Surface covering, moulded brick, and method for producing a moulded brick

Abstract

The invention relates to a surface covering (1) comprising a plurality of moulded bricks (2; 3, 4, 5) placed on a bedding layer (6) of a substrate (7) at a distance from one another to form a composite, and comprising a joint composite (8) introduced between the placed moulded bricks (2; 3, 4, 5) and made from a water-permeable and in particular pollutant-degrading joint material (9), wherein: the individual moulded bricks (2; 3, 4, 5) each have an upper face (2a), a lower face and a multilayer construction; the individual moulded bricks (2; 3, 4, 5) each have an upper layer and a lower layer and at least one middle layer lying therebetween; the upper layer has an open porosity; the middle layer has an open porosity; the lower layer is water-impermeable; and the joint material (9) has an open porosity.

Description

[0001] Surface covering, shaped block and method for producing a shaped block

[0002] The invention relates to a surface covering according to claim 1, a shaped block according to claim 19 or 20 and a method according to claim 22 for producing a shaped block.

[0003] From EP 3 153 625 B1 a surface covering is known which comprises a plurality of multilayered shaped blocks laid on a bedding layer of a subsurface by paving in a composite manner, each shaped block having at least

[0004] - a waterproof first layer,

[0005] - a water-permeable second layer and

[0006] - has a water-impermeable third layer, wherein joints are formed between adjacent shaped stones of the surface covering and wherein the joints are filled with a substantially chippings and / or sand-like jointing material and form an infiltration path for draining rainwater from a surface of the surface covering.

[0007] The invention is based on the object of developing a surface covering or a shaped block or a method which is optimised with regard to the most environmentally friendly design of the surface covering or shaped block.

[0008] The surface covering according to the invention comprises a plurality of shaped blocks laid on a bedding layer of a subsurface at a distance from one another to form a composite and comprises a joint composite made of a water-permeable and in particular pollutant-degrading joint material inserted between the laid shaped blocks, wherein the individual shaped blocks each comprise an upper side and a lower side and have a multi-layer structure, wherein the individual shaped blocks each comprise an upper layer forming the upper side of the shaped block and designed in particular as a filter layer, a lower layer forming the underside of the shaped block and designed in particular as a barrier layer and at least one middle layer lying between the upper layer and the lower layer and designed in particular as a storage layer, wherein the upper layer, which is also referred to as the first layer,has an open porosity and is therefore permeable to water and water-storing, wherein the middle layer, which is also referred to as the second layer, has an open porosity and is therefore permeable to water and water-storing, wherein the lower layer, which is also referred to as the third layer, is impermeable to water and wherein the joint material has an open porosity. In such a surface covering, the storage volume of the surface covering is significantly increased by the formation of the upper layer as a permeable layer compared to surface coverings according to the state of the art, so that per square meter of surface covering after rain, a much larger volume of water is retained and can be returned to the atmosphere through evaporation. Furthermore, such a design of the surface covering enables,that water stored in the middle layers of the shaped blocks can be effectively evaporated via the upper layer, so that with such a surface covering, a greater and longer-lasting cooling performance is ensured through evaporation compared to the state of the art.

[0009] It can also be provided to form the upper layer with a layer thickness of 1 cm to 3 cm, in particular 1 cm to 2 cm and to form the upper layer (1st layer) with a density of about 2.1 to 2.5 kg / dm 3 , in particular 2.1 to 2.15 kg / dm 3 This type of dimensioning of the upper layer allows it to withstand normal stresses without compromise and forms a reliable protective layer for the middle layer.

[0010] Furthermore, the top layer can be made of a fine-grained material with a maximum grain diameter of 5 mm. This allows the requirements of surface quality and water permeability to be combined.

[0011] It can also be provided to form the middle layer with a layer thickness of 6 cm to 10 cm, in particular 7 cm to 8 cm and to form the middle layer with a density of about 1.9 to 2.1 kg / dm 3 By dimensioning the middle layer in this way, it can withstand the usual loads without any compromises and can still be designed with a high storage volume.

