Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and use thereof
Centella asiatica-derived exosomes address multiple skin concerns by reducing melanin production and enhancing procollagen and AQP3 gene expression, effectively lightening skin tone and improving hydration and antioxidant capacity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/091125
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-25
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-25
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing skincare products fail to effectively address multiple dermatological concerns such as hyperpigmentation, skin hydration, wrinkle reduction, and antioxidant protection, necessitating multifunctional formulations that can enhance skin whitening, reduce melanin content, and improve skin health.
Centella asiatica-derived exosomes are used in compositions to enhance skin whitening, reduce melanin content, and improve skin hydration and antioxidant capacity by reducing melanin production, enhancing procollagen secretion, and increasing the expression of AQP3 and FLG genes.
Centella asiatica-derived exosomes effectively lighten skin tone, reduce wrinkles, enhance skin hydration, and improve antioxidant capacity by suppressing melanin production and increasing procollagen and AQP3 gene expression, while being safe for topical application.
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Figure CN2025091125_30102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Centella asiatica-Derived Exosomes and Use ThereofTECHNICAL FIELDThis application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 638,473, filed on April 25, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.The present invention relates to Centella asiatica-derived exosomes, which is useful in the treatment and / or care of skin. In particular, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is effective in enhancing skin whitening, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity.BACKGROUND ARTMelanin is a pigment produced by cells called melanocytes in the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanin determines the color of skin and has a major role in skin homeostasis through the photoprotection it offers from the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation. However, exaggerated melanin production causes hyperpigmentation. Various factors such as prolonged exposure to sunlight, aging, hormone changes, inflammation, allergies, and other elements may unbalance the production and distribution of melanin, leading to the formation of skin stains.In addition to depigmentation, modern skincare now emphasizes hydration, wrinkle reduction, and antioxidant protection. Consumers increasingly seek multifunctional skincare products capable of improving overall skin health and addressing diverse dermatological concerns, highlighting the need for formulations that effectively regulate multiple skin conditions.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is effective in enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in one aspect, the present invention provides use of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes for the treatment and / or care of skin of a subject in need thereof. In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising an effective amount of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, adjuvant, and / or ingredient. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treatment or care of skin of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the composition to the subject. In the context of this invention, the treatment or care of skin includes at least one of: reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells, enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I, increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene, enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and preventing the generation of free radicals. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following embodiments. Embodiment 1. A composition, comprising an effective amount of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, adjuvant, and / or ingredient. Embodiment 2. The composition according to embodiments 1, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is extracted from at least one of: leaves of a Centella asiatica plant and callus of Centella asiatica. Embodiment 3. The composition according to embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes contains 1 x 106 to 1 x 1010 exosomes / mL, based on the total volume of the composition. Embodiment 4. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 5 x 108 exosomes / mL. Embodiment 5. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the composition is cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or food composition. Embodiment 6. The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is prepared through a process comprising: providing Centella asiatica leaves and / or callus tissue of Centella asiatica; mixing the Centella asiatica leaves and / or callus tissue with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and grinding to form a Centella asiatica mixture; filtering the Centella asiatica mixture using a 20-25 μm filter paper to remove plant residues, followed by centrifugation to collect a supernatant; filtering the supernatant through a 5 μm filter paper and a 0.45 μm filter paper to collect a filtrate, and concentrating the filtrate using 500 kDa Tangential flow filtration to obtain a concentrate; ultracentrifuging the concentrate at 100,000 ×g for 1 hour to collect an exosome precipitate; filtering the exosome precipitate through a 0.45 μm filter paper and a 0.22 μm filter paper to obtain the Centella asiatica-derived exosome. Embodiment 7. Centella asiatica-derived exosomes for use in the treatment and / or care of skin of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the composition according to any one of embodiment 1 to 6 to the subject. Embodiment 8. The use according to embodiment 7, wherein the treatment and / or care of skin comprises at least one of enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, maintenance or improvement of skin luminosity, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity. Embodiment 9. The use according to embodiment 8, wherein the enhancing skin whitening comprises reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, and decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells. Embodiment 10. The use according to embodiment 8, wherein the reducing skin wrinkles comprises enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I. Embodiment 11. The use according to embodiment 8, wherein the enhancing skin hydration comprises increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene. Embodiment 12. The use according to embodiment 8, wherein the improving skin antioxidant capacity comprises enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and / or preventing the generation of free radicals. Embodiment 13. The use according to any one of embodiments 7 to 12, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition is extracted from at least one of: leaves of a Centella asiatica plant and callus of Centella asiatica. Embodiment 14. The use according to any one of embodiments 7 to 13, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 1 x 106 to 1 x 1010 exosomes / mL, based on the total volume of the composition. Embodiment 15. The use according to any one of embodiments 7 to 14, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 5 x 108 exosomes / mL. Embodiment 16. The use according to any one of embodiments 7 to 15, wherein the composition is cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or food composition. Embodiment 17. A method of treatment or care of skin of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the composition according to any one of embodiment 1 to 6 to the subject. Embodiment 18. The method according to embodiment 17, wherein the treatment and / or care of skin comprises at least one of enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, maintenance