Means of transport, apparatus and method for the energy-saving charging of an electrochemical energy-storage means

Abstract

The invention relates to a means of transport (10), an apparatus (23), and a method for the energy-saving charging of an electrochemical energy-storage means (1) of a means of transport (10). The method comprises the steps of: identifying a user input for a predefined limitation of heat to be supplied to or dissipated from the energy-storage means (1) and / or of energy required for circulating a cooling fluid (2) of the energy-storage means (1), which heat and energy are referred to collectively below as "secondary energy", and, in response thereto, limiting the secondary energy for a charging process of the electrochemical energy-storage means (1) to a predefined amount.

Description

[0001] Means of transport, device and method for energy-saving charging of an electrochemical energy storage device

[0002] Description

[0003] The invention relates to a means of transport, a device and a method for energy-saving charging of an electrochemical energy storage device of a means of transport.

[0004] In the prior art, considerable efforts are made to regulate the temperature of the electrochemical energy storage device of a means of transport or a battery-electric vehicle by converting electrical energy, in order to keep the energy storage device within a specific temperature range, as this prevents damage to the energy storage device during charging and discharging processes. For example, when charging a lithium battery at excessively low temperatures, lithium dendrites can form, or the anode can become electroplated with lithium. Both reduce the battery's capacity, and the dendrites can compromise operational safety. At excessively high temperatures, chemical decomposition processes can occur within the battery cell.At excessively low temperatures, the internal resistance (and thus energy loss) of the energy storage device increases during charging, and the aforementioned processes can reduce the maximum capacity of the energy storage device or cause it to age prematurely. To prevent premature aging and enable high charging and discharging performance, the prior art uses electrical energy to regulate the temperature of the electrochemical energy storage device. For example, US patent 2023 / 0378569 discloses a thermoelectric heating and cooling device for a battery, which, in one embodiment, maintains the battery within a specific temperature range based on user input. Building upon the aforementioned prior art, the present invention aims to enable a simple and efficient charging process for an electrochemical energy storage device.

[0005] The aforementioned problem is solved according to the invention by the features of the method according to claim 1. The dependent claims relate to preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0006] The method for energy-efficient charging of an electrochemical energy storage device of a means of transport comprises at least two steps. In the sense of the invention, charging can be defined as a charging process, i.e., a process in which a charging plug of a charging infrastructure is first inserted into a charging socket of the means of transport, then the electrochemical energy storage device is charged and / or discharged at various times, and / or a state of charge of the energy storage device is left unchanged, and finally the charging plug is removed from the charging socket of the means of transport. Alternatively or additionally, the charging infrastructure can also be designed as an inductive charging device, which charges the means of transport by transferring energy from an excitation coil (with an optionally additional excitation resonant circuit) of the inductive charging device to an induction coil (with an optionally additional induction resonant circuit) of the means of transport.Alternatively or additionally, a charging process can extend from the moment a voltage that changes and / or increases the state of charge is first applied until the first time that voltage is not applied, or until the last time that voltage is applied before the vehicle is moved again. The electrochemical energy storage device can be a rechargeable battery, battery, traction battery, and / or high-voltage storage device. The vehicle, which can be a car, truck, motorized two-wheeler, three-wheeler, land vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, and / or spacecraft, can additionally or alternatively be purely battery-electric powered. Furthermore, the vehicle can additionally or alternatively have an active temperature management system that modifies the thermal energy of the energy storage device by converting it into electrical energy.An active temperature management system, or an active component thereof, converts electrical energy directly (or via conversion to another form of energy) into thermal energy (for example, the thermal energy can be contained in a cooling fluid of the energy storage system at a temperature different from the temperature of the energy storage system itself) for the purpose of heating or cooling the energy storage system. Additionally or alternatively, an active temperature management system, or an active component thereof, can change the temperature of the energy storage system through forced convection, conduction, radiation, and / or evaporation. The cooling fluid can be in a liquid and / or gaseous phase. Furthermore, the cooling fluid can also contain a solid phase, such as paraffin as a phase-change material. The cooling fluid can be pumped through the energy storage system to heat or cool it.

