Protective composition, methods, and uses thereof

Abstract

A protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices is provided herein, the composition includes: an inorganic salt in an amount of between 10-45% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent; and water, wherein a total amount of water in the protective composition is at least about 35% (w / w). Further provided herein, a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition includes: an inorganic salt; an inorganic porous adsorbent; a hydrogel; and water.

Description

[0001] PROTECTIVE COMPOSITION, METHODS, AND USES THEREOF

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present invention generally relates to energy storage devices. Particularly, the present invention relates to protective compositions against fire / heat and hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, production methods thereof, and uses of said compositions.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Energy storage devices, such as lithium batteries, may undergo internal processes that lead to the release of heat, and toxic and / or corrosive materials. This is often observed when the devices are deformed, become older, or may fail in the process of charge or dis-charge. Therefore, it is critical to use designated protective containers and equipment when storing, handling, or transporting electrical energy storage devices to prevent such hazards from causing harm to individuals and environment. Such designated protective containers and equipment incorporate special protective materials capable of mitigating these hazards and absorbing the heat of a thermal runaway.

[0006] There are currently protective materials available to mitigate the risks associated with high-energy storage devices. However, their effectiveness is not high enough to mitigate the risks posed by the ever-advancing high-energy storage devices. The relatively low power density (effectiveness per given volume) of the state-of-the-art products requires a larger amount of protective material. This leaves minimal space for the devices themselves, or alternatively, leads to the use of larger containers or equipment. For example, in transportation, this inefficient capacity of automobiles results in a waste of fuel energy and contributes to climate damage. Similarly, in high-energy photovoltaic setups, too large and expensive urban areas may be needed for the protective containers and / or equipment.

[0007] Therefore, to solve this issue, it is essential to increase the power density of protective materials. SUMMARY

[0008] This disclosure is directed, in accordance with some embodiments, to a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices.

[0009] Advantageously, the protective composition disclosed herein, in accordance with some embodiments, is configured to enclose a high-power density of protective components. In some embodiments, the protective composition is capable of absorbing heat as well as adsorbing and / or neutralizing acidic compounds, basic compounds, high molecular weight compounds, or any combination thereof. Advantageously, and according to some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is capable of protecting the environment against hazardous substances that may be generated during a thermal runaway of a battery, in particular during the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery.

[0010] In some embodiments, the protective composition and methods provided herein enables a high inclusion of water therewithin, which enhances the cooling potential. According to some embodiments, the herein disclosed methods and / or compositions enable a high saturation of water within the composition.

[0011] Advantageously, in some embodiments, the high inclusion of water is achieved by an effective insertion of the inorganic salt agent into the pores of the porous adsorbent. In some embodiments, this increases the overall water inclusion, and in turn, maximizes the cooling potential of the protective composition.

[0012] Advantageously, in some embodiments, the herein disclosed method includes an effective and / or low-shear (ad)mixing of the composition’s ingredients during production, which allows homogeneous distribution and insertion of a high amount of water into the composition.

[0013] Advantageously, in some other embodiments, a high inclusion of water is achieved by having a mixture of a hydrogel and a salt-adsorbent mixture. According to some embodiments, the integration of these two water- saturated networks ensures that the composition retains a high level of moisture and does not dehydrate. According to some embodiments, the high amount of water enhances the cooling potential of the protective composition. Advantageously, in some embodiments, the composition includes a high amount of water while remaining in a free-flowing solid form.

[0014] In accordance with some embodiments, said advantageous protective composition includes at least about 35% water, which is critical for reaching a high cooling potential / thermal capacity.

[0015] According to some embodiments, acid or base neutralizers, and / or activated carbon, and / or dry adsorbent are further added to the protective composition, to increase the power density against hazardous substances. According to some embodiments, the protective composition is capable of adsorbing and / or neutralizing hazardous selected from, but not limited to, LiPFe, PFs, POF3, H3PO4, HF, SO2, SO3, HC1, and / or SOCh. According to some embodiments, the high-power density, therefore, advantageously, reduces the amount of the composition required to be integrated into containers / equipments used for high-energy storage devices.

[0016] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition includes: an inorganic salt in an amount of between about 10% and about 45% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent; and water, wherein a total amount of water in the protective composition is at least about 35% (w / w).

[0017] According to some embodiments, the composition includes water in an amount of between about 35% and about 55% (w / w).

[0018] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition includes: an inorganic salt; an inorganic porous adsorbent; a hydrogel; and water.

[0019] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is in an amount of between about 2% and about 15% (w / w) of the total composition.

[0020] According to some embodiments, a total amount of water is between about 20% and about 75% (w / w) of the total composition.

[0021] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes a polymer cross-linked by a cross-linker, the cross-linker is selected from: alkaline earth metal ion, transition metal ion, aldehyde, imine, amine, pyridine, derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0022] According to some embodiments, the cross-linker includes alkaline earth metal ion selected from Ca2+and / or Mg2+.

[0023] According to some embodiments, the polymer is selected from: anionic polymer, cationic polymer, and non-ionic polymer.

[0024] According to some embodiments, the anionic polymer includes moieties selected from: sulfonate, acrylate, phosphate, borate, amino acid, carboxylate, saccharide, derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0025] According to some embodiments, the anionic polymer includes polymer selected from: poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(styrene carboxylic acid), poly(vinyl sulfuric acid), poly(vinyl sulfonic acid), poly(2-acryamido-2-methyl-l -propane sulfonic acid), poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(phosphoric acid), lignin sulfonate, and any combination thereof.

[0026] According to some embodiments, the anionic polymer includes polymer selected from: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, sodium dextran sulfate, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, alginate, heparin, pectin, xanthan, gellan, chondroitin-6-sulfate, kappa-carrageenan, and any combination thereof.

[0027] According to some embodiments, the polymer includes or is alginate. According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is selected from: perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, and any combination thereof.

[0028] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is perlite.

[0029] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is in an amount of between about 10% and about 60% (w / w).

[0030] According to some embodiments, the composition further includes activated carbon in an amount of between about 0.5% and about 5% (w / w).

[0031] According to some embodiments, the composition further includes an acid neutralizer or a base neutralizer.

[0032] According to some embodiments, the acid neutralizer includes algae lime, baking soda, CaCCh, magnesite, MgCCh, MgO, Mg(OH)2, or any combination thereof.

[0033] According to some embodiments, the acid neutralizer is in an amount of between about 1% and about 35% (w / w).

[0034] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is selected from: CaCh, MgCh, Na2SO4, CaSO4, MgSCh. Natron, Na2COs, NaiSiCh, or any combination thereof.

[0035] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt includes water of crystallization selected from: monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, hexahydrate, octahydrate, decahydrate, undecahydrate, or dodecahydrate.

[0036] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a method of producing a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method includes: mixing an inorganic porous adsorbent with a powder of inorganic salt to obtain a powder mixture, wherein said inorganic salt constitutes between about 10% and about 45% (w / w) of the total composition; and admixing water, which constitutes at least about 35% (w / w) of the total composition, to the powder mixture, thereby producing a protective composition.

[0037] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a method of producing a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method includes: providing an adsorbing powder, said powder includes an inorganic porous adsorbent; gradually admixing a salt solution to the adsorbing powder, said salt solution including an inorganic salt, wherein the inorganic salt constitutes between about 10% and about 45% (w / w) of the total composition, thereby obtaining a protective composition, such that the water constitutes at least about 35% (w / w) of the total composition.

[0038] According to some embodiments, the adsorbing powder further includes an additional inorganic salt.

[0039] According to some embodiments, the gradual admixing of the salt solution further includes admixing an additional inorganic salt.

[0040] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt are not the same.

[0041] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt are each independently selected from: CaCh, MgCh,Na2SO4, CaSC , MgSCh. Natron, Na2CCh, Na2SiCh, or any combination thereof.

[0042] According to some embodiments, the salt solution includes the inorganic salt or the additional inorganic salt, in a concentration of between 15-85% (w / w)

[0043] According to some embodiments, the adsorbing powder further includes an additional inorganic porous adsorbent.

[0044] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent are not the same. According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent are each independently selected from: perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, or any combination thereof.

[0045] According to some embodiments, the gradual admixing includes a technique selected from: spraying, dripping, flowing, dipping, or any combination thereof.

[0046] According to some embodiments, the mixing is a low-shear mixing, to minimize shear forces on the inorganic porous adsorbent.

[0047] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a method of producing a protective composition against heat, and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method includes: admixing: an inorganic porous adsorbent; an inorganic salt; a polymer; a cross-linker; and water, thereby obtaining a protective composition including a hydrogel.

[0048] According to some embodiments, the method further includes: a) mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the inorganic salt and the water, to thereby produce an adsorbent-salt mixture; b) separately, mixing the polymer with the cross-linker to result in a hydrogel; and c) mixing the resulting hydrogel with the produced adsorbent-salt mixture, to thereby produce a protective composition.

[0049] According to some embodiments, the mixing in step (a) includes mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the water before admixing the inorganic salt. According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is added to the inorganic porous adsorbent in step (a), in the form of a powder.

[0050] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is added to the inorganic porous adsorbent in step (a), in the form of a salt solution.

[0051] According to some embodiments, the salt solution includes the inorganic salt in a concentration of between 15-85% (w / w).

[0052] According to some embodiments, further including admixing an acid neutralizer or a base neutralizer.

