Method for repetitive transmission of ambient IoT signal and device thereof

Abstract

A method according to an embodiment of the present specification comprises a step of transmitting a signal to a second device on the basis of repetition. The repetition is performed on the basis of a cyclic prefix (CP) handling method.

Description

Method and device for repetitive transmission of AMBIENT IOT signals

[0001] The present specification relates to a method and a device for repetitive transmission of an Ambient IoT signal.

[0002] The 5G mobile communications system, the successor to LTE (long-term evolution), is a new, clean-slate mobile communications system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR can utilize all available spectrum resources, from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz, to intermediate-frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. 6G mobile communications systems are being developed based on the underlying technologies of 5G mobile communications.

[0003] The 6G (wireless) system aims to provide (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free Internet of Things (IoT) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity.

[0004] Meanwhile, an R2D (Reader to Device) / D2R transmission operation based on an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) waveform is defined.

[0005] For example, OFDM waveform-based R2D or D2R transmission can be performed based on a method of handling a cyclic prefix (CP). Specifically, OFDM waveform-based R2D or D2R transmission can be performed based on i) Method Type 1 in which CP is removed based on an Ambient IoT device, or ii) Method Type 2 in which CP is processed so as not to cause false rising / falling edges due to CP insertion.

[0006] Meanwhile, in performing OFDM waveform-based R2D / D2R transmission, it is required to meet targets related to coverage as one of the Ambient IoT RAN design targets.

[0007] The purpose of this specification is to propose a data encoding method and a modulation method that take into account i) requirements different from conventional UHF (Ultra High Frequency) passive RFID, including device types, (spectrum) deployment scenarios, connectivity topology, design targets and functions, and ii) the possibility of coexistence with existing wireless communication systems, in order to support Ambient IoT in a wireless communication system.

[0008] Another purpose of this specification is to propose a method for mapping modulation symbols generated for coexistence with 4G / 5G / 6G wireless communication systems to waveforms based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

[0009] Another purpose of this specification is to propose an R2D / D2R repeat transmission method to meet the 10-50m coverage target, which is one of the requirements for supporting Ambient IoT.

[0010] The technical problems to be achieved in this specification are not limited to the technical problems mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains from the description below.

[0011] To solve the above-described technical problem, a method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a step of transmitting a signal to a second device based on repetition.

[0012] The above iteration is performed based on the handling method of cyclic prefix (CP).

[0013] As described above, by defining an R2D (Reader to Device) or D2R repeat transmission method based on a CP processing method, it is possible to satisfy coverage-related requirements among the requirements for supporting Ambient IoT, while enabling efficient R2D or D2R repeat transmission depending on whether CP insertion needs to be considered.

[0014] In addition, by defining an R2D or D2R repeat transmission method based on Method Type 2 that must consider CP insertion, the problem of false transition edges occurring due to CP insertion can be solved.

[0015] The above repetition can be performed on i) chip level or ii) codeword level basis.

[0016] The above codeword may be i) associated with the output of line coding or the output of a forward error correction code (FEC), and ii) mapped to a chip within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

[0017] The above line coding may be based on any one of i) Manchester encoding, ii) pulse interval encoding (PIE), iii) Miller encoding, and iv) FM0 encoding.

[0018] The above CP processing method may include i) a first method in which the CP is removed based on an ambient IoT device, and ii) a second method other than the first method.

[0019] Based on the first method, one or more chips to which one or more codewords are mapped can be repeated a preset or defined number of times.

[0020] The one or more chips may be based on each OFDM symbol among one or more OFDM symbols. In this case, the number of the one or more codewords may be determined based on i) the number of the one or more chips and ii) the number of times.

[0021] The one or more chips may be based on one or more OFDM symbols.

[0022] Among the chips based on one or more OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols related to the above mapping, any one of i) a preset or defined on-off keying (OOK) value, ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chips, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chips, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chips, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chips may be mapped.

[0023] Based on the second method, one or more chips to which one or more codewords are mapped can be repeated a preset or defined number of times.

[0024] The above one or more chips may include chips other than the defined chips among the plurality of chips.

[0025] The above-described plurality of chips may be based on each OFDM symbol among one or more OFDM symbols. In this case, the defined chips may include the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips within each OFDM symbol.

[0026] The number of said one or more codewords may be determined based on i) the number of said remaining chips and ii) the number of times.

[0027] The number of the first one or more chips and the number of the last one or more chips may be determined based on the total number of chips in each OFDM symbol.

[0028] The first one or more chips and the last one or more chips may each be mapped to: i) a preset or defined OOK value, ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before or after the first one or more chips, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before or after the last one or more chips, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped before the first one or more chips or a chip mapped before the last one or more chips, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped after the first one or more chips or a chip mapped after the last one or more chips.

[0029] The above-described plurality of chips may be based on one or more OFDM symbols. In this case, the defined chips may include one or more chips associated with the CP within each OFDM symbol.

[0030] The one or more chips associated with the CP may be the first one or more chips or the last one or more chips of each OFDM symbol. In this case, the bit values ​​of the first one or more chips within each OFDM symbol may be repeated in the last one or more chips.

[0031] Each of the one or more codewords mapped to the remaining chips may be repeated consecutively on the remaining chips.

[0032] Among the remaining chips, the codeword mapped to each chip can be repeated in the chip after a time interval from each chip.

[0033] The one or more codewords mapped to the first one or more chips of each OFDM symbol may be repeated in the last one or more chips of each OFDM symbol. In this case, the number of the first one or more chips and the number of the last one or more chips may be determined based on the number of times.

[0034] Among the chips based on each of the above OFDM symbols, the codewords mapped to the remaining chips other than the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips may be repeated in a specific chip included in the next OFDM symbol of the OFDM symbol including the remaining chips in time order. In this case, the specific chip included in the next OFDM symbol may be a remaining chip other than the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips among the entire chips based on the next OFDM symbol.

[0035] The transmission of the above signal may be R2D (Reader to Device) transmission.

[0036] A first device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure includes one or more transceivers, one or more processors, and one or more memories connected to the one or more processors and storing instructions.

[0037] The instructions are characterized in that they cause the first device to perform all steps of any one of the methods based on being executed by the one or more processors.

[0038] According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a device comprises one or more memories and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories. The one or more memories are characterized in that they store instructions that cause the device to perform all steps of any one of the above methods based on instructions executed by the one or more processors.

[0039] A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to another embodiment of the present disclosure stores instructions, the instructions being executable by one or more processors, characterized in that they cause a first device to perform all steps of any one of the above methods.

[0040] A method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure comprises receiving a signal from a first device based on repetition.

[0041] The above repetition is characterized in that it is performed based on the handling method of a cyclic prefix (CP).

[0042] A second device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure comprises one or more transceivers, one or more processors, and one or more memories connected to the one or more processors and storing instructions.

[0043] The instructions are characterized in that they cause the second device to perform all steps of the method based on being executed by the one or more processors.

[0044] In OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) waveform-based R2D / D2R transmission, two types of cyclic prefix (CP) handling methods are being considered: i) Method Type 1, in which CP is removed by the device, and ii) Method Type 2, in which false transition edges are ensured to not occur due to CP insertion. Specifically, Method Type 1 is a CP handling method based on the case where the ambient IoT device can handle the transition or change of phase / energy / value due to CP insertion. Method Type 2 is a CP handling method based on the case where the ambient IoT device cannot handle the transition or change of phase / energy / value due to CP insertion. According to Method Type 2, the CP must be handled so that false rising / falling edges are not caused due to CP insertion.

[0045] According to the embodiments of the present specification, by defining an R2D or D2R repetitive transmission method according to a CP processing method, the problem of false transition edges occurring due to CP insertion can be resolved. Accordingly, the reliability of R2D / D2R transmission of Ambient IoT based on OFDM waveforms can be improved.

[0046] If the performance of R2D or D2R transmission and reception operations does not meet Ambient IoT requirements, the supported Ambient IoT use cases may be limited.

[0047] According to the embodiments of this specification, Ambient IoT requirements can be met through R2D or D2R repeat transmission methods. Therefore, a wider range of IoT services can be reliably supported in wireless communication systems.

[0048] The effects that can be obtained from this specification are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects that are not mentioned can be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the technical field to which this specification belongs from the description below.

[0049] Figure 1 is an example of a topology that is directly connected between a base station and an A-IoT device.

[0050] Figure 2 is an example of a topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node.

[0051] Figures 3 and 4 are examples showing topologies supported by auxiliary nodes.

[0052] Figure 5 is an example of a topology that is directly connected between a terminal and an A-IoT device.

[0053] Figure 6 shows an example of power consumption and device energy status according to the operating state of an energy harvesting-based device.

[0054] Figure 7 is an example showing the combination of Deployment scenario 1 and topology 1 with various CWs.

[0055] Figure 8 is an example showing the combination of Deployment scenario 2 and topology 2 with various CWs.

[0056] Figure 9 shows an example of UHF passive RFID application.

[0057] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between OFDM symbols and chips in Method Type 2.

[0058] FIG. 11 is a drawing for explaining a method according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0059] FIG. 12 is a drawing for explaining a method according to another embodiment of the present specification.

[0060] FIG. 13 is a drawing showing the configuration of a first device and a second device according to an embodiment of the present specification.

[0061] As used herein, “A or B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” In other words, as used herein, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and / or B.” For example, as used herein, “A, B or C” may mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.”

[0062] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0063] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this disclosure, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted as equivalent to “at least one of A and B.”

[0064] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0065] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

[0066] In the following explanation, ‘when, if, in case of’ can be replaced with ‘based on’.

[0067] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0068] In this specification, higher layer parameters may be parameters that are set for the terminal, preset, or predefined. For example, a base station or network may transmit higher layer parameters to the terminal. For example, higher layer parameters may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0069] In this specification, "configured or defined" may be interpreted as being configured or preset for a device through predefined signaling (e.g., SIB, MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In this disclosure, "configured or defined" may be interpreted as being preset for a device.

[0070] In this specification, a user equipment (UE) may refer to a portable device, a wireless device, etc. In this disclosure, a base station (BS) may refer to a radio access network (RAN) node, a transmission reception point (TRP), a network, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a portable device, a wireless device, etc.