or improvement of skin luminosity, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity. Embodiment 19. The method according to embodiment 18, wherein the enhancing skin whitening comprises reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, and decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells. Embodiment 20. The method according to embodiment 18, wherein the reducing skin wrinkles comprises enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I. Embodiment 21. The method according to embodiment 18, wherein the enhancing skin hydration comprises increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene. Embodiment 22. The method according to embodiment 18, wherein the improving skin antioxidant capacity comprises enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and / or preventing the generation of free radicals. Embodiment 23. The method according to any one of embodiments 17 to 22, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition is extracted from at least one of: leaves of a Centella asiatica plant and callus of Centella asiatica. Embodiment 24. The method according to any one of embodiments 17 to 23, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 1 x 106 to 1 x 1010 exosomes / mL, based on the total volume of the composition. Embodiment 25. The method according to any one of embodiments 17 to 24, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 5 x 108 exosomes / mL. Embodiment 26. The method according to any one of embodiments 17 to 25, wherein the administration comprises topical administration of the composition to the subject. Embodiment 27. The method according to any one of embodiments 17 to 26, wherein the composition is cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or food composition. Embodiment 28. Use of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes for the manufacture of a composition for treatment or care of skin of a subject in need thereof. These and other aspects will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the following drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe accompanying drawings illustrate one or more embodiments of the invention and, together with the written description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements of an embodiment.Figure 1 shows the results of nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1.Figure 2 shows the cell viability of B16-F10 cells treated with various concentrations (1×108, 2.5×108 and 5×108 exosomes / mL) of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes.Figure 3 shows melanin content in B16-F10 cells treated with different reagents. B16-F10 cells were treated with 1.25 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 2.5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 0.54 mg / mL arbutin (positive control) , or fresh medium (negative control) for 24 hours and then subjected to analysis of melanin content. Bars indicate standard deviation (SD) , and statistical significance was calculated with Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 as compared with the negative control, and ###p < 0.001 as compared with the positive control.Figure 4 shows tyrosinase activity in B16-F10 cells treated with different reagents. B16-F10 cells were treated with 1.25 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 2.5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 0.54 mg / mL arbutin (positive control) , or fresh medium (negative control) for 24 hours and then subjected to analysis of tyrosinase activity. Bars indicate SD, and statistical significance was calculated with Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared with the negative control, and #p < 0.05 as compared with the positive control.Figure 5 shows the amount of secreted procollagen type I (PIP) in Hs68 cells after treatment with various concentrations (1×107, 1×108 or 1×109 exosomes / mL) of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and 5 ng / mL of TGF-β1.Figure 6 shows the expression ratio of AQP3 genes in HaCaT cells after treatment with 5×108 and 1×109 exosomes / mL of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes.Figure 7 shows the expression ratio of FLG genes in HaCaT cells after treatment with 5×108 or 1×109 exosomes / mL of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes.Figure 8 shows the results of the ABTS free radical scavenging assay conducted in Example 7, indicating the ABTS free radical scavenging activity of treatment with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (4×106, 1×107 or 2×107 exosomes / mL) and treatment with BHA (0.9 mg / mL) . Figure 9 shows the ROS clearance ability of B16-F10 cells treated with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (1×108, 2.5×108 or 5×108 exosomes / mL) or (0.5 mg / mL, positive control) in Example 8.Figure 10 shows the results of metal chelating assay conducted in Example 9, indicating the ferrous chelating ability of treatment with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (2×106, 5×106 or 1×107 exosomes / mL) and treatment with EDTA (0.5, 1, or 2 mg / ml) .Figure 11 shows the gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (2×107, 4×107 or 5×107 exosomes / mL) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTThe present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is effective in enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the present invention relates to use of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes for the treatment or care of skin of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the treatment or care of skin includes at least one of: reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells, enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I, increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene, enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and preventing the generation of free radicals.The present invention also relates to a composition comprising an effective amount of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, adjuvant, and / or ingredient, as well as the use of the composition for the treatment or care of skin of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the composition is cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or food composition.In some embodiments, the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is extracted from at least one of: leaves of a Centella asiatica plant and callus of Centella asiatica.In some embodiments, the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes contains 1 x 106 to 1 x 1010 exosomes / mL. In some embodiments, the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 5 x 108 exosomes / mL.In some embodiments, the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is prepared through a process comprising:providing Centella asiatica leaves and / or callus tissue of Centella asiatica;mixing the Centella asiatica leaves and / or callus tissue with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and grinding to form a Centella asiatica mixture;filtering the Centella asiatica mixture using a 20-25 μm filter paper to remove plant residues, followed by centrifugation to collect a supernatant; filtering the supernatant through a 5 μm filter paper and a 0.45 μm filter paper to collect a filtrate, and concentrating the filtrate using 500 kDaTangential flow filtration to obtain a concentrate;ultracentrifuging the concentrate at 100,000 ×g for 1 hour to collect an exosome precipitate;filtering the exosome precipitate through a 0.45 μm filter paper and a 0.22 μm filter paper to obtain the Centella asiatica-derived exosome.In some embodiments, the composition may be manufactured into a form suitable for parenterally, orally or topically administration using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. The suitable form includes, but is not limited to: injection (such as sterile aqueous solution or dispersion) , sterile powder, tablet, troche, lozenge, capsule, dispersible powder or granule, solution, suspension, emulsion, syrup, elixirs, slurry, external