of an exemplary acid-activated clay with a predetermined particle size. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have an exemplary surface comprising exemplary metal oxides or exemplary metal hydroxides. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have an exemplary surface modified by coupling exemplary metal oxides to exemplary ligands comprising exemplary amino-silane coupling agents configured to adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary amino- silane coupling agents may comprise an exemplary alkoxysilane group and an exemplary amine group. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary alkoxy silane group may couple to an exemplary metal oxide or an exemplary metal peroxide of each exemplary particle. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent and an exemplary acid-activated clay with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (an exemplary acid-activated clay: an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary acid-activated clay may comprise a plurality of exemplary pore with a predetermined diameter formed between exemplary particles.

[0006] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary acid-activated clay may be selected from the group consisting of acid-activated bentonite, acid-activated kaolinite, acid-activated illite, acid-activated chlorite, acid-activated smectite, acid-activated vermiculite, acid- activated laponite, acid-activated nacrite, acid-activated halloysite, acid-activated attapulgite. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have a predetermined particlesize between 1.7 mm and 45 p. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent may be selected from the group consisting of 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy - Silane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, aminopropyl triethoxylsilane, n- octyltriethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)- 11 -aminoundecyltrimethoxy silane, 3 -trimethoxy silylpropyl, diethylenetriamine, and glutaraldehyde caught scavenger. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary pore of an exemplary acid-activated clay may have a predetermined diameter 0.17 p and 0.31 p. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may adsorb exemplary impurities comprising aldehydes, ketones, dyes, heavy metals, vaxes, phospholipids, soap scum, and lime soap. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorption composition may adsorb exemplary impurities from water and neutralized edible oil.

[0007] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary process of adsorbing exemplary impurities from an exemplary neutralized edible oil by using an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise heating an exemplary neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C in an exemplary container connected to an exemplary vacuum pump using a paraphing bath, while stirring on a heater-stirrer; forming an exemplary oily mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and an exemplary neutralized edible oil; and forming an exemplary clear and purified form of an exemplary neutralized edible oil. In an exemplary embodiment, forming an exemplary oily mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and an exemplary neutralized edible oil may comprise adding an exemplary adsorbent composition to an exemplary container comprising an exemplary neutralized edible oil, while stirring on a heater- stirrer, at a temperature level between 95 °C and 105 °C, and for a time duration between 25 minutes and 35 minutes. In an exemplary embodiment, forming an exemplary clear and purified form of an exemplary neutralizededible oil may comprise filtering an exemplary oily mixture using Bucher funnel for a time duration between 5 hours and 24 hours.

[0008] One or more exemplary embodiments describe an adsorbent composition for adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorption composition may comprise a plurality of exemplary particles of an exemplary acid-activated clay comprising acid-activated bentonite with a predetermined particle size between 1.7 mm and 45 p. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have an exemplary surface comprising exemplary metal oxides comprising silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have an exemplary surface modified by coupling exemplary metal oxides to exemplary ligands comprising exemplary amino-silane coupling agents consisting of 3 -Amino -Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes configured to adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, each 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri- Ethoxy-Silanes may comprise triethoxysilane group and an exemplary amine group. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary triethoxy silane group may couple to an exemplary metal oxide or an exemplary metal peroxide of each exemplary particle. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri- Ethoxy-Silanes and acid-activated bentonite with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (acid- activated bentonite: 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes). In an exemplary embodiment, acid-activated bentonite may comprise a plurality of exemplary pore with a predetermined diameter formed between exemplary particles.

