Method for manufacturing polarizer

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polarizer, wherein zinc formate is introduced to at least one of a swelling step, a dyeing step, a cross-linking step, a complementary coloring step, and a washing step. According to the manufacturing method of the present invention, a high-heat-resistant polarizer having a small color change before and after heat-resistant treatment at a high temperature of 100℃ or higher can be produced.

Description

Method for manufacturing polarizers

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polarizer, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing a polarizer having excellent heat resistance at a high temperature of 100°C or higher.

[0002] Polarizing plates used in liquid crystal displays and the like are generally formed by attaching a protective film to one or both sides of a polarizer. The polarizer is manufactured by including a process of uniaxially stretching a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin film, a process of dyeing the polyvinyl alcohol resin film with a dichroic dye and adsorbing the dichroic dye, a process of crosslinking the polyvinyl alcohol resin film to which the dichroic dye has been adsorbed by treating the polyvinyl alcohol resin film with a boric acid aqueous solution, and a process of washing.

[0003] In the above dyeing process, a polarizer that uses iodine as a dichroic dye is called an iodine-based polarizer, and a polarizer that uses a dichroic dye is called a dye-based polarizer. Among these, iodine-based polarizers are widely used because they exhibit higher transmittance and higher polarization degree (high contrast) than dye-based polarizers.

[0004] However, although iodine-based polarizers have superior optical properties compared to dye-based polarizers, their optical durability, etc., is low. For example, if an iodine-based polarizer or a polarizing plate containing the polarizer is left under dry heat, the transmittance may decrease or discoloration may occur.

[0005]

[0006] Recently, as the application fields of liquid crystal displays have expanded and surrounding technologies have advanced, interest in vehicle displays has increased. However, polarizing plates used in vehicle displays require a higher heat resistance temperature than polarizing plates used in existing TVs and mobile devices.

[0007]

[0008] Korean Patent Publication No. 2020-0049601 discloses a method for increasing the heat resistance of a polarizer by using zinc nitrate as an additive in a complementary color process. However, polarizers manufactured using this method still exhibit significant color changes before and after heat resistance at temperatures above 100°C. Therefore, there is a need to develop polarizers with superior high-temperature heat resistance.

[0009] One object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a polarizer having excellent heat resistance at high temperatures of 100°C or higher.

[0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide a polarizer manufactured by the above manufacturing method.

[0011] Another object of the present invention is to provide a polarizing plate having a protective film laminated on at least one side of the polarizer.

[0012] On the one hand, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a polarizer, characterized in that zinc formate is added in at least one of a swelling step, a dyeing step, a cross-linking step, a complementary color step, and a washing step.

[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, the zinc formate is characterized in that it is introduced in the cross-linking step.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, the content of the zinc formate is characterized in that it is 1 to 5 wt% based on 100 wt% of the swelling solution, dyeing solution, crosslinking solution, complementary color solution, or washing solution.

[0015] On the other hand, the present invention provides a polarizer manufactured by the above manufacturing method.

[0016] On the other hand, the present invention provides a polarizing plate having a protective film laminated on at least one side of the polarizer.

[0017] On the other hand, the present invention provides a vehicle display including the polarizing plate.

[0018] On the other hand, the present invention provides a smart window including the polarizing plate.

[0019] According to the manufacturing method of the present invention, a polarizer can be manufactured that can be effectively used in vehicle displays or smart windows because it shows little color change even after being left at a high temperature of 100°C or higher for a long period of time.

[0020] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.

[0021]

[0022] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polarizer, characterized in that zinc formate is added in at least one of a swelling step, a dyeing step, a cross-linking step, a complementary color step, and a washing step.

[0023]

[0024] A polarizer manufactured according to one embodiment of the present invention is manufactured by dyeing and orienting a hydrophilic polymer film with iodine, and as the hydrophilic polymer film, a polyvinyl alcohol-based film, a partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol-based film, or the like is used.

