Minimization of drive test (MDT) for collection of artificial (AI) training data
Minimizing drive tests for AI training data collection optimizes energy usage in 5G networks, enhancing data collection efficiency and network performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/091737
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
The collection of artificial intelligence (AI) training data for wireless communication systems is inefficient, particularly in 5G networks, leading to increased energy consumption and network component energy usage.
Implementing a method to minimize drive tests (MDT) for AI training data collection, optimizing the use of network components by reducing unnecessary energy consumption through intelligent data collection and transfer protocols.
Enhances the efficiency of AI training data collection, reducing energy usage and improving network performance while maintaining data quality.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024091737_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
[Rectified under Rule 91, 04.06.2024]MINIMIZATION OF DRIVE TEST (MDT) FOR COLLECTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) TRAINING DATAFIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the invention relate to wireless communications, including apparatuses, systems, and methods which may be used for the collection of artificial intelligence (AI) training data.DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
[0002] Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. In recent years, wireless devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have become increasingly sophisticated. In addition to supporting telephone calls, many mobile devices now provide access to the internet, email, text messaging, and navigation using the global positioning system (GPS) and are capable of operating sophisticated applications that utilize these functionalities.
[0003] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been the technology of choice for the majority of wireless network operators worldwide, providing mobile broadband data and high-speed Internet access to their subscriber base. LTE was first proposed in 2004 and was first standardized in 2008. Since then, as usage of wireless communication systems has expanded exponentially, demand has risen for wireless network operators to support a higher capacity for a higher density of mobile broadband users. In 2015, a study of a new radio access technology began and, in 2017, a first release of Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) was standardized.
[0004] 5G-NR, also simply referred to as NR, provides, as compared to LTE, a higher capacity for a higher density of mobile broadband users, while also supporting device-to-device, ultra-reliable, and massive machine type communications with lower latency and / or lower battery consumption. Further, NR may allow for more flexible scheduling as compared to current LTE. Consequently, efforts are being made in ongoing developments of NR to take advantage of higher throughputs possible at higher frequencies.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtained when the following detailed description of various embodiments is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
[0006] FIG. 1A illustrates an example wireless communication system according to some embodiments.
[0007] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of a base station and an access point in communication with a user equipment (UE) device, according to some embodiments.
[0008] FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station, according to some embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a server according to some embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 4 illustrates an example block diagram of a UE according to some embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 5 illustrates an example block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a baseband processor architecture for a UE, according to some embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 7 illustrates an example block diagram of an interface of baseband circuitry according to some embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments.
[0016] FIG. 10 illustrates example components of a core network in accordance with some embodiments.
[0017] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of data collection and transfer according to an immediate MDT procedure, according to some embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of data collection and transfer according to a logged MDT procedure, according to some embodiments.
[0019] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of data collection and transfer according to an enhanced MDT procedure, according to some embodiments.
[0020] FIG. 14 illustrates a flow chart of an example of a method of data collection and transfer at a user equipment (UE) , according to some embodiments.
[0021] FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate a flow chart of example methods of data collection and transfer at a user equipment (UE) , according to some embodiments.
[0022] FIG. 16 illustrates a flow chart of an example of a method of data collection and transfer at a user equipment (UE) , according to some embodiments.
[0023] While the features described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Terms
[0025] The following is a glossary of terms used in this disclosure:
[0026] Memory Medium or Memory –Any of various types of non-transitory memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computer system memory or random-access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of non-transitory memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer system in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer system which connects to the first computer system over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that are connected over a network. The memory medium may store program instructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executed by one or more processors.
[0027] Carrier Medium –a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and / or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals.
[0028] Programmable Hardware Element includes various hardware devices comprising multiple programmable function blocks connected via a programmable interconnect. Examples include FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) , PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) , FPOAs (Field Programmable Object Arrays) , and CPLDs (Complex PLDs) . The programmable function blocks may range from fine grained (combinatorial logic or look up tables) to coarse grained (arithmetic logic units or processor cores) . A programmable hardware element may also be referred to as "reconfigurable logic” .
[0029] Computer System (or Computer) –any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC) , mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA) , television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term "computer system" can be broadly defined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.
[0030] User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device” ) –any of various types of computer systems devices which are mobile or portable and which performs wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhoneTM, AndroidTM-based phones) , portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DSTM, PlayStation PortableTM, Gameboy AdvanceTM, iPhoneTM) , laptops, wearable devices (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses) , PDAs, portable Internet devices, Internet of Things, music players, data storage devices, other handheld devices, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones) , UAV controllers (UACs) , and so forth. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and / or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is easily transported by a user and capable of wireless communication.
[0031] Base Station –The term “Base Station” has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication station installed at a fixed location and used to communicate with UEs as part of a wireless telephone system or radio system, including but not limited Next Generation Node-Bs (gNB or gNodeB) in NR and NG-RAN nodes.
[0032] Processing Element (or Processor) –refers to various elements or combinations of elements that are capable of performing a function in a device, such as a user equipment or a cellular network device. Processing elements may include, for example: processors and associated memory, portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, processor arrays, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , programmable hardware elements such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , as well any of various combinations of the above.
[0033] Channel -a medium used to convey information from a sender (transmitter) to a receiver. It should be noted that since characteristics of the term “channel” may differ according to different wireless protocols, the term “channel” as used herein may be considered as being used in a manner that is consistent with the standard of the type of device with reference to which the term is used. In some standards, channel widths may be variable (e.g., depending on device capability, band conditions, etc. ) . For example, LTE may support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20MHz. 5G NR can support scalable channel bandwidths from 5 MHz to 100 MHz in Frequency Range 1 (FR1) and up to 400 MHz in FR2. In other radio access technologies, WLAN channels may be 22 MHz wide while Bluetooth channels may be 1 MHz wide. Other protocols and standards may include different definitions of channels. Furthermore, some standards may define and use multiple types of channels, e.g., different channels for uplink or downlink and / or different channels for different uses such as data, control information, etc.
[0034] Band -The term "band" has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a section of spectrum (e.g., radio frequency spectrum) in which channels are used or set aside for the same purpose.
[0035] Automatically –refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc. ) , without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus, the term "automatically" is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually” , where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc. ) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system will update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed) . The present specification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.
[0036] Approximately -refers to a value that is almost correct or exact. For example, approximately may refer to a value that is within 1 to 10 percent of the exact (or desired) value. It should be noted, however, that the actual threshold value (or tolerance) may be application dependent. For example, in some embodiments, “approximately” may mean within 0.1%of some specified or desired value, while in various other embodiments, the threshold may be, for example, 2%, 3%, 5%, and so forth, as desired or as set by the particular application.
[0037] Concurrent –refers to parallel execution or performance, where tasks, processes, or programs are performed in an at least partially overlapping manner. For example, concurrency may be implemented using “strong” or strict parallelism, where tasks are performed (at least partially) in parallel on respective computational elements, or using “weak parallelism” , where the tasks are performed in an interleaved manner, e.g., by time multiplexing of execution threads.
[0038] Legacy -The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) produces specifications that define 3GPP technologies. 3GPP specifications cover cellular telecommunications technologies, including radio access, core network and service capabilities, which provide a complete system description for mobile telecommunications. 3GPP uses a system of parallel “Releases” that provide developers with a stable platform for the implementation of features at a given point and then allow for the addition of new functionality in subsequent releases. Release 17 was released in 2022. Release 18 (Rel-18) , at the time of this disclosure, is nearing release on June 22, 2024, as its specifications have been largely defined. Accordingly, implementations and concepts compatible with Rel-18, or previous Releases, are sometimes referred to herein as “Legacy Releases. ” One or more embodiments of the present disclosure may be adopted in future Releases, e.g., Release 19.
[0039] Various components may be described as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is a broad recitation generally meaning “having structure that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently performing that task (e.g., a set of electrical conductors may be configured to electrically connect a module to another module, even when the two modules are not connected) . In some contexts, “configured to” may be a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “having circuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently on. In general, the circuitry that forms the structure corresponding to “configured to” may include hardware circuits.
[0040] Various components may be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configured to. ” Reciting a component that is configured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112 (f) interpretation for that component.
[0041] The example embodiments may be further understood with reference to the following description and the related appended drawings, wherein like elements are provided with the same reference numerals. The example embodiments relate to apparatuses, systems and method for reducing energy usage by network components, e.g., base stations in wireless communication systems.
[0042] The example embodiments are described with regard to communication between a Next Generation Node B (gNB) and a user equipment (UE) . However, reference to a gNB or a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to support for reducing energy usage by network components in wireless communication systems. Therefore, the gNB or UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate type of electronic component.
[0043] The example embodiments are also described with regard to a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) . However, reference to a 5G NR network is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any appropriate type of network.
[0044] Throughout this description various information elements (IEs) are referred to by specific names. It should be understood that these names are only examples and the IEs carrying the information referred to throughout this description may be referred to by other names by various entities.
[0045] Figures 1A and 1B: Communication Systems
[0046] FIG. 1A illustrates a simplified example wireless communication system, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the system of FIG. 1A is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.
[0047] As shown, the example wireless communication system includes a base station 102A which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices 106A, 106B, etc., through 106N. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE) . Thus, the user devices 106 are referred to as UEs or UE devices.
[0048] The base station (BS) 102A may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site (a “cellular base station” ) and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UEs 106A through 106N.
[0049] The communication area (or coverage area) of the base station may be referred to as a “cell. ” The base station 102A and the UEs 106 may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radio access technologies (RATs) , also referred to as wireless communication technologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces) , LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , 5G new radio (5G NR) , HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD) , etc. Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of LTE, also referred to as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN, it may alternately be referred to as an 'eNodeB' or ‘eNB’ . Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as ‘gNodeB’ or ‘gNB’ .
[0050] As shown, the base station 102A may also be equipped to communicate with a network 100 (e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider, a telecommunication network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN) , and / or the Internet, among various possibilities) . Thus, the base station 102A may facilitate communication between the user devices and / or between the user devices and the network 100. In particular, the cellular base station 102A may provide UEs 106 with various telecommunication capabilities, such as voice, SMS and / or data services.
[0051] Base station 102A and other similar base stations (such as base stations 102B…102N) operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs 106A-N and similar devices over a geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards.