[0009] This Summary may introduce a number of concepts in a simplified format; the concepts are further disclosed within the “Detailed Description” section. This Summary is not intended to configure essential / key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present disclosure, as to its structure, organization, use and method of operation, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following drawings in which an exemplary embodiment will now be illustrated by way of example. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of one or more exemplary embodiments. One or more exemplary embodiments will now be described by way of example in association with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic structure of an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary schematic structure of an exemplary surface of an exemplary acid-activated clay comprising bentonite, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary schematic structure of an exemplary surface of an exemplary particle of an exemplary adsorbent composition, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary schematic adsorption of an exemplary impurity comprising glutaraldehyde to an exemplary surface of an exemplary adsorption composition;

[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates flowchart of an exemplary method for producing an exemplary adsorption composition, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates a reaction for producing an exemplary adsorption composition comprising an exemplary acid-activated clay modified by coupling an exemplary metal oxideof an exemplary acid-activated clay with an exemplary amino- silane coupling agent, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates flowchart of an exemplary method for adsorbing exemplary impurities from an exemplary neutralized edible oil by using an exemplary adsorbent composition, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings related to exemplary embodiments. However, it should be apparent that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and / or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.

[0019] The following detailed description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the methods and devices disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments. For purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of one or more exemplary embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to exemplary implementations will be plain to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the scope of one or more exemplary embodiments. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

[0020] An exemplary embodiment is directed to an exemplary adsorbent composition for adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise a plurality of exemplary particles of an exemplary acid-activated clay with a predetermined particle size. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary acid- activated clay may be selected from the group consisting of acid-activated bentonite, acid- activated kaolinite, acid-activated illite, acid-activated chlorite, acid-activated smectite, acid- activated vermiculite, acid-activated laponite, acid-activated nacrite, acid-activated halloysite, acid-activated attapulgite. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have an exemplary surface comprising exemplary metal oxides or exemplary metal hydroxides. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary metal oxide may be selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, ferric oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, and titanium oxide. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have an exemplary surface modified by coupling exemplary metal oxides to exemplary ligands comprising exemplary amino-silane coupling agents configured to adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary amino-silane coupling agent may comprise an exemplary alkoxysilane group and an exemplary amine group. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent may be selected from the group consisting of 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy- Silane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, aminopropyl triethoxylsilane, n- octyltriethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)- 11 -aminoundecyltrimethoxy silane, 3 -trimethoxy silylpropyl, diethylenetriamine, and glutaraldehyde caught scavenger. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary alkoxysilane group may couple to an exemplary metal oxide or an exemplary metal peroxide of each exemplary particle. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary alkoxysilane group may be selected from the group consisting of pentoxy-silane, hexoxy- silane, heptoxy-silane, andoctoxy-silane. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary amine group may comprise primary (1°) amine. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent and an exemplary acid-activated clay with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (an exemplary acid-activated clay: an exemplary amino- silane coupling agent). In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle of an exemplary acid-activated clay may have a particle size between 1.7 mm and 45 p. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent clay may comprise a plurality of exemplary pore with a predetermined diameter formed between exemplary particles. In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined diameter of pore may be between 0.17 p and 0.31 p. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may adsorb exemplary c ^impurities comprising aldehydes, ketones, dyes, aldehydes, ketones, heavy metals, vaxes, phospholipids, soap scum, and lime soap. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorption composition may adsorb exemplary impurities from water, and an exemplary neutralized edible oil. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary neutralized edible oil may be selected from the group consisting of sunflower oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and other liquid oils.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise a plurality of exemplary particles of an exemplary acid-activated clay comprising acid-activated bentonite with a predetermined particle size between 1.7 mm and 45 p. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have a surface comprising exemplary metal oxides comprising silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide. In an exemplary embodiment, each exemplary particle may have a surface modified by coupling exemplary metal oxides to exemplary ligands comprising exemplary amino-silane coupling agents consisting of 3- Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes configured to adsorb exemplary impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, each 3-Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane may comprise atriethoxy silane group and an exemplary amine group. In an exemplary embodiment, the triethoxy silane group may couple to the silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide of each exemplary particles. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may comprise the 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes and an exemplary acid-activated bentonite with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (an exemplary acid-activated bentonite: the 3-Amino- Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary acid-activated bentonite may comprise a plurality of exemplary pores with a predetermined diameter between 0.17 p and 0.31 p formed between exemplary particles. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorbent composition may adsorb exemplary impurities comprising aldehydes, ketones, dyes, aldehydes, ketones, heavy metals, vaxes, phospholipids, soap scum, and lime soap. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorption composition may adsorb exemplary impurities from water, and an exemplary neutralized edible oil. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary neutralized edible oil may be selected from the group consisting of sunflower oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and other liquid oils.