[0071] Hereinafter, downlink (DL) refers to communication from a base station to a terminal, and uplink (UL) refers to communication from a terminal to a base station. In downlink, a transmitter may be part of a base station, and a receiver may be part of a terminal. In uplink, a transmitter may be part of a terminal, and a receiver may be part of a base station. A base station may be expressed as a first communication device, and a terminal may be expressed as a second communication device. A base station (BS) may be replaced by terms such as a fixed station, Node B, eNB (evolved-NodeB), gNB (Next Generation NodeB), BTS (base transceiver system), access point (AP: Access Point), network (5G network), AI system, RSU (road side unit), vehicle, robot, drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV), AR (Augmented Reality) device, VR (Virtual Reality) device, etc. In addition, the terminal may be fixed or mobile, and may be replaced with terms such as UE (User Equipment), MS (Mobile Station), UT (user terminal), MSS (Mobile Subscriber Station), SS (Subscriber Station), AMS (Advanced Mobile Station), WT (Wireless terminal), MTC (Machine-Type Communication) device, M2M (Machine-to-Machine) device, D2D (Device-to-Device) device, vehicle, robot, AI module, drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV), AR (Augmented Reality) device, VR (Virtual Reality) device, etc.

[0072] Ambient IoT (A-IoT)

[0073] Below, we explain Ambient IoT (A-IoT).

[0074] A-IoT may be a new device type / segment that operates solely on energy harvested from the surrounding environment. For example, A-IoT could refer to a new type of Internet of Things device that is powered by various energy sources harvested from the surrounding environment, such as radio waves, light, motion, and heat. Table 1 presents examples of A-IoT use cases. Table 2 presents IoT communication-related issues discussed in the 3GPP RAN.

[0075]

[0076]

[0077] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be among the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of A-IoT devices. For example, backscattering is a technique widely used in radio frequency identification (RFID), which allows devices to communicate with a network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by the incident RF signal or by stored energy.

[0078] For example, IoT devices can be classified into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on how they store energy and generate transmission signals. For example, a passive device does not have an energy storage device (e.g., a capacitor) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, a semi-passive device has an energy storage device and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the help of the energy storage device. For example, an active device has an energy storage device and can actively generate signals using active RF components and the stored energy to communicate. For example, in the present disclosure, the following three types of IoT devices can be considered. For example, device A can be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device that supports backscatter transmission). For example, device B can be a device with energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device that supports backscatter transmission). In this case, for example, the use of stored energy may involve amplification of the reflected signal. For example, device C may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0079] For example, the following basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, the basic topologies may include direct connections between base stations and A-IoT devices, connections between base stations and intermediate nodes and A-IoT devices, connection support by auxiliary nodes, and / or connections between terminals and A-IoT devices. The basic topologies proposed in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals in this disclosure may be extended / applied to other topologies.

[0080] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected. Specifically, FIG. 1 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 1) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 1 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0081] Referring to FIG. 1, an A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with a base station. For example, communication between a base station and an A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the base station transmitting to the A-IoT device and the base station receiving from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in the topology 1, a base station and an A-IoT device in a micro-cell environment may communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with an existing 3GPP technology.

[0082] FIG. 2 illustrates an example topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected via an intermediate node. Specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected via an intermediate node, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 2 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0083] Referring to FIG. 2, an A-IoT device can bidirectionally communicate with an intermediate node between the device and a base station. Here, for example, the intermediate node can be an A-IoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc. For example, the intermediate node can transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals can be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the intermediate node transmitting to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node receiving from the A-IoT device can be different. For example, in the topology 2, an intermediate node can exist between a base station and the A-IoT device in a macro-cell environment. For example, the base station can be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with an existing 3GPP technology. For example, intermediate nodes may be limited to terminals, and intermediate nodes may be located indoors.

[0084] FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate examples of topologies supported by auxiliary nodes. Specifically, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a topology (e.g., Topology 3) supported by an auxiliary node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0085] Referring to FIG. 3, an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from the auxiliary node. Referring to FIG. 4, an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to an auxiliary node. Here, for example, the auxiliary node may be an A-IoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc.

[0086] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a topology in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected. Specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 4) in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 5 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0087] Referring to FIG. 5, the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0088] For example, transmission by an A-IoT device may be performed over a frequency division duplexing (FDD) spectrum (e.g., an FDD UL spectrum).

[0089] Meanwhile, a study item titled "Study on solutions for Ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in NR" has been approved for 3GPP NR Release 19. Specifically, the study item will be implemented in 3GPP NR Release 19 based on the following:

[0090] This study aims to further evaluate Ambient IoT, a new 3GPP IoT technology suitable for deployment in 3GPP systems, at the RAN WG level. It relies on ultra-low-power, ultra-low-complexity devices for very low-end IoT applications. This study must provide a clear differentiation: it must address use cases and scenarios that cannot be met by existing 3GPP LPWA IoT technologies (e.g., NB-IoT with reduced peak Tx power).

[0091] General range

[0092] The definitions given in TR 38.848 apply to this SI and are of an exclusive general scope.

[0093] A. The overall goal is to study a harmonized wireless interface design that minimizes the differences required to enable Ambient IoT to enable the following devices:

[0094] i. ~1μW peak power consumption, energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and no DL or UL amplification in the device. The device's UL transmission is backscattered from an externally supplied carrier wave.

[0095] ii. ≤ hundreds of μW peak power consumption1, energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The UL transmission of the device can be generated internally or backscattered from an externally provided carrier wave.

[0096] -X is decided by WG.

[0097] - Coverage design goal: Up to 10-50 m distance with the device indoors according to TR 38.848: "...the range within which the WG can sub-select".

[0098] -No RRC state, no mobility (i.e. at least no functionality like cell selection / reselection), no HARQ, no ARQ for topologies 1 and 2 (UE as intermediate node under NW control) according to TR 38.848.

[0099] Note 1: It should be understood that "≤ hundreds of μW" means that the WG is not tasked with setting a specific value, and it is up to the WG to decide whether a proposed design and its power consumption meet the "≤ hundreds of μW" requirement.

[0100] B. Deployment scenarios with the following characteristics, referring to the table in clause 4.2.2 of TR 38.848:

[0101] - Deployment Scenario 1 Using Topology 1

[0102] Base Station and Coexistence Characteristics: Microcells, Co-sites

[0103] - Deployment scenario 2 using UE as an intermediate node under topology 2 and network control.

[0104] Base Station and Coexistence Characteristics: Macro Cell, Co-site

[0105] The location of the intermediate node is indoors

[0106] C. FDD's FR1 licensed spectrum.

[0107] D. In-band spectrum distribution for NR, guard bands for LTE / NR, and standalone band(s).

[0108] E. Traffic types DO-DTT, DT focusing on rUC1 (indoor inventory) and rUC4 (indoor command).

[0109] - In RAN#104, this study evaluates whether the harmonized radio interface design (see bullet 'A' above) can address Device-Initiated Autonomous (DO-A) use cases and identifies which parts of the harmonized radio interface design (see bullet 'A' above) are insufficient for DO-A use cases.

[0110] Transmissions from surrounding IoT devices (including backscattering when used) can occur at least in the UL spectrum.

[0111] The following goals are set within the general range:

[0112] 1. Evaluation assumptions

[0113] a) Conclude at least the following aspects of the design objectives left to the WG in clause 5 (RAN design objectives) of TR 38.848 [RAN1]:

[0114] Article 5.3: Applicable Maximum Distance Target Value

[0115] Clause 5.6: Refines the definition of latency suitable for use in RAN WGs.

[0116] Article 5.8: 2D Distribution of Devices

[0117] b) Define additional assessment assumptions required for deployment scenarios for coverage and coexistence assessments [RAN1, RAN4].

[0118] c) Identify the basic blocks / components of a possible peripheral IoT device architecture, considering the latest implementations of low-power, low-complexity devices that meet RAN design goals for power consumption and complexity. [RAN1]

[0119] d) Define link budget calculations for coverage, including whether / how to model carrier waves at nodes inside or outside the connection topology.

[0120] Note: The evaluation performance of the design target falls within the scope of the feasibility and necessity study of the proposal, with the following objectives: For example, testing a reference implementation in the field, conducting simulations, and conducting analytical tests.

[0121] Note: RAN1 strives to minimize evaluation cases.

[0122] 2. Investigate necessary and feasible solutions for Ambient IoT, as defined in the general scope. This includes determining which functions, procedures, etc. are necessary and which are not, and ensures at least the essential functions specified in Section 6.2 of TR 38.848.

[0123] Positioning research for Rel-19 is led by RAN3 and is limited to features that have no or minimal impact on the specification (Note: This does not imply decisions regarding WI generation).

[0124] We study the feasibility and required features for proximity determination (coordination with SA3 is necessary for privacy reasons).

[0125] - RAN1 led:

[0126] For Ambient IoT DL and UL:

[0127] Frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access

[0128] Numerology, Bandwidth, and Multi-Access

[0129] Waveforms and modulation

[0130] Channel coding

[0131] Downlink channel / signal aspect

[0132] Uplink channel / signal aspect

[0133] Scheduling and Timing Relationships

[0134] We study the required characteristics of the carrier wave waveform provided to ambient IoT devices from outside, including interference handling at ambient IoT UL receivers and NR base stations.

[0135] For topology 2, there is no difference in the physical layer design from topology 1.

[0136] RAN2 led:

[0137] We study and determine the features required for an ambient IoT compact protocol stack and lightweight signaling procedures that enable DO-DTT and DT data transmission.

[0138] for example:

[0139] Paging

[0140] Random access

[0141] Data transmission including necessary radio resource control aspects that comply with general range limitations.

[0142] Interaction with higher layers

[0143] Features not listed above will only be studied if deemed essential.

[0144] RAN3 led:

[0145] Identify the necessary impacts on the signals and procedures of the CN-RAN interface to enable:

[0146] Paging

[0147] Device context management

[0148] Data transfer

[0149] Identify RAN architecture aspects, including whether split architecture support is required.

[0150] Identify potential solutions for finding Ambient IoT devices that don't impact the specifications. For example, reusing existing user location reports or transmitting location information to the core network with minimal impact on the specifications.