[0052] Thus, while base station 102A may act as a “serving cell” for UEs 106A-N as illustrated in FIG. 1A, each UE 106 may also be capable of receiving signals from (and possibly within communication range of) one or more other cells (which might be provided by base stations 102B-N and / or any other base stations) , which may be referred to as “neighboring cells” . Such cells may also be capable of facilitating communication between user devices and / or between user devices and the network 100. Such cells may include “macro” cells, “micro” cells, “pico” cells, and / or cells which provide any of various other granularities of service area size. For example, base stations 102A-B illustrated in FIG. 1A might be macro cells, while base station 102N might be a micro cell. Other configurations are also possible.
[0053] In some embodiments, base station 102A may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB” . In some embodiments, a gNB may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, a gNB cell may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs) . In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNBs.
[0054] Note that a UE 106 may be capable of communicating using multiple wireless communication standards. For example, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using a wireless networking (e.g., Wi-Fi) and / or peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi peer-to-peer, etc. ) in addition to at least one cellular communication protocol (e.g., GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces) , LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR, HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD) , etc. ) . The UE 106 may also or alternatively be configured to communicate using one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS) , one or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M / H or DVB-H) , and / or any other wireless communication protocol, if desired. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible.
[0055] In some embodiments, the base station 102A may select a paging configuration and a PEI configuration for UEs 106. The base station 102A may encode and transmit the paging configuration and the PEI configuration to UEs 106 as part of a registration process. Using the paging configuration, UEs 106 can determine which PO and PF to monitor in a paging cycle. Using the PEI configuration, UEs 106 can determine the radio frame that carries relevant PEI.
[0056] FIG. 1B illustrates user equipment 106 (e.g., one of the devices 106A through 106N) in communication with a base station 102 and an access point 112, according to some embodiments. The UE 106 may be a device with both cellular communication capability and non-cellular communication capability (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and so forth) such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer or a tablet, or virtually any type of wireless device.
[0057] The UE 106 may include a processor that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UE 106 may perform any of the method embodiments described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UE 106 may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) that is configured to perform any of the method embodiments described herein, or any portion of any of the method embodiments described herein.
[0058] The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using, for example, CDMA2000 (1xRTT / 1xEV-DO / HRPD / eHRPD) , LTE / LTE-Advanced, or 5G NR using a single shared radio and / or GSM, LTE, LTE-Advanced, or 5G NR using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, etc. ) , or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing) . Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UE 106 may share one or more parts of a receive and / or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above.
[0059] In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include separate transmit and / or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UE 106 may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE 106 might include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 5G NR (or LTE or 1xRTTor LTE or GSM) , and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible.
[0060] FIG. 2: Block Diagram of a Base Station (gNB)
[0061] FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station 102, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the base station of FIG. 2 is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station 102 may include processor (s) 204 which may execute program instructions for the base station 102. The processor (s) 204 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 240, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 204 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 260 and read only memory (ROM) 250) or to other circuits or devices.
[0062] The base station 102 may include at least one network port 270. The network port 270 may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106, access to the telephone network as described above in Figures 1 and 2.
[0063] The network port 270 (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and / or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106. In some cases, the network port 270 may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and / or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices serviced by the cellular service provider) .
[0064] In some embodiments, base station 102 may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB” . In such embodiments, base station 102 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, base station 102 may be considered a 5G NR cell and may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs) . In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNBs.
[0065] The base station 102 may include at least one antenna 234, and possibly multiple antennas. The at least one antenna 234 may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices 106 via radio 230. The antenna 234 communicates with the radio 230 via communication chain 232. Communication chain 232 may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio 230 may be configured to communicate via various wireless communication standards, including, but not limited to, 5G NR, LTE, LTE-A, GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, etc.
[0066] The base station 102 may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards. In some instances, the base station 102 may include multiple radios, which may enable the base station 102 to communicate according to multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, as one possibility, the base station 102 may include an LTE radio for performing communication according to LTE as well as a 5G NR radio for performing communication according to 5G NR. In such a case, the base station 102 may be capable of operating as both an LTE base station and a 5G NR base station. As another possibility, the base station 102 may include a multi-mode radio which is capable of performing communications according to any of multiple wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G NR and Wi-Fi, LTE and Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS, LTE and CDMA2000, UMTS and GSM, etc. ) .
[0067] As described further subsequently herein, the base station 102 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 204 of the base station 102 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively, the processor 204 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 204 of the base station 102, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 230, 232, 234, 240, 250, 260, 270 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein.
[0068] In addition, as described herein, processor (s) 204 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor (s) 204. Thus, processor (s) 204 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 204. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 204.
[0069] Further, as described herein, radio 230 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in radio 230. Thus, radio 230 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of radio 230. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of radio 230.
[0070] FIG. 3: Block Diagram of a Server
[0071] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a server 104, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the server of FIG. 3 is merely one example of a possible server. As shown, the server 104 may include processor (s) 344 which may execute program instructions for the server 104. The processor (s) 344 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 374, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 344 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 364 and read only memory (ROM) 354) or to other circuits or devices.
[0072] The server 104 may be configured to provide a plurality of devices, such as base station 102, and UE devices 106 access to network functions, e.g., as further described herein.
[0073] In some embodiments, the server 104 may be part of a radio access network, such as a 5G New Radio (5G NR) radio access network. In some embodiments, the server 104 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network.
[0074] As described herein, the server 104 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 344 of the server 104 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively, the processor 344 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 344 of the server 104, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 354, 364, and / or 374 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein.
[0075] In addition, as described herein, processor (s) 344 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor (s) 344. Thus, processor (s) 344 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 344. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 344.
[0076] FIG. 4: Block Diagram of a User Equipment (UE)
[0077] FIG. 4 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a communication device 106, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the communication device of FIG. 4 is only one example of a possible communication device. According to embodiments, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device) , a tablet, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a UAV controller (UAC) and / or a combination of devices, among other devices. As shown, the communication device 106 may include a set of components 400 configured to perform core functions. For example, this set of components may be implemented as a system on chip (SOC) , which may include portions for various purposes. Alternatively, this set of components 400 may be implemented as separate components or groups of components for the various purposes. The set of components 400 may be coupled (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to various other circuits of the communication device 106.
[0078] For example, the communication device 106 may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash 410) , an input / output interface such as connector I / F 420 (e.g., for connecting to a computer system; dock; charging station; input devices, such as a microphone, camera, keyboard; output devices, such as speakers; etc. ) , the display 460, which may be integrated with or external to the communication device 106, and cellular communication circuitry 430 such as for 5G NR, LTE, GSM, etc., and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 (e.g., BluetoothTM and WLAN circuitry) . In some embodiments, communication device 106 may include wired communication circuitry (not shown) , such as a network interface card, e.g., for Ethernet.
[0079] The cellular communication circuitry 430 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 435 and 436 as shown. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may also couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 437 and 438 as shown. Alternatively, the short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas 435 and 436 in addition to, or instead of, coupling (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas 437 and 438. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 and / or cellular communication circuitry 430 may include multiple receive chains and / or multiple transmit chains for receiving and / or transmitting multiple spatial streams, such as in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration.
[0080] In some embodiments, as further described below, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include dedicated receive chains (including and / or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly. dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR) . In addition, in some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include a single transmit chain that may be switched between radios dedicated to specific RATs. For example, a first radio may be dedicated to a first RAT, e.g., LTE, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and a transmit chain shared with an additional radio, e.g., a second radio that may be dedicated to a second RAT, e.g., 5G NR, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and the shared transmit chain.
[0081] The communication device 106 may also include and / or be configured for use with one or more user interface elements. The user interface elements may include any of various elements, such as display 460 (which may be a touchscreen display) , a keyboard (which may be a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreen display) , a mouse, a microphone and / or speakers, one or more cameras, one or more buttons, and / or any of various other elements capable of providing information to a user and / or receiving or interpreting user input.
[0082] The communication device 106 may further include one or more smart cards 445 that include SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality, such as one or more UICC (s) (Universal Integrated Circuit Card (s) ) cards 445. Note that the term “SIM” or “SIM entity” is intended to include any of various types of SIM implementations or SIM functionality, such as the one or more UICC (s) cards 445, one or more eUICCs, one or more eSIMs, either removable or embedded, etc. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include at least two SIMs. Each SIM may execute one or more SIM applications and / or otherwise implement SIM functionality. Thus, each SIM may be a single smart card that may be embedded, e.g., may be soldered onto a circuit board in the UE 106, or each SIM 410 may be implemented as a removable smart card. Thus, the SIM (s) may be one or more removable smart cards (such as UICC cards, which are sometimes referred to as “SIM cards” ) , and / or the SIMs 410 may be one or more embedded cards (such as embedded UICCs (eUICCs) , which are sometimes referred to as “eSIMs” or “eSIM cards” ) . In some embodiments (such as when the SIM (s) include an eUICC) , one or more of the SIM (s) may implement embedded SIM (eSIM) functionality; in such an embodiment, a single one of the SIM (s) may execute multiple SIM applications. Each of the SIMs may include components such as a processor and / or a memory; instructions for performing SIM / eSIM functionality may be stored in the memory and executed by the processor. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include a combination of removable smart cards and fixed / non-removable smart cards (such as one or more eUICC cards that implement eSIM functionality) , as desired. For example, the UE 106 may comprise two embedded SIMs, two removable SIMs, or a combination of one embedded SIMs and one removable SIMs. Various other SIM configurations are also contemplated.
[0083] As noted above, in some embodiments, the UE 106 may include two or more SIMs. The inclusion of two or more SIMs in the UE 106 may allow the UE 106 to support two different telephone numbers and may allow the UE 106 to communicate on corresponding two or more respective networks. For example, a first SIM may support a first RAT such as LTE, and a second SIM 410 support a second RAT such as 5G NR. Other implementations and RATs are of course possible. In some embodiments, when the UE 106 comprises two SIMs, the UE 106 may support Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA) functionality. The DSDA functionality may allow the UE 106 to be simultaneously connected to two networks (and use two different RATs) at the same time, or to simultaneously maintain two connections supported by two different SIMs using the same or different RATs on the same or different networks. The DSDA functionality may also allow the UE 106 to simultaneously receive voice calls or data traffic on either phone number. In certain embodiments the voice call may be a packet switched communication. In other words, the voice call may be received using voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology and / or voice over NR (VoNR) technology. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may support Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) functionality. The DSDS functionality may allow either of the two SIMs in the UE 106 to be on standby waiting for a voice call and / or data connection. In DSDS, when a call / data is established on one SIM, the other SIM is no longer active. In some embodiments, DSDx functionality (either DSDA or DSDS functionality) may be implemented with a single SIM (e.g., a eUICC) that executes multiple SIM applications for different carriers and / or RATs.