[0022] “Adsorbent” may refer to a solid material with a property that allows one or more other substances (referred to as the “adsorbate”) to adhere to the surface of the adsorbent, through the processes of chemisorption, which involves covalent binding or physisorption, which involves intermolecular forces between the adsorbate and the adsorbent, some of which may involve hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces, or electrostatic forces. “Particle” may refer to a minuscule of a matter, one of the minuscule bits of a matter, or a single, tiny bit of energy or matter that resembles a point. “Impurity” may refer to substances that are present in trace amounts in another substance and cause it to become contaminated or of a poor quality. “Ligand” may refer to a portion of a molecule that incudes negatively charged elements. In other words, ligand may refer to a site where complex creation occurs.

[0023] “Clay” may refer to the phyllosilicate mineral family that is made up of diversified group of hydrous layer aluminosilicate. In other words, clay may refer to hydrous layer aluminosilicates with particles smaller than 2 p. In another words, clay may refer to a hydrous aluminosilicates made up of metal oxides, fine-grained clay mineral mixes, and colloid fractions from rocks, soils, sediments, and water. “Acid-activated” may refer to a process of chemical modification clays, that reacting clays with a hot solution of a mineral acid (commonly hydrochloric acid or Sulfuric acid). “Amino-silane” or “Silanamine” or “Silylamine” or “ Silicyl amide” or “Silanamine” may refer an N-silyl compound or silane in which a hydrogen was substituted by a group of amines. “Neutralized edible oil” may refer to an edible oil that the free fatty acids were removed from it.

[0024] As human society develops quickly, impurities are becoming one of the main sources of contaminants and a significant health problem. Even in trace amounts, dyes and impurities in edible oil are toxic to living beings. Thus, dyes and impurities must be removed from edible oil. Removing dyes and impurities from edible oil may be performed using a variety of techniques, including adsorption, coagulation, and flocculation. Adsorption is one of a method of equilibrium separation that may be used to extract dyes and impurities from edible oil. Clay are widely available, inexpensive, and eco-friendly materials that have proven effective in removing impurities from liquids. Adsorbents may be changed to increase their adsorption capacity. In the present disclosure, an exemplary adsorption composition may be developed. In order to solving problems described above, an exemplary clay may be modified by silylation an exemplary metal oxide of surface of an exemplary clay. Therefore, after silylation, an exemplary clay may adsorb impurities with two methods including adsorbing impurities by exemplary pores, and creating covalent graft between an exemplary amine group of an exemplary amino- silane coupling agent and an exemplary aldehyde or ketone group of exemplary impurities.

[0025] Referring to figures, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic structure 100 of an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent comprising 3-Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, an exemplary amino- silane coupling agent comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy- Silane may comprise an exemplary alkoxy silane group consisting of triethoxy silane 102 and an exemplary amine group consisting of propyl amine 104. Referring to figures, FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary schematic structure 200 of an exemplary surface of an exemplary acid-activated clay comprising bentonite, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, an exemplary surface of an exemplary acid-activated clay comprising bentonite may comprise exemplary groups of metal oxide 202. Referring to figures, FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary schematic structure of an exemplary surface of an exemplary particle of an exemplary adsorbent composition 300, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, an exemplary surface of an exemplary particle may comprise exemplary metal oxides 202 coupled to exemplary amino- silane coupling agents comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri- Ethoxy-Silane 100. Referring to figures, FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary schematic adsorption 400 of an exemplary impurity comprising glutaraldehyde 402 to an exemplary surface of an exemplary adsorption composition 300. As shown in FIG. 4, an exemplary impurity comprising glutaraldehyde 402 may be adsorbed by an exemplary surface of an exemplary adsorption composition 300. The adsorbing process of glutaraldehyde 402 may comprise creating a covalent graft between the aldehyde functional groups of glutaraldehyde and the primary (1°) amine of an exemplary adsorption composition, that may result in producing the imine functional group, and then glutaraldehyde may be adsorbed to a surface of an exemplary adsorption composition by strong double bonds.