[0151] RAN4 led:

[0152] A study on the coexistence of Ambient IoT and NR / LTE.

[0153] RF Requirements Study for Ambient IoT:

[0154] Ambient IoT BS Transmission and Reception

[0155] Ambient IoT devices, transmitting and receiving, according to general scope

[0156] Intermediate nodes (UEs) according to general range, transmitting and receiving

[0157] RAN2 and RAN3 are expected to work with SA2 to identify the RAN-CN functional split.

[0158] Note: This study targets IoT segments that are significantly lower than existing 3GPP IoT technologies (e.g., NB-IoT, eMTC, RedCap, etc.). This study does not aim to replace existing 3GPP LPWA technologies.

[0159] For example, as described above, the types of A-IoT devices can be divided into two as follows. For example, a Type 1 device has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW, can store energy, has no amplification function, and can transmit by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from the outside (e.g., a reader such as a base station or a terminal or a separate node). For example, a Type 2 device has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, can store energy, has an amplification function, and can transmit by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from the outside (e.g., a reader such as a base station or a terminal or a separate node) or using a signal generated internally by itself.

[0160] For example, in addition to the above-described classification methods, the type / class of A-IoT devices can be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, energy / power consumption, presence / capacity of amplification, presence / capacity of BPF (band-pass filter), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or a combination of parameters. Here, for example, BPF capability can be distinguished by 3-dB bandwidth of supported BPF, sharpness, etc., and UL transmission methods can be distinguished by, for example, backscatter UL transmission, UL transmission by internal signal generation, etc.

[0161] In addition, the type / class of A-IoT devices can be subdivided based on parameters associated with the device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, level of energy / power consumption, presence / capacity of amplification, presence / capacity of band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or a combination of parameters. For example, the above-described Type 2 device can be classified into Type 2a if it performs transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from the outside (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal or a separate node), and Type 2b if it performs transmission using a signal generated internally by itself. In this case, Type 2a and 2b can be the same in that they have a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred microwatts, are capable of energy storage, and have an amplification function.

[0162] For example, some types / classes of A-IoT devices (e.g., Device B, Device C, Type 1 devices, and / or Type 2 devices) may have energy storage capabilities (e.g., capacitors or charging batteries) for the following purposes:

[0163] - Stable energy security at the time of reception / transmission

[0164] - Operation of low-power communication modules through energy storage in low RF energy states

[0165] For example, the minimum RF reception sensitivity for operation of a low-power communication module may be -20 dBm, and the minimum reception sensitivity for energy harvesting may be -20 dBm. In this case, if the reception power of the A-IoT device ranges between -30 and -20 dBm, communication may not be possible without a capacitor, but communication may be possible after a charging time with a capacitor.

[0166] - Energy harvested from different energy sources (e.g. solar, thermal, wind, kinetic, etc.) is accumulated in a single capacitor and used to operate a low-power communication module at a desired time.

[0167] FIG. 6 illustrates examples of power consumption and device energy states according to the operating states of an energy harvesting-based device. Specifically, FIG. 6 illustrates examples of power consumption and device energy states according to the operating states of an energy harvesting-based device with energy storage capabilities, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 6 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0168] Referring to (b) of Fig. 6, S1 may be a sleep state, S2 may be an active state, and P1 and P2 may be power consumption in S1 and S2, respectively. For example, the active state may mean a state in which the device consumes power to perform operations such as receiving / transmitting for communication and sensing, and the sleep state may be a state in which it is not an active state.

[0169] Figure 6 (a) may represent a device energy state corresponding to Figure 6 (b). Referring to Figure 6 (a), the E1 value and the E2 value may differ depending on the device (type / class), and the device may report information related to the E1 value and / or information related to the E2 value to R and / or the base station as capability parameters. For example, the E2 value may be defined as an energy value in a buffered state, and the E1 value may be defined as a minimum energy value required in an active state.

[0170] For example, a transition from S1 to S2 may be possible only when the device energy state value is E2 or has reached E2. For example, a transition from S1 to S2 may be possible when the device energy state value is greater than E1 (i.e., in the range between E1 and E2). The embodiment of FIG. 6 illustrates an example in which a transition from S1 to S2 is performed when the device energy state value is E2 or has reached E2.

[0171] For example, A-IoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, CW may be used to power A-IoT devices or as CW for downlink transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0172] For example, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the CW waveform type can be a single-tone CW waveform type or a more complex multi-tone CW waveform type. For example, single-tone CW can be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference because it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages such as being able to transfer more energy when transmitting CW in DL, and also securing greater coverage from a single device.

[0173] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types can be supported in the A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system can be configured / defined in advance, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure / instruct / indicate the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0174] For example, the present disclosure may propose at least one of the following for A-IoT communication: frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access, numerology, bandwidth, multiple access, waveforms, modulation, channel coding, channel / signal aspects, scheduling and timing relationships, and / or required characteristics of carrier waveforms for carriers provided external to the A-IoT device (including interference handling at the A-IoT device UL receiver and the NR base station). For example, the present disclosure may propose at least one of the following for A-IoT communication: paging, random access, data transmission including required radio resource control aspects to comply with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, non-access stratum (NAS) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of A-IoT and 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for A-IoT.

[0175] For example, technical terms used in this disclosure may be as follows:

[0176] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0177] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0178] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0179] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range below 6 GHz (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz).

[0180] - FR2: Frequency Range 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) range above 24 GHz (e.g., 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz).

[0181] - BW: Bandwidth

[0182] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0183] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0184] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0185] - SIB: System Information Block

[0186] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (i.e., Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)). Broadcasts information necessary for NR terminals to access the cell.

[0187] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. Time / frequency resource for NR terminals to attempt candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0188] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (configured in MIB)

[0189] - Type0-PDCCH CSS set: a search space set in which an NR UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI

[0190] - MO: PDCCH Monitoring Occasion for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0191] - SIB1-R: (additional) SIB1 for reduced capability NR devices. May be limited to cases where it is generated as a separate TB from SIB1 and transmitted on a separate PDSCH.

[0192] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for reduced capability NR devices

[0193] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS set: a search space set in which a redcap UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI

[0194] - MO-R: PDCCH Monitoring Occasion for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0195] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): SSB containing RMSI scheduling information among NR SSBs

[0196] Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): An SSB that is placed in the NR sync raster but does not contain RMSI scheduling information for the corresponding cell for measurement purposes. However, it may contain information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0197] - SCS: subcarrier spacing

[0198] - SI-RNTI: System Information Radio-Network Temporary Identifier

[0199] - Camp on: "Camp on" is the UE state in which the UE stays on a cell and is ready to initiate a potential dedicated service or to receive an ongoing broadcast service.

[0200] - TB: Transport Block

[0201] - RSA (Redcap standalone): Redcap device 또는 service만 지원하는 cell.

[0202] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: SIB1(-R)을 전송하는 PDSCH

[0203] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: SIB1(-R)-PDSCH를 scheduling하는 DCI. DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0204] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: SIB1(-R)-DCI를 전송하는 PDCCH

[0205] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0206] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0207] - RA: Random Access

[0208] - MSGA: preamble and payload transmissions of the random access procedure for 2-step RA type.

[0209] - MSGB: response to MSGA in the 2-step random access procedure. MSGB may consist of response(s) for contention resolution, fallback indication(s), and backoff indication.

[0210] - RO-N: normal UE 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH(if configured)를 위한 RO(RACH Occasion)

[0211] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When a separate RO is set for normal UE 2-step RACH, it is divided into RO-N1 (4-step) and RO-N2 (2-step).

[0212] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) set separately from RO-N for redcap UE 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH (if configured)

[0213] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When separate ROs are set for redcap UE 2-step RACH, they are distinguished as RO-R1 (4-step) and RO-R2 (2-step).

[0214] - PG-R: MsgA-Preambles Group for redcap UEs

[0215] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0216] - RAR window: the time window to monitor RA response(s)

[0217] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0218] - iBWP: initial BWP

[0219] - iBWP-DL(-UL): initial DL(UL) BWP

[0220] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: (separate) initial DL(UL) BWP for RedCap

[0221] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0222] - NB: Narrowband

[0223] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0224] -mMTC; Massive Machine Type Communications

[0225] - eMBB: enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0226] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0227] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0228] - eRedCap: enhanced RedCap

[0229] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0230] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0231] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0232] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0233] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0234] - MM: Mobility Management

[0235] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0236] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0237] - RB: Resource Block

[0238] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0239] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0240] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0241] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0242] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0243] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0244] - BD: blind detection

[0245] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0246] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0247] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0248] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0249] - DMRS: DeModulation Reference Signal

[0250] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0251] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0252] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0253] - EH device: A device that operates based on EH. It can include all of Device A / B / C being discussed in 3GPP. In addition, although this specification primarily considers RF EH, an EH device does not necessarily have to be RF EH-based.

[0254] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE for the purpose of supplying RF energy to a device operating on RF-based energy harvesting. (Modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc. can be ES, and a dedicated signal / channel for ES can also be designed and supported.

[0255] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0256] CW: Carrier wave. Ambient IoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering "externally provided" CW. Ambient IoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating "internally generated" CW. Unless otherwise specified, "externally provided" CW for backscattering is assumed. CW can be used as an energizing signal (ES) for RF energy transfer.

[0257] - CWN: Carrier Wave Node. A node that provides the CW. It may be a base station / IN / AN / UE, and there may be a separate CWN for CW provision purposes.

[0258] - R: Reader / interrogator. This is a standard RFID term. In the 3GPP Ambient IoT context, readers can include gNB / eNB, intermediate / assisting nodes, and UEs, depending on the topology. Furthermore, Ambient IoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, and can include base stations, intermediate / assisting nodes, and UEs in next-generation communication systems. This can also mean Ambient IoT readers.

[0259] - T: Tag / ambient IoT device. This is a standard RFID term. In this specification, it can be interchanged with EH device, and in the 3GPP Ambient IoT context, it mainly refers to Ambient IoT device and Device A / B / C.

[0260] - D: Ambient IoT device (may have the same meaning as T above)

[0261] - R=>T: Reader-to-Tag or Reader-to-Tag communication link. If the base station or intermediate / assisting node is the reader, it can have the same meaning as DL or forward link.