[0053] According to some embodiments, further including admixing an activated carbon.

[0054] According to some embodiments, stucco is further applied to the protective composition.

[0055] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, said composition produced according to any of the methods disclosed herein.

[0056] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a use of the protective composition disclosed herein for absorbing heat and / or hazardous materials and / or neutralizing hazardous materials.

[0057] According to some embodiments, being capable of adsorbing and / or neutralizing discharged materials, selected from: lithium ions, lithium metals, LiPFe, PFs, POF3, H3PO4, HF, inorganic electrolytes, organic electrolytes, HC1, SOCh, SO2, SO3, H2SO3, H2SO4, or any combination thereof.

[0058] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective container for use in storing and / or transporting energy storage devices, said container includes the protective composition disclosed herein.

[0059] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure may include some, all, or none of the above advantages. One or more technical advantages may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the figures, descriptions and claims included herein. Moreover, while specific advantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may include all, some or none of the enumerated advantages.

[0060] In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the figures and by study of the following detailed descriptions.

[0061] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0062] The invention will now be described in relation to certain examples and embodiments with reference to the following illustrative figures.

[0063] FIG. 1 is an exemplary flowchart that schematically illustrates a method for producing a protective composition (400) using a powder of inorganic salt, according to some embodiments;

[0064] FIG. 2 is an exemplary flowchart that schematically illustrates a method for producing a protective composition (500) using a salt solution including inorganic salt, according to some embodiments;

[0065] FIG. 3 is an exemplary flowchart that schematically illustrates a method for producing a protective composition including a hydrogel (600), according to some embodiments;

[0066] FIG. 4 is another exemplary flowchart that schematically illustrates a method for producing a protective composition including a hydrogel (700), according to some embodiments;

[0067] FIG. 5 is an exemplary thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) plot of a protective composition exemplified in Example 1, according to some embodiments;

[0068] FIG. 6 is an exemplary differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis plot of a protective composition exemplified in Example 1, according to some embodiments;

[0069] FIG. 7A shows exemplary photographs of a protective composition exemplified in Example 2, according to some embodiments; FIG. 7B is an exemplary thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) plot of the protective compositions exemplified in Example 2, according to some embodiments;

[0070] FIG. 7C is an exemplary differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis plot of the protective compositions exemplified in Example 2, according to some embodiments;

[0071] FIG. 8 shows exemplary photographs of a protective composition during production of the composition exemplified in Example 3, during the addition of salt solution, according to some embodiments; FIG. 8a is a photograph of the mixture upon the addition of 24 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments; FIG. 8b is a photograph of the mixture upon the addition of 30 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments; FIG. 8c is a photograph of the mixture upon the addition of 36 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments; FIG. 8d is a photograph of the mixture upon the addition of 42 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments; FIG. 8e is a photograph of the mixture upon the addition of 48 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments; and FIG. 8f is a photograph of the mixture upon the addition of 54 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments;

[0072] FIG. 9 shows an exemplary photograph of a protective composition after production of the composition exemplified in Example 3, upon addition of 60 L of salt solution, according to some embodiments;

[0073] FIG. 10 shows an exemplary photograph of a protective composition, including a hydrogel, which is exemplified in Example 7, according to some embodiments;

[0074] FIG. 11 is an exemplary thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) plot of the protective composition exemplified in Example 7, according to some embodiments; and

[0075] FIG. 12 is an exemplary differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis plot of the protective composition exemplified in Example 7, according to some embodiments.

[0076] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0077] In the following description, various aspects of the disclosure will be described. For the purpose of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the different aspects of the disclosure. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure may be practiced without specific details being presented herein. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the disclosure.

[0078] Prior to setting forth the present subject matter in detail, it may be helpful to provide definitions of certain terms to be used herein. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this subject matter pertains. The following definitions are provided for clarity.

[0079] The term "a" or "an" as used herein includes the singular and the plural, unless specifically stated otherwise. Therefore, the terms "a," "an", "at least one", or “at least two” can be used interchangeably in this application.

[0080] As used herein, the verb "comprise" as is used in this description and in the claims and its conjugations are used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded.

[0081] As used herein, the term "about" when used in connection with a numerical value includes ±10% from the indicated value. In addition, all ranges directed to the same component or property herein are inclusive of the endpoints, are independently combinable, and include all intermediate points and ranges. It is understood that where a parameter range is provided, all integers within that range, and tenths thereof, are also provided by the invention.

[0082] As used herein, according to some embodiment, the term “water of crystallization”, also referred to as “hydrate”, refers to water molecules that are present in a formula unit. Alternatively, the term “water of crystallization” refers to water molecules that bind as part of a crystal structure. The number of hydrates, water molecules, may vary from one compound to another. In some exemplifying embodiments, the water of crystallization (e.g., dihydrate) bound to a formula unit (e.g., CaCh), which is adsorbed inside / onto an inorganic porous adsorbent (e.g. perlite).

[0083] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “inorganic salt” refers to a compound, drying agent, salt, material, molecule, that is hydrous, partially hydrous, or anhydrous, and capable of adsorbing water solely, or in addition to other agents in a composition. The adsorbed water can be part of a hydrated or partially hydrated crystal salt, i.e. ‘water of crystallization’, in accordance with some embodiments. The number of water molecules, also referred to as “hydrates”, may vary from one compound to another, in accordance with some embodiments. The inorganic salt compound can be hygroscopic, extract / absorb water from an ambiance, and thus act as a water absorber or water absorbing facilitating agent, according to some embodiments.

[0084] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “inorganic porous adsorbent” refers to an inorganic porous material, capable of adsorbing / ab sorbing other organic and / or inorganic materials, compounds, or molecules. According to some embodiments, the absorbed materials can be in the form of a gas, solid, or liquid. In some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is particularly capable of absorbing water, salt, salt that is hydrous or anhydrous or dissolved in water, or salt with water of crystallization, solely, or in addition to other agents in a composition. In some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is capable of thermally insulating. In some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is capable of absorbing acid substances (e.g., the inorganic porous adsorbent may be an “acid neutralizer”).

[0085] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “thermal protection potential”, which is interchangeably termed “cooling potential” / ’’heat capacity” / ’’thermal energy protection” refers to the amount of thermal energy that the composition can absorb. According to some embodiments, the cooling potential is proportional to the insulation level of the composition. In some embodiments, the cooling potential is proportional to the amount of water in the composition.

[0086] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “acid or base neutralizer” refers to components that are capable of, respectively, absorbing and / or neutralizing basic and / or acidic substances / compounds and / or moieties discharged from electrical storage devices.

[0087] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “hydrogel” refers to a three- dimensional network of a polymer / oligomer, typically a natural or synthetic cross-linked polymer, or a physically entangled polymer, that can absorb a large amount of water within it.

[0088] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “cross-linker” refers to an ion, molecule, moiety, or a combination thereof, capable of linking / binding between at least two non-consecutive moieties of oligomer(s) / polymer(s). The type of bond includes, in accordance with some embodiments, a covalent bond, an electrostatic bond, a hydrogen bond, a halogen bond, a coordination bond, a pi-pi interaction, or a combination thereof. According to some embodiments, the cross-linker statistically converts polymer chains or polymer complexes into an essentially single network.

[0089] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “anionic polymer” refers to a polymer having repeated negatively charged moieties / units / monomers along its chain.

[0090] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “one-pot” refers to combining or reacting components in a single container, eliminating intermediate steps of transferring components from one container to another.

[0091] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “stucco” refers to a material made of cement, sand, lime and water. The term is used interchangeably with the terms “plaster” or “mortar”.

[0092] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “high molecular weight" molecule / compound refers to an oligomer and / or polymer.

[0093] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “power density" refers to the amount of thermal energy protection, acidic moieties neutralization, basic moieties neutralization, organic substances absorbance, and / or aerosols absorbance, that potentially can be performed by a given amount of protective composition.

[0094] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “additional", such as “additional inorganic salt” or “additional inorganic porous adsorbent” refers to an inorganic salt or inorganic porous adsorbent which is added in addition to the originally mentioned corresponding ingredient (such as the “inorganic salt” or “inorganic porous adsorbent”, respectively) of the method / composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the additional corresponding ingredient is not the same as that originally disclosed.

[0095] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “hazardous" refers to toxic and / or corrosive material.

[0096] As used herein, according to some embodiments, the term “gradually" refers to slowly and / or steadily over a period of time. There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices (i.e. batteries), the composition including: an inorganic salt in an amount of between about 10% and about 45% (w / w), wherein the salt includes water of crystallization; an inorganic porous adsorbent; and water, wherein a total amount of water in the protective composition is at least about 35% (w / w).

[0097] There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices (i.e. batteries), the composition including: an inorganic salt in an amount of between about 10% and about 45% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent; and water, wherein a total amount of water in the protective composition is at least about 35% (w / w).

[0098] According to some embodiments, a high amount of water (free, bound, hydrate) enhances the heat capacity or cooling potential of the protecting composition.

[0099] According to some embodiments, a high amount of water of crystallization enhances the heat capacity or cooling potential of the protecting composition.

[0100] According to some embodiments, the (specific) dissociation or evaporation energy of the water of crystallization (hydrate) or of water that is bound to a surface is higher than that of free water molecules alone. Thus, according to some embodiments, the water of crystallization or of bound water molecules, in the composition, may advantageously contribute to the overall cooling potential of the composition. According to some embodiments, the high amount of inorganic salt (which might be accompanying the water of crystallization) increases the overall cooling potential of the protective composition.