[0026] Referring to figures, FIG. 5 illustrates flowchart of an exemplary method 500 for producing an exemplary adsorption composition, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method 500 may comprise: forming an exemplary first mixture comprising an exemplary acid- activated clay and toluene (step 502); forming an exemplary second mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and toluene (step 504); removing toluene from an exemplary second mixture (step 106).

[0027] In further detail with respect to step 502, step 502 may include forming an exemplary first mixture comprising an exemplary acid-activated clay and toluene. In an exemplary embodiment, forming an exemplary first mixture comprising an exemplary acid- activated clay and toluene may include dispersing an exemplary acid-activated clay in toluene with a weight ratio between 5:1 and 5:3 in an exemplary laboratory container including, but not limited to, beakers, tins, flasks, bottles, buckets, basins, bowls, vials, tubes, barrels, cannisters, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, dispersing an exemplary acid-activated clay in toluene with a weight ratio between 5:1 and 5:2 in an exemplary laboratory container may include adding an exemplary acid-activated clay (e.g., using spatula) with a concentration between 200 gr / 1000 ml and 400gr / 1000 ml (with respect to the final volume of an exemplary first mixture), and toluene (e.g., using a sampler, graduated cylinder / tube, etc.) to an exemplary laboratory container, such as a beaker, while an exemplary container may be connected to an exemplary refrigerant. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary acid- activated clay may be selected from the group consisting of acid-activated bentonite, acid- activated kaolinite, acid-activated illite, acid-activated chlorite, acid-activated smectite, acid- activated vermiculite, acid-activated laponite, acid-activated nacrite, acid-activated halloysite, acid-activated attapulgite, acid-activated dicite, acid-activated sepiolite, and acid- activated sodium smectite.

[0028] In further detail with respect to step 504, step 504 may include forming an exemplary second mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and toluene. In an exemplary embodiment, forming an exemplary second mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and toluene may include adding an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane to an exemplary first mixture in an exemplary laboratory container including, but not limited to, beakers, tins, flasks, bottles, buckets, basins, bowls, vials, tubes, barrels, cannisters, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, adding an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy- Silanes to an exemplary first mixture in an exemplary laboratory container may include adding an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy- Silanes (e.g., using spatula) to an exemplary laboratory container, such as a beaker, while an exemplary container may be connected to an exemplary refrigerant. Referring to figures, FIG. 6 illustrates a reaction 600 for producing an exemplary adsorption composition comprising an exemplary acid-activated clay modified by coupling an exemplary metal oxide 202 of an exemplary acid-activated clay with an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent 100, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. After adding an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent 100 comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy- Silanes to an exemplary first mixture, an exemplary adsorbent composition 300 comprising an exemplary acid-activated clay modified by coupling an exemplary metal oxide of an exemplary acid-activated clay with an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent may be produced by reacting an exemplary amino-silane coupling agent comprising 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes 200 with an exemplary metal oxide 202 on an exemplary surface of an exemplary acid-activated clay. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary adsorption composition 300 may be produced by an exemplary reaction 600 at a temperature between 200 °C and 300 °C, and for a time duration between 50 minutes and 70 minutes.

[0029] In further detail with respect to step 506, step 506 may include removing toluene from an exemplary second mixture. In an exemplary embodiment, details of step 506 for removing toluene from an exemplary second mixture are described in context of elements presented in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method of step 506 for removing toluene from an exemplary second mixture, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method 600 of step 506 may comprise: filtering an exemplary second mixture through a Bucher funnel connected to a vacuum pump (step 602); and drying the filtered mixture (step 604).

[0030] In further detail with respect to step 602, step 602 may include filtering an exemplary second mixture through a Bucher funnel connected to a vacuum pump. In an exemplary embodiment, filtering an exemplary second mixture through a Bucher funnel connected to a vacuum pump may include passing an exemplary second mixture through the Bucher funnel connected to the vacuum pump. In an exemplary embodiment, an activated carbon may be placed between the vacuum pump and the Bucher funnel.

[0031] In further detail with respect to step 604, step 604 may include drying the filtered mixture. In an exemplary embodiment, drying the filtered mixture may include drying the filtered mixture by a vacuum desiccator.