[0007] In a first step, user input is determined regarding a predefined limit on the heat supplied to or removed from the energy storage system, particularly actively, and / or the energy required to circulate a cooling fluid within the energy storage system, particularly electrical energy, hereinafter collectively referred to as "secondary energy." User input can be mechanical / manual and / or verbal and can relate directly or indirectly to a predefined limit. User input can relate only to the next charging process or have a permanent effect on the predefined limit. An indirect reference can occur, for example, if the user specifies a departure time and / or a charging time window, after having previously indicated an intention to charge in an energy-saving manner.Additionally or alternatively, indirect charging can occur if a user has previously requested energy-saving charging at a preferably predefined location, provided that a positioning system (e.g., a GPS receiver, GLONASS receiver, Galileo receiver, BeiDou receiver, Quasi-Zenith Satellite System receiver, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System receiver, or similar) preferably automatically determines that the vehicle is located at the preferably predefined location. Multiple predefined restrictions may also exist. The predefined restriction on the secondary energy supplied to the energy storage device can be predefined as a reduction in secondary energy.As a constraint, the relationship between charging energy, which changes the state of charge of the energy storage device, and temperature control energy, which changes the temperature of the energy storage device, can be predefined, for example, by an upper or lower limit. As a constraint, the non-use of an active component (e.g., a fan, a compression cooling component, a thermoelectric element, a heat pump, a current pulse heating component, a heating wire, etc.), such as a temperature management system, can be predefined. In other words, the aforementioned predefined constraint does not change the use of inactive components, such as a ventilation damper control, a radiator, or a heat sink. A second step then follows.

[0008] In the second step of the method according to the invention, the secondary energy, in particular the electrical energy, for a charging process of the electrochemical energy storage device is limited to a predefined amount. This limitation of the secondary energy can be achieved depending on whether the temperature of the energy storage device is within one of two predefined threshold values ​​(e.g., -10°C to +45°C). Alternatively or additionally, the limitation can be achieved by not using, or using at reduced power, the active component. For example, the secondary energy can be limited by not operating, or not operating at maximum power, a heating wire designed to heat the energy storage device during a charging process.

[0009] The dependent claims describe preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0010] Secondary energy can be defined additionally or alternatively as not contributing to an increase in the energy storage device's state of charge. Additionally or alternatively, secondary energy can be defined as being supplied to and / or converted by the vehicle during a charging process. In other words, secondary energy can be defined additionally or alternatively as encompassing all energy that is knowingly and intentionally converted for the thermal conditioning of the energy storage device without knowingly and intentionally increasing its state of charge. For example, secondary energy is not defined as a voltage and current applied to the energy storage device for a specific period of time, which transports a lithium ion from a lithium cobalt oxide anode to a graphite cathode, thereby charging the energy storage device.Additionally or alternatively, secondary energy can be defined as thermal energy (i.e., heat to be supplied or removed) that is to pass through a heat exchanger of the energy storage system and / or the cooling fluid of the energy storage system. Secondary energy can also be partially defined as the energy required to circulate the cooling fluid.

[0011] As an optional additional step, a charging target implausibility can be detected, indicating that a predefined target charge level, which may be defined as state-of-charge or potential range, cannot be reached by a predefined charging end time, which may be defined as a departure time and / or the end of a charging window, due to limitations. In other words, it is determined that the target charge level cannot be reached by the charging end time, either obviously or likely.For example, it can be determined that due to a limitation of heating energy (which can be converted, for instance, at the heating wire) and due to an excessively low temperature of the energy storage device (and thus an insufficient maximum possible charging power), the energy storage device cannot be charged to the predefined target state of charge (e.g., a fill level of 80% or a potential range of 300 km) by a specified departure time. Until the implausibility of the charging target is determined, it can be cyclically checked whether the predefined target state of charge cannot be reached at the predefined charging end time due to the limitation.Determining the charging target implausibility can occur in response to limiting the secondary energy and / or repeatedly (for example, every 15, 30, or 60 minutes), and / or in response to a change in one or more of the parameters explained below during the charging process.