preparations and the like.In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, adjuvant, and / or ingredient that is broadly used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. For example, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may include one or more agents selected from the group consisting of: solvent, buffer, emulsifier, suspending agent, decomposer, disintegrating agent, dispersing agent, binding agent, excipient, stabilizing agent, chelating agent, diluent, gelling agents, preservatives, wetting agents, lubricants, absorption delaying agents, liposomes, and the like.In some embodiments, the composition may be administered by a parenteral route selected from the group consisting of: intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, intraarterial injection, intraepidermal injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, and intralesional injection.In some embodiments, the composition may also be manufactured to an external preparation suitable for topical application on the skin using techniques well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to: skin toner, essence, emulsion, gel, ointment, cream, patch, liniment, powder, aerosol, spray, lotion, serum, paste, foam, drop, suspension, salve, bandage, and transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDs) . Preferably, the composition is manufactured to a form suitable for administration via a transdermal delivery system.In some embodiments, the external preparation is prepared by mixing the composition of the present invention with a base well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the base may contain one or more additives selected from the following: water, alcohols, glycol, hydrocarbons (such as petroleum jelly and white petrolatum) , waxes (such as paraffin and yellow wax) , preserving agents, antioxidants, surfactants, absorption enhancers, stabilizing agents, gelling agents (such as941, microcrystalline cellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose) , active agents, humectants, odor absorbers, fragrances, pH adjusting agents, chelating agents, emulsifiers, occlusive agents, emollients, thickeners, solubilizing agents, penetration enhancers, anti-irritants, colorants, fragrances, propellants, and the like. The selection and amounts of these additives are within the professionalism and routine practices of those skilled in the art.In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as described above and / or a cosmetically acceptable adjuvant, and / or ingredient that is broadly used in cosmetic manufacturing. For example, the cosmetically acceptable adjuvant may contain one or more agents selected from the group: solvents, gelling agents, active agents, preservatives, antioxidants, screening agents, chelating agents, surfactants agents, coloring agents, thickeners, fillers, fragrances and odor absorbers. The selection and amount of these reagents are within the professionalism and routine practices of those skilled in the art.In some embodiments, the composition described herein may be manufactured into a form suitable for skincare or makeup using techniques well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, aqueous solution, aqueous-alcohol solution or oily solution, oil-in-water, water-in-oil, or compound emulsion, gel, ointment, cream, mask, patch, microneedle patch, pack, bandage, liniment, powder, aerosol, spray, lotion, serum, paste, foam, dispersion, suspension, drop, mousse, salve, sunblock, tonic water, foundation, eyeshadow, makeup remover products, soap, and other body cleansing products.In some embodiments, the composition may be in the form of a food additive, which may be added to an edible material to prepare a food product for human or animal consumption. In some embodiments, the food products may include, but are not limited to: milk, milk powder, fermented milk, yogurt, butter, beverages (such as tea and coffee) , functional beverages, flour products, baked foods, confectionery, candies, fermented foods, animal feeds, health foods, and dietary supplements.In some embodiments, the food product may further include a food additive that is broadly used in food manufacturing, including, but not limited to: starch, dextrin, lactose, maize flour, rice flour, tricalcium phosphate, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, calcium carbonate, glucose, sucrose, fructose, sugar alcohol, oligosaccharide, sugar substitute, fruit juice powder, yeast powder, nonfat dry milk, casein, whey protein, amino acid, citric acid, citrate, lactic acid, lactate, and nucleotide .In addition, the present invention relates to methods of treatment and / or care of skin of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the composition according to the present invention to the subject. In some embodiments, the treatment and / or care of skin comprises at least one of enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, maintenance or improvement of skin luminosity, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity.In some embodiments, the enhancing skin whitening comprises reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, and decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells.In some embodiments, the reducing skin wrinkles comprises enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I.In some embodiments, the enhancing skin hydration comprises increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene.In some embodiments, the improving skin antioxidant capacity comprises enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and / or preventing the generation of free radicals.Furthermore, the present invention relates to a fabric, non-woven fabric, or medical device incorporating the composition.In some embodiments, the compositions containing the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes can also be incorporated into fabrics, non-woven fabrics or medical devices which are in direct contact with the skin, thus releasing the extract of the invention whether by biodegradation of the binding system to the fabric, non-woven fabric or medical device, or due to the friction between them and the body, due to body moisture, the skin’s pH or body temperature. Furthermore, the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the invention can be incorporated into the fabrics and non-woven fabrics used in the manufacture of garments that are in direct contact with the body.DefinitionsAll scientific and technical terms used herein, unless otherwise defined below, are intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. References to techniques employed herein are intended to refer to the techniques as commonly understood in the art, including variations on those techniques or substitutions of equivalent or later-developed techniques which would be apparent to one of skill in the art. In addition, in order to more clearly and concisely describe the subject matter which is the invention, the following definitions are provided for certain terms which are used in the specification and appended claims.As used herein, the singular form “a” , “an” , and “the” includes plural references unless indicated otherwise. For example, “an” excipient includes one or more excipients.As used interchangeably herein, “around” , “about” and “approximately” shall generally mean plus or minus 10%of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used. Therefore, about 1%means in the range of 0.9%to 1.1 %. Numerical quantities given herein are approximate, meaning that the term “around” , “about” or “approximately” can be inferred if not expressly stated.As used herein, the phrase “comprising” is open-ended, indicating that such embodiments may include additional elements. In contrast, the phrase “consisting of” is closed, indicating that such embodiments do not include additional elements (except for trace impurities) . The phrase “consisting essentially of” is partially closed, indicating that such embodiments may further comprise elements that do not materially change the basic characteristics of such embodiments.Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as “comprising, ” it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also describe such an invention using the terms “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of. ” The phrase “and / or, ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and / or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and / or B” , when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements) ; etc.As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and / or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of, ” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of, ” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e., “one or the other but not both” ) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either, ” “one of, ” “only one of, ” or “exactly one of. ” As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one, ” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B, ” or, equivalently “at least one of A and / or B” ) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements) ; etc.It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.As used herein, the term “skin” is understood to be the layers which comprise it, from the uppermost layer or stratum corneum to the lowermost layer or hypodermis, both inclusive. These layers are composed of different types of cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes and / or adipocytes among others. The term “skin” includes human skin.The term “treat, ” “treating, ” or “treatment, ” as used herein when it is not accompanied by the qualifications “cosmetic” or “non-therapeutic, ” means the administration of a compound according to the invention to alleviate or cure a disease or disorder, or reduce or eliminate one or more symptoms associated with this disease or disorder, or alleviate or eliminate the physiological consequences of the disease or disorder. Treatment does not necessarily mean that the disease, disorder, or condition is totally cured.Where the term “treatment” or “care” is accompanied by the qualification “cosmetic” , it means that the treatment or care is non-therapeutic and has the aim of improving the aesthetic appearance of the skin. Specifically, cosmetic treatment and / or care of skin according to the present invention includes, but is not limited to, reducing the content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells, depigmentation, whitening, or lightening in color of the skin, depigmentation, whitening, or the lightening in color of age spots, the depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, maintenance or improvement of skin luminosity, and treatment of dark under-eye circles. The term “care” in the context of this specification refers to the maintenance of properties of the skin. The properties of the skin are subject to improvement and maintenance through cosmetic treatment and / or care of the skin both in healthy subjects as well as those who present diseases and / or disorders of the skin.As used herein, the term “prevent, ” “preventing, ” or “prevention” refers to being able to substantially preclude, avert, obviate, forestall, stop, hinder, or a combination thereof, any aspect of a disease, condition, or combination thereof from happening, especially by advance action.As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal, more particularly to non-human mammals and human organisms. Non-human animal subjects may also include prenatal forms of animals, such as, e.g., embryos or fetuses. Non-limiting examples of non-human animals include horse, cow, camel, goat, sheep, dog, cat, non-human primate, mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, and pig. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.As used herein, the term “an effective amount” or “a sufficient amount, ” which can be used interchangeably, of a substance is that amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results, including clinical results.As used herein, the term “an effective amount” includes “a cosmetically effective amount” , “a pharmaceutically effective amount” and “an oral effective amount” . As used herein, the term “an effective amount” is understood to be a non-toxic but sufficient amount of the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes to provide the desired effect. The concentration of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes described in the present invention is not limited to a specific numerical range, and the examples provided below are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. way of non-limiting example, and depending on the intended cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or oral application effect, the concentration of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes in the composition, based on the total volume of the composition, may be selected from a range of approximately 1 × 106 exosomes / mL to approximately 1 × 1010 exosomes / mL; approximately 2.5 × 107 to 7.5 × 109 exosomes / mL; approximately 5 × 107 to 5 × 109 exosomes / mL; approximately 7.5 × 107 to 2.5 × 109 exosomes / mL; or approximately 1 × 108 to 1 × 109 exosomes / mL. It is understood that concentrations outside of the aforementioned ranges, including concentrations greater than 1 × 106 or 1 × 107 exosomes / mL, may also be employed, so long as the amount remains non-toxic and provides the desired cosmetic, pharmaceutical, oral benefit. The appropriate concentration may be readily determined and adjusted by a person skilled in the art, depending on the specific formulation and intended use. These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.As used herein, the terms “pharmaceutically effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount, ” which can be used interchangeably, refer to an amount that may be effective to elicit the desired biological or medical response, including the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect such treatment for the disease. The effective amount will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. The effective amount can include a range of amounts. A pharmaceutically effective amount includes amounts of an agent which are effective when combined with other agents.As used herein, the term “melanogenesis” refers to the process of synthesis and distribution of the melanin pigments. Melanin synthesis occurs within melanocytes, which are found in the basal layer of the epidermis, and starts from hydroxylation of the amino acid tyrosine to L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) by the enzyme tyrosinase. The oxidization of L-DOPA to dopaquinone is also catalyzed by tyrosinase. Dopaquinone then undergoes different reactions to form eumelanin in the absence of cysteine or glutathione, or to from pheomelanin in the presence of cysteine. Melanic pigments, consisting of the brownish black eumelanin and the reddish yellow pheomelanin, are deposited in melanosomes within melanocytes. Melanosomes are then transferred to neighboring keratinocytes for distributing melanin throughout the skin.As used herein, the terms “decrease, ” “increase, ” “reduce, ” or “suppress” refer to changes in level of melanin content, melanin synthesis / production, tyrosinase activity, AQP gene, FLG gene in cells of a subject compared to a subject who is not administered the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes described in the present invention.As used herein, the terms “enhance, ” or “enhancing” refer to upregulate the level of skin whitening, skin hydration, the secretion of procollagen type I, or the ability to scavenge free radicals in a subject compared to a subject who is not administered the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes described in the present invention.As used herein, the term “prevent” , “preventing” , or “prevention” refers to being able to substantially preclude, avert, obviate, forestall, stop, hinder, or a combination thereof, any aspect of a disease, condition, or combination thereof from happening, especially by advance action.As used herein, the term “improving skin antioxidant capacity” refers to