[0262] - R2D: R-to-D link (can mean the same thing as R=>T. Can also be written as R=>D.)

[0263] - CW2D: CWN-to-D link (CW node to Ambient IoT device link)

[0264] - T=>R: Tag-to-Reader or Tag-to-Reader communication link. If the base station or intermediate / assisting node is the reader, it may have the same meaning as UL or reverse / backward link.

[0265] - D2R: It can have the same meaning as T=>R. It can be written as D=>R.

[0266] - R<=>T: Includes cases where R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. It may be the case that both R=>T and T=>R apply.

[0267] - R<=>D: Includes R2D and D2R, or either R2D or D2R. This may apply to both R2D and D2R. (This may have the same meaning as R<=>T.)

[0268] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0269] - PRDCH: Physical R2D CHannel (may be written as PR2DCH). A physical channel for R2D communication.

[0270] - PDRCH: Physical D2R CHannel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). Physical channel for D2R communication.

[0271] - BS: Base Station

[0272] - IN: Intermediate node. In Topology 2 (BS ↔ IN ↔ Ambient IoT device), IN acts as the reader. Relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. can be IN.

[0273] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist DL transmission in Topology 3-1 (BS -> AN -> Ambient IoT device -> BS), or assist UL transmission in Topology 3-2 (BS -> Ambient IoT device -> AN -> BS). Relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. can be AN.

[0274] - UE: User Equipment. In the case of LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, it refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal type that is distinct from Ambient IoT devices or Device A / B / C. In Topology 4 (UE ↔ Ambient IoT device), the UE acts as the reader.

[0275] - Device: Unless otherwise stated, and when used alone, refers to EH device, Ambient IoT device, or Device A / B / C indiscriminately.

[0276] - AmIoT: Ambient IoT (=A-IoT)

[0277] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0278] - T-gap: Time gap

[0279] - TD: Time Domain

[0280] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0281] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0282] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0283] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0284] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0285] - ESRP: ES Received Power. This may refer to RSRP measured using ES. It may have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0286] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0287] - EH circuit: A circuit that performs EH operations. An EH device can be viewed as containing an EH circuit in component form.

[0288] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0289] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0290] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0291] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0292] - FS: Frequency Shift. In FDD, it can be divided into small FS, which is performed within a small range (e.g., hundreds of kHz) within the DL spectrum or within the UL spectrum (mainly through baseband processing), and large FS, which is performed over a relatively large range (e.g., tens of MHz) from the DL to the UL spectrum or from the UL to the DL spectrum.

[0293] - SFO: Sampling Frequency Offset

[0294] - ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying

[0295] - DSB-ASK: Double-SideBand ASK

[0296] -SSB-ASK: Single-SideBand ASK

[0297] - PR-ASK: Phase-Reversal ASK

[0298] - OOK: On-Off Keying

[0299] - PSK: Phase-Shift Keying

[0300] - BPSK: Binary-PSK

[0301] - FSK: Frequency-Shift Keying

[0302] - B-FSK: Binary FSK

[0303] - M-FSK: M-ary FSK

[0304] - PIE: Pulse-Interval Encoding

[0305] - Ncp-ofdm, Ncp, Nu: The length of the sample unit of the CP-OFDM symbol section, CP section, and useful OFDM symbol section, respectively, in the CP-OFDM symbol. Ncp-ofdm=Ncp+Nu.

[0306] Ultra High Frequency (UHF) passive RFID communication (ISO 18000-6C) can be considered as a standardized conventional technology that uses a communication method similar to Ambient IoT communication. This UHF passive RFID supports Pulse-Interval Encoding (PIE) as a data encoding method for R=>T communication and DSB-ASK and / or SSB-ASK and / or PR-ASK as a modulation method. In addition, for T=>R communication, it supports FM0 baseband encoding and Miller modulated subcarrier as a data encoding method and ASK and / or PSK-based backscatter modulation as a modulation method.

[0307] Meanwhile, supporting Ambient IoT in wireless communication systems requires determining data encoding and modulation methods that take into account requirements different from those of conventional UHF passive RFID, such as device types, spectrum deployment scenarios, connectivity topologies, design targets, and functions. Furthermore, coexistence with efficient 4G / 5G / 6G wireless communication systems must also be considered critically.

[0308] In this specification, we propose repetitive transmission methods for expanding the AmIoT transmission and reception range, taking into account the points mentioned above, and symbol mapping methods during repetitive transmission.

[0309] The methods proposed in this specification can be applied to both topology 1 and topology 2. They can also be applied to both deployment scenario 1 and deployment scenario 2. To support Ambient IoT communication in 4G / 5G / 6G communication systems, the following combinations of topology, deployment scenario, and CW node type (CW inside topology or CW outside topology) are being considered.

[0310] Figure 7 is an example showing the combination of Deployment scenario 1 and topology 1 with various CWs.

[0311] Referring to Fig. 7, in Deployment scenario 1 with topology 1 (indoor BS + indoor AIoT device), it can be seen that i) the case where external CW is within the topology (D1T1-A), ii) the case where external CW is outside the topology (D1T1-B), and iii) the case where there is no external CW (i.e., D2R transmission using internally generated CW, D1T1-C) are considered.

[0312] D1T1-A can be considered when i) the CW2D / R2D and D2R nodes are different (D1T1-A1 in Fig. 7) and ii) the CW and R nodes for CW2D, D2R and R2D are the same (D1T1-A2 in Fig. 7).

[0313] Specifically, D1T1-A1 represents the cases where i) the CW of CW2D and the R of D2R are different, ii) the CW of CW2D and the R of R2D are the same, and iii) the R of R2D and the R of D2R are different.

[0314] D1T1-B represents the cases where i) the CW of CW2D and the R of D2R are different, ii) the CW of CW2D and the R of R2D are different, and iii) the R of R2D and the R of D2R are the same.

[0315] D1T1-C can only be considered for device 2b.

[0316] Figure 8 is an example showing the combination of Deployment scenario 2 and topology 2 with various CWs.

[0317] Referring to Fig. 8, it can be seen that in Deployment scenario 2 with topology 2 (outdoor BS + Indoor Intermediate UE + Indoor AIoT device), i) the case where external CW is within the topology (D2T2-A), ii) the case where external CW is outside the topology (D2T2-B), iii) and the case where there is no external CW (i.e., D2R transmission using internally generated CW, D2T2-C) are considered.

[0318] D2T2-A can be considered when i) the CW2D / R2D and D2R nodes are different (D2T2-A1 in Fig. 8) and ii) the CW and R nodes for CW2D, D2R and R2D are the same (D2T2-A2 in Fig. 8).

[0319] Specifically, D2T2-A1 represents the cases where i) the CW of CW2D and the R of D2R are different, ii) the CW of CW2D and the R of R2D are the same, and iii) the R of R2D and the R of D2R are different.

[0320] D2T2-B represents the cases where i) the CW of CW2D and R of D2R are different, ii) the CW of CW2D and R of R2D are different, and iii) the R of R2D and R of D2R are the same.

[0321] D2T2-C can only be considered for device 2b.

[0322] <Data encoding and modulation method>

[0323] For R2D / D2R communication, low-power / low-complexity modulation schemes such as ASK (e.g., OOK), PSK (e.g., BPSK), and FSK (e.g., B-FSK) can be considered. In addition, for efficient control of R2D / D2R communication, a chip, which is the basic unit of modulation application, can be defined, and based on this, the start and / or end points can be aligned between the transmission symbols of coexisting 4G / 5G / 6G communication systems (e.g., OFDM symbols) and AmIoT transmission symbols, or parameters for R2D / D2R communication (e.g., R2D / D2R data / chip rate, FS value) can be directed / controlled.

[0324] A chip, which is the basic unit of modulation application, can be defined as a unit of bit sequence or phase sequence of the output of a channel / baseband / data encoder. For example, when Manchester Encoding (ME) is applied to data-0, a 2-chip Manchester codeword consisting of {1, 0} is generated. At this time, ME represents an encoding method in which i) data-0 is mapped to {+phase, -phase} or {1, 0}, and data-1 is mapped to {-phase, +phase} or {0, 1}, or ii) conversely, data-0 is mapped to {-phase, +phase} or {0, 1}, and data-1 is mapped to {+phase, -phase} or {1, 0}.

[0325] Based on the definition of these chips, the codeword duration can be defined for the channel / baseband / data encoding schemes considered in AmIoT communication. As explained above, in the case of the ME codeword, the codeword duration can be 2 chips. In the case of the Extended / Repeated ME (e-ME / r-ME), the codeword duration can be defined as 4 chips, 8 chips, etc. depending on the degree of extension / repetition. For example, in the case of e-ME / r-ME, in the case of 4 chips, data-0 can be mapped to {1, 1, 0, 0} or {1, 0, 1, 0}, respectively.

[0326] Figure 9 shows an example of UHF passive RFID application.

[0327] Referring to Fig. 9, in the case of PIE, the length of the low section (PW) is set equally by R regardless of data-0 and data-1, and data-0 and data-1 are identified by the difference in the high section. R can select / determine the length of data-0 and data-1 within a certain range, and can instruct T about this selection / decision related information through R=>T preamble or frame sync. In order to support this method in Topology 2 for AmIoT communication, the base station can set / instruct IN (eg, UE) about information related to the length of data-0 and data-1. Or, it can set / instruct information related to the difference between the length of data-0, the length of data-1, and the length of data-0. IN (eg, UE) can perform R2D transmission and / or D2R reception operations using the set / instructed information.

[0328] When applying the PIE method for AmIoT communication, the chip can be defined in the following two ways.

[0329] - Method 1) A method of defining a chip based on the duration of low / off / -phase (e.g., "PW" in Fig. 9)

[0330] For example, the codeword / encoded (symbol) duration of Data-0 may be defined as 2 chips, and Data-1 may be defined as N1(>2) chips.

[0331] For example, Eg, data-0 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be defined in the form of {high, low} with 2 chips, data-1 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be defined in the form of {high, high, low} with 3 chips (N1=3), and {high, high, high, low} with 4 chips (N1=4).