[0101] According to some embodiments, the composition (when excluding a hydrogel) includes an inorganic salt in an amount of between about 10% and about 45% (w / w), for example, between 10-30%, between 12-25% (w / w), between 10-20% (w / w), between 20-30% (w / w), between 30-40% (w / w), between 20-45% (w / w), or between 40-45% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0102] Advantageously, and according to some embodiments, the composition (which excludes a hydrogel) includes water in an amount of between about 35% and about 55% (w / w), for example, between about 35% and about 45% (w / w), between about 40% and about 45% (w / w), between about 40% and about 50% (w / w), between about 45% and about 50% (w / w), between about 45% and about 55% (w / w), or between about 50% and about 55% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the high amount of water corelates to a high thermal protection of the protective composition.

[0103] According to some embodiments, a high amount of inorganic salt with water of crystallization increases the power density and the thermal protection potential of the composition.

[0104] According to some embodiments, a high amount of water enhances the power density and thermal protection potential of the protective composition. In some embodiments, the water may include free water, bound water, and / or water of crystallization type of water (i.e., hydrate). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0105] According to some embodiments, the dissociation and evaporation energy of the bound water is higher than the evaporation of free water molecules alone. Therefore, in some embodiments, the porous inorganic adsorbent in the composition is advantageous and contributes to the overall cooling potential of the composition. According to some embodiments, the combination of the inorganic porous adsorbent, the inorganic salt (with water of crystallization), and the bound and / or free water, in a suitable amount provided herein, contributes altogether to the cooling potential specifically, as well as to the overall powder density of the protecting composition in general. According to some embodiments, the high thermal protection potential of the composition is beneficial for effectively absorbing the heat that may be discharged from energy storage devices using a minimal amount of the composition (high powder density).

[0106] According to some embodiments, the composition further includes a hydrogel.

[0107] There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a hydrogel-based protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition including: an inorganic salt; an inorganic porous adsorbent; a hydrogel; and water.

[0108] There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a hydrogel-based protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition including: an inorganic salt with water of crystallization; an inorganic porous adsorbent; a hydrogel; and water.

[0109] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel-based composition includes an inorganic salt in an amount of between about 2% and about 15% (w / w) of the total composition, for example, in an amount of between 2-5% (w / w), between 5-10% (w / w), between 7-15% (w / w), or between 10-15% (w / w), of the total composition. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0110] Advantageously, and according to some embodiments, the hydrogel-based composition includes water in an amount of between about 20% and about 75% (w / w) of the total composition, for example, between 20-30% (w / w), between 30-40% (w / w), between 20-50% (w / w), between 40-50% (w / w), between 50-60% (w / w), between 50-75% (w / w), between 52- 75% (w / w), or between 60-75% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the high amount of water results in a protective composition with high thermal protection / cooling potential.

[0111] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is selected from, but is not limited, to perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, and any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. In some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is selected from perlite, bentonite and / or high alumina cement.

[0112] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is selected from, but is not limited to, silica powder, quartz powder, porous silica, porous alumina, kaolin, carbon, glass wool, wool, basalt wool, asbestos, rock, glass fiber, pumice, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0113] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is perlite.

[0114] According to some embodiments, the specific weight of the inorganic porous adsorbent is less than about 1 gr / cm3, for example, about 0.8-1 gr / cm3, 0.5-0.8 gr / cm3, 0.2-0.5 gr / cm3, or preferably 0.05-0.2 gr / cm3. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0115] According to some embodiments, the composition includes the inorganic porous adsorbent in an amount of between about 5% and about 60% (w / w), for example, in an amount of between 5-20% (w / w), between 20-30% (w / w), between 30-60% (w / w), between 15-35% (w / w), between 30-40% (w / w), between 50-60% (w / w), or between 40-50% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0116] According to some embodiments, the composition further includes an activated carbon. According to some embodiments, the composition further includes an activated carbon in an amount of between about 0.5% and about 5% (w / w), for example, between 0.5-1% (w / w), between 0.5-2.5% (w / w), between 1-1.5% (w / w), between 1.5-2% (w / w), or between 2-5% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0117] According to some embodiments, the composition is being capable of absorbing (i.e., characterized by a absorption capacity) high molecular weight substances per a given weight of composition, between about 0.5 gr / kg and about 5 gr / kg , for example, between 0.5-2 gr / kg, between 1-1.5 gr / kg, between 1.5-2 gr / kg, or between 2-5 gr / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0118] According to some embodiments, the composition further includes an acid or a base neutralizer.

[0119] According to some embodiments, the base neutralizer includes but is not limited to, zinc phosphate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulphate, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium bisulfate, magnesium bisulfate, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0120] According to some embodiments, the acid neutralizer includes, but is not limited to algae lime, baking soda, CaCCh, magnesite, MgCCh, MgO, Mg(0H)2, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0121] According to some embodiments, the acid neutralizer is in an amount of between about 1% and about 35% (w / w), for example, between 0.5-3% (w / w), between 3-5% (w / w), between 5-8% (w / w), between 10-25% (w / w), between 8-15% (w / w), or between 15-35% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0122] According to some embodiments, the composition is capable of neutralizing between 0.5-15 mole equivalents of acidic moieties per 1 kg of composition, for example, between 0.2- 0.5 eq / kg, between 0.5-1 eq / kg, between 1-3 eq / kg, between 3-5 eq / kg, between 6-10 eq / kg, between 7-15 eq / kg, or between 10-15 eq / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0123] According to some embodiments, the composition is characterized by acid absorption / neutralization capacity of between about 15 mol acid to about 45 mol acid, per 1 kg of composition. For example, in some embodiments, the composition is characterized by a capacity of between 15-35 mol acid / kg, between 20-35 mol acid / kg, between 25-35 mol acid / kg, or between 30-35 mol acid / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0124] According to some embodiments, the composition is characterized by a capacity to neutralize acids selected from, but not limited to, HC1, HF, H3PO4, H2SO3, or H2SO4. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0125] In some embodiments, the composition is characterized by HF acid absorption / neutralization capacity of between about 0.2 kg of acid and about 0.9 kg of acid per 1 kg of composition, for example, between 0.20-0.40 kgHF / kg, between 0.45-0.85 kgHF / kg, between 0.30-0.90 kgHF / kg, between 0.35-0.85 kgHF / kg, between 0.35-0.80 kgHF / kg, between 0.35-0.75 kgHF / kg, between 0.35-0.70 kgHF / kg, or between 0.35-0.60 kgHF / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0126] In some embodiments, the composition is characterized by HC1 acid absorption / neutralization capacity of between about 0.1 kg of acid and about 0.5 kg of acid per 1 kg of composition, for example, between 0.10-0.45 kgHCl / kg, between 0.10-0.25 kgHCl / kg, between 0.15-0.45 kgHCl / kg, between 0.15-0.40 kgHCl / kg, between 0.20-0.40 kgHCl / kg, between 0.10-0.20 kgHCl / kg, or between 0.20-0.35 kgHCl / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0127] According to some embodiments, the composition including the base neutralizer is capable of neutralizing 0.2-3 mole equivalents of basic moieties per 1 kg of composition, for example, about 0.2-1 eq / kg, about 1-2 eq / kg, or about 2-3 eq / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0128] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt includes but is not limited to CaCh, MgCh, Na2SO4, CaSO4, MgSO4, Natron, Na2CO3, NaiSiCh, or any combination thereof. According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt includes but is not limited to CaCh, MgCh, MgSO4, Na2CCh, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is or includes CaCh. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt is or includes MgCh.

[0129] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is anhydrous, or includes hydrate (water of crystallization) selected from: monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, hexahydrate, octahydrate, decahydrate, undecahydrate, or dodecahydrate. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0130] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt with water of crystallization is selected from, but is not limited to, CaCh 2H2O, CaCh 6H2O, MgCh 6H2O, MgCh AH2O, MgCh 4H2O, Na2SO45H2O, CaSO42H2O, MgSO47H2O, FeSO47H2O, Na3PO412H2O, Na2CO3IOH2O, Na2SiO38H2O, Na2SiO3IOH2O, Na2SiO39H2O, and any combination thereof. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel-included composition maintains its water inclusion. In some embodiments, the water inclusion is facilitated by incorporating an adsorbent-salt mixture as a humidity stabilizer, the mixture includes inorganic porous adsorbent, and inorganic salt (optionally with water of crystallization). In some embodiments, the water inclusion is retained by the hydrogel network which holds the water therewithin. In some embodiments, the combined networks of the hydrogel and the adsorbent-salt humidity stabilizer allow high water holding, as compared with the hydrogel alone or with the adsorbentsalt mixture alone. In some embodiments, the water is retained by the synergistic effect of the hydrogel and the adsorbent-salt mixture.

[0131] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of polymer(s). According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of anionic polymers. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of cross-linked anionic polymers. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of cross-linked natural anionic polymers. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network including cross-linked polysaccharides. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network including polysaccharides crosslinked via a metal ion. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network including polysaccharides cross-linked via an alkaline earth metal ion. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of anionic polymers cross-linked via metal ions. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of alginate crossed-linked via an alkaline earth metal ion. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of alginate cross-linked via Ca2+and / or Mg2+. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of alginate cross-linked via Ca2+. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is a network of alginate cross-linked via Mg2+.