[0032] Referring to figures, FIG. 7 illustrates flowchart of an exemplary method 700 for adsorbing exemplary impurities from an exemplary neutralized edible oil by using an exemplary adsorbent composition, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method 700 may comprise: heating an exemplary neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C (step 702); forming an exemplary oily mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and an exemplary neutralized edible oil (step 704); and forming a clear and purified form of an exemplary neutralized edible oil (step 706).

[0033] In further detail with respect to step 702, step 702 may include heating an exemplary neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C. In an exemplary embodiment, heating an exemplary neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C may include heating an exemplary neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C in a container connected to a vacuum pump, while a container may be placed in a paraphing bath stirring on a heater-stirrer. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary container may include but not limited to, beakers, tins, flasks, bottles, buckets, basins, bowls, vials, tubes, barrels, cannisters, etc.

[0034] In further detail with respect to step 704, step 704 may include forming an exemplary oily mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and an exemplary neutralized edible oil. In an exemplary embodiment, forming an exemplary oily mixture comprising an exemplary adsorbent composition and an exemplary neutralized edible oil may include adding an exemplary adsorbent composition to an exemplary container comprising an exemplary heated neutralized edible oil (prepared in step 702), while stirring on a heaterstirrer, at a temperature level between 95 °C and 105 °C, and for a time duration between 25 minutes and 35 minutes.

[0035] In further detail with respect to step 706, step 706 may include forming a clear and purified form of an exemplary neutralized edible oil. In an exemplary embodiment, forming a clear and purified form of an exemplary neutralized edible oil may include removing an exemplary adsorption composition by filtering an exemplary oily mixture through a Bucher funnel.EXAMPLES

[0036] Hereinafter, one or more exemplary embodiments will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It will be obvious to a person having ordinary skill in theart that these examples may be for illustrative purposes only and are not to be interpreted to limit the scope of one or more exemplary embodiments.Example 1: Producing an exemplary adsorbent composition

[0037] In this example, an exemplary procedure of producing an exemplary adsorbent composition was described. For this purpose, an acid-activated bentonite was dispersed in toluene in a beaker with a final concentration 200gr / ml and 400gr / ml. Then, a powder of 3- Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane was added to the container while the container was connected to a refrigerant and a mixture was produced. The mixture was stirring for a time duration between 50 minutes and 70 minutes and an exemplary adsorption composition was produced. Then, toluene was removed using vacuum pump and vacuum desiccator.Example 2: Purifying an edible oil using an exemplary adsorbent composition

[0038] In this example, an exemplary procedure of purifying an edible oil using an exemplary adsorbent composition was described. For this purpose, the edible oil was neutralized. After that, the neutralized edible oil was heated to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C in a container while was connected to a vacuum pump, using a paraphing bath, while stirring on a heater- stirrer. Then, an exemplary adsorbent composition was added to the container comprising the neutralized edible oil, while stirring on a heater- stirrer, at a temperature level between 95 °C and 105 °C, and for a time duration between 25 minutes and 35 minutes and an oily mixture was produced. The final oily mixture was filtered through a Bucher funnel.Example 3: Measuring the peroxide value, the anisidine value, the acid value and the Lovibond colour of the edible oil purified with an exemplary adsorption composition

[0039] In order to measure the peroxide value of the purified edible oil, about 5-15 mg of the purified edible oil (that was purified with an exemplary adsorption composition) was sampled and transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask. After that, about 40-80 ml of a mixture ofacetic acid and isooctane was added to the Erlenmeyer flask while stirring until forming a first homogenous mixture comprising the purified edible oil, acetic acid, and isooctane. At next step, about 0.5-1 ml of a saturated solution of potassium iodide was added to the first homogenous mixture and was mixed for 30 seconds and a second homogenous mixture was formed. Then the second homogenous mixture was left in a dark place for 1 minute and after that was mixed again for 30 seconds. After that, about 30 ml of the distilled water was added to the second homogenous mixture and a third mixture was formed. Then, about of 5-10 drops of starch was added to the third mixture and mixed until forming a dark solution. Immediately after forming the dark solution, the dark solution was tittered with sodium thiosulfate (0.1 molar). This procedure was performed exactly for a control solution. The peroxide value was calculated with formula l(Vt: volume of sodium thiosulfate used (sample), Vb: volume of sodium thiosulfate (control), Nt: Normality of sodium thiosulfate, M: sample mass (gr)).Formula