[0012] As an optional additional step, when a charging target implausibility is detected, a message can be issued to the user, specifically including a choice regarding whether or not to apply the limit. For example, a message can be issued when it is determined that, without cooling by a compression cooling component, the energy storage device is too hot to reach the predefined state of charge at the predefined charging end time with the maximum possible, non-damaging charging power.The message may include one or more selection options; for example, the message “exit or do not exit energy-saving charging mode” may be issued to the user via a user interface and / or display and / or screen and / or human-machine interface and / or a mobile device, cellular-switched and / or internet-switched and / or via a wired or wireless network.

[0013] The predefined target charge level and / or the predefined charging end time can be automatically determined by a trained and / or user-specific prediction model, for example depending on the location of the means of transport and / or the time and / or the identity of the driver or user (for example, if the user has previously entered a preference for energy-saving charging).

[0014] Determining the charging target implausibility can be done using the parameter, in particular a temperature of the energy storage system and / or a plurality of temperatures of sub-areas of the energy storage system and / or a temperature difference of sub-areas of the energy storage system, for example a variance of a temperature distribution, a weighted outlier or a temperature difference which is greater than 3K or greater than 6K.and / or an ambient temperature of the vehicle and / or an internet-mediated temperature forecast for the vehicle's location and / or a light sensor to detect direct sunlight on the vehicle and / or an infrared sensor to determine the temperature of solids in the vehicle's environment and / or a heat transfer coefficient between the energy storage device and the vehicle's environment and / or heat generation during charging and / or the vehicle's location (e.g., against a south-facing wall in a city center) and / or a date and / or time. Determining the implausibility of the charging target can be done using a machine learning algorithm and / or a prediction model and / or iteratively and / or repeatedly or as a one-off procedure.

[0015] The predefined restriction can include a reduction in secondary energy, specifically stipulating that no secondary energy is converted at an active heating element and / or a pump, particularly a cooling fluid pump, and / or a fan and / or a heat engine. The converted secondary energy can also be zero. Alternatively, it can be stipulated that the secondary energy must be greater than 0 joules. The reduction in secondary energy can also apply only to the next charging cycle. The active heating element can be designed, in particular as a heating wire and / or as a self-heating device, for example as a current pulse heating device, which uses at least some of the energy converted at the internal resistance of the energy storage device for heating, and / or as an instantaneous water heater and / or as a trimmed electric motor.The convection generator can alternatively or additionally be designed, in particular also as a blower and / or fan. The combined heat and power (CHP) unit, which can be designed in particular as a heat pump and / or a chiller, can include a refrigerant compressor. The CHP unit is designed to convert electrical energy into thermal energy, heat or cold, via mechanical work. For example, individual components or assemblies mentioned above can be temporarily or for the entire charging cycle deactivated and / or operated at reduced power (e.g., by pulse-width modulation) during the charging period, thus reducing the secondary energy output. For example, a predefined limit for a fan can reduce its speed and therefore also its power and secondary energy output during the charging process.Additionally or alternatively, the pump can, for example, circulate the cooling fluid of the energy storage system without intentionally or deliberately adding external heat to the energy storage system or intentionally or deliberately removing internal heat, thus homogenizing the temperature distribution of a large number of cells in the energy storage system. The pump's power can be limited so that the temperature difference between the coldest and warmest cells of the energy storage system does not exceed a predefined maximum temperature difference, preferably 8 K, particularly preferably 5 K, and most preferably 3 K.

[0016] Reducing energy conversion by an auxiliary consumer, particularly by a temperature management system, a battery management system, an electrical system, or a charging control unit, can optionally occur in response to user input. The charging control unit can be configured to control the charging process, specifically to provide and / or control the supply of a desired voltage and / or current during charging. The auxiliary consumer can be located within the vehicle. The electrical system can also include other electrical consumers and is then described as an energy-electronics network. The electrical system can be a low-voltage network (or, within the low-voltage range of the network), with a nominal voltage of 12–60 volts (or 6–60 volts), or a high-voltage network (or, within the high-voltage range of the network), with a voltage exceeding 60 volts, particularly exceeding 1000 V.Energy conversion by the auxiliary consumer can be an energy conversion that takes place within the framework, in the course of, or as a result of the charging process at the auxiliary consumer and / or at components of the auxiliary consumer and / or at assemblies of the auxiliary consumer, without directly increasing the state of charge of the energy storage device.