[0132] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes a polymer. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes a polymer cross-linked by a cross-linker. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes a polymer cross-linked by a cross-linker selected from, but is not limited to, alkaline earth metal ion, transition metal ion, aldehyde, imine, amine, pyridine, derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0133] According to some embodiments, the cross-linker is an alkaline earth metal ion. According to some embodiments, the alkaline earth metal ion cross-linker is Ca and / or Mg ion. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes a cross-linker in an amount of between about 2% and about 8% (w / w), for example, between 2-4% (w / w), between 4-6% (w / w), between 4-8% (w / w), or between 6-8% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0134] According to some embodiments, the polymer is selected from: anionic polymer, cationic polymer, or nonionic polymer. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0135] In some embodiments, the polymer includes functional moieties which are available to be linked through the cross-linker. In some embodiments, the polymer includes repeating moieties which are functional and available to be crossed-linked.

[0136] According to some embodiments, the anionic polymer includes, but is not limited to, (negative) repeating moieties selected from: sulfonate, acrylate, phosphate, borate, amino acid, carboxylate, saccharide, derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. In some embodiments, the repeating anionic moieties are moieties which are linked via the (positive) cross-linker.

[0137] According to some embodiments, the anionic polymer includes polymer selected from, but is not limited to, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(styrene carboxylic acid), poly(vinyl sulfuric acid), poly(vinyl sulfonic acid), poly(2-acryamido-2-methyl-l -propane sulfonic acid), poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(phosphoric acid), lignin sulfonate, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0138] According to some embodiments, the anionic polymer includes polymer selected from, but is not limited to, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, sodium dextran sulfate, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, alginate, heparin, pectin, xanthan, gellan, chondroitin-6-sulfate, kappa-carrageenan, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes the polymer alginate. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes sodium alginate. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel includes calcium alginate.

[0139] According to some embodiments, the protective composition includes the polymer in an amount of between about 1% and about 10% (w / w), for example, between 1-3% (w / w), between 3-5% (w / w), between 5-7% (w / w), between 5-10% (w / w), or between 7-10% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the cross-linker links between the ionic residues / moieties. According to some embodiments, the positive (cationic) cross-linker links between the negative (anionic) repeating moieties of the polymer. In some other embodiments, negative (anionic) cross-linker links between positive (cationic) repeating moieties of the polymer.

[0140] According to some embodiments, the composition further includes an additional inorganic porous adsorbent, which further added dried. According to some embodiments, the dry additional inorganic porous adsorbent serves as an alternative and / or in addition to activated carbon. In some embodiments, the further added dry inorganic porous adsorbent serves as an additional water / humid stabilizer.

[0141] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel-based composition further includes a reactive gypsum CaSO4-2H2O and / or silica gel. According to some embodiments, the reactive gypsum and / or silica gel enhances the free-flowing form of the bulk. According to some embodiments, the hydrogel-based composition further includes a reactive gypsum and / or silica gel and / or a dry inorganic porous adsorbent and / or acid / base neutralizer.

[0142] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition including: an inorganic salt in an amount of at between about 10% and about 45% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent in an amount of between about 5% to about 60% (w / w) of the total composition; and water between about 35% and about 55% of the total composition (w / w).

[0143] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition including: an inorganic salt in an amount of at between about 10% and about 45% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent in an amount of between about 5% and about 60% (w / w) of the total composition; water between about 35% and about 55% of the total composition (w / w); and optionally an acid neutralizer in an amount of between about 1% and about 35% (w / w) of the total composition; and / or optionally activated carbon in an amount of between about 0.5% and about 5% (w / w) of the total composition.

[0144] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a hydrogel-based protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition including: an inorganic salt in an amount of at between about 2% and about 15% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent in an amount of between about 5% and about 60% (w / w) of the total composition; and water between about 20% and about 75% of the total composition (w / w).

[0145] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a hydrogel-based protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition including: an inorganic salt in an amount of at between about 2% and about 15% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent in an amount of between about 5% and about 60% (w / w) of the total composition; water between about 20% and about 75% of the total composition (w / w); and optionally an acid neutralizer in an amount of between about 1% and about 35% (w / w) of the total composition; and / or optionally activated carbon in an amount of between about 0.5% and about 5% (w / w) of the total composition.

[0146] There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a method of producing a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method including: mixing an inorganic porous adsorbent with a powder of inorganic salt to obtain a powder mixture, wherein said inorganic salt constitutes between about 10% and about 45% (w / w) of the total composition; and admixing water, which constitutes at least about 35% (w / w) of the total composition, to the powder mixture, thereby producing a protective composition.

[0147] According to some embodiments, the method facilitates the introduction of a high amount of inorganic salt, thereby allowing more water to be absorbed and included in the final protective composition. Advantageously, and according to some embodiments, the application of the inorganic salt as a powder allows the inorganic salt and the water to penetrate more effectively into the channels of the porous adsorbent, while effectively filling in a high volume of the vacant pores. According to some embodiments, as a result, the high inclusion of free water, and / or inclusion of resulting water of crystallization, and / or of bound water, enables the high heat capacity / cooling potential of the final protective composition. In some embodiments, the method allows the formation / incroporataion of inorganic salt with water of crystallization (hydrate(s)) within the composition. In some embodiments, the method allows the formation of inorganic salt with water of crystallization (hydrate(s)) within the composition, while utilizing in the production either hydrous or anhydrous form of the inorganic salt.

[0148] According to some embodiments, the amount of water included in the composition obtained by mixing the powder of inorganic salt with the inorganic porous adsorbent, as is disclosed herein, is between about 40% and about 55% (w / w). For example, in some embodiments, the method results in composition constitutes water between 40-50% (w / w), between 45-55% (w / w), between 40-45% (w / w), or between 50-55%. Each possibility is a sperate embodiment.

[0149] A reference is now made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates a flowchart 400 describing a method for producing a protective composition (which does not include a hydrogel). In 402 an inorganic porous adsorbent is mixed with a powder of inorganic salt, to obtain a powder mixture. In 404 water is admixed to the powder mixture. In step 406 a protective composition is thereby produced. In optional step 408 an acid / base neutralizer and / or activated carbon and / or dry inorganic porous adsorbent are further added. These additives can be added in any step of the method, according to some embodiments.

[0150] According to some other embodiments, the mixing includes: mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with water before adding the inorganic salt powder. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method includes: mixing an inorganic porous adsorbent with water, to obtain a mixture; and admixing an inorganic salt to the mixture, thereby producing a protective composition.

[0151] According to some embodiments, the mixing includes: mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent powder with the inorganic salt powder before admixing the water (FIG. 1).

[0152] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a method of producing a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method includes: providing an adsorbing powder, said powder including an inorganic porous adsorbent; gradually admixing a salt solution to the absorbing powder, said salt solution including an inorganic salt, wherein the inorganic salt constitutes between about 10% and about 45% (w / w) of the total composition, thereby obtaining a protective composition, such that the water constitutes at least about 35% (w / w) of the total composition.

[0153] According to some embodiments, the adsorbing powder further includes an additional inorganic salt.

[0154] According to some embodiments, the gradual admixing of the salt solution further includes admixing an additional inorganic salt.

[0155] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt are not the same.

[0156] In some embodiments, the additional inorganic salt may act as a surface coating layer. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic salt may improve the mechanical strength of the inorganic porous adsorbent and / or the whole composition. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic adsorbent may increase the water inclusion of the composition.

[0157] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt of the salt solution are each independently selected from: CaCh, MgCh,Na2SO4, CaSC , MgSC , Natron, Na2CCh, Na2SiCh, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt in the admixed salt solution includes or is CaCh, (calcium chloride) and / or MgCh (magnesium chloride).

[0158] In some embodiments, the additional inorganic salt includes or is Na2CCh or Natron.

[0159] In some embodiments, the additional inorganic salt in the admixed salt solution includes or is Na2SiO3 (sodium silicate).

[0160] In some embodiments, the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt used in the powder mixture or in the salt solution, are in any anhydrous or hydrate form, as detailed herein above. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt or the additional inorganic salt of any anhydrous or hydrate form may produce a composition including an inorganic salt with water of crystallization (hydrate(s)).

[0161] In some embodiments, the inorganic salt and / or the additional inorganic salt are mixed / admixed / added in the form of an aqueous solution.

[0162] According to some embodiments, the salt solution, including the inorganic salt or the additional inorganic salt, has an inorganic salt concentration of between about 12% and about 85% (w / w). For example, the salt solution (of the inorganic salt or the additional inorganic salt) has a concentration of between about 20% and about 40% (w / w), between about 30% and about 40% (w / w), between about 12% and about 25% (w / w), between about 60% and about 80% (w / w), or between about 50% and about 70% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0163] In some embodiments, the inorganic salt or the additional inorganic salt in the salt solution are at a concentration of between about 32% and about 40% (w / w).

[0164] According to some embodiments, the adsorbing powder further includes an additional inorganic porous adsorbent.

[0165] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent are not the same.

[0166] In some embodiments, the additional inorganic porous adsorbent reinforces the inorganic porous adsorbent. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic porous adsorbent hardener the inorganic porous adsorbent (originally mentioned, e.g., perlite) and / or hardener the whole composition. The additional inorganic porous adsorbent may further improve the thermal behavior of the composition.