[0040] In order to measure the acid value of the purified edible oil, the solution of phenolphthalein (lwt%) solution was added to the required amount of a solvent comprising a mixture of ethanal and toluene, and it was neutralized with alkali until forming a faint but permanent pink colour. A determined volume of each sample was weighed and poured into the Erlenmeyer flask while it was well stirred. Then, about 120 to 130 ml of solvent compound (equal volume of isopropyl alcohol and toluene) was added to the Erlenmeyer flask. The control sample was titrated using 125 ml of neutralized solvent. Formula 2 was used to calculated the acid value of the purified edible oil (A: volume of standard alkali used in titration (ml), B: volume of standard alkali used in control titration (ml), M: molar concentration of standard alkali, W: weight of the test sample (gr), and mg / mmol KOH =56.1).— ,Formula

[0041] In order to measure the anisidine value of the purified edible oil, about 1-2 g of sodium sulphate was added to 10 gr of each sample. The sample is thoroughly stirred and then strained. With an accuracy of 1 mg, a sufficient amount of the sample was weighed directly in the volumetric flask. The sample was dissolved in 10 ml of isooctane and then was diluted with isooctane solvent. In order to preparing the control solution, about 5 ml of isooctane was transferred to a test tube with a pipette and then 1 ml of anisidine reagent was added. The test tube was kept in the dark place at a temperature of 23 ± 3 °C for 8 minutes. Within 2 minutes, the solutions of each test tube were transferred to a dry and clean spectrometer cell. The spectrometer was adjusted using isooctane solvent to show zero absorbance at 350 nm wavelength. Formula 3 was used to calculated the anisidine value of the purified edible oil (V: the volume of the solvent (ml), M: the weight of each sample (g), Q: Measured solution of each sample (g / ml), Ao: Absorption of unreacted test solution, Ai: Absorption of the reacted test solution, A2: Absorption of the control solution, 1.2: correction factor for dilution of test solution with 1 ml reagent with glacial acetic acid).Formula 3: AV = 100

[0042] Table 1 below shows the measured values (anisidine, acid, Lovibond colour, and peroxide) of the purified edible oil.Table 1: the measured values (anisidine, acid, Lovibond colour, and peroxide) of the purified edible oil, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure

[0043] While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and / or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all applications, modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present teachings.

[0044] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[0045] The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow. That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in the claims when interpreted in light of this specification and the prosecution history that follows and to encompass all structural and functional equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement of Sections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should theybe interpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subject matter is hereby disclaimed.

[0046] Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been stated or illustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedication of any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recited in the claims.

[0047] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. An element proceeded by “a” or “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.

[0048] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[0049] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study, except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as “first” and “second” and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.

[0050] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it may be seen that various features are grouped together in various implementations. This is for purposes of streamlining the disclosure, and is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed implementations require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed implementation. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.

[0051] While various implementations have been described, the description is intended to be exemplary, rather than limiting and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more implementations and implementations are possible that are within the scope of the implementations. Although many possible combinations of features are shown in the accompanying figures and discussed in this detailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed features are possible. Any feature of any implementation may be used in combination with or substituted for any other feature or element in any other implementation unless specifically restricted. Therefore, it will be understood that any of the features shown and / or discussed in the present disclosure may be implemented together in any suitable combination. Accordingly, the implementations are not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the attached claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An adsorbent composition comprising: a plurality of particles of an acid-activated clay with a predetermined particle size, wherein each particle has a surface comprising metal oxides or metal hydroxides, wherein each particle has a surface modified by coupling the metal oxides to ligands comprising amino-silane coupling agents configured to adsorb impurities, wherein each amino-silane coupling agents comprises an alkoxysilane group and an amine group, wherein the alkoxysilane group couples to the metal oxide or metal peroxide of each particles, wherein the adsorbent composition comprises the amino-silane coupling agent and the acid-activated clay with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (the acid-activated clay: the amino-silane coupling agent), wherein the acid-activated clay comprises a plurality of pore with a predetermined diameter formed between particles.

2. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein the acid-activated clay is selected from the group consisting of acid-activated bentonite, acid-activated kaolinite, acid-activated illite, acid-activated chlorite, acid-activated smectite, acid-activated vermiculite, acid-activated laponite, acid-activated nacrite, acid-activated halloysite, acid-activated attapulgite.

3. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein each particle has a predetermined particle size between 1.7 mm and 45 p.

4. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein the amino-silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, aminopropyl triethoxylsilane, n-octyltriethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-l 1-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3- trimethoxy silylpropyl, diethylenetriamine, and glutaraldehyde caught scavenger.

5. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein each pore of the acid-activated clay has a predetermined diameter between 0.17 p and 0.31 p.

6. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent composition adsorbs the impurities comprising aldehydes, ketones, dyes, aldehydes, ketones, heavy metals, vaxes, phospholipids, soap scum, and lime soap.

7. The adsorbent composition of claiml, wherein the adsorption composition adsorbs impurities from water and edible oils.

8. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein the process of adsorbing the impurities from a neutralized edible oil by using the adsorbent composition comprises: heating the neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C in a container connected to a vacuum pump, using a paraphing bath, while stirring on a heater-stirrer; forming an oily mixture comprising the adsorbent composition and the neutralized edible oil, wherein forming the oily mixture comprising the adsorbent composition and the neutralized edible oil comprises: adding the adsorbent composition to the container comprising the neutralized edible oil, while stirring on a heater- stirrer, at a temperature level between 95 °C and 105 °C, and for a time duration between 25 minutes and 35 minutes; forming a clear and purified form of the neutralized edible oil, wherein forming a clear and purified form of the neutralized edible oil comprises: filtering the mixture using Bucher funnel for a time duration between 5 hours and 24 hours.

9. An adsorbent composition comprising: a plurality of particles of an acid-activated clay comprising acid-activated bentonite with a predetermined particle size between 1.7 mm and 45 p, wherein each particle has a surface comprising metal oxides or metal hydroxides comprising silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide, wherein each particle has a surface modified by coupling the metal oxides to ligands comprising amino-silane coupling agents consisting of 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes configured to adsorb impurities, wherein each 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silane comprises a triethoxy silane group and an amine group, wherein the triethoxy silane group couples to the silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide of each particles, wherein the adsorbent composition comprises the 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri-Ethoxy-Silanes and the acid-activated bentonite with a wight ratio between 2:2 and 3:1 (the acid-activated bentonite: the 3 -Amino-Propyl Tri- Ethoxy-Silanes), wherein the acid-activated bentonite comprises a plurality of pore with a predetermined diameter between 0.17 p and 0.31 p formed between particles.

10. The adsorbent composition of claim 9, wherein the adsorbent composition adsorbs the impurities comprising aldehyde, ketone, aldehydes, ketones, heavy metals, vaxes, phospholipids, soap scum, and lime soap.

12. The adsorbent composition of claim9, wherein the adsorbent composition adsorbs impurities from water and edible oils.

11. The adsorbent composition of claim 1, wherein the process of adsorbing the impurities from a neutralized edible oil by using the adsorbent composition comprises:heating the neutralized edible oil to a temperature level between 75 °C and 85 °C in a container connected to a vacuum pump, using a paraphing bath, while stirring on a heater-stirrer; forming an oily mixture comprising the adsorbent composition and the neutralized edible oil, wherein forming the oily mixture comprising the adsorbent composition and the neutralized edible oil comprises: adding the adsorbent composition to the container comprising the neutralized edible oil, while stirring on a heater- stirrer, at a temperature level between 95 °C and 105 °C, and for a time duration between 25 minutes and 35 minutes; forming a clear and purified form of the neutralized edible oil, wherein forming a clear and purified form of the neutralized edible oil comprises: filtering the mixture using Bucher funnel for a time duration between 5 hours and 24 hours.

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