[0017] User input can be detected via a user interface of the means of transport and / or a user interface of a portable device. The user interface can include a screen and / or a display with controls, implemented, for example, as a touchscreen, and / or a human-machine interface. The user interface can detect user input mechanically, via touch, and / or acoustically. The mobile or portable device can be, in particular, a mobile phone, a tablet, a smartwatch, smart glasses, a smart ring, etc.

[0018] Furthermore, a property of a charging infrastructure can be determined, namely whether it emits alternating current or direct current, and in response to this, the secondary energy, particularly electrical energy, for the charging process of the electrochemical energy storage device can be limited to a predefined amount. This property of the charging infrastructure can be determined by an electrical connection and / or by electrically connecting the charging infrastructure to the means of transport. The electrical connection can also be achieved through inductive coupling of the excitation coil (with a possible additional excitation resonant circuit) of the inductive charging device to the induction coil (with a possible additional induction resonant circuit) of the means of transport.A charging infrastructure is considered in use when it is in electrical contact with the vehicle; in other words, when a charging plug of the vehicle is inserted into the charging infrastructure and / or a charging plug of the charging infrastructure is inserted into the vehicle. Alternatively or additionally, the charging infrastructure is considered in use when there is inductive coupling between the excitation coil (with a possible additional excitation resonant circuit) of the inductive charging device and the induction coil (with a possible additional induction resonant circuit) of the vehicle. The charging infrastructure can be, for example, a wallbox, supercharger, high-power charger, or a Type F socket, CEE socket, or other building socket (each optionally with a charging cable).In other words, determining the charging infrastructure's property regarding the output of alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) to the vehicle refers to whether the charging power between the infrastructure and the vehicle is transmitted via AC or DC. The AC current can comprise one to three phases. Additionally or alternatively, determining a charging infrastructure's property includes whether the infrastructure can supply the vehicle with more than a predefined maximum power or less than the predefined maximum power. This, in turn, limits the secondary energy, particularly electrical energy, for charging the electrochemical energy storage device to the predefined amount.The predefined maximum power output can be, for example, 3.7 kilowatts, 7.4 kW, 11 kW, 22 kW, 40 kW, 80 kW, or 120 kW. Alternatively or additionally, a characteristic of the charging infrastructure can be determined, such as whether the on-board charger can be electrically bypassed for charging the energy storage device or whether the on-board charger cannot be electrically bypassed for charging the energy storage device. In response, the secondary energy, particularly electrical energy, for charging the electrochemical energy storage device can be limited to the predefined amount.

[0019] Optionally, the energy provided by a charging infrastructure, less conversion losses (which occur, for example, during the conversion of alternating current to direct current and / or during the generation of a desired voltage or current to increase the state of charge during charging of the energy storage device), must be used to increase the state of charge of the energy storage device to the extent of 95%, preferably 98%, particularly preferably 99%, and most preferably 99.5%. Energy is supplied to increase the state of charge of the energy storage device if the energy conversion directly contributes to the transport of anions and / or cations against the electrical potential difference of the electrodes of the electrochemical energy storage device.

[0020] In response to user input, it is also possible to omit preconditioning and / or a pre-load procedure for pre-tempering the energy storage and / or for battery balancing with regard to the state of charge and / or temperature of individual cells of the energy storage before the charging process, or to perform preconditioning with reduced energy conversion.

[0021] Optionally, secondary energy can be limited to a predefined amount only after a minimum charge level has been reached. This minimum charge level can be predefined by the user, the operator (e.g., a car rental company), the vehicle manufacturer, and / or automatically, for example, through learned user preferences. The minimum charge level can be defined as a minimum state of charge or a minimum range for the vehicle.