[0025] Polyvinyl alcohol-based films can be used that have a polymerization degree of typically 500 to 10,000, preferably 1,000 to 6,000, and more preferably 1,400 to 4,000. In the case of saponified polyvinyl alcohol-based films, the saponification degree is preferably 95.0 mol% or more, more preferably 99.0 mol% or more, and even more preferably 99.9 mol% or more in terms of solubility.

[0026] In addition to polyvinyl alcohol films, the hydrophilic polymer film may be any film that can be dyed with iodine, without particular limitations on the type. For example, hydrophilic polymer films such as polyethylene terephthalate films, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer films, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films, cellulose films, and partially saponified films thereof, as well as polyene-oriented films such as dehydrated polyvinyl alcohol films and dehydrochlorinated polyvinyl chloride films, can be used.

[0027] The thickness of the polarizer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, in the range of 5 to 40 μm, preferably in the range of 10 to 30 μm, and more preferably in the range of 15 to 25 μm.

[0028]

[0029] In a method for manufacturing a polarizer according to one embodiment of the present invention, a polarizer manufactured through a swelling step, a dyeing step, a crosslinking step, and a complementary color step is washed and dried to manufacture a polarizer.

[0030] The swelling step is a step for improving the properties of a polarizer by immersing an unstretched polyvinyl alcohol film in a swelling tank filled with a swelling solution before dyeing, thereby removing impurities such as dust or anti-blocking agent deposited on the surface of the polyvinyl alcohol film, swelling the polyvinyl alcohol film to improve stretching efficiency and prevent dyeing unevenness.

[0031] As a swelling solution, water (pure water, deionized water) can be used alone. Adding a small amount of glycerin or potassium iodide to this can improve the swelling and processability of the polyvinyl alcohol film. It is preferable that the glycerin content is 5 wt% or less and the potassium iodide content is 10 wt% or less based on 100 wt% of the swelling solution.

[0032] The temperature of the swelling tank is preferably 20 to 45°C, more preferably 25 to 40°C. The time for performing the swelling step (swelling tank immersion time) is preferably 180 seconds or less, more preferably 120 seconds or less. When the immersion time is within the above range, excessive swelling can be suppressed from reaching a saturated state, thereby preventing breakage due to softening of the polyvinyl alcohol-based film and improving polarization by uniformly adsorbing iodine during the dyeing step.

[0033] The stretching step can be performed together with the swelling step, and it is preferable that the stretching ratio be about 1.1 to 3.5 times.

[0034] The swelling step may be omitted, and swelling may be performed simultaneously with the dyeing step.

[0035]

[0036] The dyeing step is a step of immersing a polyvinyl alcohol-based film in a dyeing bath filled with an aqueous dyeing solution containing iodine to adsorb iodine onto the polyvinyl alcohol-based film.

[0037] The aqueous solution for dyeing may contain water, a water-soluble organic solvent, or a mixture thereof, and iodine. The iodine content is preferably 0.4 to 400 mmol / L, more preferably 0.8 to 275 mmol / L, and even more preferably 1 to 200 mmol / L.

[0038] To further improve dyeing efficiency, iodide may be further included as a solubilizing agent. Iodide may be potassium iodide, lithium iodide, sodium iodide, zinc iodide, aluminum iodide, lead iodide, copper iodide, barium iodide, calcium iodide, tin iodide, titanium iodide, etc., which may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, potassium iodide is preferable because it has high solubility in water. The iodide content is preferably 0.01 to 10 wt%, and more preferably 0.1 to 5 wt%, based on 100 wt% of the dyeing aqueous solution.

[0039] The temperature of the dyeing bath is preferably 5 to 42°C, more preferably 10 to 35°C. The immersion time of the polyvinyl alcohol-based film in the dyeing bath is not particularly limited, and is preferably 1 to 20 minutes, more preferably 2 to 10 minutes.

[0040] The stretching step may be performed together with the dyeing step, in which case the cumulative stretching ratio is preferably 1.1 to 4.0 times. In this specification, "cumulative stretching ratio" refers to the product of the stretching ratios at each step.