[0012] Furthermore, it can be provided to make the middle layer (2nd layer) of the shaped blocks more permeable to water than the upper layer (1st layer), namely in particular in such a way that the permeability of the upper layer is lower than the permeability of the middle layer. This ensures that water seeping through the upper layer can be absorbed by the middle layer to the greatest possible extent and, if necessary, passed on to the joint connection. This delays as long as possible a situation in which the upper layer can no longer absorb water during heavy and prolonged rain.

[0013] It can also be provided that the middle layer is formed from coarse-grained chippings and a small proportion of sand in such a way that the middle layer contains many cavities and has a compressive strength of 40 Newton per mm 2 up to 50 Newton per mm 2 and in particular about 45 Newton per mm 2This maintains the resilience and optimizes the ability to absorb water.

[0014] Furthermore, it can be provided to form the lower layer with a layer thickness of 2 cm to 6 cm, in particular 3 cm to 4 cm and the lower layer with a density of about 2.3 to 2.4 kg / dm 3to form, with the lower layer being designed like a conventional facing layer for shaped stones. This creates a waterproof layer in a simple way. By dimensioning the lower layer in this way, its pore volume is kept small compared to the upper layer and the middle layer, without the shaped stone losing its usual load-bearing capacity. By designing the lower layer in this way, a waterproof layer is created in a simple and proven way. Furthermore, it can be provided to make the joint material permeable to water and to provide ingredients for it, such as pollutant-degrading substances, in such a way that the ingredients break down and / or filter pollutants and thus prevent them from penetrating the bedding layer. In this way, the joint bond, in conjunction with the water-impermeable lower layer of the shaped stones, creates a protective function for the entire surface covering.

[0015] It can also be provided to equip the shaped blocks with spacers on at least some of their side surfaces, which are arranged in such a way that in the surface covering between opposite side surfaces of adjacent shaped blocks there is always a joint with a width defined by the spacers, in which the joint material is received, wherein the shaped blocks are designed in particular as cuboid-like shaped blocks, each of which has spacers on at least two of its side surfaces. This ensures that the joint composite can take up as large a proportion of the surface covering as possible, thus guaranteeing a good filter function.

[0016] Furthermore, it can be provided to form the upper layer of each shaped block with a specific upper storage capacity, and to form the middle layer of each shaped block with a specific middle layer storage capacity, whereby the specific middle layer storage capacity is higher than the specific upper layer storage capacity. If the volume of the middle layer is larger than the volume of the upper layer, this further ensures that water seeping through the upper layer can be absorbed by the middle layer to the greatest possible extent and, if necessary, passed on to the joint connection. This delays the onset of a situation in which the upper layer can no longer absorb water during heavy and prolonged rainfall for as long as possible.It can also be provided that the upper layer of each shaped block is dimensioned in terms of its volume and porosity, and the middle layer of each shaped block is dimensioned in such a way that the absolute storage capacity of the middle layer is at least twice, in particular at least four times, and particularly preferably at least eight times the absolute storage capacity of the upper layer. This also further ensures that water seeping through the upper layer can be absorbed by the middle layer to the greatest possible extent and, if necessary, passed on to the joint connection. This delays the onset of a situation in which the upper layer can no longer absorb water during heavy, prolonged rain for as long as possible.

[0017] Furthermore, it can be provided that, in the event of rain, the upper layer is drained through the middle layer, and that the middle layer is drained toward the sides of the shaped block through the adjacent joints. This creates a surface covering in which the entire surface of the surface covering is available for drainage and, conversely, also for evaporation, and in which any water that seeps through is completely filtered and cleaned.

[0018] It may also be provided to construct the top and a bottom side of the top layer, as well as the top side of the middle layer, with open pores, so that the top side of the top layer serves as an evaporation surface for water stored in the top layer and the middle layer. This provides a significantly higher volume of stored water for evaporation compared to the prior art, thus increasing the cooling effect caused by evaporative cooling.