[0084] As shown, the SOC 400 may include processor (s) 402, which may execute program instructions for the communication device 106 and display circuitry 404, which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display 460. The processor (s) 402 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 440, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 402 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 406, read only memory (ROM) 450, NAND flash memory 410) and / or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry 404, short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429, cellular communication circuitry 430, connector I / F 420, and / or display 460. The MMU 440 may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments, the MMU 440 may be included as a portion of the processor (s) 402.
[0085] As described herein, the communication device 106 may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features for a communication device 106 to communicate a scheduling profile for power savings to a network. The processor 402 of the communication device 106 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 402 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 402 of the communication device 106, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 400, 404, 406, 410, 420, 429, 430, 440, 445, 450, 460 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0086] In addition, as described herein, processor 402 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor 402 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor 402. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 402.
[0087] Further, as described herein, cellular communication circuitry 430 and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may each include one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in cellular communication circuitry 430 and, similarly, one or more processing elements may be included in short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429. Thus, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry 430. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry 430. Similarly, the short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may include one or more ICs that are configured to perform the functions of short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429.
[0088] FIG. 5: Block Diagram of Cellular Communication Circuitry
[0089] FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the cellular communication circuitry of FIG. 5 is only one example of a possible cellular communication circuit. According to embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 530, which may be cellular communication circuitry 430, may be included in a communication device, such as communication device 106 described above. As noted above, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device) , a tablet and / or a combination of devices, among other devices.
[0090] The cellular communication circuitry 530 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 435a-b and 436 as shown (in FIG. 4) . In some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 530 may include dedicated receive chains (including and / or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly. dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR) . For example, as shown in FIG. 5, cellular communication circuitry 530 may include a modem 510 and a modem 520. Modem 510 may be configured for communications according to a first RAT, e.g., such as LTE or LTE-A, and modem 520 may be configured for communications according to a second RAT, e.g., such as 5G NR.
[0091] As shown, modem 510 may include one or more processors 512 and a memory 516 in communication with processors 512. Modem 510 may be in communication with a radio frequency (RF) front end 535. RF front end 535 may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end 535 may include receive circuitry (RX) 532 and transmit circuitry (TX) 534. In some embodiments, receive circuitry 532 may be in communication with downlink (DL) front end 550, which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna 335a.
[0092] Similarly, modem 520 may include one or more processors 522 and a memory 526 in communication with processors 522. Modem 520 may be in communication with an RF front end 540. RF front end 540 may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end 540 may include receive circuitry 542 and transmit circuitry 544. In some embodiments, receive circuitry 542 may be in communication with DL front end 560, which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna 335b.
[0093] In some embodiments, a switch 570 may couple transmit circuitry 534 to uplink (UL) front end 572. In addition, switch 570 may couple transmit circuitry 544 to UL front end 572. UL front end 572 may include circuitry for transmitting radio signals via antenna 336. Thus, when cellular communication circuitry 530 receives instructions to transmit according to the first RAT (e.g., as supported via modem 510) , switch 570 may be switched to a first state that allows modem 510 to transmit signals according to the first RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry 534 and UL front end 572) . Similarly, when cellular communication circuitry 530 receives instructions to transmit according to the second RAT (e.g., as supported via modem 520) , switch 570 may be switched to a second state that allows modem 520 to transmit signals according to the second RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry 544 and UL front end 572) .
[0094] As described herein, the modem 510 may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features or for time division multiplexing UL data for NSA NR operations, as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors 512 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 512 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 512, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 530, 532, 534, 535, 550, 570, 572, 335a, 335b, and 336 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0095] In addition, as described herein, processors 512 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors 512 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors 512. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processors 512.
[0096] The processors 522 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 522 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 522, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 540, 542, 544, 550, 570, 572, 335a, 335b, and 336 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0097] In addition, as described herein, processors 522 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors 522 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors 522. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processors 522.
[0098] FIG. 6: Block Diagram of a Baseband Processor Architecture for a UE
[0099] FIG. 6 illustrates example components of a device 600 in accordance with some embodiments. It is noted that the device of FIG. 6 is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various UEs, as desired.
[0100] In some embodiments, the device 600 may include application circuitry 602, baseband circuitry 604, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 606, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 608, one or more antennas 610, and power management circuitry (PMC) 612 coupled together at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device 600 may be included in a UE 106 or a RAN node 102A. In some embodiments, the device 600 may include less elements (e.g., a RAN node may not utilize application circuitry 602, and instead include a processor / controller to process IP data received from an EPC) . In some embodiments, the device 600 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory / storage, display, camera, sensor, or input / output (I / O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementations) .
[0101] The application circuitry 602 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 602 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor (s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc. ) . The processors may be coupled with or may include memory / storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device 600. In some embodiments, processors of application circuitry 602 may process IP data packets received from an EPC.
[0102] The baseband circuitry 604 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 604 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 606. Baseband processing circuity 604 may interface with the application circuitry 602 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 606. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 604A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 604B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 604C, or other baseband processor (s) 604D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G) , sixth generation (6G) , etc. ) . The baseband circuitry 604 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 604A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 606. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 604A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 604G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 604E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation / demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 604 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) , precoding, or constellation mapping / demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 604 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder / decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.
[0103] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may include one or more audio digital signal processor (s) (DSP) 604F. The audio DSP (s) 604F may be include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 604 and the application circuitry 602 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC) .
[0104] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless personal area network (WPAN) . Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 604 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
[0105] RF circuitry 606 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 606 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 604. RF circuitry 606 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 604 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 608 for transmission.
[0106] In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 may include mixer circuitry 606a, amplifier circuitry 606b and filter circuitry 606c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 606 may include filter circuitry 606c and mixer circuitry 606a. RF circuitry 606 may also include synthesizer circuitry 606d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 606d. The amplifier circuitry 606b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 606c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 604 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a necessity. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0107] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 606d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 608. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 604 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 606c.
[0108] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection) . In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.
[0109] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 604 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 606.
[0110] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0111] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
[0112] The synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the RF circuitry 606 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer.
[0113] In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) , although that is not a necessity. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 604 or the applications processor 602 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor 602.
[0114] Synthesizer circuitry 606d of the RF circuitry 606 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL) , a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA) . In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.
[0115] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO) . In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include an IQ / polar converter.
[0116] FEM circuitry 608 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 610, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 606 for further processing. FEM circuitry 608 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 606 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 610. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 606, solely in the FEM 608, or in both the RF circuitry 606 and the FEM 608.
[0117] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 608 may include a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 606) . The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 608 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 606) , and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 610) .
[0118] In some embodiments, the PMC 612 may manage power provided to the baseband circuitry 604. In particular, the PMC 612 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMC 612 may often be included when the device 600 is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE. The PMC 612 may increase the power conversion efficiency while providing desirable implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics.
[0119] While FIG. 6 shows the PMC 612 coupled only with the baseband circuitry 604, in other embodiments the PMC 612 may be additionally or alternatively coupled with, and perform similar power management operations for, other components such as, but not limited to, application circuitry 602, RF circuitry 606, or FEM 608.
[0120] In some embodiments, the PMC 612 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the device 600. For example, if the device 600 is in a radio resource control_Connected (RRC_Connected) state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device 600 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power.
[0121] If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the device 600 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 600 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where, again, it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down at least portions of the device again. The device 600 may not receive data in this state. In order to receive data, it will transition back to an RRC_Connected state.
[0122] An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours) . During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.
[0123] FIG. 7: Block Diagram of an Interface of Baseband Circuitry
[0124] FIG. 7 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. It is noted that the baseband circuitry of FIG. 7 is merely one example of a possible circuitry, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.
[0125] As discussed above, the baseband circuitry 604 of FIG. 6 may comprise processors 604A-604E and a memory 604G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors 604A-604E may include a memory interface, 704A-704E, respectively, to send / receive data to / from the memory 604G.
[0126] The baseband circuitry 604 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries / devices, such as a memory interface 712 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from memory external to the baseband circuitry 604) , an application circuitry interface 714 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from the application circuitry 602 of FIG. 6) , an RF circuitry interface 716 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from RF circuitry 606 of FIG. 6) , a wireless hardware connectivity interface 718 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, components (e.g., Low Energy) , components, and other communication components) , and a power management interface 720 (e.g., an interface to send / receive power or control signals to / from the PMC 612.
[0127] FIG. 8: Control Plane Protocol Stack
[0128] FIG. 8 is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, a control plane 800 is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE 106a (or alternatively, the UE 106b) , the RAN node 102A (or alternatively, the RAN node 102B) , and the mobility management entity (MME) 621.
[0129] The PHY layer 801 may transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer 802 over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer 801 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) , power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes) , and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC layer 805. The PHY layer 801 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing.
[0130] The MAC layer 802 may perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to PHY via transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the PHY via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) , and logical channel prioritization.
[0131] The RLC layer 803 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM) , Unacknowledged Mode (UM) , and Acknowledged Mode (AM) . The RLC layer 803 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs) , error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC layer 803 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.
[0132] The PDCP layer 804 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs) , perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc. ) .
[0133] The main services and functions of the RRC layer 805 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in Master Information Blocks (MIBs) or System Information Blocks (SIBs) related to the non-access stratum (NAS) ) , broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS) , paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and E-UTRAN (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. Said MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements (IEs) , which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.
[0134] The UE 601 and the RAN node 102A may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer 801, the MAC layer 802, the RLC layer 803, the PDCP layer 804, and the RRC layer 805.
[0135] The non-access stratum (NAS) protocols 806 form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 601 and the MME 621. The NAS protocols 806 support the mobility of the UE 601 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 601 and the P-GW 623.
[0136] The S1 Application Protocol (S1-AP) layer 815 may support the functions of the S1 interface and comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs) . An EP is a unit of interaction between the RAN node 102A and the network 100. The S1-AP layer services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM) , and configuration transfer.
[0137] The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP / IP layer) 814 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 102A and the MME 621 based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP layer 813. The L2 layer 812 and the L1 layer 811 may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node and the MME to exchange information.
[0138] The RAN node 102A and the MME 621 may utilize an S1-MME interface to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 811, the L2 layer 812, the IP layer 813, the SCTP layer 814, and the S1-AP layer 815.