[0332] For example, for the application of method 1, the data-0 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be restricted to twice the chip duration, and the data-1 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be restricted to an integer multiple of the chip duration, or method 1 can be applied only when these conditions are satisfied.

[0333] - Method 2) A method of defining a chip based on the Reference(eg, data-0) codeword / encoded (symbol) duration (eg, based on "Tari" in Fig. 9)

[0334] For example, the codeword / encoded (symbol) duration of Data-0 may be defined as 1 chip, and Data-1 may be defined as N2(>1) chips.

[0335] For example, Eg, data-0 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be defined as {high, low} with 1 chip, and data=1 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be {high, high, low} with 1.5 chip (N2=1.5), and {high, high, high, low} with 2 chip (N2=2).

[0336] For example, in order to apply method 2, the data-1 codeword / encoded (symbol) duration can be limited to X / 2 times the chip duration (where X is an integer greater than or equal to 3), or method 2 can be applied only when this condition is satisfied.

[0337] Codeword / encoded (symbol) duration, data rate, FS value, etc. can be controlled in units of chips defined above, and such control information can be transmitted / indicated through preamble / midamble / postamble / sync signals and / or payload.

[0338] The reader (or AmIoT device) can select / decide between the above method 1 and method 2, and transmit / instruct the selection / decision information to the AmIoT device (or reader) through frame sync / preamble / midamble / postamble / sync signals. Or, in Topology 2 for AmIoT communication, the base station can set / instruct the IN (e.g., UE) to one of method 1 and method 2. The IN (e.g., UE) can perform R2D transmission and / or D2R reception operations by applying the set / instructed method.

[0339] <OFDM waveform 기반의 R2D 전송 방식>

[0340] In OFDM waveform-based R2D / D2R transmission, unintended phase / energy / value transitions / changes may be detected at the R2D receiver due to CP insertion. In OFDM-based R2D reception, AmIoT devices (depending on the device type or capability) may i) be able to handle unintended phase / energy / value transitions / changes due to CP insertion (Assumption 1) or ii) may not be able to handle unintended phase / energy / value transitions / changes due to CP insertion (Assumption 2). For these AmIoT devices, the following CP handling methods at the R2D transmitter are being considered.

[0341] - Method Type 1: Remove CP from the device without any specified sender-side action (based on Assumption 1)

[0342] - Method Type 2: When inserting CP into an OFDM-based waveform, ensure that no false rising / falling edge occurs between the last OOK chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the first OOK chip of the (n)th OFDM symbol (based on Assumption 2).

[0343] Method Type 1 may be a method in which, for example, M (e.g., M = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) chips are mapped during the Nu section, and a CP of size Ncp is inserted based on this to generate an OFDM-based waveform of size Ncp-ofdm (= Nu+Ncp).

[0344] Method Type 2 may be a method for generating an OFDM-based waveform so that M chips are mapped during the Ncp-ofdm section, for example, and may be a method for satisfying the following conditions.

[0345] - Condition 1: The values ​​of the first X chip(s) and the last X chip(s) in the OFDM symbol are the same so that false rising / falling edges do not occur even after CP insertion.

[0346] For example, X can be 1 or 2. If the number of chips M in an OFDM symbol is less than or equal to M0, X=1, otherwise X=2. M0 is a value determined based on (Nu+Ncp) / Ncp, and can be the maximum value that satisfies the condition of "M0 < (Nu+Ncp) / Ncp". (For example, M0=8)

[0347] - Condition 2: After CP insertion, the length of all chips is the same.

[0348] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between OFDM symbols and chips in Method Type 2. In Fig. 10, it is assumed that there are M chips in one OFDM symbol, and the chips in the OFDM symbol are distinguished by chip index = 0, 1, 2, …, M-1.

[0349] For convenience of explanation in this specification, the value / phase / state of chip m of OFDM symbol n can be expressed as m@n.

[0350] The reader (or AmIoT device) can select / decide on one of the above methods (Method Type 1 and Method Type 2), and transmit / instruct the selection / decision information to the AmIoT device (or reader) through frame sync / preamble / midamble / postamble / sync signals / R2D (or D2R) control info / payload transmitted as PRDCH (or PDRCH). Or, in Topology 2 for AmIoT communication, the base station can configure / instruct the IN (e.g., UE) to one of the above methods. The IN (e.g., UE) can perform R2D transmission and / or D2R reception operations by applying the configured / instructed method.

[0351] Whether Method Type 1 or Method Type 2 is supported and / or applied may be determined based on the number of chips M in the supported OFDM symbol. For example, Method Type 2 may be supported / applied / configured only when the M value is greater than a specific value M1 (e.g., M1=4).

[0352] Alternatively, whether Method Type 1 or Method Type 2 is supported and / or applied may be determined by other R2D / D2R transmission parameters. For example, considering that Method Type 1 is relatively easy to apply when line coding (e.g., ME, PIE) is applied, when line coding is set / applied, only Type 1 can be set / applied without any additional settings.

[0353] <R2D / D2R 반복 전송 방법>

[0354] In OFDM waveform-based R2D / D2R transmission, the following R2D / D2R repetitive transmission methods are proposed to meet the 10 to 50 m coverage target, which is one of the AmIoT RAN design targets described above.

[0355] [Method 1] How to repeatedly transmit codewords N times

[0356] A method in which the above repetition is performed on a codeword basis may be considered. Specifically, Method 1 is a method in which LE (Line Encoding) input bits are repeated N times each and then LE is applied.

[0357] - Example 1-1) When transmitting twice by applying the ME (Manchester Encoding) method (i.e. when N=2), the ME codeword can be transmitted repeatedly as follows.

[0358] i) When the ME codeword is 10, codeword 1010, in which the ME codeword is repeated twice, can be transmitted, and ii) when the ME codeword is 01, codeword 0101, in which the ME codeword is repeated twice, can be transmitted.

[0359] - Example 1-2) In case of PIE, N=2, the PIE codeword can be transmitted repeatedly as follows.

[0360] i) If the PIE codeword is 10, codeword 1010, in which the PIE codeword is repeated twice, can be transmitted, and ii) If the PIE codeword is 1110, codeword 11101110, in which the PIE codeword is repeated twice, can be transmitted.

[0361] [Method 2] How to repeatedly transmit N times per chip

[0362] A method in which the above repetition is performed on a chip-by-chip basis may be considered. Specifically, the above method 2 is a method in which the LE output codeword is transmitted by repeating it N times on a chip-by-chip basis.

[0363] - Example 2-1) In case of ME, N=2, the ME codeword can be transmitted repeatedly as in the following example.

[0364] i) If the ME codeword is 10, codeword 1100 with each chip (e.g., 1 and 0) repeated twice can be transmitted, and ii) if the ME codeword is 01, codeword 0011 with each chip repeated twice can be transmitted.

[0365] - Example 2-2) In case of PIE, N=2, the PIE codeword can be transmitted repeatedly as in the following example.

[0366] i) If the PIE codeword is 10, codeword 1100 repeated twice for each chip can be transmitted, and ii) If the PIE codeword is 1110, codeword 11111100 repeated twice for each chip can be transmitted.

[0367] - For method 2, it may be similar to lowering the chip rate by 1 / N times.

[0368] [Method 3] Chip unit N repetitions + scrambling or subcarrier / square-wave modulation (SM) method

[0369] A method can be considered in which the LE output codeword is repeated N times in units of chips, and then an N-bit scrambling sequence or SM is applied to the N repeated chips.

[0370] For example, the scrambling may be based on a binary operation (e.g., an XOR operation or an XNOR operation, etc.).

[0371] For example, the SM may be based on i) a binary operation (e.g., an XOR operation or an XNOR operation, etc.) or ii) a multiplication operation.

[0372] [Method 3-1] N-times repetition per chip + N-bit scrambling method

[0373] Example 3-1) When ME, N=4, the ME codeword can be repeated and scrambled and transmitted in the following order.

[0374] - Repetition: i) For ME codeword 10, the repetition result can be 11110000 with each chip repeated 4 times, and ii) For ME codeword 01, the repetition result can be 00001111 with each chip repeated 4 times.

[0375] - Scrambling by {1 0 0 1}: i) The 11110000 codeword, which is the result of repetition, can be scrambling-applied to become 10010000, and ii) The 00001111 codeword, which is the result of repetition, can be scrambling-applied to become 00001001.

[0376] [Method 3-2] Repeat N times per chip + SM method

[0377] Example 3-2) When ME, N=4, the ME codeword is repeated in the following order and SM can be applied and transmitted.

[0378] - Repetition: i) If the ME codeword is 10, the repetition result may be 11110000, where each chip is repeated 4 times, and ii) If the ME codeword is 01, the repetition result may be 00001111, where each chip is repeated 4 times.

[0379] - SM: i) The 11110000 codeword, which is the result of repetition, can become 10100000 by applying SM, and ii) the 00001111 codeword, which is the result of repetition, can become 00001010 by applying SM.

[0380] [Method 4] FEC + bit repetition + scrambling or SM method

[0381] A method of repeating the Forward Error Correction Code (FEC) output bits N times in bit units and then applying an N-bit scrambling sequence or SM to the N repeated chips can be considered.

[0382] [Method 4-1] Repeating FEC output bits N times + N-bit scrambling method

[0383] Example 4-1) If the FEC output bit sequence is 10, the FEC output bits can be repeated and scrambled in the following order and transmitted.

[0384] - Repetition: If the bit sequence is 10, the repetition result could be 11110000, where each bit is repeated 4 times.

[0385] - Scrambling by {1 0 0 1}: The iteration result 11110000 can be scrambling-applied to become 10010000.

[0386] [Method 4-2] Repeating FEC output bits N times + SM method

[0387] Example 4-2) If the FEC output bit sequence is 10, the FEC output bits can be repeated and scrambled in the following order and transmitted.

[0388] - Repetition: If the bit sequence is 10, the repetition result could be 11110000, where each bit is repeated 4 times.

[0389] - SM: SM can be applied to the iteration result 11110000 to become 10100000.

[0390] <Method Type 1 적용 시 N번 repetition 전송 방법>

[0391] Below, a repeat transmission method based on Method Type 1 among CP handling methods is described.