enhancing the skin’s ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidative stressors or to prevent the generation of free radicals, thereby protecting skin cells from oxidative damage. This process supports overall skin health, reduces signs of aging, and helps maintain cellular integrity.As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings, animals, and plants without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Moreover, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” comprises “cosmetically acceptable” .As used herein, the term “cosmetically acceptable” refers to ingredients typically used in personal care compositions, and is intended to underscore that materials that are toxic when present in the amounts typically found in personal care compositions are not contemplated as part of the present invention.As used herein, “cosmetically acceptable carrier, ” “cosmetically acceptable adjuvant, ” “cosmetically acceptable excipient, ” or “cosmetically acceptable ingredient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption enhancing or delaying agents, delivery agents, sustained release agents, and other excipients or additives that are cosmetically compatible. For example, the cosmetically acceptable adjuvant may include one or more of solvents, gelling agent, active agent, antioxidant, screening agent, surfactant, coloring agent, thickening agent, filler, fragrances, and odor absorbers. The use of such media and agents for cosmetically active substances is well-known in the art.Formulations suitable for the cosmetic composition of the present invention may comprise, possibly among other things well known to those skilled in the art: peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, castor oil, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, ether sulfates, sulfates, betaines, glycosides, maltosides, fatty alcohols, nonoxynols, poloxamers, polyoxyethylenes, polyethylene glycols, dextrose, glycerol, and digitonin; humectants selected from the group consisting of glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, caprylyl glycol, lactic acid, urea, and sodium hyaluronate; emollients and skin conditioning agents selected from dimethicone, glyceryl stearate, caprylic / capric triglyceride, cetearyl alcohol, lecithin, C12-15 alkyl benzoate, squalane, lanolin, behenyl alcohol, tocopheryl acetate, panthenol, Butyrospermum parkii butter, retinyl palmitate, and retinol; surfactants selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, sodium laureth sulfate, stearic acid, Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 80, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, Steareth-2, Ceteareth-20, and cocamidopropyl betaine; and agents which increase the percutaneous absorption selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, surfactants, azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one) , alcohol, urea, ethoxydiglycol, acetone, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and other appropriate ingredients known in the art, or a combination thereof.Also in the addition or in the alternative, formulations suitable for the cosmetic composition of the present invention may comprise, possibly among other things well known to those of skill in the art: binders, buffering agents, calcium phosphates, cellulose, colloids, such as colloidal silicon dioxide, colorants, diluents, disintegrating agents, dyes, fillers, flavoring agents, gelatin, lactose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline gelatin, moistening agents, paraffin hydrocarbons, pastilles, polyethylene glycols, preservatives, sorbitol, starch, such as corn starch, potato starch, or a combination thereof, stearic acid, sucrose, talc, triglycerides, or a combination thereof.The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are provided for the purpose of demonstration rather than limitation. Those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.EXAMPLESExample 1 Preparation of Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesMaterials and MethodsPreparation of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes. The distinct proximal (petiole) and distal (blade) zones of Centella asiatica leaves were collected from a farm in Chiayi county, Taiwan, during spring and their biomass were recorded. The leaves were washed 3-4 times with water, followed by immersion in water 2 times and air-drying. Ice-cold PBS was added at a weight ratio of 9: 1, and the mixture was ground using a TM-760 grinder. The resulting mixture was filtered through sterilized gauze to remove plant residue. The crude extract was further filtered using 20 –25 μm filter paper (filter paper No. 4) . The filtered liquid was subjected to centrifugation at 12,000 xg for 10 minutes, followed by 23,000 xg for 10 minutes, to remove impurities. The supernatant was sequentially filtered through 5 μm filter paper (Advantec filter paper No. 2) and 0.45 μm Top filter. The filtrate was collected and concentrated using 500 kDa Tangential flow filtration (TFF) . The concentrate was then ultracentrifuged at 100,000 xg for 1 hour at 4℃ to collect the exosome precipitate. The exosome precipitate was dispersed in ice-cold PBS and filtered through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm sterilized membranes. The final filtered product was temporarily stored at 4℃ and then aliquoted and stored at -80℃ following by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) using aanalyzer (Particle Metrix GmbH, Germany) .ResultsAs shown in Figure 1, the average particle size and the median particle size of the obtained Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is 165.4 nm and 146.9 nm, respectively. In addition, the concentration of the obtained Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is around 1.0 x 1011 particles / mL.Example 2 Cytotoxicity Assessment of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on B16-F10 cellsIn this example, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was added to B16-F10 cells to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes.Materials and MethodsCell culture and treatment. The B16-F10 cells (ATCC CRL-6475, BCRC60031) were obtained from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) , Taiwan. The cells were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone, Logan, UT) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum and 1%antibiotics at 37℃, 5%CO2 in a humidified incubator. The cell viability assay was performed using 3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The cells were exposed to various concentrations of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (1, 2.5 and 5×108 exosomes / mL) for 24 hours, and the MTT solution was then added to the wells. The insoluble derivative of MTT produced by intracellular dehydrogenase was solubilized with ethanol-DMSO (1: 1 mixture solution) . The absorbance of the wells at 570 nm was read using a microplate reader. This experiment was repeated 3 times (n=3) , and the average value was taken to calculate the cell viability (%) .ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes exhibit no cytotoxic effect on B16-F10 cells. As shown in Figure 2, the cell viability of B16-F10 cells after treatment with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes at concentrations of 1×108 exosomes / mL, 2.5×108 exosomes / mL and 5×108 exosomes / mL was 98.73%, 97.87%, and 95.27%, respectively, as compared with the control. These results indicate that the cell viability of B16-F10 cells remained unchanged after treatment with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes at concentrations of 1, 2.5 and 5×108 exosomes / mL.Example 3 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on Melanin ContentIn this example, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was added to B16-F10 cells (amurine melanoma cell line) to investigate the effect of the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes on melanin content.Materials and MethodsCell culture and treatment. B16-F10 cells (ATCC CRL-6475) were plated into 24-well plates (5 x 104 cells / mL) and incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 10% (v / v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 nM α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in an incubator under a 5%CO2 atmosphere at 37℃ for 24 hours. The culture medium was then replaced by medium containing test reagents (1.25 x 108, 2.5 x 108, or 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL) when the confluency reaches approximately 50-60%. Cells treated with 0.54 mg / mL arbutin were used as positive control, while cells treated with fresh medium were used as negative control. The cells were cultured in an incubator under a 5%CO2 atmosphere at 37℃ for another 24 hours. On the next day, the cells were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and treated with 100 μL of 1 N NaOH containing 10% (v / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 60℃ for 1 hour to release melanin. The absorbance of each well was measured at 405 nm (OD405) using a microplate reader, and the content of melanin was calculated by the following formula:Melanin contents (%of negative control) = (A / B) x 100%A: OD405 of test group;B: OD405 of negative control.Statistical analysis. Experimental results were analyzed using Student's t-test to evaluate the significant difference between groups (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) .ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes significantly reduce melanin content in cells. As shown in Table 1 and Figure 3, 1.25 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 2.5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, and 0.54 mg / mL arbutin (positive control) significantly decrease the melanin content in a melanoma cell line (B16-F10 cells) by 5.55%, 21.31%, 42.00%, and 27.11%, respectively, as compared with the negative control (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) . In particular, cells treated with 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL have significantly lower melanin content than cells treated with 0.54 mg / mL arbutin (positive control) (p < 0.001) . The results indicate that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes reduce production of melanin in cells.Table 1 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on Melanin Content in B16-F10 cells*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 as compared with the negative control.###p < 0.001 as compared with the positive control.Example 4 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on Tyrosinase ActivityIn this example, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was added to B16-F10 cells (amurine melanoma cell line) to investigate the effect of the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes on intracellular tyrosinase activity.Materials and MethodsCell culture and treatment. B16-F10 cells (ATCC CRL-6475) were plated into 24-well plates (5 x 104 cells / mL) and incubated in DMEM containing 10% (v / v) FBS and 100 nM α-MSH in an incubator under a 5%CO2 atmosphere at 37℃ for 24 hours. The culture medium was then replaced by medium containing test reagents (1.25 x 108, 2.5 x 108, or 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL) when the confluency reaches approximately 50-60%. Cells treated with 0.54 mg / mL arbutin were used as positive control, while cells treated with fresh medium were used as negative control. The cells were cultured in an incubator under a 5%CO2 atmosphere at 37℃ for another 24 hours. On the next day, the cells were washed twice with PBS and then treated with 100 μL of 1%(v / v) Triton X-100 containing 50 mM PBS and 10 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and subjected to 3 cycles of freeze-thawing at -20℃, followed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm at 4℃ for 30 minutes. Eighty (80) μL of the supernatant were added to 96-well microplates and mixed with 40 μL of 1 mg / mL 3, 4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) . The mixture was incubated at 37℃, and the absorbance of each well was measured at 490 nm (OD490) using a microplate reader every 10 minutes for a total of 6 measurements (60 minutes) . The tyrosinase activity was calculated by the following formula:Tyrosinase activity (%of negative control) = (A / B) x 100%A: OD490 of test group;B: OD490 of negative control.ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes significantly reduce tyrosinase activity in cells. As shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, 1.25 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 2.5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL, and 0.54 mg / mL arbutin (positive control) significantly decrease the tyrosinase activity in a melanoma cell line (B16-F10 cells) by 4.13%, 23.20%, 44.03%, and 30.30%, respectively, as compared with the negative control (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, or p < 0.001) . In particular, cells treated with 5 x 108 Centella asiatica-derived exosomes / mL have significantly lower tyrosinase activity than cells treated with 0.54 mg / mL arbutin (positive control) (p < 0.05) . The results indicate that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes reduce the activity of tyrosinase, which is a crucial enzyme in synthesizing melanin through melanogenesis, and, therefore, reduce the production of melanin in cells.Table 2 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on Tyrosinase Activity in B16-F10 cells*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 as compared with the negative control.#p < 0.05 as compared with the positive control.Example 5 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on secretion of Procollagen Type IIn this example, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was added to Hs68 cells to evaluate the effect on the secretion of Procollagen Type I (PIP) . Procollagen Type I plays a vital role in maintaining skin structure and preventing wrinkle formation. It serves as the precursor of Type I collagen, the most abundant collagen in the skin, which provides tensile strength and elasticity to the dermis. Therefore, stimulating Procollagen Type I synthesis is a key strategy in anti-aging and wrinkle prevention therapies.Materials and MethodsType I procollagen (PIP) ELISA assay. Hs68 cells were seeded at 1×105 cells per well in 12 well plates and were cultured in 10%FBS DMEM medium at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for 24 hours. After three washes with PBS, several different concentrations (1x107, 1x108, 1x109 exosomes / mL) of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and 5 ng / mL TGF-β1 (AbCam Cat. #ab50036, as positive control) were added and cultured for 24 hours. The level of Procollagen Type-I in cell culture supernatants was determined using a commercial PIP EIA Kit (TAKARA Cat. #MK101) according to the manufacturer’s instruction (2 step procedure) .ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes significantly enhance procollagen type I secretion in Hs68 cells. One of the major components in skin tissue is type I collagen, which is derived from its precursor type I procollagen (PIP) secreted by skin fibroblasts, and lowered expression of PIP is associated with skin UV damage and senescence leading to wrinkle formation. As shown in Figure 5, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes increased production of PIP in Hs68 cells and induced a similar expression level of PIP to that of positive control TGF-β1 at the highest concentration tested (1x109 particles / mL) . These results indicate that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes promote procollagen type I secretion, particularly at the concentration of 1x109 exosomes / mL.Example 6 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on Moisturizing and skin barrier improvementIn this example, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was added to HaCaT cells to evaluate the effect on the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene. The AQP3 and FLG genes play crucial roles in skin hydration and barrier function. AQP3 (Aquaporin 3) encodes a water and glycerol channel protein that facilitates water transport across the epidermis, contributing to skin moisture retention and elasticity. FLG (Filaggrin) is essential for the formation of the skin barrier and natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) , which help maintain hydration by preventing excessive water loss. Dysregulation of these genes has been associated with dry skin conditions and impaired skin barrier function, highlighting their importance in skin hydration and overall dermatological health.Materials and MethodsCell culture and treatment. HaCaT cells were dispensed into a 96-well plate and cultured for 24 hours under cell culture conditions. Subsequently, the control group and the composition as a test substance to which purified water was added were treated on the cells, and further cultured for 24 hours.Real-time PCR. For RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, SuperPrep TM cell lysis &RT Kit for qPCR (TOYOBO, Cat. SCQ-101) was used. The cells from which the medium was removed were washed once with PBS, 50 μL cell lysis mixture was added and reacted for 5 minutes, and then 10 μL stop solution was added. To 32 μL of the RT reaction mixture, 8 μL of previously extracted lysate was added, and cDNA was synthesized under conditions of 37℃ for 15 minutes, 50℃ for 5 minutes, and 95℃ for 5 minutes using PCR. In order to compare and analyze gene expression, the cDNA synthesized above was used as a template, and Real-time PCR analysis was performed using Thunderbird TM SYBR qPCR Mix (TOYOBO, Cat. QPS-201) . The primer used in the experiment was Qiagen's QuantiTect primer assays (AQP3; Cat. QT00212996, FLG; Cat. QT02448138) , and the AQP3 and FLG mRNA expression levels of the sample were quantified by GAPDH (Cat. QT01192646) . Real-time qPCR conditions were first reacted at 95℃ for 1 minute, followed by 94℃ 15 seconds, 60 ℃ 30 seconds, and 72℃ 30 seconds per cycle for a total of 40 cycles.ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes significantly increase the expression of AQP3 and FLG genes in HaCaT cells. As shown in Figure 6, the expression levels of AQP3 gene after treatment with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes at concentrations of 5×108 and 1×109 was 1.31 and 3.10, respectively, as compared with the control. As shown in Figure 7, the expression levels of FLG gene after treatment with Centella asiatica-derived exosomes at concentrations of 5×108 and 1×109 was 2.03 and 2.16, respectively, as compared with the control. These results indicate that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes increase the expression of AQP3 and FLG genes in HaCaT cells.Example 7 Effect of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes on ABTS radical cation Scavenging capacityIn this example, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was added to ABTS radical cation solution to evaluate the effect of scavenge free radicals.Materials and MethodsThiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging assay. A 7 mM stock solution of ABTS was reacted with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate, and the mixture was left to stand in the dark for at least 6 hours before use. The absorbance at 734 nm was measured immediately after mixing of different concentrations of the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (4×106, 1×107 and 2×107 exosomes / mL) with 1 mL of ABTS radical cation solution to detect changes within 10 minutes. A 0.9 mg / mL of BHA (butylated hydroxyl-anisole) were used as positive control and deionized water were used as the blank control. Statistical results were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test compared to the blank group.ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes have the ability to scavenge free radicals. As shown in Table 3 and Figure 8, Free radical scavenging activities of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and BHA (as positive controls) were measured by ABTS free radical assay. The ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes was 33.96 ± 0.28%, 49.85 ± 0.36%and 74.09 ± 0.04%of the control at concentrations of 4×106, 1×107 and 2×107 exosomes / mL, respectively. In contrast, the ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity of BHA (0.9 mg / mL) was 61.44 ± 0.05%. At the higher concentrations, Centella asiatica-derived exosomes exhibited comparable ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity to positive controls (BHA) . These results indicated that the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes scavenges a significant amount of ABTS radical cation.Table 3 ABTS Scavenging capacity of Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesThe results are represented as ABTS Scavenging capacity in percentages of control, and the data are mean ± SD for three separate experiments (n=3) . ****p < 0.0001 as compared with the blank.Example 8 Intracellular ROS Clearance of Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesIn this example, the intracellular ROS clearance ability of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes obtained in Example 1 was evaluated by ROS scavenging rate.Materials and MethodsIntracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. B16-F10 melanoma cells were cultured in 24-well plates (5×104 cells in 1 mL of DMEM medium) and treated with various concentrations of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (1×108, 2.5×108 and 5×108 exosomes / mL) , (0.5 mg / mL; positive control) or none (blank) for 24 hours. The cells were then incubated with 24 mM H2O2 for 30 min. After incubation, 2', 7'-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was added to the cells and cultured for 30 minutes. After treatment, the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline, and trypsinized with trypsin / EDTA. The fluorescence intensities of DCF were measured at an excitation wavelength of 504 nm and emission wavelength of 524 nm using a fluorescent reader, Fluoroskan Ascent (Thermo Scientific, Vantaa, Finland) . The data were analyzed with Ascent software (Thermo Scientific, Vantaa, Finland) . Cells with increased ROS level appeared as a population with high fluorescence intensity.ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes significantly enhanced the intracellular ROS clearance in B16-F10 cells. As shown in Table 4 and Figure9, the intracellular ROS clearance was 53.86 ± 0.94%, 59.32 ±1.68%and 66.27 ± 1.10%for Centella asiatica-derived exosome concentration of 1×108, 2.5×108 and 5×108 exosomes / mL, respectively. The results showed that all concentrations of Centella asiatica-derived exosome significantly increased ROS scavenging activity compared to the control group (p<0.001) , demonstrating effects similar to positive control These results indicate that all concentrations of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes significantly increased ROS scavenging activity compared to the control group (p<0.001) , demonstrating effects similar to positive control Statistical results were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test compared to the blank group.Table 4 Effect of Intracellular ROS Clearance of Centella asiatica-derived Exosomes in B16-F10 CellsThe results are represented as clearance of ROS Level in percentages of control, and the data are mean ± SD for three separate experiments (n=3) . ***p<0.001 as compared with the blank.Example 9 Metal chelating Effect of Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesIn this example, a metal chelating assay was performed to evaluate the ability of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes to prevent free radical formation. The metal chelating effect plays a crucial role in skin antioxidation by preventing the formation of free radicals. Transition metals such as iron (Fe2+ / Fe3+) can catalyze oxidative reactions through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions, leading to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress and skin aging. Metal chelators bind to these metal ions, inhibiting their