[0019] Furthermore, it can be provided that the shaped blocks of the surface covering have a thickness between 9 and 19 cm, in particular between 11 and 16 cm, and particularly preferably between 12 and 14 cm. With such dimensions, surface coverings can be realized that are suitable for heavy loads and those suitable for light loads.

[0020] It may also be provided to coat and / or impregnate the underlayer of each shaped block of the surface covering, either on the underside or on the underside and the side surfaces. This allows the use of a material that is not or only partially waterproof to create the underlayer.

[0021] It is also possible to form a grid-like storage volume through the middle layers of the shaped blocks and the joints, which is in direct contact with the water-draining bedding layer for drainage via the joints. In particular, the permeability of the joints is designed to be greater than the permeability of the middle layers. This effectively prevents cracking of the surface covering in frosty seasons and promotes seepage of water without the formation of stagnation.

[0022] Furthermore, it can be provided that the shaped stones of the surface covering are designed with a thickness of at least 12 cm, with their middle layers having a thickness of 10 cm, the middle layers of the individual shaped stones being designed with a water absorption capacity such that, due to their open porosity, they can absorb at least the amount of rainwater generated by a fifteen-minute design rainfall of 270 litres / second x hectare. This refers to the amount of rainwater that can be attributed to the surface of the respective surface covering during such a rainfall event specified by the design rainfall. As a result, the surface covering is able to absorb such a design rainfall solely by means of its middle layer and thus release a large part of the rainwater through evaporation, thereby improving the microclimate.Further reserves for water absorption are still provided by the top layer and the joints. Because the absorption of such a quantity of rainwater is provided solely by the middle layer, protected beneath the top layer, the long-term retention of the surface covering's storage capacity is ensured.

[0023] It is also possible to form the joints with a maximum of 20% of the surface area. With this dimensioning, the surface is always capable of absorbing the rainwater volume generated by a five-to-ten-minute design rainfall of 270 liters per second per hectare in its middle layer.

[0024] The shaped block according to the invention for a surface covering, which is designed in particular as a concrete block and which is intended in particular for a surface covering according to at least one of claims 1 to 17, is constructed in three layers, wherein an upper layer of the shaped block has a layer thickness of 1 cm to 3 cm, in particular of 1 cm to 2 cm, wherein the upper layer has a density of approximately 2.1 to 2.5 kg / dm 3 in particular 2.1 to 2.15 kg / dm 3 wherein a middle layer of the shaped block has a layer thickness of 6 cm to 10 cm, in particular 7 cm to 8 cm, wherein the middle layer has a density of about 1.9 to 2.1 kg / dm 3and wherein it is particularly provided that the middle layer is more water-permeable than the upper layer, wherein a lower layer of the shaped block has a layer thickness of 2 cm to 6 cm, in particular of 3 cm to 4 cm, wherein the lower layer has a density of about 2.3 to 2.4 kg / dm 3With such a shaped block, the storage volume is significantly increased compared to state-of-the-art shaped blocks due to the design of the upper layer as a storage layer, so that a much larger volume of water is retained per unit area after rainfall and can be returned to the atmosphere through evaporation. Furthermore, such a design of the shaped block enables water stored in the middle layers of the shaped blocks to be effectively evaporated via the upper side of the upper layer, so that with such a shaped block, a greater and longer-lasting cooling capacity is guaranteed through evaporation compared to the state of the art.

[0025] The shaped block according to the invention for a surface covering, which is designed in particular according to at least one of claims 1 to 17, has a three-layer structure, with an upper layer of the shaped block having a layer thickness of 1 cm to 2 cm, preferably about 1 cm, with a middle layer of the shaped block having a layer thickness of at least 10 cm and with a lower layer of the shaped block having a layer thickness of 1 cm to 2 cm, preferably about 1 cm. As a result, the shaped block is able to absorb its share of the amount of rainwater generated by a five to ten minute design rainfall of 270 liters / second x hectare in its middle layer.

[0026] Furthermore, the base layer of the shaped block can be provided with a coating and / or impregnation, either in the underside area or in the underside area and the side surfaces. This allows the use of a material that has no or only incomplete water impermeability to be used for the base layer of the shaped block.