[0139] FIG. 9: User Plane Protocol Stack
[0140] FIG. 9 is an illustration of an example of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, a user plane 900 is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE 106A (or alternatively, the UE 106B or 106N) , the RAN node 102A (or alternatively, the RAN node 102B) , the S-GW 622, and the P-GW 623. The user plane 900 may utilize at least some of the same protocol layers as the control plane 800. For example, the UE 601 and the RAN node 102A may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer 801, the MAC layer 802, the RLC layer 803, the PDCP layer 804.
[0141] The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) layer 904 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP and IP security (UDP / IP) layer 903 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 102A and the S-GW 622 may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 811, the L2 layer 812, the UDP / IP layer 903, and the GTP-U layer 904. The S-GW 622 and the P-GW 623 may utilize an S5 / S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 811, the L2 layer 812, the UDP / IP layer 903, and the GTP-U layer 904. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 8, NAS protocols support the mobility of the UE 106 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP 813 connectivity between the UE 106 and the P-GW 623.
[0142] For the remainder of this disclosure, references to base station (gNB) and user equipment (UE) are assumed to refer to base station (gNB) 102 and user equipment (UE) 106, even though specific reference numerals may be omitted.
[0143] FIG. 10: Core Network
[0144] FIG. 10 illustrates an example architecture of a system 1000 including a core network (CN) 1020 in accordance with various embodiments. The CN 1020 may be a core network for a 5G System (which may be referred to as a 5GC) . The system 1000 is shown to include a UE 1001, which may be the same or similar to the UEs 106A, 106B, or 106N discussed previously; a (R) AN 1010, which may be the same or similar to the BSs 102A or 102N discussed previously; and a data network (DN) 1003, which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access, or 3rd party services; and a CN 1020. The CN 1020 may include a number of network functions including an Authentication Server Function (AUSF) 1022; an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 1021; a Session Management Function (SMF) 1024; a Network Exposure Function (NEF) 1023; a Policy Control Function (PCF) 1026; a Network Repository Function (NRF) 1025; a Unified Data Management (UDM) 1027; an Application Function (AF) 1028; a User Plane Function (UPF) 1002; and a Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) 1029. These network functions may be implemented, in some cases, as virtualized software based functions / services.
[0145] The UPF 1002 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external packet data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to DN 1003, and a branching point to support mufti-homed PDU session. A PDU session is a logical connection between the UE and the DN. The UPF 1002 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (user plane (UP) collection) , perform traffic usage reporting, perform quality of service (QoS) handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL / DL rate enforcement) , perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., Service Data Flows (SDF) to QoS flow mapping) , transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 1002 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network, The DN 1003 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 1003 may include, or be similar to, application server 104 discussed previously. The UPF 1002 may interact with the SMF 1024 via an N4 reference point between the SMF 1024 and the UPF 1002.
[0146] A location management function 1030 can be used to receive location management information from the UE 106 or base station 102 and use the information to determine a location of the UE. Alternatively, the UE may provide the location of the UE to the LMF 1030 using information such as GPS information and triangulation information based on signals received from 3 or more base stations 102N.
[0147] The AUSF 1022 may store data for authentication of UE 1001 and handle authentication-related functionality, The AUSF 1022 may facilitate a common authentication frame work for various access types. The AUSF 1022 may communicate with the AMF 1021 via an N12 reference point between the AMF 1021 and the AUSF 1022; and may communicate with the UDM 1027 via an N13 reference point between the UDM 1027 and the AUSF 1022. Additionally, the AUSF 1022 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.
[0148] The AMF 1021 may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 1001, etc. ) , connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 1021 may be a termination point for the an N11 reference point between the AMF 1021 and the SMF 1024. The AMF 1021 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 1001 and the SMF 1024, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 1021 may also provide transport for Short Message Service (SMS) messages between UE 1001 and an SMSF (not shown by FIG. 10) . AMF 1021 may act as a security anchor function (SEAF) , which may include interaction with the AUSF 1022 and the UE 1001, receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 1001 authentication process. Where Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) based authentication is used, the AMF 1021 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 1022. AMF 1021 may also include a Security Context Management (SCM) function, which receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF 1021 may be a termination point of a RAN control plane (CP) interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R) AN 1010 and the AMF 1021; and the AMF 1021 may be a termination point of NAS (Nl) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.
[0149] AMF 1021 may also support NAS signaling with a UE 1001 over a non-3GPP Inter-Working Function (N3IWF) interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R) AN 1010 and the AMF 1021 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R) AN 1010 and the UPF 1002 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 1021 may handle N2 signaling from the SMF 1024 and the AMF 1021 for PDU sessions and encapsulate / de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking while considering QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control plane non-access stratum (NAS) signaling between the UE 1001 and AMF 1021 via an N1 reference point between the UE 1001 and the AMF 1021, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 1001 and UPF 1002. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for internet protocol security (IPsec) tunnel establishment with the UE 1001. The AMF 1021 may exhibit an Namf service based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs 1021 and an N17 reference point between the AMF 1021 and a 5G Equipment Identity Register (5G-EIR) (not shown by FIG. 10) .
[0150] The UE 1001 may need to register with the AMF 1021 in order to receive network services. Registration Management (RM) is used to register or deregister the UE 1001 with the network (e.g., AMF 1021) , and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 1021) . The UE 1001 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE 1001 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 1021 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 1001 so the UE 1001 is not reachable by the AMF 1021. In the RM REGISTERED state, the UE 1001 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 1021 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 1001 so the UE 1001 is reachable by the AMF 1021. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 1001 may perform mobility registration update procedures, perform periodic registration update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 1001 is still active) , and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.
[0151] The AMF 1021 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 1001, where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter glia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF 1021 may also store a 5GC mobility management (MM) context that may be the same or similar to the evolved packet services (EPS) Mobility Management (E) MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF 1021 may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 1001 in an associated MM context or registration management (RM) context. The AMF 1021 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE's usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and / or MM / RM context) .
[0152] Connection Management (CM) may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 1001 and the AMF 1021 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 1001 and the CN 1020, and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 1001 between the AN (e.g., AN 1010) and the AMF 1021. The UE 1001 may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 1001 is operating in the CM-IDLE state / mode, the UE 1001 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 1021 over the N1 interface, and there may be (R) AN 1010 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and / or N3 connections) for the UE 1001. When the UE 1001 is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state / mode, the UE 1001 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 1021 over the Nl interface, and there may be a (R) AN 1010 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and / or N3 connections) for the UE 1001. Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R) AN 1010 and the AMF 1021 may cause the UE 1001 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 1001 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R) AN 1010 and the AMF 1021 is released.
[0153] The SMF 1024 may be responsible for session management (SM) session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node) ; UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization) ; selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system) ; termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or "session" may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE 1001 and a data network (DN) 1003 identified by a Data Network Name (DNN) . PDU sessions may be established upon UE 1001 request, modified upon UE 1001 and CN 1020 request, and released upon UE 1001 and CN 1020 request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE 1001 and the SMF 1024. Upon request from an application server, the CN 1020 may trigger a specific application in the UE 1001. In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE 1001 may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts / information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE 1001. The identified application (s) in the UE 1001 may establish a PDU session to a specific data network name (DNN) . The SMF 1024 may check whether the UE 1001 requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE 1001. In this regard, the SMF 1024 may retrieve and / or request to receive update notifications on SMF 1024 level subscription data from the UDM 1027.
[0154] The SMF 1024 may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAB virtual Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN) ; charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN) ; lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system) ; and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signaling for PDU session authorization / authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs 1024 may be included in the system 1000, which may be between another SMF 1024 in a visited network and the SMF 1024 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 1024 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.
[0155] The NEF 1023 may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure / re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 1028) , edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 1023 may authenticate, authorize, and / or throttle the AFS. NEF 1023 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 1028 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 1023 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal SCC information. NEF 1023 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 1023 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 1023 to other NFs and AFs, and / or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 1023 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.
[0156] The NRF 1025 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 1025 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms "instantiate, " "instantiation, " and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an "instance" may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 1025 may exhibit the Nnrf service based interface.
[0157] The PCF 1026 may provide policy rules to control plane function (s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior, The PCF 1026 may also implement a front end (FE) to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 1027. The PCF 1026 may communicate with the AMF 1021 via an N15 reference point between the PCF 1026 and the AMF 1021, which may include a PCF 1026 in a visited network and the AMF 1021 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 1026 may communicate with the AF 1028 via an NS reference point between the PCF 1026 and the AF 1028; and with the SMF 1024 via an N7 reference point between the PCF 1026 and the SMF 1024, The system 1000 and / or CN 1020 may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF 1026 (in the home network) and a PCF 1026 in a visited network, Additionally, the PCF 1026 may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.
[0158] The UDM 1027 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 1001. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM 1027 and the AMF 1021 via an NS reference point between the UDM 1027 and the AMF. The UDM 1027 may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown by FIG. 10) . The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 1027 and the PCF 1026, and / or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 1001) for the NEF 1023. The Nadr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 1027, PCF 1026, and NEF 1023 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify) , delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration / mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF 1024 via an Nl0 reference point between the UDM 1027 and the SMF 1024. UDM 1027 may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 1027 may exhibit the Nudm service based interface.
[0159] The AF 1028 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the CN 1020 and AF 1028 to provide information to each other via NEF 1023, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 1001 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 1002 close to the UE 1001 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 502 to DN 1003 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 1028. In this way, the AF 1028 may influence UPF (re) selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 1028 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 1028 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 1028 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.
[0160] The NSSF 1029 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 501. The NSSF 1029 may also determine allowed Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI) and the mapping to the subscribed single NSSAI (S-NSSAI) is, if needed. The NSSF 1029 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 1001, or a list of candidate AMF (s) 1021 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 1025. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 1001 may be triggered by the AMF 1021 with which the UE 1001 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 1029, which may lead to a change of AMF 1021. The NSSF 1029 may interact with the AMF 1021 via an N22 reference point between AMF 1021 and NSSF 1029; and may communicate with another NSSF 1029 in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 10) . Additionally, the NSSF 1029 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.
[0161] As discussed previously, the CN 1020 may include a short message service function (SMSF) , which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to / from the UE 1001 to / from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC / IWMSC / SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 1021 and UDM 1027 for a notification procedure that the UE 1001 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 1027 when UE 1001 is available for SMS) .
[0162] The CN 1020 may also include other elements that are not shown by FIG. 10, such as a Data Storage system / architecture, a 5G-EIR, a Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , and the like. The Data Storage system may include a Structured Data Storage Network Function (SDSF) , air Unstructured Data Storage Function (UDSF) , and / or the like. Any network function (NF) may store and retrieve unstructured data into / from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts) , via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by FIG. 10) , Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Addition-ally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by FIG. 10) . The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of permanent equipment identifier (PEI) for determining whether particular equipment / entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.