catalytic activity and reducing the generation of free radicals.Materials and MethodsThe metal chelating activity of the extracellular vesicles was performed with potassium ferricyanide (K3 [Fe (CN) 6] ) assay. Different concentrations of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (2×106, 5×106, 1×107 particles / mL) were mixed with 0.2 mM PBS and 1% (W / V) K3 [Fe (CN) 6] , with 0.5, 1, 2 mg / mL EDTA as the positive control and deionized water as the blank control. The mixtures were heated at 50℃for 20 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, 10% (W / V) TCA was added, and the mixtures were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and 4℃ for 5 minutes. The supernatants were transferred to a 96-well plate, followed by the addition of deionized water and 1% (W / V) FeCl3. The plates were incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at OD 700 nm to assess metal chelating activity. Statistical results were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test compared to the blank group.ResultsCentella asiatica-derived exosomes has the ability to chelate ferrous ions. As shown in Table 5 and Figure10, the ferrous ion chelation ability of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes in the concentration of 2×106, 5×106 and 1×107 exosomes / mL was 16.18 ± 0.4%, 45.98 ± 1.64%and 84.75 ± 0.11%, respectively. In contrast, the ferrous ion chelation ability of EDTA in the concentration of 0.5 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL and 2 mg / mL was 32.78 ± 1.51%, 62.87 ± 2.02%and 98.73 ± 0.01%, respectively. The ferrous ion chelation ability of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is comparable to that of the well-known chelating agent EDTA. These results indicate that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes has the ability to chelate ferrous ions and prevent free radicals formation.Table 5 Chelating Ferrous Ions Ability of Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesThe results represent the abilities of chelating ferrous ions in percentages of control, and the data are mean ± SD for three separate experiments (n=3) . ***p<0.001 as compared with the blank.Example 10 Total Polyphenols in Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesIn this example, Folin-Ciocalteu method was performed to measure total polyphenols of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes.Materials and MethodsDifferent concentrations of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes (2×107, 4×107, 5×107 particles / mL) and gallic acid standard were mixed with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and incubated for 5 minutes. Sodium carbonate solution was added and incubated for 30 minutes. The absorbance at 765 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer and the gallic acid equivalent was calculated with the gallic acid standard curve. Statistical results were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test compared to the blank group.ResultsAs shown in Table 6 and Figure11, the gallic acid equivalent (GAE) of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes in the concentration of 2×107, 4×107 and 5×107 exosomes / mL was 0.0237 ± 0.0014, 0.0739 ± 0.0024 and 0.0909 ± 0.0016, respectively. These results indicate that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes contain polyphenols and the gallic acid equivalent increases with the particle number of exosomes contributing to the antioxidant properties.Table 6 Gallic Acid Equivalent of Centella asiatica-derived ExosomesThe results are represented as gallic acid equivalent, and the data are mean ± SD for three separate experiments (n=3) . ***p < 0.001 as compared with the blank.In summary, the present invention demonstrates that Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is effective in enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity, particularly in reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells, enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I, increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene, enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and preventing the generation of free radicals. These data indicate a great potential of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes for lightening of color or depigmentation or whitening of skin in clinical and / or cosmetic application.Many changes and modifications in the above described embodiment of the invention can, of course, be carried out without departing from the scope thereof. Accordingly, to promote the progress in science and the useful arts, the invention is disclosed and is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A composition, comprising an effective amount of Centella asiatica-derived exosomes and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, adjuvant, and / or ingredient.2.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is extracted from at least one of: leaves of a Centella asiatica plant and callus of Centella asiatica.3.The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes contains 1 x 106 to 1 x 1010 exosomes / mL.4.The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition is cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or food composition.5.The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes is prepared through a process comprising:providing Centella asiatica leaves and / or callus tissue of Centella asiatica; mixing the Centella asiatica leaves and / or callus tissue with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and grinding to form a Centella asiatica mixture;filtering the Centella asiatica mixture using a 20-25 μm filter paper to remove plant residues, followed by centrifugation to collect a supernatant;filtering the supernatant through a 5 μm filter paper and a 0.45 μm filter paper to collect a filtrate, and concentrating the filtrate using 500 kDa Tangential flow filtration to obtain a concentrate;ultracentrifuging the concentrate at 100,000 ×g for 1 hour to collect an exosome precipitate;filtering the exosome precipitate through a 0.45 μm filter paper and a 0.22 μm filter paper to obtain the Centella asiatica-derived exosome.6.The composition according to claim 1 for use in the treatment and / or care of skin of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the composition of claim 1 to the subject.7.The use according to claim 6, wherein the treatment and / or care of skin comprises at least one of enhancing skin whitening, depigmentation, lightening in color of the skin, lightening in color of age spots, treatment of dark under-eye circles, depigmentation of or the whitening or lightening in color of the skin of dark eye circles, maintenance or improvement of skin luminosity, reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing skin hydration, and improving skin antioxidant capacity.8.The use according to claim 7, wherein the enhancing skin whitening comprises reducing content of melanin in cells, suppressing production of melanin in cells, and decreasing / suppressing tyrosinase activity in cells.9.The use according to claim 7, wherein the reducing skin wrinkles comprises enhancing the secretion of procollagen type I.10.The use according to claim 7, wherein the enhancing skin hydration comprises increasing the expression of AQP3 gene and FLG gene.11.The use according to claim 7, wherein the improving skin antioxidant capacity comprises enhancing the ability to scavenge free radicals and / or preventing the generation of free radicals.12.The use according to any one of claims 6 to 11, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition is extracted from at least one of: leaves of a Centella asiatica plant and callus of Centella asiatica.13.The use according to any one of claims 6 to 12, wherein the Centella asiatica-derived exosomes of the composition contains 1 x 106 to 1 x 1010 exosomes / mL.14.The use according to any one of claims 6 to 13, wherein the composition is cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or food composition.
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