[0167] According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent are each independently selected from: perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0168] In some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is perlite, and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent includes high alumina cement. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic porous adsorbent includes bentonite.

[0169] In some embodiments, the additional inorganic porous adsorbent, such as bentonite, may act as a binder. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic porous adsorbent may reduce shearing during processing. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic porous adsorbent may facilitate in producing a homogenous composition morphology.

[0170] In some embodiments, the obtained / provided adsorbing powder is gently mixed / stirred at a low-shear mixing, to avoid breakage of the inorganic porous adsorbent. Thereby, the pores and their respective total high surface area retain an adsorbing capacity thereof, according to some embodiments.

[0171] According to some embodiments, the gradual admixing includes a technique selected from: spraying, dripping, flowing, dipping, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. In some embodiments, the salt solution is gradually admixed by spraying into the gently stirred adsorbing powder or into a partially wet adsorbing powder. In some embodiments, the salt solution is gradually admixed by dripping portions of the solution into the gently stirred adsorbing powder or into a partially wet adsorbing powder. In some embodiments, the addition of the salt solution is performed in a stepwise manner.

[0172] In some embodiments, the low-shear mixing is applied during powder mixing and / or the gradual admixing of the salt solution.

[0173] In some embodiments, the admixing of the salt solution is performed gently and slowly, during a time course which allows sufficient wetting and / or penetration of the solution into the 1 adsorbing powder without over saturating the adsorbing powder. In some embodiments, the produced composition is in the form of a free flowing solid.

[0174] Reference is made now to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates a flowchart 500 describing a method for producing a protective composition (which does not include a hydrogel). In 502 an adsorbing powder including an inorganic porous adsorbent (e.g., perlite) is provided. In some embodiments, the adsorbing powder further includes an additional inorganic porous adsorbent (e.g., high alumina cement, HAC) and / or an additional inorganic salt (e.g., Natron). In step 504 a salt solution including an inorganic salt (e.g., CaCh) is gradually admixed to the adsorbing powder. In some embodiments, the gradual admixing is performed step-wise by a technique selected from, but not limited to, dripping, spraying, flowing, or any combination thereof. The gradual admixing allows the solution to be gently and homogeneously added and mixed within the adsorbing powder. In some embodiments, the gradual admixing allows the adsorbing powder to reach a high saturation of water. In turn, in some embodiments, a homogenous and high inclusion of water is enabled within the protective composition. In some embodiments, a gentle mixing includes a low-shear mixing, to retain the high surface area of the adsorbing substances (e.g., perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, or any combination thereof). The water inclusion level within the composition is proportional to the cooling potential and power density levels of the composition against heat and / or hazardous materials. In step 506, after the slow admixing is completed, a protective composition is obtained. In optional step 508, in any stage of the process, without being bound to any order, acid / base neutralizer, activated carbon, and / or dry inorganic porous adsorbent, are added to the composition mixture, via any form, such as dry form (e.g., adsorbing powder) or wet form (e.g., salt solution).

[0175] There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a method for producing a protective composition against fire, heat, toxic, and / or corrosive materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method includes: admixing: an inorganic porous adsorbent; an inorganic salt; a polymer; a cross-linker; and water, thereby producing a protective composition including a hydrogel.

[0176] According to some embodiments, the method for producing the hydrogel-based composition further includes: a) mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the inorganic salt and the water, to thereby produce an adsorbent-salt mixture; b) separately, mixing the polymer with the cross-linker, to result in a hydrogel; and c) mixing the resulting hydrogel with the produced adsorbent-salt mixture, to thereby produce a protective composition.

[0177] According to some embodiments, the mixing in step (a) includes mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the water before admixing the inorganic salt.

[0178] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt is added to the inorganic porous adsorbent in step (a), in the form of a powder, before water is admixed.

[0179] According to some embodiments, the inorganic salt, used in the method including a hydrogel, is added to the inorganic porous adsorbent in step (a), as a salt solution.

[0180] In some embodiments, the salt solution includes the inorganic salt in a concentration of 15-85% (w / w), as detailed with respect to the salt solution above herein.

[0181] According to some embodiments, the composition including the hydrogel, i.e. the hydrogel-based composition, enables the inclusion of a high amount of water between about 20% and about 75% (w / w). According to some embodiments, the high amount of water results in a high heat capacity in the final protective composition.

[0182] In some embodiments, the hydrogel-based protective composition includes at least 20% (w / w) of water, for example, at least 30% (w / w) of water, at least 40% (w / w) of water, at least 50% (w / w) of water, at least 53% (w / w) of water, at least 55% (w / w) of water, at least 60% (w / w), or at least 70% (w / w) of water. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the water in the produced composition can be of any form such as free water, bound water and / or hydrate type of water. In some embodiments, the method utilizes the inorganic salt as either anhydrous or hydrous forms (such as detailed herein). In some embodiments, the composition, produced from any form of inorganic salt, may include in its final form the inorganic salt as either anhydrous or hydrous forms.

[0183] A reference is now made to FIG. 3, which schematically illustrates a flowchart 600 describing a method for producing a protective composition including a hydrogel. In step 602 an adsorbent-salt mixture is produced, by mixing an inorganic porous adsorbent with an inorganic salt and water. According to some embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is mixed with an inorganic salt, wherein the inorganic salt is in a form of a powder or a salt solution, and then water is admixed. Alternatively, in some other embodiments, the inorganic porous adsorbent is first mixed with water, and then the inorganic salt is admixed (as a powder or as a solution of the salt). In step 604 a hydrogel is produced by mixing a polymer with a cross-linker. In step 606, the resulting hydrogel and the produced adsorbent-salt mixture are mixed, to thereby produce a protective composition. In optional step 608 in any stage of the process, without being bound to any order, acid / base neutralizer, activated carbon, and / or dry inorganic porous adsorbent, may be added to the composition mixture, via any form, such as dry or solution form.

[0184] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel-based method further includes adding a water-absorbing material including but not limited to a gypsum, silica gel, MgO, and any combination thereof.

[0185] According to some embodiments, the method includes producing a hydrogel by mixing solutions of a polymer and a cross-linker. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing the hydrogel by mixing aqueous solutions of an anionic polymer and a cross-linker. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing the hydrogel by mixing aqueous solutions of a polysaccharide and a cross-linker. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing the hydrogel by mixing aqueous solutions of an alginate and a cross-linker.

[0186] According to some embodiments, the method includes producing a hydrogel by mixing a polymer, water, and a cross-linker in one pot. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing a hydrogel by mixing an anionic polymer, water, and a cross-linker in one pot. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing a hydrogel by mixing a polysaccharide, water, and a cross-linker in one pot. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing a hydrogel by mixing alginate, water, and a cross-linker in one pot. According to some embodiments, the method includes producing a hydrogel by mixing alginate, water, and a Ca ions in one pot.

[0187] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is de-hydrated prior to mixing with the adsorbent-salt mixture.

[0188] According to some embodiments, the de-hydrated hydrogel contains less than about 97% (w / w) water, for example, less than about 97% (w / w), less than about 95% (w / w), less than about 90% (w / w), or less than about 85% (w / w) of water. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0189] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel is produced at a temperature of between 30-80 °C, for example at between 30-45 °C, at between 45-60 °C, or between 60-80 °C. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0190] In some embodiments, the hydrogel-based protective composition is viscous and can be conveniently handled and processed using techniques suitable for semi-solids, including but not limited to, mixing, lifting, rolling, pressing, molding, injecting, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0191] Advantageously, according to some embodiments, incorporating an adsorbent-salt mixture in a hydrogel-based composition stabilizes the moisture content and prevents the evaporation of water.

[0192] According to some embodiments, the hydrogel-based composition mixed with the adsorbent-salt mixture is water-stabilized by keeping the water molecules between the surrounding and the adsorbent-salt in a stable equilibrium.

[0193] According to some embodiments, the adsorbent-salt mixture is formed from a solution of an inorganic salt, with or without water of crystallization, said solution has a concentration of about 25-45% (w / w), for example, about 25-30% (w / w), about 30-35% (w / w), about 40- 45% (w / w), or preferably about 35-40% (w / w), Each embodiment is a separate embodiment. In some embodiments, the optional number of hydrate molecules accompanying the inorganic salt or the anhydrous form of the inorganic salt are as disclosed herein.

[0194] According to some embodiments, the mixing, in the method for producing the hydrogel-based composition, further includes adding a dry inorganic porous adsorbent. According to some embodiments, the further added dry inorganic porous adsorbent serves as an alternative and / or in addition to the activated carbon component.

[0195] According to some embodiments, stucco is further applied to the protective composition. According to some embodiments, stucco includes, but is not limited to gypsum CaSO4 x 2H2O, lime, sand, water, cement, acrylics, glass fiber, animal fiber, plant fiber, or a combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, stucco can be traditional stucco, lime stucco, or modern stucco. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0196] According to some embodiments, stucco is further applied to the protective composition in an amount of between 1-10% (w / w), for example between 1-4% (w / w), between 4-7% (w / w), or between 7-10% (w / w). Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0197] According to some other embodiments, the method for producing a hydrogel-based composition further includes: mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the polymer, to result in an adsorbent- polymer mixture; admixing water to the adsorbent-polymer mixture, to obtain a wet mixture; admixing the cross-linker to the wet mixture, to produce a hydrogel including the wet mixture therewithin; and optionally, admixing a salt solution comprising the inorganic salt, to the hydrogel, thereby obtaining a protective composition.