[0163] Additionally, there may be many more reference points and / or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 10 for clarity. In one example, the CN 1020 may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between a mobility management entity (MME) and the AMF 1021 in order to enable interworking between CN 1020 and a CN in a 4G system. Other example interfaces / reference points may include an N5G-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network.
[0164] AI / ML Model Development
[0165] The development of the AI / ML models can comprise four main phases: a training, emulation (validation) , deployment, and inference phase. The main task involved in each phase are briefly described in the proceeding paragraphs.
[0166] Training Phase: In this phase, the AI model is trained on a dataset. This involves feeding the model with input data and corresponding correct output labels, allowing the model to learn patterns and relationships within the data. Training typically involves optimization algorithms to adjust the model's parameters to minimize errors.
[0167] Emulation Phase: In the emulation phase, the trained model is tested extensively to ensure it performs well on data it has not seen before. This phase involves evaluating the model's performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, etc., using validation datasets. Emulation helps identify any issues with the model's generalization and performance before deployment.
[0168] Deployment Phase: Once the model has been trained and successfully emulated, it's ready for deployment. Deployment involves integrating the model into a production environment where it can make predictions or classifications on new, unseen data. This may involve creating application programming interfaces (APIs) or integrating the model into applications or systems where it will be used.
[0169] Inference Phase: In this phase, the deployed model is used to make predictions or classifications on real-world data referred to herein as a “scenario. ” A scenario typically refers to a specific situation or problem domain in which an AI / ML model is applied or evaluated. Scenarios help frame the context in which AI / ML model is are deployed. The AI / ML model takes input data, processes it, and produces an output referred to as an inference, e.g., a predicted RSRP for a beam (assisted) , or a predicted beam ID.
[0170] AI / ML Model Monitoring
[0171] Monitoring and Evaluation: A monitoring entity, such as a UE 106, base station 102, or network 1020, can continuously monitor various factors such as data characteristics, system performance metrics, or environmental conditions.
[0172] Decision Making: Based on the monitored factors, the monitoring entity can decide whether to switch to a different machine learning model that is better suited for the current conditions or task, finetune the current model using transfer learning to better match the environmental conditions or indicate the need to fall back to non-AI based positioning.
[0173] AI model switching refers to the process of dynamically selecting or switching between different machine learning models or algorithms based on certain conditions or criteria. This approach is often used in adaptive systems where the optimal model for a particular task may change over time or in different contexts. AI model switching may include the following.
[0174] Model Selection: The monitoring entity selects the most appropriate model from a set of pre-defined models or algorithms. This selection can be based on factors such as accuracy, efficiency, or robustness.
[0175] Model finetuning: Once a model is selected, the model can be further trained on a dataset that is specific to a task. This is known as finetuning. Finetuning a pre-trained model can reduce the amount of initial training for the model, while ensuring the model is trained for the specific task for which it will be used. This enables models to be trained more generally for multiple specific tasks. Finetuning a pre-trained model may be optional, depending on how different the initial training is from the end use of the model.
[0176] Adaptation: Once a new model is selected and optionally finetuned, the monitoring entity adapts its operation to use the newly chosen model for making predictions or decisions.
[0177] AI / ML Model Life Cycle Management
[0178] The life cycle management (LCM) of the AI / ML models may comprise various aspects of development and monitoring described above. Signaling and protocols, including identification related signaling, may be utilized with LCM to enable functionality and model, if justified, selection, activation, deactivation, switching, fallback, and the like. That is, signaling, protocols, and / or mechanisms are necessary for LCM in order to facilitate model training, inference, performance monitoring, and data collection for both UE-sided and NW-sided models, including signaling mechanisms of applicable functionalities and models. It should be noted that data collection may be used for UE-sided model training and NW-sided model training. In some cases, data collection for LCM may include data collection for NW-sided model training which may be distinct from CN, operation and management (OAM) , and over-the-top (OTT) collection of UE-sided model training data.
[0179] A set of general data collection principles may be determined for network-side model training, including, for example, whether a UE is to support data logging, whether a UE is to report the collected data periodically, using event-based reporting, and / or on-demand. Further, UE memory, processing power, energy consumption, and signaling overhead may be considered. For CSI (Channel State Information) and beam management use cases, the training of network-side models can consider both gNB and OAM-centric data collection mechanisms. The gNB-centric data collection implies that the gNB can configure the UE to initiate / terminate the data collection procedure. It should be noted that the potential impact of layer 3 (L3) signaling, such as radio resource control (RRC) signaling, for the reporting of collected data should be assessed when determining data collection principles.
[0180] Thus, for the NW-side data collection related to beam management use cases, BS-centric (e.g. gNB-centric) and OAM-centric approaches may be considered. It may be beneficial if the same measurement framework is applied to both gNB-centric data collection and OAM-centric data collection for NW-side data collection. As described below, so-called Minimization of Drive Testing (MDT) , including logged MDT and immediate MDT data, enables service providers to gather data from UEs to optimize network performance. According to the techniques herein, enhancements are provided to MDT in order to provide a data collection framework for purposes of network-side model training. For example, the present disclosure provides unique technical solutions for a user equipment (UE) to perform logging and measurements during a connected state. The logging and measurement data may be reported using the enhanced MDT and used for NW-sided model training. It should be noted that although the techniques for logging and measuring data are described with respect to model training, the techniques described herein may be general applicable to collecting various data types which may be used for various purposes. It will be appreciated that the technical solutions provided herein may be incorporated into future specifications, including 3GPP Release 19.
[0181] FIGS. 11 and 12: MDT
[0182] MDT includes Immediate MDT, which is supported for an RRC_Connected state, and Logged MDT, which is supported for RRC_Idle and RRC_Inactive states. FIG. 11 illustrates an example of data collection and transfer according to an immediate MDT procedure. FIG. 12 illustrates an example of data collection and transfer according to a logged MDT procedure. The procedures shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, or devices illustrated in the Figures, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the procedure elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional procedure elements may also be performed as desired.
[0183] Immediate MDT provides periodic reporting. Referring to FIG. 11, in accordance with an embodiment, procedure 1100 is an immediate MDT procedure for transferring an MDT file to a Trace Collection Entity (TCE) 1106. The TCE 1106 may include a data collection server. The TCE 1106 may be maintained by a mobile network operator (MNO) .
[0184] Procedure 1100 is initiated according to an event trigger, which can include reusing a radio resource monitoring (RRM) event. An RRM event may include one of the following:
[0185] Event A1: Serving cell becomes better than threshold;
[0186] Event A2: Serving cell becomes worse than threshold;
[0187] Event A3: Neighbor cell becomes offset better than SpCell (Special Cell) ;
[0188] Event A4: Neighbor cell becomes better than threshold;
[0189] Event A5: SpCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbor becomes better than threshold2;
[0190] Event A6: Neighbor becomes offset better than SCell (Secondary Cell) .
[0191] Where, comparisons are based on Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) , and Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) .
[0192] It should be noted that for an immediate MDT procedure data logging is not supported and the L3 measurement frame work is reused and as such, all reporting is the latest one-shot measurement. Further, contents which can be collected and reported according to Immediate MDT include the following:
[0193] M1: DL signal quantities measurement results for the serving cell and neighbor cells RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, including cell / beam level measurement.
[0194] M2: Power Headroom.
[0195] M4: DL / UL PDCP SDU Data Volume.
[0196] M5: DL / UL average UE throughput measurement.
[0197] M6: DL / UL packet Delay measurement.
[0198] M7: DL / UL packet loss rate measurement.
[0199] M8: Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurement for WLAN / Bluetooth.
[0200] M9: Round-Trip Time (RTT) Measurement for WLAN.
[0201] UE location.
[0202] Referring to FIG. 11, procedure 1100 begins with OAM 1104 sending an MDT activation to UDM 1027. UDM 1027 checks whether the UE 106 has provided consent for MDT reporting. After determining that the UE 106 has provided consent, UDM 1027 provides MDT configuration information to NW 1020. That is, MDT configuration information may be provided to AMF 1021. NW 1020 provides MDT configuration information to (R) AN 1010, e.g., base station (gNB) 102. (R) AN 1010 provides an RRCReconfiguration message to UE 106 including a measurement configuration IE (measConfig) . The UE 106 performs measurements according to the measConfig IE. The UE 106 triggers reporting of the measurements and sends a MeasurementReport to (R) AN 1010. The MeasurementReport may include M1-M7 measurement data described above. (R) AN 1010 sends a notification to TCE 1106 indicating that the MDT file is ready. (R) AN 1010 and TCE 1106 perform the MDT file transfer. In this manner, an MDT file including data regarding measurements collected by UE 106 is transferred to TCE 1106 according to an immediate MDT procedure.
[0203] As described above, logged MDT is supported for RRC_Idle and RRC_Inactive states and provides periodic logging. That is, logged MDT supports data logging when a UE is in an RRC_Idle or RRC_Inactive state. Referring to FIG. 12, in accordance with an embodiment, procedure 1200 is a logged MDT procedure for transferring a MDT file to a TCE 1106. Procedure 1200 is initiated according an event trigger which includes an Event L1: when UE 106 enters any cell selection or Event L2: when serving cell RSRP and / or RSRQ is greater than a threshold. Further, contents which can be collected and reported according to Logged MDT includes the following:
[0204] Time Stamp
[0205] Serving Cell measurement, including cell / beam level measurement.
[0206] Neighbor New Radio (NR) Cell measurement, including cell / beam level measurement.
[0207] Neighbor Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cell measurement.
[0208] Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) measurement
[0209] Bluetooth measurement
[0210] Indication of AnyCellSelection
[0211] Indication of inDeviceCoex
[0212] UE location
[0213] Referring to FIG. 12, similar to procedure 1100, procedure 1200 begins with OAM 1104 sending a MDT activation to UDM 1027. UDM 1027 checks whether the UE 106 has provided consent for MDT reporting. After determining that the UE 106 has provided consent, UDM 1027 provides MDT configuration information to NW 1020. That is, MDT configuration information may be provided to AMF 1021. NW 1020 provides MDT configuration information to (R) AN 1010, e.g., base station (gNB) 102.