[0392] [How to map an integer number of (coded) bits within one OFDM symbol]

[0393] A method can be considered in which an integer number of bit sequences / codewords are mapped within one OFDM symbol.

[0394] At this time, the bit sequence may mean a set of FEC output bits. In addition, the codeword may mean the result of applying LE to the bit (output of LE). For the convenience of explanation in this specification, i) the bit sequence may be expressed as bits, and ii) the codeword may be expressed as coded bits.

[0395] For example, if the bit sequence (=the above bit) is {1, 0}, {1, 0} can be repeated an integer number of times within one OFDM symbol.

[0396] Similarly, if the codeword (=the above coded bit) is {1, 0}, {1, 0} can be repeated an integer number of times within one OFDM symbol.

[0397] [Method 1] A method of transmitting N repetitions by mapping floor(M / N) (coded) bit(s) to M chips for each OFDM symbol. N (e.g., N=2, 4, 8, 16, 32) represents the number of repetitions (in chip units).

[0398] For example, chip(s) that remain unmapped after mapping using the above method can be filled with value(s) in one of the following ways.

[0399] i) OOK-ON value. In this case, RF EH (Energy Harvesting) is effective.

[0400] ii) OOK-OFF. In this case, there is an effect of Tx / reader power saving.

[0401] iii) The OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. This has the advantage of minimizing false rising / edges.

[0402] iv) The opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. In this case, there is the effect of clock transfer.

[0403] v) Square wave OOK values ​​starting with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0404] vi) Square wave-shaped OOK values ​​that end with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0405] [How to map (coded) bits in time sequence across OFDM symbols]

[0406] Unlike the above method 1, a method may be considered in which one bit sequence / codeword is divided and mapped to OFDM symbols by mapping the bit sequence / codeword into OFDM symbols in time sequence.

[0407] For example, if the bit sequence (=the above bit) is {1, 0}, 1 can be mapped to the nth OFDM symbol and 0 can be mapped to the n+1th OFDM symbol.

[0408] Similarly, if the codeword (=the above coded bit) is {1, 0}, 1 can be mapped to the nth OFDM symbol and 0 can be mapped to the n+1th OFDM symbol.

[0409] [Method 2] A method of transmitting N repetitions by mapping (coded) bits to all chips in each OFDM symbol.

[0410] Method 2, compared to Method 1, is a method that does not have the constraint that an integer number (=floor(M / N)) of (coded) bit(s) must be mapped per OFDM symbol.

[0411] For example, if the last OFDM symbol to which (coded) bit(s) are mapped is partially mapped, the remaining chip(s) may be filled with value(s) in one of the following ways:

[0412] i) OOK-ON value. In this case, RF EH is effective.

[0413] ii) OOK-OFF value. In this case, Tx / reader power saving is effective.

[0414] iii) The OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. This has the advantage of minimizing false rising / edges.

[0415] iv) The opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0416] v) Square wave OOK values ​​starting with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0417] vi) Square wave-shaped OOK values ​​that end with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0418] <Method Type 2 적용 시 N번 repetition 전송 방법>

[0419] Below, a repeat transmission method based on Method Type 2 among CP handling methods is described.

[0420] [How to map an integer number of (coded) bits within one OFDM symbol]

[0421] A method can be considered in which an integer number of bit sequences / codewords are mapped within one OFDM symbol.

[0422] For example, if the bit sequence (=the above bit) is {1, 0}, {1, 0} can be repeated an integer number of times within one OFDM symbol.

[0423] Similarly, if the codeword (=the above coded bit) is {1, 0}, {1, 0} can be repeated an integer number of times within one OFDM symbol.

[0424] [Method 3] A method of transmitting N repetitions by mapping floor{(M-2X) / N} (coded) bit(s) to M-2X chips excluding the first X chip(s) and the last X chip(s) in each OFDM symbol.

[0425] For example, X can be 1 or 2. Based on M being less than or equal to M0, X can be 1, and if M is greater than M0, X can be 2. In this case, M0 is a value determined based on (Nu+Ncp) / Ncp, and M0 can be the maximum value that satisfies the condition of "M0 < (Nu+Ncp) / Ncp". (For example, M0=8)

[0426] For example, the first X chip(s) and last X chip(s) value(s) can be filled with the following value(s).

[0427] i) OOK-ON value. In this case, RF EH is effective.

[0428] ii) OOK-OFF value. In this case, Tx / reader power saving is effective.

[0429] iii) The OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. This has the advantage of minimizing false rising / edges.

[0430] iv) The opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0431] v) Square wave OOK values ​​starting with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0432] vi) Square wave-shaped OOK values ​​that end with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0433] For example, chip(s) that remain unmapped after mapping by the above method can be filled with the value(s) of one of the above methods (e.g., methods i) to vi).

[0434] [Method 4] A method of transmitting N repetitions by counting chip 0 and chip M-1 in each OFDM symbol as repetitions and mapping floor{M / N} (coded) bit(s)

[0435] Example 4-1) When M=8 and N=2, chip 0 and chip M-1 can form one repetition. As a more specific example, the (coded) bit value of chip 0 can be repeated in chip 7.

[0436] As an example for the above example 4-1, chip 1 and chip M-2, chip 2 and M-3, 쪋 can each constitute a repetition. As a more specific example, the (coded) bit value of chip 1 can be repeated in chip 6, the (coded) bit value of chip 2 can be repeated in chip 5, and the (coded) bit value of chip 3 can be repeated in chip 4.

[0437] As another example for the above example 4-1, chip 1 and chip 2, chip 3 and chip M-4, 쪋 can each constitute a repetition. As a more specific example, the (coded) bit value of chip 1 can be repeated in chip 2, the (coded) bit value of chip 3 can be repeated in chip 4, and the (coded) bit value of chip 5 can be repeated in chip 6.

[0438] Example 4-2) When M=8 and N=4, i) chips 0 / 1 / M-2 / M-1 can constitute one repetition, and ii) chips 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 can constitute another repetition. As a more specific example, i) the (coded) bit value of chip 0 can be repeated in chip 1, chip 6, and chip 7, and ii) the (coded) bit value of chip 2 can be repeated in chip 3, chip 4, and chip 5.

[0439] For example, when ME is applied and N=2, i) chip 0 and chip M-1 can be configured as one repetition, and ii) chip 1 and chip M-2 can be configured as one repetition.

[0440] As a specific example, when an ME codeword is loaded on chip 0 / 1, it can be mapped to an inverted form of the ME codeword on chip M-2 / M-1.

[0441] As another concrete example, when the ME codeword is loaded on chip 0 / 1, i) the (coded) bit values ​​of chip 0 and chip M-1 can be mapped to be the same, and ii) chip M-2 can be mapped to a pre-arranged form.

[0442] For example, the intermediate chips (chip 2 / 3 / 4 / 5) excluding chip 0 / 1 / M-2 / M-1 can be configured such that i) chip 2 and chip 5 are configured as one repetition, and chip 3 and chip 4 are configured as one repetition.

[0443] For example, chip(s) that remain unmapped after mapping using the above method can be filled with value(s) in one of the following ways.

[0444] i) OOK-ON value. In this case, RF EH is effective.

[0445] ii) OOK-OFF value. In this case, Tx / reader power saving is effective.

[0446] iii) The OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. This has the advantage of minimizing false rising / edges.

[0447] iv) The opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0448] v) Square wave OOK values ​​starting with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0449] vi) Square wave-shaped OOK values ​​that end with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0450] As another example, the chip(s) that remain unmapped after mapping by the above method can be configured as one repetition together with the chip(s) that remain unmapped in the next OFDM symbol. As a specific example, since an integer number of (coded) bits is mapped within each OFDM symbol, there may be chip(s) that remain unmapped when mapping is performed according to the above method. In this case, the chips that remain unmapped within the nth OFDM symbol can be configured as one repetition by having the same value mapped as the chip(s) that remain unmapped within the n+1th OFDM symbol.

[0451] Example 4-3) When M=6, N=4, i) chips 0 / 1 / M-2 / M-1 of OFDM symbol n can be composed of one repetition, and ii) chips 2 / 3 of OFDM symbol n and chips 2 / 3 of OFDM symbol n+1 can be composed of one repetition. As a specific example, i) the (coded) bit value of chip 0 in the nth OFDM symbol can be repeated in chip 1, chip 4, and chip 5 in the same nth OFDM symbol, and ii) the (coded) bit value of chip 2 in the nth OFDM symbol can be repeated in chip 3 in the nth OFDM symbol, and chip 2 and chip 3 in the n+1th OFDM symbol.

[0452] [How to map (coded) bits in time sequence across OFDM symbols]

[0453] Unlike the above methods 3 and 4, a method may be considered in which one bit sequence / codeword is divided and mapped to OFDM symbols by mapping the bit sequence / codeword into OFDM symbols in time sequence.

[0454] For example, if the bit sequence (=the above bit) is {1, 0}, 1 can be mapped to the nth OFDM symbol and 0 can be mapped to the n+1th OFDM symbol.

[0455] Similarly, if the codeword (=the above coded bit) is {1, 0}, 1 can be mapped to the nth OFDM symbol and 0 can be mapped to the n+1th OFDM symbol.

[0456] [Method 5] A method of transmitting N repetitions by sequentially mapping (coded) bits to all chips except the first or last chip(s) that serve as CPs in each OFDM symbol.

[0457] Method 5 is a method that does not have the constraint that an integer number (=floor(M / N)) of (coded) bit(s) must be mapped per OFDM symbol, compared to Methods 3 and 4.

[0458] For example, if the last OFDM symbol to which (coded) bit(s) are mapped is partially mapped, the remaining unmapped chip(s) may be filled with value(s) in one of the following ways:

[0459] i) OOK-ON value. In this case, RF EH is effective.

[0460] ii) OOK-OFF value. In this case, Tx / reader power saving is effective.

[0461] iii) The OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. This has the advantage of minimizing false rising / edges.

[0462] iv) The opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0463] v) Square wave OOK values ​​starting with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0464] vi) Square wave-shaped OOK values ​​that end with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0465] [Method 6] A method of mapping (coded) bits in time sequence for all chips except the first or last chip(s) that serve as CPs in each OFDM symbol, and transmitting N repetitions by counting chip 0 and chip M-1 in each OFDM symbol as one repetition.