[0198] Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which schematically illustrates a flow chart of steps 700 for producing a protective composition including a hydrogel. In step 702, in some embodiments, an inorganic porous adsorbent is mixed with a polymer, to result in an adsorbent- polymer mixture. According to some embodiments, the polymer may be selected from any polymer disclosed herein. According to some embodiments, the polymer bears repeating moieties, which are positively or negatively charged, and accordingly can be cross-linked by a cross-linker with an opposite charge. For example, alginate having negative moieties can be cross-linked by alkaline earth metal ions, such as Ca2+or Mg2+. In some embodiments, the adsorbent-polymer mixture is a powder including / made from a powder of polymer and a powder of inorganic porous adsorbent. In some other embodiments, the adsorbent-polymer mixture is a solution made from a powder / solution of polymer and a powder / solution of inorganic porous adsorbent.

[0199] In step 704, water is admixed to the adsorbent-polymer mixture, to obtain thereby a wet mixture. In some embodiments, the water may be introduced after producing the adsorbent- polymer mixture (after step 702) or while producing the adsorbent-polymer mixture (during step 702).

[0200] In step 706, a cross-linker is admixed to the wet mixture, to produce a hydrogel including the wet mixture therewithin. The hydrogel includes, according to some embodiments, but not limited to, the inorganic porous adsorbent, the polymer, water, and optionally additives such as acid / base neutralizer, activated carbon, additional inorganic porous adsorbent, additional inorganic salt, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cross-linker is admixed in an amount sufficient to create the hydrogel network. In some embodiments, the cross-linker may be any cross-linker disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cross-linker is added as a solution. In step 708, a salt solution, including an inorganic salt, is optionally admixed to the hydrogel. In some embodiments, the salt solution of step 708 may include an additional inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the additional inorganic salt of step 708 may not be the same as the cross-linker of step 706. In some other embodiments, the additional inorganic salt of step 708 may be the same as the cross-linker of step 706. In step 710, a hydrogel-based composition is thereby produced. Optionally, additives such as acid / base neutralizer, activated carbon, additional inorganic porous adsorbent, additional inorganic salt, or any combination thereof, may be added to the composition in any order, in any step, and in any form (powder or solution).

[0201] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, said composition produced according to any one of the methods disclosed herein. There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a use of the protective composition disclosed herein for absorbing heat and / or hazardous materials and / or neutralizing hazardous materials.

[0202] There is provided, in accordance with some embodiments, a method of using the protective composition disclosed herein, the method includes integrating / adding / implementing / incorporating the composition within a protective container / equipment. According to some embodiments, the protective composition is associated directly or indirectly with the energy storage devices, such that discharged heat and / or hazardous material are adsorbed / absorbed and / or neutralized by the composition.

[0203] According to some embodiments, the protective composition disclosed herein is being capable of absorbing and / or neutralizing discharged (hazardous) materials selected from: lithium ions, lithium metals, LiPFe, PFs, POF3, H3PO4, HF, inorganic electrolytes, organic electrolytes, HC1, SOCh, SO2, SO3, H2SO3, H2SO4, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0204] There is provided herein, in accordance with some embodiments, a protective container and / or equipment for energy storage devices, the container and / or equipment includes the protective composition disclosed herein.

[0205] According to some embodiments, the container and / or equipment are used for energy batteries of any kind. According to some embodiments, the container and / or equipment are used for batteries including materials selected from, but not limited to aluminum-ion, calcium, lead-acid, glass, alkaline metals, metal-air, magnesium metal, magnesium-ion, mercury, molten salt, nickel oxyhydroxide, nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen, nickel-iron, nickellithium, nickel-metal hydride, nickel-zinc, silver-sulfur, sodium-ion, super iron, zinc ion, aluminum-air batteries, and flow batteries materials such vanadium redox, zinc-bromine, zinccerium, and hydrogen-bromine. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0206] According to some embodiments, the container and / or equipment are used for batteries selected from but not limited to Bunsen cells, Chromic acid cells (Poggendorff cell), Clark cells, Daniell cells, Dry cells, Galvanic cells, Grove cells, zinc-air batteries, zinc-carbon batteries, zinc-chloride batteries, and Leclanche cells. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, the container and / or equipment are used for lithium- ion batteries. According to some embodiments, the lithium-ion batteries include but are not limited to lithium-ion, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium silicon, lithium-ion manganese iron phosphate, lithium-ion manganese-oxide, lithium-ion polymer, lithium-iron-phosphate, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxides, lithiumsulfur, lithium-titanate, or lithium-ceramic. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0207] According to some embodiments, the container and / or equipment can be used for applications including but not limited to solar energy, household, automobile, electric automobile, warfare, nuclear energy, toys, backup devices, home energy storage, nanobattery, common batteries, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), commodity cell, or aerospace. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0208] According to some embodiments, the protective container and / or equipment for energy storage devices is capable of capturing / absorbing and / or neutralizing hazardous material discharged from energy storage device. According to some embodiments, the energy storage device is capable of discharging a material including, but is not limited to, lithium ions, lithium metals, LiPFe, PFs, POF3, H3PO4, HF, SO2, SO3, HC1, SOCh, inorganic electrolytes, organic electrolytes, or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0209] According to some embodiments, the protective composition disclosed herein provides a thermal energy protection or cooling potential of between about 0.08 kWh to about 0.7 kWh per 1 kg of composition, for example, between 0.1-0.2 kWh / kg, between 0.1-0.3 kWh / kg, between 0.2-0.3 kWh / kg, between 0.2-0.4 kWh / kg, between 0.2-0.5 kWh / kg, between 0.3-0.7 kWh / kg, or between 0.3-0.6 kWh / kg. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

[0210] The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate some embodiments of the invention. They should, in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention. One skilled in the art can readily devise many variations and modifications of the principles disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention. EXAMPLES

[0211] Methods

[0212] TGA was performed on a Perkin Elmer TGA 8000 using Pyris software. Samples were heated from 30-250 oC at a rate of 10 oC / min, under an atmosphere of nitrogen (99.99%).

[0213] DSC was performed on a Perkin Elmer DSC 4000 using Pyris software. Samples were heated from -30-250 oC at a rate of 10 oC / min, under an atmosphere of nitrogen (99.99%).

[0214] Example 1 - Producing a protective composition according to a previous method

[0215] An aqueous solution of CaCh (in a concentration of 36%, w / w of the aqueous total solution) in an amount of 7 kg was added into perlite (9.15 kg) to obtain an expanded perlite-CaCh mixture. Subsequently, algae lime (0.89 kg), baking soda (0.54 kg), and activated carbon (0.36 kg) were added to the perlite-CaCh mixture to produce the final protective composition (17.94 kg, total amount). The relative weight (w / w) of each component is detailed in Table 1.1

[0216] Table 1.1

[0217] The obtained formulation was subjected to TGA and DSC analyses, to evaluate the water retention abilities. FIG. 5 is a TGA figure showing that the amount of water in the composition is 28.2% (w / w). FIG. 6 is a DSC figure showing that the overall amount of energy required to evaporate the water from the composition, i.e. cooling energy, is 302.4 kJ / kg.

[0218] Detailed energy of boiling a sample of the composition is shown in Table 1.2. It is shown that the total energy originates from free water (194 kj / kg), bound water (14 kj / kg), and hydrate water (95 kj / kg).

[0219] Table 1.2

[0220] The percentage of the different types of water are detailed in Table 1.3. It is shown that the free water constitutes about 20%, the bound water - 4.5%, and the hydrate water - 4%, of the overall composition weight (w / w).

[0221] Table 1.3

[0222] Example 2 - Producing a protective composition from solution with various inorganic salts

[0223] Protective compositions were prepared using aqueous solutions of calcium chloride dihydrate, 36% and 15%, or alternative inorganic salts and their combination. The obtained formulations were subjected to comparative TGA and DSC analyses to evaluate their water retention abilities. The compositions overall included: perlite, inorganic salt (with or without with water of crystallization), Natron, algae lime (microfine), and active coal pellets. See Table 2.1 for the exemplified composition.

[0224] Table 2, 1

[0225] Table 2.2 shows optional solutions obtained by the different exemplified inorganic salts. These solutions were utilized in the exemplified composition.

[0226] Table 2,2

[0227] The formulations were prepared according to the following steps:

[0228] 1. Perlite was weighed using a semi-analytical balance and transferred to a transparent plastic bag with a zip lock.

[0229] 2. Half of the aqueous solution of the inorganic material was added dropwise to the perlite. 3. The plastic bag was tightly closed, and the obtained mixture was thoroughly shaken for 2 minutes to ensure the homogeneous distribution of the aqueous solution.

[0230] 4. Algae-lime was weighed using a semi-analytical balance and transferred to the plastic bag. The bag was closed and shaken.

[0231] 5. Natron was weighed using a semi-analytical balance and transferred to the plastic bag. The bag was closed and shaken.

[0232] 6. The remaining aqueous solution of the inorganic compound was added dropwise to the obtained mixture. The bag was closed and thoroughly shaken. *

[0233] 7. Each bag was labeled according to the inorganic ingredient which was used for the preparation as shown in FIG.7A.