[0027] A method according to the invention for producing a shaped block, in particular according to at least one of the preceding claims 18 to 20, comprises the steps:

[0028] Manufacturing a three-layer shaped block in a block making machine in which three different concrete mixtures filled as layers on top of each other in a mold cavity are compacted by the action of a stamp and by the action of vibration, subsequently coating and / or impregnating the sub-layer of the concrete block forming the shaped block, which sub-layer forms the lowest layer of the shaped block when laid, either in the area of ​​its underside or in the area of ​​its underside and its side surfaces; before and / or after coating and / or impregnation, in particular drying the shaped block.

[0029] This means that a material that has no or only incomplete water impermeability can be used to produce the base layer.

[0030] For the purposes of the invention, shaped blocks are understood to mean, in particular, concrete blocks.

[0031] Further details of the invention are described in the drawing using a schematically illustrated embodiment.

[0032] Figure 1 shows a plan view of a section of a schematically illustrated surface covering according to the invention;

[0033] Figure 2 shows a section according to the section line I ll i through the section of a surface covering shown in Figure 1,

[0034] Figure 3 : shows the first one shown in Figures 1 and 2

[0035] Form brick 2 or 3 in an idealized, purely schematic perspective view in a first design variant VI and in a second design variant V2 and

[0036] Figure 4 : shows the first one shown in Figures 1 and 2

[0037] Formed block 2 or 3 in an idealized, purely schematic perspective representation in a third design variant V3 and in a fourth design variant V4.

[0038] Figure 1 shows a section of a surface covering 1 in a schematic plan view. The surface covering 1 comprises shaped blocks 2, with four shaped blocks 2 being shown in Figure 1, three of which are individually designated by the reference numerals 3, 4 and 5. The surface covering 1 further comprises a bedding layer 6 (see Figure 2) which is applied to a substrate 7 (see Figure 2). The surface covering 1 also comprises a joint composite 8 which is arranged between the shaped blocks 2 or 3, 4 and 5.

[0039] Figure 2 shows a section corresponding to the section line II-II shown in Figure 1 through the surface covering 1 shown in Figure 1. In the sectional view, the cut surfaces are shown without hatching to maintain clarity.

[0040] The joint composite 8 consists of a water-permeable and, in particular, pollutant-degrading joint material 9. The individual shaped blocks 2 each comprise an upper side 2a and a lower side 2b and have a multi-layer structure. The individual shaped blocks 2 each comprise an upper layer 10 forming the upper side 2a of the shaped block 2, a lower layer 11 forming the lower side 2b of the shaped block 2, and a middle layer 12 located between the upper layer 10 and the lower layer 11. The upper layer 10 has an open porosity and is therefore permeable to water and retains water. The middle layer 12 has an open porosity and is therefore permeable to water and retains water. The lower layer 11 is impermeable to water. The joint material 9 has an open porosity.

[0041] The upper layer 10, also referred to as the first layer, has a layer thickness D10. This is 1 cm in the illustrated embodiment and can be 1 cm to 3 cm in other embodiments. A density R10 of the upper layer 10 is 2.1 kg / dm in the illustrated embodiment. 3 and can be about 2.1 kg / dm 3 up to 2.5 kg / dm 3 The upper layer 10 is made of a fine-grained material with grain diameters of up to 5 mm.

[0042] The middle layer 12, also referred to as the second layer, has a layer thickness D12. This is 8 cm in the illustrated embodiment and can be 6 cm to 10 cm or even 10 cm or more in other embodiments. A density R12 of the middle layer 12 is 2.0 kg / dm in the illustrated embodiment. 3and can be about 1.9 kg / dm 3 up to 2.1 kg / dm 3 Furthermore, the middle layer 12 of the shaped blocks 2 is designed to be more water-permeable than the upper layer 10. For this purpose, the middle layer 12 is formed from coarse-grained chippings and a small proportion of sand in such a way that the middle layer 12 comprises many cavities and, in the illustrated embodiment, has a compressive strength P12 of 45 Newton per mm 2 In other embodiments, the compressive strength can be 40 Newton per mm 2 up to 50 Newton per mm 2 be measured.