[0466] Example 6-1) When M=8 and N=2, i) chip 0 and chip M-1 can be configured as one repetition, and ii) chip 1 and chip 2, chip 3 and chip M-4, 쪋 can each be configured as a repetition. Example 6-1 can be similar to other examples for Example 4-1.

[0467] As a specific example for the above example 6-1, i) the (coded) bit value of chip 0 may be repeated in chip 7, ii) the (coded) bit value of chip 1 may be repeated in chip 2, iii) the (coded) bit value of chip 3 may be repeated in chip 4, and iv) the (coded) bit value of chip 5 may be repeated in chip 6.

[0468] Example 6-2) When M=8, N=2, i) chip 0 of OFDM symbol n and chip M-1 of OFDM symbol n, that is, 0@n and M-1@n, constitute one repetition, and ii) 1@n and 0@n+1, 2@n and 1@n+1, 쪋, can each constitute a repetition. In other words, the time interval (pattern) between the chips constituting each repetition can be the same. As specific examples, i) the (coded) bit value of 0@n is repeated in 7@n, ii) the (coded) bit value of 1@n is repeated in 0@n+1, iii) the (coded) bit value of 2@n is repeated in 1@n+1, and iv) the (coded) bit value of 3@n can be repeated in 2@n+1. In the same way, the (coded) bit value of 6@n can be repeated in 5@n+1. At this time, it can be confirmed that the number of chips (time interval between chips) existing between the chips forming each repetition is constant.

[0469] For example, if the last OFDM symbol to which (coded) bit(s) are mapped is partially mapped, the remaining chip(s) may be filled with value(s) in one of the following ways:

[0470] i) OOK-ON value. In this case, RF EH is effective.

[0471] ii) OOK-OFF value. In this case, Tx / reader power saving is effective.

[0472] iii) The OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. This has the advantage of minimizing false rising / edges.

[0473] iv) The opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous / next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0474] v) Square wave OOK values ​​starting with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately previous mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0475] vi) Square wave-shaped OOK values ​​that end with the opposite value of the OOK value of the immediately next mapped chip. In this case, clock transfer is effective.

[0476] The reader (or Ambient IoT device) can select / decide on one of the above methods and transmit / instruct the selection / decision information to the Ambient IoT device (or reader) through frame sync / preamble / midamble / postamble / sync signals / R2D (or D2R) control info / payload transmitted as PRDCH (or PDRCH). Or, in Topology 2 for AmIoT communication, the base station can configure / instruct the IN (e.g., UE) to one of the above methods. The IN (e.g., UE) can perform R2D transmission and / or D2R reception operations by applying the configured / instructed method.

[0477] The various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., Methods 1 to 6) may be combined with each other.

[0478] In terms of implementation, the operations of the first device (e.g., Reader, BS, IN, AN, UE) / second device (e.g., Ambient IoT Device) according to the embodiments described above can be processed by the device of FIG. 13 (e.g., the processor (110, 210) of FIG. 13).

[0479] In addition, the operations of the first device (e.g., Reader, BS, IN, AN, UE) / second device (e.g., Ambient IoT Device) according to the above-described embodiment may be stored in a memory (e.g., 140, 240 of FIG. 13) in the form of a command / program (e.g., instruction, executable code) for driving at least one processor (e.g., processor (110, 210) of FIG. 13).

[0480] The embodiments described below are specifically described with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12 in terms of the operation of a first device (e.g., Reader, Base Station, Intermediate Node, Auxiliary Node, Terminal / Ambient IoT Device) and a second device (e.g., Ambient IoT Device / Reader, Base Station, Intermediate Node, Auxiliary Node, Terminal). The methods described below are distinguished only for convenience of explanation, and it goes without saying that some components of one method may be substituted for some components of another method or may be applied in combination with each other.

[0481] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0482] Referring to FIG. 11, a method according to one embodiment of the present specification includes a step (S1110) of transmitting a signal to a second device based on repetition.

[0483] The above repetition is performed based on the handling method of the cyclic prefix (CP).

[0484] At this time, the transmission of the signal may be R2D (Reader to Device) transmission or D2R transmission. The first device may be a Reader or an Ambient IoT device.

[0485] As an example of R2D (Reader to Device), a signal transmitted from a first device (Reader) to a second device (Ambient IoT Device) may be based on a physical channel. The physical channel may be referred to as an R2D channel or a Physical Reader-to-Device CHannel (PRDCH). As a specific example, the PRDCH may carry i) all higher-layer payloads (e.g., higher-layer payload including system information, higher-layer payload including settings / information other than system information) and / or ii) R2D control information.

[0486] As an example of D2R (Device to Reader), the signal transmitted from a second device (Ambient IoT Device) to a first device (Reader) may be based on a physical channel. The physical channel may be referred to as a D2R channel or a Physical Device-to-Reader Channel (PDRCH). As a specific example, the PDRCH may carry i) any higher-layer payload, ii) a response transmitted from the Ambient IoT Device to the Reader during a contention-based access procedure, and / or iii) D2R control information.

[0487] In one embodiment, the repetition can be performed on a chip level or ii) on a codeword level.

[0488] For example, the codeword may i) be associated with the output of line coding or the output of a forward error correction code (FEC), and ii) may be mapped to a chip within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

[0489] In one embodiment, the line coding may be based on any one of i) Manchester encoding, ii) pulse interval encoding (PIE), iii) Miller encoding, and iv) FM0 encoding.

[0490] In one embodiment, the processing method of the CP may include i) Method Type 1, which is processed based on an ambient IoT device, and ii) Method Type 2, which is different from Method Type 1. For convenience of explanation in this specification, Method Type 1 may be expressed as a first method, and Method Type 2 may be expressed as a second method.

[0491] Specifically, the first method may refer to a method for removing CP from a device without explicit transmitter-side operation. The first method may be a method based on the assumption that an Ambient IoT device can handle unintended phase / energy / value transitions / changes due to CP insertion when receiving OFDM-based R2D.

[0492] The second method may refer to a method that ensures that no false rising / falling edge occurs between the last OOK chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the first OOK chip of the (n)th OFDM symbol when a CP is inserted into an OFDM-based waveform. The second method may be a method based on the assumption that an Ambient IoT device cannot handle unintended phase / energy / value transitions / changes due to CP insertion when receiving OFDM-based R2D.

[0493] In one embodiment, based on the first method, one or more chips to which one or more codewords are mapped may be repeated a preset or defined number of times.

[0494] In one embodiment, the one or more chips may be based on each OFDM symbol among one or more OFDM symbols.

[0495] For example, the number of said one or more codewords may be determined based on i) the number of said one or more chips and ii) the number of times.

[0496] For example, among all chips based on one or more OFDM symbols associated with the mapping, any one of i) a preset or defined on-off keying (OOK) value (e.g., an OOK-ON value or an OOK-OFF value), ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chip, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chip, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from the OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chip, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from the OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chip may be mapped. The present embodiment may be based on Method 1.

[0497] In one embodiment, the one or more chips may be based on one or more OFDM symbols.

[0498] As a concrete example, codewords can be mapped time-sequentially to chips within OFDMs.

[0499] For example, among all chips based on one or more OFDM symbols associated with the mapping, any one of i) a preset or defined on-off keying (OOK) value (e.g., an OOK-ON value or an OOK-OFF value), ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chip, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chip, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from the OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chip, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from the OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chip may be mapped. The present embodiment may be based on Method 2.

[0500] In one embodiment, based on the second method, one or more chips to which one or more codewords are mapped may be repeated a preset or defined number of times.

[0501] For example, the one or more chips may include chips other than the defined chips among the plurality of chips.

[0502] In one embodiment, the plurality of chips may be based on each OFDM symbol among one or more OFDM symbols.

[0503] For example, the chips defined above may include the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips within each OFDM symbol.

[0504] For example, the one or more codewords may be determined based on i) the number of remaining chips and ii) the number of times.

[0505] For example, the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips may each be mapped to i) a preset or defined OOK value (e.g., an OOK-ON value or an OOK-OFF value), ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before or after the first one or more chips, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before or after the last one or more chips, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from the OOK value of a chip mapped before the first one or more chips or a chip mapped before the last one or more chips, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from the OOK value of a chip mapped after the first one or more chips or a chip mapped after the last one or more chips. The present embodiment may be based on Method 3.

[0506] In one embodiment, the plurality of chips may be based on one or more OFDM symbols.

[0507] For example, the chips defined above may include one or more chips associated with the CP within each OFDM symbol. The present embodiment may be based on Method 5.

[0508] In one embodiment, the one or more chips associated with the CP may be the first one or more chips or the last one or more chips of each OFDM symbol.

[0509] For example, the bit values ​​of the first one or more chips within each OFDM symbol may be repeated in the last one or more chips.

[0510] For example, each of the one or more codewords mapped to the remaining chips may be repeated consecutively on the remaining chips. As a specific example, the codeword value mapped to chip 1 in the nth OFDM symbol may be repeated on chip 2, the codeword value mapped to chip 3 may be repeated on chip 4, and the codeword value mapped to chip 5 may be mapped to chip 6.

[0511] As another example, the codeword mapped to each chip among the remaining chips may be repeated in the chip after a time interval from each chip. As a specific example, the codeword value mapped to chip 1 (= 1@n) in the nth OFDM symbol may be repeated in chip 0 (= 0@n+1) in the n+1th OFDM symbol. In the same manner, i) the codeword value mapped to 2@n may be repeated in 1@n+1, ii) the codeword value mapped to 3@n may be repeated in 2@n+1, iii) the codeword value mapped to 4@n may be mapped to 3@n+1, iv) the codeword value mapped to 5@n may be repeated in 4@n+1, and v) the codeword value mapped to 6@n may be repeated in 5@n+1. The present embodiment may be based on Method 6.

[0512] In one embodiment, the one or more codewords mapped to one or more chips of each OFDM symbol may be repeated in the last one or more chips of each OFDM symbol.

[0513] For example, the number of the first one or more chips and the number of the last one or more chips can be determined based on the number of times.

[0514] For example, a codeword mapped to the remaining chips other than the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips among all chips based on each OFDM symbol may be repeated in a specific chip included in the next OFDM symbol including the remaining chips in time order.