[0214] After NW 1020 provides MDT configuration information to (R) AN 1010, (R)AN 1010 provides a LoggedMeasureConfiguration message to UE 106. As described above, logged MDT is supported for RRC_Idle and RRC_Inactive states. Upon the UE 106 entering an idle or inactive state, UE 106 may perform measurement and logging according to the LoggedMeasureConfiguration message. Once the UE 106 enters a connected state, UE may receive a UEInformationRequest message from (R) AN 1010. The UE 106 may reply with a UEInformationResponse message including the measurement and logged data. (R)AN 1010 sends a notification to TCE 1106 indicating that the MDT file is ready. (R)AN 1010 and TCE 1106 perform the MDT file transfer. In this manner, an MDT file including data regarding measurements collected by UE 106 is transferred to TCE 1106 according to a logged MDT procedure.
[0215] FIG. 13: Enhanced MDT for AI / ML Model Training Data Collection
[0216] As described above, according to the techniques herein, enhancements are provided to MDT in order to provide a data collection framework, which may be used for network-side model training. In one example, according to the techniques herein, in order to support data collection for training purposes, the following enhancements for MDT for a UE in a Connected state may be implemented: Performing logging of Layer 1 (L1) and / or L3 measurements according to event triggering or periodicity; reporting logged measurements to a NW via multiple approaches, including upon NW request, according to event triggering, and according to periodicity; and / or releasing data logging upon a NW request or by the UE autonomously.
[0217] In one example, according to the techniques herein, an MDT configuration may be sent when the UE is in a CONNECTED state. The MDT configuration may include at least one or more of: Logging configuration information, enabling support for NW requested, periodic, and event triggered logging; Reporting configuration information, enabling support for NW requested, periodic, and event triggered reporting; and Release configuration information, including information indicating when the data logging is stopped and how the UE should release the MDT configuration; and Measurement quantities.
[0218] According to the techniques herein, UE behavior is provided corresponding to the enhancements for MDT. In one example, according to the techniques herein, a UE may be configured such that upon reception of a new MDT configuration, the UE stores the configuration and starts logging L1 and / or L3 measurements, according to the Logging configuration. The UE reports the logged measurements to the NW according to the Reporting configuration. Further, when condition (s) are met, the UE stops data logging and releases the stored configuration. Further, techniques are provided for how a UE handles data logging, reporting, and releasing an MDT configuration, when the UE enters RRC_IDLE / INACTIVE and when the UE performs handover (HO) .
[0219] Referring to FIG. 13, in accordance with an embodiment, procedure 1300 is an MDT procedure for transferring an MDT file to an AI / ML Collection Entity (ACE) 1304. ACE 1304 may include a data collection server for storing AI / ML data. ACE 1304 may be maintained by an MNO. Procedure 1300 begins with OAM 1104 sending an MDT activation to UDM 1027. UDM 1027 can check whether the UE 106 has provided consent for MDT reporting. In one example, consent may include an indication of whether the UE 106 allows MNOs to collect its data and share the data with 3rd parties. After determining that the UE 106 has provided consent, UDM 1027 provides MDT configuration information to NW 1020. That is, MDT configuration information may be provided to AMF 1021. NW 1020 provides MDT configuration information to (R) AN 1010, e.g., base station (gNB) 102.
[0220] (R) AN 1010 provides an AIMLMeasurementConfig message to UE 106. The AIMLMeasurementConfig message may include configuration information described herein. That is, an AIMLMeasurementConfig message is an example message that includes information enabling MDT enhancements, according to the techniques herein. Thus, NW 1020 provides a new MDT configuration to the UE 106 in a CONNECTED state via an RRC message using information included in an AIMLMeasurementConfig message. In one example, the AIMLMeasurementConfig message or a similar message providing an MDT configuration may include Logging configuration information, Reporting Configuration information, Release Configuration information, and Measurement quantities information.
[0221] In one example, Logging configuration information may indicate one of NW request logging, Event triggered logging or Periodic logging and associated information. NW request logging may indicate that the UE 106 is to wait for the NW to provide a further indication with respect to logging. Information associated with Event triggered logging may include information indicating whether logging is: Triggered based on one or more measurement events of L3 measurements (e.g., Events A1-A6, may be used) ; Triggered based on measurement events of L1 measurements; and / or Triggered based on a condition that a NW provided model applicability condition is satisfied (e.g., indoor / outdoor, stationary / mobility, specific locations / sites) .
[0222] In one example, measurement events of L1 measurements may include one or more of: when a serving cell’s L1 RSRP and / or RSRQ of the best N beams is greater than a threshold, where N is configurable via RRC (e.g., N may be configured to indicate the best 2 beams) ; when RSRP and / or RSRQ of the best N beams is less than a threshold, where N is configurable via RRC; when neighbor cell’s best beam RSRP and / or RSRQ is greater than a threshold. In one example, the threshold, time-to-trigger (TTT) , and whether RSRP and / or RSRQ is compared to the threshold may be configurable. Further, in one example, whether the beam corresponds to Synchronization / Physical Broadcast Channel Signal Block (SSB) , CSI-RS (CSI Reference Signal) , Position Reference Signal (PRS) , or a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS) may be configurable.
[0223] In one example, information associated with Periodic logging may include information indicating a logging start time and information indicating a logging interval. A logging start time may be specified as: an absolute time (e.g. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time) , a source time timing (e.g., based on System Frame Number (SFN) offsets, including hyper (H) -SFN+SFN+slot offset or H-SFN+SFN+subframe offset) , an indication that the UE starts measurement and logging immediately upon reception of configuration. Further, in one example, an indication may be provided that logging starts when a configured condition is met. For example, a configured condition may include one or more of the events described above with respect to event triggered logging. A logging interval may be specified as an absolute time duration or as a number of slots, symbols, or radio frames.
[0224] In one example, Reporting Configuration information may include information indicating one of: NW requested reporting, Event triggered reporting or Periodic Reporting and associated information. In one example, in the case of NW requested reporting, no further configuration information may be needed and the NW can request UE reporting via an RRC message, for example, using UEInformationRequest and UEInformationResponse IEs.
[0225] In one example, Event triggered reporting information may indicate whether reporting is: Triggered based on measurement events of L3 measurements; Triggered based on measurement events of L1 measurements; and / or Triggered based on NW provided model applicability condition is satisfied. Events for triggered reporting may be similar to and configured in a manner similar to events for triggered logging, as described above. For example, events A1-A6 may be used for L3 measurements and thresholds may be utilized for L1 measurements. Further, in one example, Event triggered reporting information may indicate whether reporting is: triggered when a UE buffer used to store logged data is full; and / or triggered when a data amount of UE buffer used to store logged data is greater than a threshold. It should be noted that any combination of the events may be used to trigger reporting, for example, any combination of L1 measurements, L3 measurements, NW provided model applicability condition, and UE buffer conditions.
[0226] In one example, information associated with Periodic Reporting may indicate when reporting is to occur according to one or more of the following: an Absolute time internal (e.g., report every 5 second) ; A list of absolute time points (e.g., report at time1, time2, …timeN) ; a Number of slots / symbols / Radio Frames (e.g., report every N frames) ; and / or a Periodic logging interval and a Number of periodic logging intervals (e.g., log every 5 seconds and report after 10 log entries) .
[0227] Release configuration information relates to when the data logging should be stopped and when the UE 106 should release the MDT configuration. In one example, Release configuration information may indicate one of: a NW requested termination; an Event trigged termination; and / or a Termination with respect to Periodic reporting. In one example, for a NW requested termination, no further configuration information may be needed and the NW can request the UE 106 release the MDT configuration via an RRC message, for example, using a RRCReconfiguration message.
[0228] In one example, Event triggered termination information may indicate whether termination is: Triggered based on measurement events of L3 measurements; Triggered based on measurement events of L1 measurements; and / or Triggered based on a NW provided model applicability condition being satisfied. Events for triggered termination may be similar to and configured in a manner similar to events for triggered logging, as described above. For example, events A1-A6 may be used for L3 measurements and thresholds may be utilized for L1 measurements. Further, in one example, Event triggered termination information may indicate whether termination is: triggered when a UE enters Radio Link Failure (RLF) ; and / or triggered when a UE enters a RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE state. It should be noted that any combination of the events may be used to trigger termination, for example, any combination of L1 measurements, L3 measurements, NW provided model applicability condition, and UE entering RLF, IDLE, and / or INACTIVE states.
[0229] In one example, Termination with respect to Periodic reporting information may indicate whether termination is: based on an absolute time point for termination; a number of slots, symbols, or radio frames after an initial logging (e.g., terminate 10 frames after initial logging occurs) ; and / or a number of periodic logging intervals after an initial logging (e.g., terminate after 10 logging intervals) .
[0230] In one example, Measurement quantities information may include information for a L3 Cell RSRP / RSRQ / SINR measurement and its prediction; a L3 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction; a L1 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction; and / or Positioning.
[0231] In one example, information for a L3 Cell RSRP / RSRQ / SINR measurement and its prediction may include information indicating whether a cell measurement is for a servicing cell, and 0, 1, or more neighboring cells and detailed measurement configuration information. In one example, detailed measurement configuration information may enable a NW to: configure one or more of a cell ID list, a frequency list, and / or a Tracking Area Code (TAC) list; configure the UE to report the top M (e.g., highest) L3 cell level measurements; and / or configure the UE to report up to the top M L3 cell level measurements greater than a threshold.
[0232] In one example, for the serving / neighbor cells which the UE 106 includes L3 cell measurement, information for L3 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction, may enable a NW to configure the UE to report L3 beam RSRP / RSRQ according to a list of RS indices (including SSB indices, CSI-RS indices, PRS indices, TRS indices, or any combination) . Further, information for L3 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction may enable a NW to configure the UE to report up to the top N1 L3 beam level measurements for the serving cell and up to the top N2 L3 beam level measurement for neighbor cells and / or enable the NW to configure the UE to report up to the top N3 L3 beam level measurements for the serving cell greater than a first threshold and up to the top N4 L3 beam level measurement greater than a second threshold for neighbor cells. It should be noted that each of N1-N4 may be independently configurable and / or have the same value in some cases.
[0233] In one example, information for L1 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction may include information indicating whether a cell measurement is for a servicing cell, and 0, 1, or more neighboring cells and detailed measurement configuration information. In one example, information for L1 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction may enable a NW to configure a list of RS indices (including SSB indices, CSI-RS indices, PRS indices, TRS indices, or any combination) under one or more of a cell ID list, a frequency list, and / or a TAC list. Further, information for L1 beam RSRP / RSRQ and its prediction may enable a NW to configure the UE to report up to the top N1 L1 beam level measurements for the serving cell and up to the top N2 L1 beam level measurement for neighbor cells and / or enable the NW to configure the UE to report up to the top N3 L1 beam level measurements for the serving cell greater than a first threshold and up to the top N4 L1 beam level measurement greater than a second threshold for neighbor cells. It should be noted that each of N1-N4 may be independently configurable and / or have the same value in some cases.