[0234] * In case formulation was prepared based on a mixture of salts (anhydrous or hydrates), then in the first step (step #2) a solution of a first salt (50% of the liquid total amount) was added, and during the second solution addition (step #6), a second solution of salt (50% of the liquid total amount) was added. A mixture of anhydrous salts shown below is a combination of a solution of anhydrous MgSOi and a solution anhydrous CaCh. A mixture of hydrous salts shown below is a combination of a solution of MgSO4-7H2O and a solution of Na2CO3-10H2O.

[0235] The results of the TGA analysis are summarized in Table 2.3. (see FIG. 7B for raw data). As can be seen in the table, the water comprises free, bound and hydrate water.

[0236] Table 2,3

[0237] The results of the DSC analysis are summarized in Table 2.4. (see FIG. 7C for raw data). Table 2.4

[0238] Accordingly, in some embodiments, various types of salts can be used. The exemplified salts resulted in cooling energy in the range of between 260-600 kj / kg (per 1 kg of composition) while utilizing the specific composition detailed in Table 2.1 and the solution concentration detailed in Table 2.2. Different results can be obtained when using different compositions and / or different solution concentration. Therefore, advantageously, in some embodiments, any of the salts, in its hydrous or anhydrous form, such as presented herein, can be used in any compositions disclosed herein.

[0239] Example 3 - Producing a high-water content protective composition under low-shear conditions, using a solution of CaCh

[0240] Perlite, 49.6 kg, Natron, 2.75 kg, algae lime, 4.5 kg, and activated carbon, 1.75 kg, in powder form, were mixed in a mixer vessel. The mixer vessel was rotated (1 m / sec) and inclined (20°), and an eccentric mixing tool, a star-type rotor, was rotated in a counter-current mode at high speed of 1.6 m / s (1 m / s also works). This setup allows homogenous and gentle mixing of the ingredients, thus minimizing shear forces on the mixture. After a homogeneous mixture of powders was obtained, a solution of CaCh 2H2O in a concentration of 36% was gradually introduced by spraying the solution into the mixer vessel while stirring. A first portion of the salt solution, including the inorganic salt, in a volume of 24 L, was added to the mixer vessel followed by adding smaller portions of the solution, in time intervals of 2-5 minutes, up to a total volume of 60 L (i.e., 79.2 kg). The obtained bulk density was 0.36 kg / L. FIG. 8 shows the change in morphology after each step of solution addition. FIG. 9 shows the final form of the composition after adding all the 60 L total volume of the salt solution. It is depicted in the images that homogeneous and gentle mixing enables the formation of homogeneous and free-flowing particle solid form while absorbing a high amount of water. Table 3.1 summarizes the exemplified composition, including 36.7% (w / w) of water. The amount of water results in a cooling protection potential that is at least about 1.5-fold higher compared to the previously shown protective composition, exemplified in Example 1.

[0241] Table 3, 1

[0242] Example 4 - Producing a high-water content protective composition including a reinforced perlite

[0243] Fine powders of Natron, algae lime, and high alumina cement (HAC) were added to a mixer vessel and mixed until a sufficient homogeneous mixture was obtained. Next, course powders of perlite and activated carbon pellets were added into the mixer vessel, followed by additional mixing until a sufficiently homogeneous powder mixture was obtained. Then, 360 mL aqueous solution of calcium chloride at a concentration of 36% (w / w) was added in a stepwise manner while the mixture was continuously stirred. After all the solution was added to the mixer vessel, 200 mL aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiCh) in a concentration of 20% (w / w) was added while the resulting mixture was continuously mixed in the mixer vessel. Bentonite was added as a powder. An exemplified formulation of the composition prepared according to Example 4 is shown in Table 4.1. The amount of water is 46% (w / w), which results in a cooling protection potential that is at least 1.8-fold higher, as compared with the previously shown protective composition, exemplified in Example 1.

[0244] Table. 4,1

[0245] Example 5 - Producing a protective composition of perlite-CaCh mixture using a powder of CaCl2

[0246] A powder of CaCh 2H2O (210 gr, of which 48 gr is water) was added to a powder of perlite (200 gr) to obtain a dry perlite-CaCh mixture. After the dry mixture was mixed for 2-3 min, water (210 gr) was quickly added, followed by stirring for 2-5 min to produce a protective perlite-CaCh mixture (620 gr, total amount). The detailed exemplified formulation and the relative weight (w / w) of each component is detailed in Table 5.1

[0247] Table 5.1

[0248] The amount of water results in a cooling protection potential that is higher by at least 1.7-fold, as compared with the previously shown protective composition, as exemplified in Example 1.

[0249] Example 6 - Producing a hydrogel-included protective composition

[0250] Sodium alginate (39.2 gr) was added to 15 L of water to obtain a solution of sodium alginate. Separately, CaCh 2H2O (30 gr) was added to 5 L of water to obtain a solution of CaCh. The two solutions were then combined and mixed to obtain calcium alginate hydrogel. The resulting hydrogel was precipitated, separated, and finally de-hydrated to include 93% of water.

[0251] A protective perlite-CaCh mixture in an amount of 80 gr (of which perlite is 25.8 gr, CaCh is 20.9 gr, and water is 33.4 gr) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 5. The perlite-CaCh mixture was then mixed with the de-hydrated hydrogel (560 gr), followed by admixing an additional amount of perlite (76 gr), and magnesite (284 gr) to obtain the final protective composition (1000 gr, total amount), The exemplified detailed formulation and relative weight (w / w) of each component are detailed in Table 6.1 Table 6.1

[0252] The amount of water results in a cooling protection potential that is at least 2.2-fold higher, as compared to the previously shown protective composition, as exemplified in Example 1.

[0253] Example 7 - Producing a hydrogel-included protective composition, without dehydration step

[0254] A protective perlite-CaCh mixture in an amount of 80 gr (of which perlite is 25.7 gr, CaCh is 20.9 gr, and water is 33.4 gr) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 5.

[0255] Separately, sodium alginate (40 gr) was added to water (515 gr) while vigorously stirred and pre-heated to 50 °C. After 2-10 min a viscous solution was formed and 30 gr of an aqueous solution of CaCh (in a concentration of 38.5%, w / w of the total aqueous solution, of which CaCh is 11.6 gr, and water is 18.4 gr) was added with intensive stirring. A viscous suspension of calcium alginate hydrogel was immediately formed. Finally, the hydrogel calcium alginate and the pre-prepared protective perlite-CaCh composition were combined and mixed with magnesite (285 gr), and additional perlite (50 gr) to obtain the final protective composition (1000 gr, total amount). The relative weight (w / w) of each component is detailed in Table 7.1. FIG. 10 shows a photograph of the produced composition, including the hydrogel, as a free flowing, “fluffy powder”.

[0256] Table 7, 1

[0257] FIG. 11 is a TGA graph showing that the amount of water in the composition is 57% (w / w), on average, for 3 repetitions. Table 7.2 shows that the main type of water is free water. FIG. 12 is a DSC graph showing that the amount of energy needed to evaporate the water content is 1407 kJ / kg, i.e., the cooling energy. Table 7.3 shows that the energy originates from the free water.

[0258] Table 7,2 Table 7.3

[0259] Example 8 - Producing a hydrogel-included protective composition, without dehydration step)

[0260] A protective perlite-CaCh mixture in an amount of 80 gr (of which perlite is 25.7 gr, CaCh is 20.8 gr, and water is 33.2 gr) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 5.

[0261] Separately, sodium alginate (20 gr) was added to water (690 gr) while vigorously stirred and pre-heated to 50 °C. After 2-10 min a viscous solution was formed. Next, 140 gr active MgO was added to the viscous solution of sodium alginate and mixed with it to a pasty material.

[0262] Then, 20 gr of an aqueous solution of CaCh (in a concentration of 38.5%, w / w of the total aqueous solution, of which CaCh is 7.7 gr, and water is 12.3 gr) was added into the pasty material with intensive stirring. A mixture of flakes was formed, where the fine particles of MgO were fully embedded.

[0263] Finally, 80 gr of protective perlite-CaCh composition and 50 gr of additional perlite were mixed with the mixture of flakes to obtain the final protective composition (1000 gr, total amount). The relative weight (w / w) of each component is detailed in Table 8.1

[0264] Table 8.1

[0265] The amount of water results in a cooling protection potential that is higher by at least about 1.3-fold compared to the composition exemplified in Example 7. Thus, the cooling energy is higher than 1400 kj / kg, presumably about 1800 kj / kg, when considering the 1.3 factor.

[0266] Example 9 - Neutralization of acids by the protective composition

[0267] Interaction of protective compositions was assessed with different acids in the form of gas or solution. Absorptions and neutralization capacities were determined.

[0268] Solutions of acid were used in concentration of 10% (HC1, H3PO4, and HF). The acids were incubated for 30 min with the examined composition of Example 1 and then the liquid was separated from the composition. The remaining acid in the composition was determined by back titration using NaOH.

[0269] Capacities for gaseous acids (HC1) were determined by passing the gas through a column packed with 100 gr of the composition. Exiting gas was collected in a water trap, and the composition was analyzed for its chloride content using ion chromatography (IC) or elemental analysis (EA). HC1 (solution): 30g of composition was mixed with 90ml of 10.66% HC1 solution for 30 minutes at room temperature. Post-incubation, the remaining acid was titrated using 11.0 ml of 10% NaOH and 0.2 ml of 1% NaOH. Calculations revealed that the composition absorbed 8.58g of HC1. Thus, the absorption was found to be 0.286 kg HC1 per kg of composition (7.9 mol HC1 per kg of composition).