[0043] The lower layer 11, also referred to as the third layer, has a layer thickness DU of 3 cm in the illustrated embodiment. This can be 2 cm to 6 cm in other embodiments. A layer thickness of approximately 1 cm can also be provided. Furthermore, the lower layer 11 in the illustrated embodiment has a density R11 of 2.3 kg / dm³. 3 In other embodiments, this can be about 2.3 kg / dm 3 up to 2.4 kg / dm 3 The sublayer 11 is designed like a conventional facing layer for shaped bricks.

[0044] The joint material 9 is designed to be water-permeable and comprises ingredients such as pollutant-degrading substances, through which pollutants are degraded and / or filtered and thus their penetration into the bedding layer 6 and thus also into the subsurface 7 is prevented. The shaped blocks 2 or 3, 4, 5 comprise spacers 13, 14 and 15 on at least some of their side surfaces 3-1 to 3-4 or 4-1 to 4-4 or 5-1 to 5-4, namely on the side surfaces 3-2, 3-3, 4-2, 4-3, 5-2 and 5-3. These are arranged in such a way that in the surface covering 1 between opposite side surfaces 3-3 and 4-1 and 3-4 and 5-2 of adjacent shaped blocks 3 and 4 and 3 and 5 there is always a joint F34 or F35 with a width defined by the spacers 13 and 15, in which the joint material 9 is received. The shaped blocks 2 or 3, 4 and 5 in the illustrated embodiment are cuboid-like shaped blocks 2 or3, 4, and 5, each of which has spacers 13, 14, and 15 on at least two of its side surfaces 3-2 and 3-3, 4-2 and 4-3, and 5-2 and 5-3. According to other design variants, the shaped blocks can be formed in plan view as any desired polygons suitable for forming a surface covering.

[0045] The upper layer 10 of each shaped block 2 has a specific upper layer storage capacity and the middle layer 12 of each shaped block 2 has a specific middle layer storage capacity, whereby the specific middle layer storage capacity is higher than the specific upper layer storage capacity.

[0046] The upper layer 10 of each shaped block 2 and the middle layer 12 of each shaped block 2 are dimensioned by their respective volume and porosity such that, in the illustrated embodiment, an absolute middle layer storage capacity is at least 8 times the absolute upper layer storage capacity. According to another embodiment, an absolute middle layer storage capacity is at least 2 times and in particular at least 4 times the absolute upper layer storage capacity.

[0047] In the event of rain or other irrigation, the upper layers 10 of the shaped stones 2 of the surface covering 1 are drained through the middle layers 12 of the shaped stones 2 of the surface covering and, if necessary, the middle layers 12 of the shaped stones 2 of the surface covering 1 are drained towards the side surfaces 3-1 to 3-4 and 4-1 to 4-4 and 5-1 to 5-4 of the shaped stones 2 or 3, 4 and 5 of the surface covering through the joint connection 8 adjacent to these.

[0048] The upper sides 2a and lower sides 10b of the upper layers 10 of the shaped blocks 2 of the surface covering 1 as well as the upper sides 12a of the middle layers 12 of the shaped blocks 2 of the surface covering 1 are open-pored, so that the upper sides 2a of the upper layers 10 of the shaped blocks 2 of the surface covering 1 function as evaporation surfaces 16 for water stored in the upper layers 10 and in the middle layers 12.

[0049] In the illustrated embodiment, the shaped blocks 2 of the surface covering 1 have a thickness D2 of 12 cm. According to other embodiments, the thickness can be between 9 cm and 19 cm, with a thickness between 11 cm and 16 cm, and particularly preferably between 12 and 14 cm, being provided.

[0050] In Figure 3, the first shaped block 2 or 3 shown in Figures 1 and 2 is shown in an idealized, purely schematic representation in a first embodiment variant VI and in a second embodiment variant V2.

[0051] In the first embodiment variant VI, the first shaped block 3 comprises a coating B3b in the area of ​​its underside 3b.