[0515] For example, a specific chip included in the next OFDM symbol may be any chip other than the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips among all chips based on the next OFDM symbol. This embodiment may be based on Method 4.

[0516] The various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., Methods 1 to 6) may be combined with each other.

[0517] The embodiments described below are specifically described in terms of the operation of the second device.

[0518] S1210, described below, corresponds to S1110, described in FIG. 11. Considering the above correspondence, redundant descriptions are omitted. The detailed description of the second device operation described below may be replaced with the corresponding description / example of FIG. 11.

[0519] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to another embodiment of the present specification.

[0520] Referring to FIG. 12, a method according to another embodiment of the present specification includes a step (S1210) of receiving a signal from a first device based on repetition.

[0521] At this time, the reception of the signal may be R2D (Reader to Device) or D2R reception. Accordingly, the second device may be a Reader or an Ambient IoT device.

[0522] The above repetition is performed based on the handling method of the cyclic prefix (CP).

[0523] The operation based on S1210 described above can be implemented by the device of FIG. 13. For example, referring to FIG. 13, the second device (100) can control one or more transceivers (130) and / or one or more memories (140) to perform the operation based on S1210.

[0524] The operations / terms based on the embodiments described above have been described assuming a 5G system. However, this is for convenience of explanation and is not intended to limit the scope of application of the technical problems and problem-solving means to be solved by this specification to a specific system. The technical problems / technical issues / problems mentioned in this specification may equally exist in other systems (e.g., 6G systems). It is self-evident that the embodiments of this specification can be expanded and applied to solve problems equally existing in the other systems. Therefore, for the expanded application of the embodiments of this specification to other systems, the terms defined / described based on the 5G system may be replaced / changed with terms defined in the other systems (or generalized terms not specific to one system). For example, PRACH, PUSCH, PUCCH, or SRS may be replaced / changed with uplink signals (or uplink channels). For example, SSB, CSI-RS, PDSCH, and PDCCH may be replaced / changed with downlink signals (or downlink channels).

[0525] Hereinafter, a device to which an embodiment of the present specification can be applied (a device that implements a method / operation according to an embodiment of the present specification) is described with reference to FIG. 13.

[0526] FIG. 13 is a drawing showing the configuration of a first device and a second device according to an embodiment of the present specification.

[0527] The first device (100) may include a processor (110), an antenna unit (120), a transceiver (130), and a memory (140).

[0528] The processor (110) performs baseband-related signal processing and may include a higher layer processing unit (111) and a physical layer processing unit (115). The higher layer processing unit (111) may process operations of a MAC layer, an RRC layer, or higher layers. The physical layer processing unit (115) may process operations of a PHY layer. For example, when the first device (100) is a base station device in base station-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (115) may perform uplink reception signal processing, downlink transmission signal processing, etc. For example, when the first device (100) is a first terminal device in terminal-to-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (115) may perform downlink reception signal processing, uplink transmission signal processing, sidelink transmission signal processing, etc. In addition to performing baseband-related signal processing, the processor (110) may also control the overall operation of the first device (100).

[0529] The antenna unit (120) may include one or more physical antennas, and when it includes multiple antennas, it may support MIMO transmission and reception. The transceiver (130) may include an RF (Radio Frequency) transmitter and an RF receiver. The memory (140) may store information processed by the processor (110), and software, an operating system, applications, etc. related to the operation of the first device (100), and may also include components such as a buffer.

[0530] The processor (110) of the first device (100) may be configured to implement the operation of the base station in the base station-to-terminal communication (or the operation of the first terminal device in the terminal-to-terminal communication) in the embodiments described in the present disclosure.

[0531] The second device (200) may include a processor (210), an antenna unit (220), a transceiver (230), and a memory (240).

[0532] The processor (210) performs baseband-related signal processing and may include a higher layer processing unit (211) and a physical layer processing unit (215). The higher layer processing unit (211) may process operations of a MAC layer, an RRC layer, or higher layers. The physical layer processing unit (215) may process operations of a PHY layer. For example, when the second device (200) is a terminal device in base station-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (215) may perform downlink reception signal processing, uplink transmission signal processing, etc. For example, when the second device (200) is a second terminal device in terminal-to-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (215) may perform downlink reception signal processing, uplink transmission signal processing, sidelink reception signal processing, etc. In addition to performing baseband-related signal processing, the processor (210) may also control the overall operation of the second device (210).

[0533] The antenna unit (220) may include one or more physical antennas, and when it includes multiple antennas, it may support MIMO transmission and reception. The transceiver (230) may include an RF transmitter and an RF receiver. The memory (240) may store information processed by the processor (210), software, an operating system, applications, etc. related to the operation of the second device (200), and may also include components such as a buffer.

[0534] The processor (210) of the second device (200) may be configured to implement operations of the terminal in base station-to-terminal communication (or operations of the second terminal device in terminal-to-terminal communication) in the embodiments described in the present disclosure.

[0535] In the operation of the first device (100) and the second device (200), the same explanations given for the base station and the terminal (or the first terminal and the second terminal in the terminal-to-terminal communication) in the examples of the present disclosure may be applied, and redundant explanations are omitted.

[0536] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology and may be implemented in standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names.

[0537] Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names.

[0538] Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), which take low-power communication into account, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be called by various names.

Claims

1. In a method performed by a first device, A step of transmitting a signal to a second device based on repetition; comprising: A method characterized in that the above repetition is performed based on a handling method of a cyclic prefix (CP).

2. In paragraph 1, The above repetition is performed based on i) chip level or ii) codeword level, A method characterized in that the above codeword is i) related to the output of line coding or the output of a forward error correction code (FEC), and ii) mapped to a chip within an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbol.

3. In paragraph 2, A method characterized in that the above line coding is based on any one of i) Manchester encoding, ii) PIE (pulse interval encoding), iii) Miller encoding, and iv) FM0 encoding.

4. In paragraph 1, A method characterized in that the above CP processing method includes i) a first method in which the CP is removed based on an ambient IoT device, and ii) a second method different from the first method.

5. In paragraph 4, A method, characterized in that one or more chips to which one or more codewords are mapped are repeated a preset or defined number of times based on the first method.

6. In paragraph 5, The one or more chips are based on each OFDM symbol among one or more OFDM symbols, A method, characterized in that the number of said one or more codewords is determined based on i) the number of said one or more chips and ii) the number of times.

7. In paragraph 5, A method, characterized in that said one or more chips are based on one or more OFDM symbols.

8. In paragraph 5, A method characterized in that, among all chips based on one or more OFDM symbols related to the above mapping, any one of i) a preset or defined OOK (on-off keying) value, ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chips, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chips, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped before the remaining chips, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped after the remaining chips is mapped.

9. In paragraph 4, A method, characterized in that one or more chips to which one or more codewords are mapped are repeated a preset or defined number of times based on the second method.

10. In paragraph 9, A method, characterized in that the one or more chips include remaining chips other than the defined chips among the plurality of chips.

11. In paragraph 10, The above plurality of chips are based on each OFDM symbol among one or more OFDM symbols, A method, characterized in that the above defined chips include a first one or more chips and a last one or more chips in each OFDM symbol.

12. In paragraph 11, A method, characterized in that the number of said one or more codewords is determined based on i) the number of said remaining chips and ii) the number of times.

13. In paragraph 11, A method, characterized in that the number of the first one or more chips and the number of the last one or more chips are determined based on the total number of chips in each OFDM symbol.

14. In paragraph 11, A method characterized in that the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips are each mapped to i) a preset or defined OOK value, ii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before or after the first one or more chips, iii) a value based on an OOK value of a chip mapped before or after the last one or more chips, iv) an OOK value based on a square wave starting with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped before the first one or more chips or a chip mapped before the last one or more chips, or v) an OOK value based on a square wave ending with a value different from an OOK value of a chip mapped after the first one or more chips or a chip mapped after the last one or more chips.

15. In paragraph 10, The above plurality of chips are based on one or more OFDM symbols, A method, characterized in that the above defined chips include one or more chips associated with the CP within each OFDM symbol.

16. In paragraph 15, One or more chips associated with the CP are the first one or more chips or the last one or more chips of each OFDM symbol, A method characterized in that the bit values ​​of the first one or more chips within each OFDM symbol are repeated in the last one or more chips.

17. In paragraph 16, A method, characterized in that each of the one or more codewords mapped to the remaining chips is repeated consecutively on the remaining chips.

18. In paragraph 16, A method characterized in that the codeword mapped to each chip among the remaining chips is repeated in the chip after a time interval from each chip.

19. In paragraph 9, The one or more codewords mapped to the first one or more chips of each OFDM symbol are repeated in the last one or more chips of each OFDM symbol, A method, characterized in that the number of the first one or more chips and the number of the last one or more chips are determined based on the number of times.

20. In paragraph 18, Among the chips based on each OFDM symbol, the codeword mapped to the remaining chips other than the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips is repeated in a specific chip included in the next OFDM symbol of the OFDM symbol including the remaining chips in time order, A method, characterized in that the specific chip included in the above-mentioned next OFDM symbol is a remaining chip other than the first one or more chips and the last one or more chips among all chips based on the next OFDM symbol.

21. In paragraph 1, A method characterized in that the transmission of the above signal is R2D (Reader to Device) transmission or D2R transmission.

22. In the first device, One or more transmitters and receivers; one or more processors; and One or more memories connected to said one or more processors and storing instructions, A first device characterized in that the instructions, based on being executed by the one or more processors, cause the first device to perform all steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 21.

23. In a device comprising one or more memories and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories, A device characterized in that said one or more memories store instructions that cause said device to perform all steps of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 21, based on being executed by said one or more processors.

24. In a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions executable by one or more processors, characterized in that the instructions cause a first device to perform all steps of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 21.

25. In a method performed by a second device, A step of receiving a signal from a first device based on repetition; comprising: A method characterized in that the above repetition is performed based on a handling method of a cyclic prefix (CP).

26. In the second device, One or more transmitters and receivers; one or more processors; and One or more memories connected to said one or more processors and storing instructions, A second device characterized in that said instructions, based on being executed by said one or more processors, cause said second device to perform all steps of the method according to claim 25.

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