[0041]

[0042] The cross-linking step is a step in which the dyed polyvinyl alcohol film is immersed in a cross-linking solution to fix the adsorbed iodine molecules so that the dyeability by the physically adsorbed iodine molecules is not reduced by the external environment. Although dichroic dyes are not often eluted in a humid environment, iodine molecules often dissolve or sublimate depending on the environment when the cross-linking reaction is unstable, so a sufficient cross-linking reaction is required. In addition, the cross-linking step is important because it is generally stretched at the highest draw ratio in the cross-linking step to improve optical properties by orienting the iodine molecules located between all polyvinyl alcohol molecules.

[0043] The crosslinking aqueous solution contains water as a solvent, boron compounds such as boric acid and sodium borate, and iodide, and may further contain an organic solvent that is mutually soluble with water.

[0044] Boron compounds improve handling by providing short cross-links and rigidity, thereby suppressing wrinkling during processing, and play a role in forming iodine orientation.

[0045] The content of the boron compound is preferably 1 to 10 wt%, and more preferably 2 to 6 wt%, based on 100 wt% of the crosslinking aqueous solution. If the content is less than 1 wt%, the crosslinking effect of the boron compound decreases, making it difficult to impart rigidity. If the content exceeds 10 wt%, the crosslinking reaction of the inorganic crosslinking agent is excessively activated, making it difficult for the crosslinking reaction of the organic crosslinking agent to proceed effectively.

[0046] Iodide is used to ensure uniformity of polarization within the polarizer plane and to prevent desorption of dyed iodine. The iodide may be the same as that used in the dyeing step, and its content may be 0.05 to 15 wt% with respect to 100 wt% of the crosslinking aqueous solution, and is preferably 0.5 to 11 wt%. If the content is less than 0.05 wt%, iodine ions in the film escape, increasing the transmittance and changing the color value of the polarizer, requiring an additional process to control this. If it exceeds 15 wt%, there is a problem in that iodine ions in the aqueous solution penetrate into the film, reducing the transmittance.

[0047] The temperature of the crosslinking tank is 20 to 70°C, and the immersion time of the polyvinyl alcohol-based film in the crosslinking tank can be 1 second to 15 minutes, and is preferably 5 seconds to 10 minutes.

[0048] The stretching step may be performed together with the crosslinking step, in which case it is preferable that the stretching be performed so that the total cumulative stretching ratio is 3.0 to 8.0 times.

[0049] As described above, the stretching step may be performed together with the swelling step, the dyeing step and the crosslinking step, or may be performed as an independent stretching step using a separate stretching tank filled with a stretching solution after the crosslinking step.

[0050]

[0051] The complementary step is the step of additionally fixing the iodine molecules that were lacking in the cross-linking step.

[0052] The complementary aqueous solution contains a boron compound. By containing the boron compound, the complementary aqueous solution can improve crosslinking efficiency, suppress wrinkle formation during the process, and form iodine alignment, thereby improving optical properties.

[0053] The content of the above boron compound may be 0.5 to 10 wt%, preferably 1 to 5 wt%, based on 100 wt% of the complementary color aqueous solution. If the content is less than 0.5 wt%, the polarization may decrease, and if it exceeds 10 wt%, the shrinkage force may increase.

[0054] The above boron compound may be the same as that used in the crosslinking step.

[0055] The above complementary aqueous solution may include water used as a solvent and an organic solvent that is mutually soluble with water, and may further include a small amount of iodide to ensure uniformity of polarization within the polarizer plane and prevent desorption of dyed iodine.

[0056] The content of the above iodide may be 1 to 15 wt%, preferably 5 to 11 wt%. If the content is less than 1 wt%, the polarization may decrease, and if it exceeds 15 wt%, the heat resistance may decrease, and a red discoloration phenomenon may occur when exposed to high temperatures for a long time.

[0057] The temperature of the complementary color tone is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 20 to 70°C, and preferably 40 to 60°C.

[0058] The time for immersing the polyvinyl alcohol-based film in the complementary color tone is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 1 second to 15 minutes, and preferably 5 seconds to 10 minutes.