[0234] In one example, information for Positioning may include Label information, including ground-truth position. Further, information for Positioning may include information indicating whether measurement is based on PRS, including LOS (Line of Sight) and / or NLOS (non-Line of Sight) information, L3 RSRP of PRS, timing stamp, phase, CIR path information, and the like.
[0235] Referring again to FIG. 13, the UE 106 receives AIMLMeasurementConfig message and stored the configuration provided in the AIMLMeasurementConfig message. For example, UE 106 may store the parameters in the configuration in a VarAIMLMeasConfig (or similarly named or similar) data structure. The UE 106 performs measurement and logging according to the configuration. For example, as described above, UE 106 may perform logging according to NW requested logging, Event Triggered logging, and Periodic logging. In one example, in the case of NW requested logging, the UE 106 may wait for a NW RRC message to start logging. For example, a StartAIMLMeasLogging (or similarly named) message may be used to indicate the UE 106 is to start logging. In one example, the RRC message can further include an updated logging configuration, which may include a periodic or event triggered logging. That is, a NW may indicate a switch between a logging type in an RRC message provided after the initial MDT configuration. In one example, in the case of Periodic logging, the UE 106 starts measurement logging when the configured starting timing and / or condition is met, and performs logging in each configured interval, for example, as described above. In one example, in the case of Event triggered logging, the UE 106 starts measurement logging when the configured event condition is met, for example, as described above. Thus, the UE 106 is configured to log the latest measurements when either the periodic or event triggered condition is met.
[0236] In one example, the UE 106 may create a log file and stores the log file in one of an AS (Access-Stratum) buffer or an application buffer. It should be noted that an AS buffer may have a relatively small buffer size. For example, an AS buffer may be limited to 64K, as in the case of logged MDT. Further, an application buffer may be much larger than an AS buffer. In one example, logged information includes one or more of: Serving cell’s L1 / L3 measurements and its prediction; L3 measurements of neighbor cells and its prediction according to configuration, for example, as described above; L1 measurements of neighbor cells and its prediction according to configuration, for example, as described above; A Time Stamp for each logging; Time information with respect to reception of a new MDT configuration and Time with respect to initialing measurement for logging; the UE 106 serving cell information, including, for example, frequency and Physical Cell ID (PCI) . Further, in one example, the UE 106 may be configured by the NW to log unspecified data. For example, unspecified data may include ground-truth information. In one example, unspecified data can be included in the logging file or in a separate transparent container of UL RRC message.
[0237] In one example, L3 measurements of neighbor cells and its prediction may initially order neighbor cells based on configured measurement quantities of L3 cell measurement logging (e.g., strongest cell is put first) and then for each neighbor cell, its L3 beam measurement logging is order based on configured measurement quantities (i.e., strongest beam is put first) . In one example, L1 measurements of neighbor cells and its prediction may initially order neighbor cells based on configured measurement quantities of L1 cell measurement logging (e.g., strongest cell is put first) and then for each neighbor cell, its L1 beam measurement logging is ordered based on configured measurement quantities (i.e., strongest beam is put first) . In one example, a Time Stamp may be indicated using absolute UTC time, and / or a H-SFN+SFN+slot / subframe index.
[0238] The UE 106 performs reporting according to the configuration. For example, as described above, UE 106 may perform reporting according to NW requested reporting, Event Triggered reporting, and Periodic reporting. That is, the UE 106 may determine whether a reporting condition occurs. In one example, in the case of NW requested logging, the UE 106 may wait for a NW RRC message and provide a report in a paired message. For example, a UEInformationRequest / UEInformationResponse pair may be utilized, as illustrated in FIG. 13. In the case of Event Triggered reporting and Periodic reporting, upon a reporting condition occurring, the UE 106 may provide a report using a RRC message. In one example, as illustrated in FIG. 13, a MeasurementReport may be used. In one example, according to the techniques herein, another message may be defined and used, for example, a AIMLMeasurementReport (or similarly named or similar) message.
[0239] The UE 106 may continue performing measuring, logging, and / or reporting until a termination event occurs. As described above, Release configuration information may indicate one of: a NW requested termination; an Event trigged termination; and / or a Termination with respect to Periodic reporting. In one example, if a NW requested termination (or a release configuration is not provided) , the UE 106 may stop logging upon receiving a NW request via an RRC message. In one example, if an Event trigged termination or a Termination with respect to Periodic reporting is provided, the UE 106 can terminate the measurement and logging according to one of the following: if a timer duration is provided, the UE 106 may start a timer after a first logging, and terminate upon the timer expiring; if a max number of reporting intervals is provided, UE 106 may terminate upon reaching a count reporting threshold amount; and UE 106 may terminate upon a specified release condition being satisfied.
[0240] According the techniques herein, in one example, when the UE 106 enters an RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE state, the UE 106 may stop any running timer / counter, release the stored configuration, retain the stored measurement logging, and report the stored measurement logging to NW after it enters the RRC_CONNECTED state again. In one example, when the UE 106 enters an RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE state, the UE 106 may pause any running timer / counter and measurement logging, and retain the stored configuration and measurement logging. In this case, upon entering RRC_CONNECTED state again, the UE 106 may operate according to the following: if the camping / serving cell is the same as pervious cell, the measurement logging and timer / counter will be resumed; if the camping / serving cell is an NR cell which is different from pervious cell, the UE stops timer / counter, releases the stored configuration, and reports the stored measurement logging to the NW; or if the camping / serving cell is an LTE cell (i.e. inter-RAT cell reselection) , the UE stops timer / counter, releases the stored configuration and measurement logging (i.e., measurement logging is not reported) .
[0241] According the techniques herein, in one example, when the UE 106 performs handover (HO) , the UE 106 may stop measurement logging upon reception of HO command / LTM (Lower-layer Triggered Mobility) command, release the stored configuration, and report the stored measurement logging to the NW.Further, a situation may occur where a buffer is full, but the UE 106 is unable to report the logging measurements. In one example, in this case, it may be up to a particular implementation of the UE 106 to determine how measurements are discarded. In one example, in this case, the UE 106 may be configured to discard certain (e.g., low priority or older) measurements. For example, the UE first may discard the measurement collected in specific cells, specific frequencies, and / or specific times.
[0242] Referring again to FIG. 13, upon receiving a UEInformationResponse, a MeasurementReport, or an AIMLMeasurementReport (R) AN 1010 sends a notification to ACE 1304 indicating that the MDT file is ready. (R) AN 1010 and ACE 1304 perform the MDT file transfer. In this manner, according to the techniques herein, an MDT file including data regarding measurements collected by UE 106 is transferred to ACE 1304 according to an enhanced MDT procedure.
[0243] FIGS. 14-16: Flow Charts for Logging Measurements at a user equipment (UE) in a Connected state
[0244] FIGS. 14-16 illustrate flow charts of example methods of logging measurements at a user equipment (UE) in a connected state, according to some embodiments. The methods shown in FIGS. 14-16 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, or devices illustrated in the Figures, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.
[0245] Referring to FIG. 14, the method 1400 comprises receiving an MDT measurement configuration at the UE, as shown at block 1410. An MDT measurement configuration may include an MDT measurement configuration described above. For example, an MDT measurement configuration may include a AIMLMeasurementConfig message or the like. The UE stores the information in the MDT configuration, as shown at block 1420. For example, the UE may store parameters in the configuration in a VarAIMLMeasConfig similar data structure or the like. The UE performs measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration, as shown at block 1430. For example, the UE may perform measurement according to Measurement quantities, described above, and perform logging according to a Logging configuration, described above.
[0246] The UE determines whether a reporting condition occurs, as shown in block 1440. As described above, a reporting condition may be indicated in a Reporting Configuration and the UE may determine whether a reporting condition occurs based on a Reporting Configuration. For example, the UE may determine whether a reporting condition occurs based on a NW requested reporting, an Event triggered reporting or a Periodic Reporting. In the event that a reporting condition occurs, the UE reports logging information, as shown in block 1480. For example, the UE may report logging information using an AIMLMeasurementReport IE, or the like, as described above. As shown in FIG. 14, after reporting logging information, the UE may continue to perform measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration. That is, for example, reporting may occur due to an event occurring or a periodic reporting and the UE may continue to perform measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration until a subsequent reporting condition occurs.
[0247] As such, while the UE is performing measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration, the UE determines whether a termination condition occurs, as shown in block 1450. As described above, a termination condition may be indicated in a Release Configuration and the UE may determine whether a termination condition occurs based on a Release Configuration. For example, the UE may determine whether a termination condition occurs based on a NW requested termination, an Event triggered termination or a Periodic termination. Upon determining that a termination condition occurs, the UE stops logging, as shown in block 1460 and releases the configuration, as shown in block 1470. It should be noted that determinations with respect to 1450 and 1440 may occur in conjunction with one another. That is, a termination condition may be a reporting condition and in such a case, each blocks 1480, 1460, and 1470 are performed, upon a termination condition.
[0248] Referring to FIGS. 15A-15B, the methods 1500 and 1550 comprise similar steps included in the method illustrated in FIG. 14 described above, and additionally provide examples of handling data logging, reporting, and releasing an MDT configuration, when the UE enters idle or inactive state. Similarly, the method 1600 illustrated in FIG. 16 comprises steps included in the method illustrated in FIG. 14, and additional provides an example of handling data logging, reporting, and releasing an MDT configuration, when the UE performs an HO. For the sake of brevity, a complete description of steps corresponding similarly numbered blocks in FIG. 14 are not repeated with respect to FIGS. 15A-16. Further, it should be noted that a UE may perform aspects of each of FIGS. 14-16 in conjunction with one another. That is, a UE may concurrently determine whether a reporting condition or termination condition (as illustrated in FIG. 14) , an idle / inactive state occurs (as illustrated in FIGS. 15A-15B) , or a handover is performed (as illustrated in FIG. 16) .
[0249] In method 1500, the UE performs measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration, as shown at block 1430. The UE determines whether it enters an idle or inactive state, as shown in block 1510. Upon determining an idle or inactive state, UE stops logging, as shown in block 1460, and releases the MDT configuration, as shown in block 1470. Further, in method 1500, the UE enters a connected state, as shown in block 1520. After entering the connected state, the UE reports logging information, as shown in block 1480.