[0022] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a device is disclosed which is configured to charge an electrochemical energy storage device of a means of transport in an energy-saving manner. The device comprises a user interface which is configured to determine a user input for a predefined limit on the heat to be supplied to or removed from the energy storage device, in particular actively, and / or on the electrical energy required to circulate a cooling fluid of the energy storage device, hereinafter collectively referred to as "secondary energy", as well as a control unit which is configured to limit the secondary energy for a charging process of the electrochemical energy storage device to a predefined amount. Additionally, the device may include a storage unit which is configured to contain the predefined limit.The storage unit can have volatile or persistent memory, for example, semiconductor memory or magnetic storage. The control unit can contain a programmable processor, a microcontroller or nanocontroller, and / or an electronic control unit. All of the aforementioned components or component groups of the means of transport can each be individually interconnected. In particular, all of the aforementioned components or component groups of the means of transport can be interconnected with the control unit, and the control unit can also be interconnected with the user interface. The interconnection can be wired, parallel or serial, via a data bus system, in particular a MOST bus system and / or a CAN bus system, and via an automotive Ethernet cable, a coaxial cable, a fiber optic cable, as well as electrically and / or optically.

[0023] The features, combinations of features and the advantages arising therefrom of the device according to the invention and its preferred embodiments correspond to those which have been carried out in connection with the above-mentioned method, so that reference is made to the above statements to avoid repetition.

[0024] According to a third aspect of the present invention, a means of transport (e.g., a car, van, truck, motorcycle, land and / or water and / or space vehicle) is proposed, which includes a device according to the second aspect of the invention. With regard to the features, combinations of features, and advantages of the means of transport, reference is made to the above descriptions to avoid repetition. Further details, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings. The drawings show:

[0025] Fig. 1 shows a horizontal cross-section of an embodiment of a means of transport according to the invention and

[0026] Fig. 2 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method according to the invention.

[0027] Figure 1 shows a horizontal cross-section of an embodiment of a means of transport 10 and a device 23 according to the invention. The device 23 comprises a control unit 22 and a user interface 19. A charging infrastructure 21, depicted as a charging station from which alternating or direct current is emitted, provides the means of transport 10 with power for charging the electrochemical energy storage device 1. The plug connection between the means of transport 10 and the charging infrastructure 21 can comprise two or more plug contacts. The energy storage device 1 has a (current) state of charge 3. A target state of charge 31 has not yet been reached, and a minimum state of charge 32 has already been exceeded. A heat engine 8 and an active heating element 5 can heat and / or cool a cooling fluid 2.The cooled, heated, or unchanged cooling fluid 2 can be pumped through the energy storage device 1 by a pump 6, thereby heating or cooling the energy storage device 1 or homogenizing the temperature distribution of the cells of the energy storage device 1 without changing the temperature of the energy storage device itself. The convection generator 7 can heat or cool the energy storage device 1 (depending on the ambient temperature and the temperature of the energy storage device 1) by forced convection. An on-board charger 24 can convert alternating current (AC) voltage into direct current (DC) voltage when AC voltage is present between the vehicle 10 and the charging infrastructure 21. A DC-DC converter 25 can convert the high voltage (greater than 60 V, especially greater than 1000 V) in the high-voltage section of the vehicle electrical system 17 into a low voltage (less than 60 V) in the low-voltage section of the vehicle electrical system 17.A battery management system 16 monitors and controls the energy storage device 1, and a temperature management system 15 monitors and controls the temperature of, among other things, the energy storage device 1. A charging control unit 18 controls the applied current and / or voltage during a charging process of the energy storage device 1. The vehicle 10 can output a message 4 to a user interface of a portable device 20, for example, a mobile device such as a cell phone. The control unit 22 is connected, in terms of data transmission, to a GPS receiver 9, the energy storage device 1, the on-board charger 24, the charging control unit 18, the battery management system 16, the temperature management system 15, the active heating element 5, the convection generator 7, the pump 6, the heat engine 8, and the user interface 19 (represented by dashed lines).Additionally, the temperature management system 15 is connected to the pump 6, the active heating element 5, the convection generator 7, the heat engine 8, and the energy storage unit 1 via data communication. Additionally, the battery management system 16 is connected to the temperature management system 15, the on-board charger 24, the charging control unit 18, the pump 6, the active heating element 5, the convection generator 7, the heat engine 8, and the energy storage unit 1 via data communication. The charging control unit is also connected to the on-board charger 24 and the energy storage unit 1 via data communication.