[0059] The elongation step may be performed together with the complementary step, in which case the elongation ratio of the complementary step may be 1 to 1.15 times, preferably 1.01 to 1.1 times.

[0060] The cumulative stretching ratio of the above complementary step may be 1.5 to 7 times, and preferably 1.7 to 6 times. If the cumulative stretching ratio is less than 1.5 times, the effect of increasing crosslinking efficiency may be minimal, and if it exceeds 7 times, excessive stretching may cause film breakage and lower production efficiency.

[0061]

[0062] The washing step is a step of immersing a polyvinyl alcohol-based film that has undergone crosslinking and stretching in a washing tank filled with a washing solution to remove unnecessary residues such as boric acid attached to the polyvinyl alcohol-based film in the previous steps.

[0063] The rinsing solution may be water, to which iodide may be added.

[0064] The temperature of the washing tank is preferably 10 to 60°C, more preferably 10 to 40°C. The time for performing the washing step is usually 1 to 60 seconds, preferably 3 to 30 seconds, and more preferably 5 to 20 seconds.

[0065] The washing step may be performed after each previous step, such as the dyeing step, cross-linking step, or stretching step, has been completed. Furthermore, it may be repeated more than once, and the number of repetitions is not particularly limited.

[0066]

[0067] The drying step is a step of drying the washed polyvinyl alcohol film and improving the orientation of dyed iodine molecules through necking by drying, thereby obtaining a polarizer with excellent optical properties.

[0068] Drying methods include natural drying, air drying, heat drying, far-infrared drying, microwave drying, and hot air drying. Recently, microwave drying, which activates only the water within the film and dries it, has been newly utilized, and hot air drying is generally used. For example, hot air drying can be performed at 20 to 90°C for 1 to 10 minutes. In addition, the drying temperature is preferably low to prevent deterioration of the polarizer, more preferably 80°C or lower, and even more preferably 70°C or lower.

[0069]

[0070] In a method for manufacturing a polarizer according to one embodiment of the present invention, the zinc formate is added in at least one of a swelling step, a dyeing step, a crosslinking step, a complementary color step, and a washing step, and it is preferable to add it in the crosslinking step.

[0071] The above zinc formate may be added to the aqueous solutions prepared in advance at each stage (i.e., swelling solution, dyeing solution, crosslinking solution, complementary color solution, and washing solution), or added together when preparing the aqueous solutions at each stage. The content may be 1 to 5 wt% based on 100 wt% of each aqueous solution. If the content is less than 1 wt%, the effect of improving high-temperature heat resistance is minimal, and if it exceeds 5 wt%, it may affect the optical characteristics of the polarizer, resulting in an adverse effect.

[0072]

[0073] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a polarizer manufactured by the above manufacturing method.

[0074]

[0075] One embodiment of the present invention provides a polarizing plate having a protective film laminated on at least one surface of the polarizer.

[0076] There are no particular limitations on the protective film as long as it has excellent transparency, mechanical strength, heat stability, moisture barrier properties, and isotropy. Specifically, polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene isophthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate; cellulose resins such as diacetyl cellulose and triacetyl cellulose; polycarbonate resins; acrylic resins such as polymethyl (meth) acrylate and polyethyl (meth) acrylate; styrene resins such as polystyrene and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers; polyolefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefins having a cyclo- or norbornene structure, and ethylene propylene copolymers; vinyl chloride resins; polyamide resins such as nylon and aromatic polyamides; imide resins; polyethersulfone resins; sulfone resins; polyetherketone resins; sulfated polyphenylene resins; vinyl alcohol resins; Examples of films made of thermoplastic resins include vinylidene chloride resins; vinyl butyral resins; allylate resins; polyoxymethylene resins; and epoxy resins. Films made of blends of the above thermoplastic resins can also be used. In addition, films made of thermosetting resins such as (meth)acrylic, urethane, epoxy, and silicone resins, or ultraviolet-curable resins can also be used. Among these, cellulose or acrylic films having a surface saponified (saponified) by alkali or the like are particularly preferable in consideration of polarizing characteristics or durability. In addition, the protective film may also have the function of the optical layer described below.