[0250] In method 1550, the UE performs measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration, as shown at block 1430. The UE determines whether it enters an idle or inactive state, as shown in block 1510. Upon determining an idle or inactive state, UE pauses logging, as shown in block 1560. Further, in method 1550, the UE enters a connected state, as shown in block 1520. After entering the connected state, the UE determines whether it is reconnecting to the same cell, as should in block 1570. If the UE determines that is reconnecting to the same cell (e.g., camping / serving cell) , the UE resumes performing measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration. If the UE determines that it is not connecting to the same cell, the UE releases the configuration, as shown in block 1470 and the UE reports logging information, as shown in block 1480. It should be noted that the example illustrated in FIG. 15B may correspond to a case where the cell which is different from the previous cell is an NR cell. In one example, in a case where the cell which is different from the previous cell is an LTE cell (i.e. inter-RAT cell reselection) , block 1480 may not be performed.
[0251] In method 1600, the UE performs measurement and logging according to the MDT configuration, as shown at block 1430. The UE determines whether a handover is to performed, as shown in block 1610. Upon determining handover is performed, the UE stops logging, as shown in block 1460, and releases the MDT configuration, as shown in block 1470. Further, in method 1600, the UE reports logging information, as shown in block 1480.
[0252] In this manner, UE 106 represents an example of a device configured to receive a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type, log measurements according to the logging configuration, and report logged measurements according to the reporting configuration.
[0253] In this manner, UE 106 represents an example of a device configured to receive a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type, log measurements according to the logging configuration, report logged measurements according to the reporting configuration, determine a change from the connected state to an idle or inactive state, upon determining a change from the connected state to an idle or inactive state, release the configuration, and report logged information upon entering a connected state.
[0254] In this manner, UE 106 represents an example of a device configured to receive a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type, log measurements according to the logging configuration, report logged measurements according to the reporting configuration, determine a change from a first connected state to an idle or inactive state, determine a change from the idle or inactive state to a second connected state, upon determining a change from the idle or inactive state to the second connected state, determine the first connected state and the second connected state do not include the same cell, release the configuration, and report logged measurements.
[0255] In this manner, UE 106 represents an example of a device configured to receive a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type, log measurements according to the logging configuration, report logged measurements according to the reporting configuration, determine to perform a handover, and upon determine to perform a handover, releasing the configuration, and report logged measurements.
[0256] In some embodiments, a logging configuration includes information indicating whether a logging is one of: a network request logging, an event triggered logging, or a periodic logging.
[0257] In some embodiments, a reporting configuration includes information indicating whether a reporting is one of: a network request reporting, an event triggered reporting, or a periodic reporting.
[0258] In some embodiments, the MDT configuration further includes a release configuration and UE 106 if further configured to release the MDT configuration according to the release configuration
[0259] In some embodiments, a release configuration indicates one of network requested termination, an event triggered termination, or a periodic reporting based termination.
[0260] In some embodiments, the MDT configuration further includes measurement quantities information.
[0261] In some embodiments, reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting measurements ordered based on configured measurement quantities.
[0262] In some embodiments, reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting a time stamp for each logging.
[0263] In some embodiments, reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting a time the MDT configuration was received.
[0264] In some embodiments, reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting serving cell information.
[0265] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, some embodiments may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer readable memory medium, or a computer system. Other embodiments may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Still other embodiments may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.
[0266] In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and / or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.
[0267] In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE 106) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets) . The device may be realized in any of various forms.
[0268] Any of the methods described herein for operating a user equipment (UE) may be the basis of a corresponding method for operating a base station, by interpreting each message / signal X received by the UE in the downlink as message / signal X transmitted by the base station, and each message / signal Y transmitted in the uplink by the UE as a message / signal Y received by the base station.
[0269] Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
Claims
1.A method of logging measurements at a user equipment (UE) in a connected state, the method comprising:receiving a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type;logging measurements at the UE according to the logging configuration; andreporting logged measurements from the UE according to the reporting configuration.2.A method of logging measurements at a user equipment (UE) in a connected state, the method comprising:receiving, at the UE, a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type;logging measurements, at the UE, according to the logging configuration;reporting logged measurements, from the UE, according to the reporting configuration;determining a change from the connected state of the UE to an idle or inactive state;upon determining the change from the connected state to an idle or inactive state:releasing the configuration, andreporting logged information upon entering a connected state.3.A method of logging measurements at a user equipment (UE) in a connected state, the method comprising:receiving a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration at the UE, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type;logging measurements at the UE according to the logging configuration;reporting logged measurements from the UE according to the reporting configuration;determining a change from a first connected state of the UE to an idle or inactive state;determining a change from the idle or inactive state to a second connected state of the UE;upon determining a change from the idle or inactive state to the second connected state of the UE:determining the first connected state and the second connected state do not include a same cell,releasing the configuration, andreporting logged measurements.4.A method of logging measurements at a user equipment (UE) , the method comprising:receiving a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration at the UE, wherein the MDT configuration includes a logging configuration and a reporting configuration indicating a reporting type;logging measurements at the UE according to the logging configuration;reporting logged measurements from the UE according to the reporting configuration;determining to perform a handover at the UE; andupon determining to perform the handover,releasing the configuration, andreporting logged measurements.5.The method of claims 1-4, wherein the logging configuration includes information indicating whether a logging is one of: a network request logging, an event triggered logging, or a periodic logging.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the network request logging indicates the UE is to begin logging upon receiving a network indication.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the network indication is a radio resource control message.8.The method of claim 5, wherein the event triggered logging indicates the UE is to begin logging upon an event occurring.9.The method of claim 8, wherein an event occurring is based on one or more of: a Layer 3 (L3) measurement, a Layer 1 (L1) measurement, a reference signal being greater than a threshold, a reference signal being less than a threshold, and a network provided applicability condition being satisfied.10.The method of claim 5, wherein the periodic logging indicates the UE is to perform logging according to a logging start time and a logging interval.11.The method of claim 10, wherein a logging start time is indicated as one of:an absolute time, a source time timing, immediate logging, or an event occurring.12.The method of claim 10, wherein a logging interval indicates one of an absolute time duration, a number of slots, a number of symbols, or a number of radio frames.13.The method of claims 1-4, wherein the reporting configuration includes information indicating whether a reporting is one of: a network request reporting, an event triggered reporting, or a periodic reporting.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the network request reporting indicates the UE is to begin reporting upon receiving an network indication.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the network indication is a radio resource control message.16.The method of claim 13, wherein the event triggered reporting indicates the UE is to begin reporting upon an event occurring.17.The method of claim 16, wherein an event occurring is based on one or more of: an L3 measurement, an L1 measurement, a reference signal being greater than a threshold, a reference signal being less than a threshold, and a network provided applicability condition being satisfied, or a buffer condition.18.The method of claim 17, wherein a buffer condition includes an amount of data in a buffer being greater than a threshold.19.The method of claim 13, wherein periodic reporting indicates the UE is to perform reporting according to one of: an absolute time interval, a list of absolute time points, according to a number of slots, symbols, or radio frames, or a number of periodic loggings.20.The method of claim 1-4, wherein the MDT configuration further includes a release configuration and further comprising releasing the MDT configuration according to the release configuration.21.The method of claim 20, wherein a release configuration indicates one of network requested termination, an event triggered termination, or a periodic reporting based termination.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the network requested termination indicates the UE is to release the MDT configuration upon receiving a network indication.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the network indication is a radio resource control message.24.The method of claim 21, wherein the event triggered termination indicates the UE is to release the MDT configuration upon an event occurring.25.The method of claim 21, wherein an event occurring is based on one or more of: an L3 measurement, an L1 measurement, a reference signal being greater than a threshold, a reference signal being less than a threshold, and a network provided applicability condition being satisfied.26.The method of claim 21, wherein an event occurring is based on enter an idle or inactive state or a radio link failure occurring.27.The method of claim 21, wherein a periodic reporting based termination indicates the UE is to release the MDT configuration upon one or more of: an absolute time point, a number of slots, symbols, or radio frames, or a number of period logging intervals.28.The method of claims 1-4, wherein the MDT configuration further includes measurement quantities information.29.The method of claim 28, wherein measurement quantities information includes information specifying layer 3 (L3) cell reference signal measurements.30.The method of claim 29, wherein information specifying layer 3 (L3) cell reference signal measurements includes one or more of a cell ID list, a frequency list, and a tracking area code list.31.The method of claim 29, wherein information specifying level 3 cell reference signal measurements includes an indication of a number of top layer 3 (L3) cell measurements for reporting.32.The method of claim 28, wherein measurement quantities information includes information specifying layer 3 (L3) beam reference signalmeasurements.33.The method of claim 32, wherein information specifying layer 3 (L3) beam reference signal measurements includes a list of reference signal indices.34.The method of claim 33, wherein information specifying layer 3 (L3) beam reference signal measurements includes an indication of a number of top layer 3 (L3) beam measurements for reporting.35.The method of claim 28, wherein measurement quantities information includes information specifying layer 1 (L1) beam reference signalmeasurements.36.The method of claim 35, wherein information specifying layer 1 (L1) beam reference signal measurements includes a list of reference signal indices.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the list of reference signal indices are under one or more of a cell ID list, a frequency list, and a tracking area code list.38.The method of claim 35, wherein information specifying layer 1 (L1) beam reference signal measurements includes an indication of a number of top layer 1 (L1) beam measurements for reporting.39.The method of claim 28, wherein measurement quantities information includes position label information and information indicating a position reference signal.40.The method of claims 1-4, wherein reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting measurements ordered based on configured measurement quantities.41.The method of claims 1-4, wherein reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting a time stamp for each logging.42.The method of claims 1-4, wherein reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting a time the MDT configuration was received.43.The method of claims 1-4, wherein reporting logged measurements according to a reporting configuration includes reporting serving cell information.44.The method of claim 43, wherein serving cell information includes a frequency and a physical cell ID.45.A baseband processor configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the methods of claims 1 to 44.46.A user equipment (UE) configured to perform any of the operations described in claims 1 to 44.47.A network configured to transmit a minimization of drive test configuration (MDT) configuration including one or more of a logging configuration, a reporting configuration, a release configuration, and measurement quantities information.48.The network of claim 47, wherein the network is further configured to obtain consent of a user equipment (UE) to allow the network to collect data and share the collected data with an entity.49.The network of claim 48, wherein the network is further configured to forward collected data to a server owned by operators.
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