[0028] Figure 2 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method according to the invention comprising five process steps. In process step 100, a user input can be determined for a predefined limitation of the heat to be supplied to or removed from the energy storage device and / or the energy required to circulate a cooling fluid of the energy storage device, collectively referred to below as "secondary energy". In the optional process step 200, a charging target implausibility is detected, indicating that a predefined target state of charge cannot be reached at a predefined charging end time due to a limitation. In response to process step 200, process step 300 can output a message to the user, in particular including a selection option regarding the application or non-application of the limitation.Optionally, in process step 400, a property of a charging infrastructure can be determined, namely that alternating current or direct current is emitted from a used charging infrastructure, and in response to this or to one of the process steps 300 or 200 or 100, in process step 500 the secondary energy for a charging process of the electrochemical energy storage is limited to a predefined amount.

[0029] In addition to the above written description of the invention, explicit reference is hereby made to the graphic representation of the invention in the figures for its supplementary disclosure.

[0030] Reference symbol list:

[0031] 1 (electrochemical) energy storage

[0032] 2 Cooling fluid

[0033] 3 Charge status

[0034] 4. Notice

[0035] 5 (active) heating element

[0036] 6 pump

[0037] 7 Convection generators

[0038] 8 Combined heat engine

[0039] 9 GPS receivers

[0040] 10 means of transport

[0041] 15 Temperature Management System

[0042] 16 Battery Management System

[0043] 17 On-board electrical system

[0044] 18 Charging control unit

[0045] 19 User interface

[0046] 20 (portable) terminal

[0047] 21 Charging infrastructure

[0048] 22 Control unit

[0049] 23 Device

[0050] 24 On-board chargers

[0051] 25 DC / DC converters

[0052] 31 Target charge level

[0053] 32 Minimum charge level

[0054] 100-500 process steps

Claims

Patent claims:

1. Method for energy-saving charging of an electrochemical energy storage device (1) of a means of transport (10) comprising the steps • Determining (100) a user input to a predefined limit of heat to be supplied to or removed from the energy storage device (1) and / or energy required to circulate a cooling fluid (2) of the energy storage device (1), collectively referred to below as “secondary energy”, and responding to it • Limit (500) the secondary energy for a charging process of the electrochemical energy storage device (1) to a predefined amount.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the secondary energy does not contribute to an increase in the state of charge (3) of the energy storage device (1).

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a • Determining (200) a charging target implausibility that a predefined target charge level (31) cannot be reached at a predefined charging end time due to the limiting.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising that, in response to the detection (200) of the charging target implausibility that the predefined target charging state cannot be reached at a predefined charging end time, a • Issuance (300) of a message (4) to the user, in particular including a choice regarding the application or non-application of the limiting, takes place.

5. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the predefined limitation comprises a reduction of the secondary energy, wherein in particular no secondary energy is transferred to • an active heating element (5) and / or • a pump (6) and / or • a convection generator (7) and / or • a combined heat and power engine (8).

6. A method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising a reduction of energy conversion by an auxiliary consumer located in the means of transport (10), in particular by a • Temperature Management System (15) and / or • Battery Management System (16) and / or • On-board electrical system (17) and / or • Energy electronics network and / or • Charging control unit (18).

7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the determination (100) of the user input is carried out via a user interface (19) of the means of transport (10) and / or a user interface of a portable terminal device (20).

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising determining (400) a property of a charging infrastructure, that alternating current or direct current is emitted from a used charging infrastructure (21), and in response thereto, limiting (500) the secondary energy for the charging process of the electrochemical energy storage device (1) to the predefined amount.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, in responding to the determination (100) of the user input, the execution of preconditioning before the charging process is additionally omitted or the preconditioning is performed in a reduced manner.

10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the secondary energy is limited to the predefined amount only after reaching a minimum charge level (32).

11. Device (23) for energy-saving charging of an electrochemical energy storage device (1) of a means of transport (10) comprising • a user interface (19) which is set up to determine a user input to a predefined limit of heat to be supplied to or removed from the energy storage device (1) and / or of electrical energy required to circulate a cooling fluid (2) of the energy storage device (1), collectively referred to below as “secondary energy” and • a control unit (22) which is configured to limit the secondary energy for a charging process of the electrochemical energy storage device (1) to a predefined amount.

12. Device (23) according to claim 11, which is configured to carry out a method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 10.

13. Means of transport (10) comprising a device (23) according to one of the preceding claims 11 or 12.

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