[0077] In the present invention, the structure of the polarizing plate is not particularly limited, and various types of optical layers that can satisfy the required optical characteristics may be laminated on the polarizer. For example, it may have a structure in which a protective film that protects the polarizer is laminated on at least one side of the polarizer; a structure in which a surface treatment layer such as a hard coating layer, an anti-reflection layer, an anti-adhesion layer, an anti-diffusion layer, an anti-glare layer, etc. is laminated on at least one side of the polarizer or the protective film; a structure in which an alignment liquid crystal layer or another functional film that compensates for the viewing angle is laminated on at least one side of the polarizer or the protective film. In addition, it may have a structure in which one or more of an optical film, such as a polarization conversion device used to form various image display devices, a reflector, a transflective plate, a phase difference plate including a wavelength plate (including a λ plate) such as a 1 / 2 wavelength plate or a 1 / 4 wavelength plate, a viewing angle compensation film, and a brightness enhancement film, is laminated as an optical layer. More specifically, a polarizing plate having a structure in which a protective film is laminated on one side of a polarizer, such as a reflective polarizing plate or a semi-transmissive polarizing plate in which a reflector or a semi-transmissive reflector is laminated on the laminated protective film; an ellipsoidal or circular polarizing plate in which a phase difference plate is laminated; a wide-viewing-angle polarizing plate in which a viewing angle compensation layer or a viewing angle compensation film is laminated; or a polarizing plate in which a brightness enhancement film is laminated, is preferable.

[0078] These polarizing plates can be applied not only to conventional liquid crystal displays (LCDs), but also to various image display devices, including electroluminescent displays (ELDs), plasma displays (PLAs), and field emission displays (FEDs). Their superior high-temperature resistance makes them particularly suitable for use in vehicle displays and smart windows.

[0079] The smart window including the polarizing plate of the present invention has excellent high-temperature heat resistance and can be used for front windows, rear windows, side windows, and sunroof windows of automobiles, or windows for buildings, and can also be used for partitioning the interior space of automobiles or buildings or for privacy protection.

[0080]

[0081] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples. These examples are intended solely to illustrate the present invention, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0082]

[0083] Example 1: Preparation of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing zinc formate

[0084] A transparent, unstretched polyvinyl alcohol film (VF-PS, KURARAY) having a degree of saponification of 99.9% or higher was swelled by soaking in water (deionized water) at 30°C for 2 minutes, and then dyed by immersion in a dyeing solution at 30°C containing 3.5 mM iodine and 2 wt% potassium iodide for 4 minutes. At this time, it was stretched at a stretching ratio of 1.3 times and 1.4 times in the swelling and dyeing steps, respectively. Subsequently, it was crosslinked by immersion in a crosslinking solution at 53°C containing 10 wt% potassium iodide, 3.7 wt% boric acid, and 1 wt% zinc formate for 2 minutes. At this time, the crosslinking step was performed so that the total cumulative stretching ratio was 5.8 times. Next, in the complementary step, the film was immersed in a 50°C complementary aqueous solution containing 10 wt% potassium iodide and 3.7 wt% boric acid for 10 seconds. At this time, the complementary step was performed so that the total cumulative stretching ratio was 6 times. Afterwards, it was washed with a 10°C washing solution for 20 seconds. The washed polyvinyl alcohol film was dried in an oven at 70°C for 4 minutes to produce a polarizer.

[0085]

[0086] Example 2: Preparation of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing zinc formate

[0087] A polarizer was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a crosslinking aqueous solution containing 2 wt% of zinc formate was used.

[0088]

[0089] Example 3: Preparation of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing zinc formate

[0090] A polarizer was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a crosslinking aqueous solution containing 3 wt% of zinc formate was used.

[0091]

[0092] Comparative Example 1: Manufacturing of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing no additives

[0093] A polarizer was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a crosslinking aqueous solution containing no zinc formate was used.