[0052] In the second embodiment V2, the first shaped block 3 comprises a coating B3b in the area of ​​its underside 3b and coatings B3-1 to B3-4 in the area of ​​its side surfaces 3-1 to 3-4 up to the level of its lower layer 11. The coatings B3-1 to B3-4 are only shown in detail in Figure 3, but completely cover the lower layer at the sides. The five coatings B3b and B3-1 to B3-4 together form a trough-shaped coating BW. The coating B3b merges seamlessly into the coatings B3-1 to B3-4.

[0053] In the first design variant VI, the side surfaces 3-1 to 3-4 are not coated.

[0054] In Figure 4, the first shaped block 2 or 3 shown in Figures 1 and 2 is shown in an idealized, purely schematic representation in a third embodiment variant V3 and in a fourth embodiment variant V4.

[0055] In the third embodiment V3, the first shaped block 3 comprises an impregnation I 3b in the area of ​​its underside 3b.

[0056] In the fourth embodiment V4, the first shaped block 3 comprises an impregnation I 3b in the area of ​​its underside 3b and impregnations 13-1 to 13-4 in the area of ​​its side surfaces 3-1 to 3-4 up to the level of its lower layer 11. The impregnations I 3b and 13-1 to 13-4 are only shown in detail in Figure 4, but completely cover the lower layer 11. The five impregnations I 3b and 13-1 to 13-4 together form a trough-shaped impregnation IW.

[0057] In the third design variant V3, the side surfaces 3-1 to 3-4 are not impregnated.

[0058] According to a fifth embodiment variant not shown, a combined trough-shaped coating / impregnation can also be provided, in which, for example, the underside is coated and the side surfaces are impregnated up to the level of the lower layer.

[0059] According to further design variants, it may also be possible to first impregnate the underside and / or individual or all side surfaces in the area of ​​the base layer and then additionally coat them. This ensures waterproofing even if the coating is damaged.

[0060] With a middle layer thickness of 10 cm or more, it is fundamentally possible for the shaped block or surface covering to absorb a rainwater volume generated by a five-to-ten-minute design rainfall of 270 liters per second per hectare in its middle layer. The middle layers 12 of the shaped blocks 2, 3 and the joint assembly 8 form a grid-like storage volume SV. This is in direct contact with the water-draining bedding layer 6 for drainage via the joint assembly 8 (see Figure 2).

[0061] Reference symbol list:

[0062] 1 surface covering

[0063] 2 shaped stones

[0064] 2a Top of 2

[0065] 2b bottom of 2

[0066] 3 first shaped stone

[0067] 3b bottom of 3

[0068] 3- 1 to 3-4 side surface of 3

[0069] 4 second shaped stone

[0070] 4- 1 to 4-4 side surface of 4

[0071] 5 third shaped stone

[0072] 5-1 to 5-4 side area of ​​5

[0073] 6 bedding layer

[0074] 7 Underground

[0075] 8 Joint bond

[0076] 9 Joint material

[0077] 10 upper class of 2

[0078] 10b bottom of 10

[0079] 11 lower class of 2

[0080] 12 middle class of 2

[0081] 12a Top of 12

[0082] 13 spacers of 3

[0083] 14 spacers of 4

[0084] 15 spacers of 5

[0085] 16 Evaporation area

[0086] B3b coating on 3b

[0087] B3- 1 - B3-4 coating on 3- 1 to 3-4 BW tub-shaped coating

[0088] I 3b Impregnation on 3b

[0089] 13- 1 - 13-4 Impregnation from 3- 1 to 3-4

[0090] IW tub-shaped impregnation

[0091] D2 thickness of 2

[0092] DI O layer thickness of 10

[0093] RI O density of 10

[0094] DU layer thickness of 11 Rl l density of 11

[0095] D12 layer thickness of 12

[0096] R12 density of 12

[0097] P12 Compressive strength F34 Joint between 3 and 4

[0098] F35 joint between 3 and 5

[0099] SV Spei rather volume

[0100] VI - V4 Version of 2 or 3

Claims

Claims:

1. Surface covering (1) comprising a plurality of shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5) laid on a bedding layer (6) of a substrate (7) at a distance from one another to form a composite, and comprising a joint composite (8) made of a water-permeable and in particular pollutant-degrading joint material (9) introduced between the laid shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5), wherein the individual shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5) each comprise an upper side (2a) and a lower side (2b) and have a multi-layer structure, wherein the individual shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5) each comprise an upper layer (10) forming the upper side (2a) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5), a lower layer (11) forming the lower side (2b) of the shaped block (2;3, 4, 5) forming the lower layer (11) and at least one middle layer (12) lying between the upper layer (10) and the lower layer (11), wherein the upper layer (10) has an open porosity and is thereby designed to be water-permeable and water-storing, wherein the middle layer (12) has an open porosity and is thereby designed to be water-permeable and water-storing, wherein the lower layer (11) is designed to be water-impermeable and wherein the joint material (9) has an open porosity.; 2. Surface covering (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper layer (10) has a layer thickness (D10) of 1 cm to 3 cm, in particular 1 cm to 2 cm and that the upper layer (10) has a density (R10) of about 2.1 to 2.5 kg / dm 3 , especially 2.1 to 2.15 kg / dm 3 has.

3. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper layer (10) is formed from a fine-grained material with grain diameters of up to a maximum of 5 mm.

4. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the middle layer (12) has a layer thickness (D12) of 6 cm to 10 cm, in particular 7 cm to 8 cm and that the middle layer (12) has a density (R12) of approximately 1.9 to 2.1 kg / dm 3 has.

5. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the middle layer (12) of the shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5) is more permeable to water than the upper layer (10), namely in particular such that the permeability of the upper layer (10) is lower than the permeability of the middle layer (12).

6. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the middle layer (12) is formed from a coarse-grained chippings and a small proportion of sand in such a way that the middle layer (12) comprises many cavities and thereby has a compressive strength (P12) of 40 Newton per mm 2 up to 50 Newton per mm 2 and in particular about 45 Newton per mm 2 has.

7. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the underlayer (11) has a layer thickness (DU) of 2 cm to 6 cm, in particular 3 cm to 4 cm and that the underlayer (1) has a density (R11) of approximately 2.3 to 2.4 kg / dm, that the underlayer (11) is designed like a facing layer for shaped stones.

8. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the joint material (9) is permeable to water and comprises contaminant-degrading ingredients, such that the ingredients degrade and / or filter contaminants and thus prevent them from penetrating the bedding layer (6).

9. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5) comprise spacers (13; 14; 15) at least on a part of their side surfaces (3-1 to 3-4; 4-1 to 4-4; 5-1 to 5-4), which are arranged in such a way that in the surface covering (1) between opposite side surfaces (3-3, 4-1; 3-4, 5-2) of adjacent shaped blocks (2; 3, 4; 3, 5) ) there is always a joint (F34; F35) with a width defined by the spacers (13; 14; 15), in which the joint material (9) is received, wherein the shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5) are designed in particular as cuboid-like shaped blocks (2; 3, 4, 5), which each have spacers (13; 14; 15) on at least two of their side surfaces (3-2, 3-3; 4-2, 4-3; 5-2, 5-3) have spacers (13; 14; 15).

10. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper layer (10) of each shaped block (2) has a specific upper layer storage capacity, that the middle layer (12) of each shaped block (2) has a specific middle layer storage capacity, that the specific middle layer storage capacity is higher than the specific upper layer storage capacity.

11. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper layer (10) of each shaped block (2) is dimensioned by its volume and its porosity and that the middle layer (12) of each shaped block (2) is dimensioned by its volume and its porosity such that an absolute middle layer storage capacity is at least 2 times and in particular at least 4 times and particularly preferably at least 8 times an absolute upper layer storage capacity.

12. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the case of rain, drainage of the upper layer (10) takes place through the middle layer (12) and that drainage of the middle layer (12) to side surfaces (3-1 to 3-4; 4-1 to 4-4; 5-1 to 5-4) of the shaped stone (2; 3, 4, 5) through the adjacent Joint bonding (8) takes place.

13. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper side (2a) and a lower side (10b) of the upper layer (10) as well as a top side (12a) of the middle layer (12) are open-pored, so that the top side (2a) of the upper layer (10) serves as an evaporation surface (16) for water stored in the upper layer (10) and in the middle layer (12).

14. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each shaped block (2) of the surface covering (1) has a thickness (D2) between 9 and 19 cm and in particular between 11 and 16 cm and particularly preferably between 12 and 14 cm.

15. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for each shaped block (2; 3) of the surface covering (1) its underlayer (11) in the region of the underside (2b; 3b) or in the region of the underside (2b; 3b) and in the region of the side surfaces (3-1 to 3-4) comprises a coating (B3b; B3-1 to B3-4) and / or an impregnation (B3b; B3-1 to B3-4).

16. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the middle layers (12) of the shaped blocks (2; 3) and the joint composite (8) form a grid-like storage volume (SV) which is in direct contact with the water-draining bedding layer (6) for drainage via the joint composite, wherein it is provided in particular that a permeability of the joint composite (8) is greater than a permeability of the middle layers (12).

17. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that its shaped blocks (2) have a thickness (D2) of at least 12 cm, wherein their Middle layers (12) have a thickness (D12) of 10 cm, wherein the middle layers (12) of the individual shaped blocks (2) are each designed with regard to a water absorption capacity such that, due to their open porosity, they can absorb at least a quantity of rainwater generated by a 15-minute design rainfall of 270 litres / second x hectare.

18. Surface covering according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the joint composite (8) occupies a maximum of 20% of an area of ​​the surface covering (1).

19. Shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) for a surface covering (1), wherein the surface covering (1) is designed in particular according to at least one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) is constructed in three layers, wherein an upper layer (10) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) has a layer thickness (D10) of 1 cm to 3 cm, in particular of 1 cm to 2 cm, wherein the upper layer (10) has a density (R10) of approximately 2.1 to 2.5 kg / dm 3 in particular 2.1 to 2.15 kg / dm 3 wherein a middle layer (12) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) has a layer thickness (D12) of 6 cm to 10 cm, in particular 7 cm to 8 cm, wherein the middle layer (12) has a density (R12) of approximately 1.9 to 2.1 kg / dm 3and wherein it is particularly provided that the middle layer (12) is more water-permeable than the upper layer (10), wherein a lower layer (11) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) has a layer thickness (DU) of 2 cm to 6 cm, in particular of 3 cm to 4 cm, wherein the lower layer (11) has a density (Rll) of approximately 2.3 to 2.4 kg / dm 3 has.

20. Shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) for a surface covering (1), wherein the surface covering (1) is designed in particular according to at least one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) is constructed in three layers, wherein an upper layer (10) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) has a layer thickness (D10) of 1 cm to 2 cm, preferably about 1 cm, wherein a middle layer (12) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) has a layer thickness (D12) of at least 10 cm and wherein a lower layer (11) of the shaped block (2; 3, 4, 5) has a layer thickness (D11) of 1 cm to 2 cm, preferably about 1 cm.

21. Shaped block according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that its underlayer (11) in the region of the underside (2b) or in the region of the underside (2b) and in the region of the side surfaces (3-1 to 3-4) comprises a coating (B3b; B3-1 to B3-4) and / or an impregnation (13b; 13-1 to 13-4).

22. A method for producing a shaped block, in particular according to at least one of claims 19 to 21, comprising the steps: Manufacturing a three-layer shaped block (2; 3) in a block forming machine in which three different concrete mixtures filled as layers one above the other into a mold cavity are compacted by the action of a stamp and by the action of vibration, subsequently coating and / or impregnating the sub-layer (11) of the shaped block (2; 3), which forms the lowest layer of the shaped block (2; 3) in the laid state, in the region of its underside (2b; 3b) or in the region of its underside (2b; 3b) and its side surfaces (3-1 to 3-4); before and / or after coating and / or impregnation, in particular drying the shaped block (2; 3).

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