[0270] H3PO4 (Solution): 30g of composition was mixed with 90ml of 10.12% H3PO4 solution for 30 minutes at room temperature. Post-incubation, the remaining acid was titrated using 16.0 ml of 10% NaOH and 4.9 ml of 1% NaOH. Calculations indicate that the composition absorbed 2.89 g of H3PO4. Thus, the absorption was found to be 0.096kg per kg of composition (1.1 mol H3PO4 per kg of composition).

[0271] HF (solution): 30g of composition was mixed with 150 ml of 9.94% HF solution for 30 minutes at room temperature. Post-incubation, the remaining acid was titrated using 21.2 ml of 10% NaOH and 25.1 ml of 1% NaOH. Calculations revealed that the composition absorbed 13.72g of HF. The absorption was found to be 0.458 kg HF per kg of composition (23 mol HF per kg of composition).

[0272] HC1 (gaseous): The experiment began by setting up the column apparatus, ensuring a secure placement of 100 grams of composition particles within it. The column was designed to allow the flow of gaseous HC1 from the bottom to the top, simulating real-world gas-solid interactions. The height of the v column was 45 cm. Gaseous HC1, supplied at a rate of 12 grams per minute, was introduced into the column from the bottom. The continuous flow of HC1 gas allowed for thorough contact with the composition particles. Throughout the experiment, the concentration of HC1 gas at the column outlet was continuously monitored. The level of HC1 gas absorption by the composition was assessed as the experiment progressed. After 40 minutes of exposure to gaseous HC1, air was flowed through the system to flush out any remaining unreacted HC1 gas from the composition.

[0273] Prior to the experiment, the baseline chlorine content of the composition samples was determined to be 8.55%. This value represents the chlorine content of the composition without any exposure to HC1 gas. After the exposure of composition to gaseous HC1 for 40 minutes, the chlorine content of the composition samples was measured. The chlorine content was found to be 24.32%. The change in chlorine content was used as an indicator of HC1 absorption by the composition. The change in chlorine content would then 15.77%. This means that there was ~15.77g Cl in the 100g sample, or 16.2g HC1 in the sample. Thus, the absorption was found to be 0.190 kg HC1 per kg of composition (5.3 mol HC1 per kg of composition).

Claims

CLAIMS1. A protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition comprising: an inorganic salt in an amount of between about 10% and about 45% (w / w); an inorganic porous adsorbent; and water, wherein a total amount of water in the protective composition is at least about 35% (w / w).

2. The protective composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises water in an amount of between about 35% and about 55% (w / w).

3. A protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the composition comprising: an inorganic salt; an inorganic porous adsorbent; a hydrogel; and water.

4. The protective composition of claim 3, wherein the inorganic salt is in an amount of between about 2% and about 15% (w / w) of the total composition.

5. The protective composition of any one of claims 3 and 4, wherein a total amount of water is between about 20% and about 75% (w / w) of the total composition.

6. The protective composition of any one of claims 3-5, wherein the hydrogel comprises a polymer cross-linked by a cross-linker, the cross-linker is selected from: alkaline earth metal ion, transition metal ion, aldehyde, imine, amine, pyridine, derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.

7. The protective composition of claim 6, wherein the cross-linker comprises alkaline earth metal ion, selected from Ca2+and / or Mg2+.

8. The protective composition of any one of claims 3-7, wherein the polymer is selected from: anionic polymer, cationic polymer, and non-ionic polymer.

9. The protective composition of claim 8, wherein the anionic polymer comprises moi eties selected from: sulfonate, acrylate, phosphate, borate, amino acid, carboxylate, saccharide, derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.

10. The protective composition of any one of claims 8 and 9, wherein the anionic polymer comprises polymer selected from: poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(styrene carboxylic acid), poly(vinyl sulfuric acid), poly(vinyl sulfonic acid), poly(2-acryamido-2-methyl-l -propane sulfonic acid), poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(phosphoric acid), lignin sulfonate, and any combination thereof.

11. The protective composition of any one of claims 8-10, wherein the anionic polymer comprises polymer selected from: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, sodium dextran sulfate, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, alginate, heparin, pectin, xanthan, gellan, chondroitin-6-sulfate, kappa-carrageenan, and any combination thereof.

12. The protective composition of any one of claims 3-11, wherein the polymer comprises or is alginate.

13. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the inorganic porous adsorbent is selected from: perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, and any combination thereof.

14. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the inorganic porous adsorbent is perlite.

15. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the inorganic porous adsorbent is in an amount of between about 10% and about 60% (w / w).

16. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the composition further comprises activated carbon in an amount of between about 0.5% and about 5% (w / w).

17. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the composition further comprises an acid neutralizer or a base neutralizer.

18. The protective composition of claim 17, wherein the acid neutralizer comprises algae lime, baking soda, CaCCh, magnesite, MgCCh, MgO, Mg(0H)2, or any combination thereof.

19. The protective composition of any one of claims 17 and 18, wherein the acid neutralizer is in an amount of between about 1% and about 35% (w / w).

20. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the inorganic salt is selected from: CaCh, MgCh, NaiSCh, CaSC , MgSC , Natron, Na2CCh, NaiSiCh, or any combination thereof.

21. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the inorganic salt comprises water of crystallization selected from: monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, hexahydrate, octahydrate, decahydrate, undecahydrate, or dodecahydrate.

22. A method of producing a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method comprising: mixing an inorganic porous adsorbent with a powder of inorganic salt to obtain a powder mixture, wherein said inorganic salt constitutes between about 10% and about 45% (w / w) of the total composition; and admixing water, which constitutes at least about 35% (w / w) of the total composition, to the powder mixture, thereby producing a protective composition.

23. A method of producing a protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method comprising: providing an adsorbing powder, said powder comprising an inorganic porous adsorbent; gradually admixing a salt solution to the adsorbing powder, said salt solution comprising an inorganic salt, wherein the inorganic salt constitutes between about 10% and about 45% (w / w) of the total composition, thereby obtaining a protective composition, such that the water constitutes at least about 35% (w / w) of the total composition.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the adsorbing powder further comprises an additional inorganic salt.

25. The method of any one of claims 23 and 24, wherein the gradual admixing of the salt solution further comprising admixing an additional inorganic salt.

26. The method of any one of claims 24 and 25, wherein the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt are not the same.

27. The method of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the inorganic salt and the additional inorganic salt are each independently selected from: CaCh, MgCh, Na2SO4, CaSC , MgSCh. Natron, Na2COs, NaiSiCh, or any combination thereof.

28. The method of any one of claims 25-27, wherein the salt solution comprises the inorganic salt or the additional inorganic salt, in a concentration of between 15-85% (w / w).

29. The method of any one of claims 23-28, wherein the adsorbing powder further comprising an additional inorganic porous adsorbent.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the inorganic porous adsorbent and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent are not the same.

31. The method of any one of claims 29 and 30, wherein the inorganic porous adsorbent and the additional inorganic porous adsorbent are each independently selected from: perlite, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, vermiculite, bentonite, expanded clay, zeolite, alumina, high alumina cement, calcium aluminate, aerated concrete, or any combination thereof.

32. The method of any one of claims 23-31, wherein the gradual admixing comprises a technique selected from: spraying, dripping, flowing, dipping, or any combination thereof.

33. The method of any one of claims 23-32, wherein the mixing is a low-shear mixing, to minimize shear forces on the inorganic porous adsorbent.

34. A method of producing a protective composition against heat, and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, the method comprising:admixing: an inorganic porous adsorbent; an inorganic salt; a polymer; a cross-linker; and water, thereby obtaining a protective composition comprising a hydrogel.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising: a) mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the inorganic salt and the water, to thereby produce an adsorbent-salt mixture; b) separately, mixing the polymer with the cross-linker to result in a hydrogel; and c) mixing the resulting hydrogel with the produced adsorbent-salt mixture, to thereby produce a protective composition.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the mixing in step (a) comprises mixing the inorganic porous adsorbent with the water before admixing the inorganic salt.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the inorganic salt is added to the inorganic porous adsorbent in step (a), in the form of a powder.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein the inorganic salt is added to the inorganic porous adsorbent in step (a), in the form of a salt solution.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the salt solution comprises the inorganic salt in a concentration of between 15-85% (w / w).

40. The method of any one of claims 22-39, further comprising admixing an acid neutralizer or a base neutralizer.

41. The method of any one of claims 22-40, further comprising admixing an activated carbon.

42. The method of any one of claims 22-41, wherein stucco is further applied to the protective composition.

43. A protective composition against heat and / or hazardous materials discharged from energy storage devices, said composition produced according to any one of claims 22- 42.

44. Use of the protective composition of any one of claims 1-43 for absorbing heat and / or hazardous materials and / or neutralizing hazardous materials.

45. The protective composition of any one of claims 1-43, being capable of adsorbing and / or neutralizing discharged materials, selected from: lithium ions, lithium metals, LiPFe, PFs, POF3, H3PO4, HF, inorganic electrolytes, organic electrolytes, HC1, SOCh, SO2, SO3, H2SO3, H2SO4, or any combination thereof.

46. A protective container for use in storing and / or transporting energy storage devices, said container comprising the protective composition of any one of claims 1-45.

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