[0094]

[0095] Comparative Example 2: Manufacturing of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing zinc nitrate

[0096] A polarizer was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a crosslinking aqueous solution containing 1 wt% zinc nitrate instead of zinc formate was used.

[0097]

[0098] Comparative Example 3: Manufacturing of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing zinc nitrate

[0099] A polarizer was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a crosslinking aqueous solution containing 2 wt% zinc nitrate instead of zinc formate was used.

[0100]

[0101] Comparative Example 4: Manufacturing of a polarizer using a crosslinking aqueous solution containing zinc nitrate

[0102] A polarizer was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a crosslinking aqueous solution containing 3 wt% zinc nitrate instead of zinc formate was used.

[0103]

[0104] Experimental Example 1: Measurement of high heat resistance

[0105] A polarizing plate was manufactured by laminating triacetyl cellulose (TAC) films on both sides of the polarizers manufactured in the above examples and comparative examples, and the physical properties of the manufactured polarizing plate were measured using the following methods, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0106]

[0107] (1) Group color L * , a * , b * measurement

[0108] After cutting the polarizing plate to 4cm x 4cm in size, use an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (V-7100, manufactured by Nippon Bunko Co., Ltd.) to measure the single color L1. * , a1 * , b1 * After measuring the value, the polarizing plate with the measured color was placed in an oven at 105℃ and taken out of the oven after 480 hours and then the single color L2 * , a2 * , b2 * The value was measured.

[0109]

[0110] (2) Measurement of color change before and after heat resistance

[0111] Group color L measured before and after heat resistance * , a * , b * The color change before and after heat resistance was measured by substituting the values ​​into the following mathematical formula 1.

[0112] [Mathematical Formula 1]

[0113]

[0114] Heat resistance initial color Heat resistance color ΔE group L1 * Group A1 * Group B1 * Group L2 * Group A2 * Group B2 *Example 171.3-0.72.870.9-1.811.79.0 Example 271.3-0.72.871.4-1.89.56.8 Example 371.3-0.73.072.4-1.57.95.1 Comparative Example 171.3-0.72.769.8-1.814.912.3 Comparative Example 271.3-0.72.870.7-1.812.69.9 Comparative Example 371.4-0.72.771.5-1.710.17.5 Comparative Example 471.3-0.83.071.7-1.89.06.1

[0115]

[0116] As shown in Table 1 above, it was confirmed that the polarizing plates manufactured using the polarizers of Examples 1 to 3 manufactured using zinc formate in the crosslinking step had little color change before and after heat resistance at 105°C.

[0117] On the other hand, it was confirmed that the polarizing plate manufactured using the polarizer of Comparative Example 1, which did not use an additive in the crosslinking step, showed a large change in color before and after heat resistance at 105°C, and the polarizing plates manufactured using the polarizers of Comparative Examples 2 to 4, which were manufactured using zinc nitrate, showed a large change in color before and after heat resistance at 105°C compared to when the same amount of zinc formate was used.

[0118]

[0119] While specific aspects of the present invention have been described in detail above, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that these specific descriptions are merely preferred embodiments and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will be able to make various applications and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the above description.

[0120] Accordingly, the substantial scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a polarizer, characterized in that zinc formate is added in at least one of a swelling step, a dyeing step, a cross-linking step, a complementary color step, and a washing step.

2. A method for manufacturing a polarizer, characterized in that the zinc formate is introduced in the crosslinking step in the first paragraph.

3. A manufacturing method according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of the zinc formate is 1 to 5 wt% based on 100 wt% of the swelling solution, dyeing solution, crosslinking solution, complementary color solution, or washing solution.

4. A polarizer manufactured by a manufacturing method according to any one of clauses 1 to 3.

5. A polarizing plate having a protective film laminated on at least one side of the polarizer according to Article 4.

6. A vehicle display including a polarizing plate according to Article 5.

7. A smart window including a polarizing plate according to Article 5.

Images