Removable system for reducing the aerodynamic drag of a trailer / container

Abstract

A removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container comprising one or more panel assemblies. The one or more panel assembly comprising a top panel assembly; a bottom panel assembly; and a central spine including a top spine portion and a bottom spine portion, wherein the top spine portion is joined to the bottom spine portion by a hinge. The top panel assembly is affixed to the top spine portion, and the bottom panel assembly is affixed to the bottom spine portion. The central spine can be folded at the hinge into a folded storage position. The central spine can be unfolded at the hinge into an unfolded deployment position.

Description

REMOVABLE SYSTEM FOR REDUCING THE AERODYNAMIC DRAG OF A TRAILER / CONTAINERCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of the priority date of United States Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 654,141 , filed on May 31 , 2024, the contents of that application being incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.FIELD

[0002] The present teachings relate to a unique removable system for reducing the aerodynamic drag of a trailer and / or container traveling at highway speeds. The system includes one or more assemblies forcontrolling the air flow. The system is removably and adjustably connected to allow for compact storage as well as quick, easy, and lightweight installation and removal of the system from different trailers, containers, or cargo boxes, or the like.BACKGROUND

[0003] It is well known that improving the aerodynamics of a vehicle can improve vehicle performance (e.g., acceleration, fuel economy, wind noise, wear and tear on drivetrain components, etc.). This is believed to be particularly true in the case of relatively large and boxy vehicles, such as semi-trucks that typically pull generally rectangular trailers, containers, or cargo boxes. It is also believed that numerous products and concepts have tried to resolve this aerodynamic issue- but have not yet had much commercial success. Examples of known concepts can be found in a number of patents and patent publications, including US Patents: US4006932; US4741569; US9346496B2; US9637183B2; and US10227094B1 ; EP Patent EP1870320B1 ; and US Patent Publications US20140361579A1 ; US20150115651 A1 ; and US20160214660A1 , the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

[0004] In evaluating the market and viewing presently known and commercially available products, it is believed that portability; versatility of the products to be used on different trailers, containers, or cargo box types; sizes and dimensions; and ease of installation and removal of said available products is lacking. The present teachings disclosed herein are an attempt to address the issues of aerodynamic efficiency while making a product that provides portability and ease of use.SUMMARY

[0005] The present teachings relate to a removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container that comprises: a) one or more panel assemblies, the one or more panel assemblies may comprise: i) a top panel assembly; ii) a bottom assembly; and a iii) central spine that may comprise a top spine portion and a bottom spine portion; wherein the top spine portion may be joined to the bottom spine portion by a hinge; wherein the top panel assembly may be affixed to the top spine portion, and the bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the bottom spine portion; wherein the central spine may be folded at the hinge into a folded storage position; and wherein the central spine may be unfolded at the hinge into an unfolded deployment position.

[0006] The top spine portion may include a top assembly connector, the bottom spine portion may include a bottom assembly connector, or both; and wherein the top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may removably affix the panel assembly to the trailer or cargo container.

[0007] The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be a hook.

[0008] The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be a clamp.

[0009] The top assembly connector may be a same type of connector as the bottom assembly connector.

[0010] The top assembly connector may be a different type of connector than the bottom assembly connector.

[0011] The panel assembly may have a deployment angle.

[0012] The deployment angle may be realized when viewing the panel assembly from a top side, a bottom side, or both.

[0013] The deployment angle may be adjustable.

[0014] The panel assembly may include at least one adapter.

[0015] The at least one adapter may adjust the deployment angle.

[0016] The adapter may adjust the deployment angle up to 90 degrees.

[0017] The adapter may include a spring hinge or a tension hinge.

[0018] The adapter may include a wedge.

[0019] The wedge may set the deployment angle.

[0020] The deployment angle may be adjusted by replacing the wedge with a wedge of a different size.

[0021] The wedge may have an angle from 5 to 20 degrees.

[0022] The top spine portion may include one or more top panel connectors.

[0023] The one or more top panel connectors may permanently affix the top panel assembly to the top spine portion.

[0024] The bottom spine portion may include one or more bottom panel connectors.

[0025] The one or more bottom panel connectors may removably affix the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion.

[0026] The one or more bottom panel connectors may include a brace assembly.

[0027] The brace assembly may include two plates symmetrically positioned on opposing sides of the length of the bottom spine portion.

[0028] The bottom panel assembly may be positioned between the two plates.

[0029] One or more cotter pins may secure the bottom panel assembly to the brace assembly.

[0030] The position of the one or more top panel connectors may be adjusted up to 36mm along the length of the top spine portion, the position of the one or more bottom panel connectors may be adjusted along the length of the bottom spine portion up to 36mm, or both.

[0031] The top assembly connector may be adjustable along the length of the top spine portion in increments of about 10mm to 50mm, the bottom assembly connector may be adjustable along the length of the bottom spine portion in increments of about 10mm to 50mm, or both.

[0032] The top assembly connector may be adjustable along the length of the top spine portion in increm ents of about 30m m , the bottom assem bly connector m ay be adjustable along the length of the bottom spine portion in increments of about 30mm, or both.

[0033] The bottom spine portion may include an inner bottom spine portion and an outer spine portion.

[0034] The inner bottom spine portion may be at least partially inserted into the outer bottom spine portion such that the outer bottom spine portion may at least partially enclose the inner bottom spine portion.

[0035] The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjustable.

[0036] The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjusted by extending the inner bottom spine portion from the outer bottom spine portion, inserting the inner bottom spine portion further into the outer bottom spine portion, or both.

[0037] The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjusted in increments of about 10mm to about 30 mm.

[0038] The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjusted in increments of about 20mm.

[0039] The length of the bottom spine portion may be set with a cotter pin.

[0040] In the folded storage position, the length of the top spine portion may overlap at least a portion of the length of the bottom spine portion.

[0041] In the folded storage position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be affixed to the central spine.

[0042] In the folded storage position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be removed from the central spine.

[0043] In the folded storage position, the bottom panel assembly may be reversibly affixed to the bottom spine portion.

[0044] In the unfolded deployment position, the hinge may be extended to 180° such that the length of the top spine portion and the length of the bottom spine portion may be generally stacked atop each other.

[0045] In the unfolded deployment position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be affixed to the central spine.

[0046] In the unfolded deployment position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be removed from the central spine.

[0047] The height of the panel assembly may be adjusted by adjusting the position of the top panel assembly relative to the bottom panel assembly.

[0048] The top panel assembly may be affixed to the top spine portion such that the top panel assembly may at least partially overlap the bottom panel assembly, or the bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the bottom spine portion such that the bottom panel assembly at least partially overlaps the top panel assembly.

[0049] The position of the top panel assembly on the top spine portion, the position of the bottom panel assembly on the bottom spine portion, or both may be adjusted such as to increase or decrease the amount of the partial overlap of the top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly.

[0050] The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may include one or more wing tip bearings.

[0051] The panel system may reduce drag by 1-30%, 5-20%, or even 9-12% at highway speeds, wherein highway speeds may include 96-130km / h.

[0052] The panel system may reduce drag by at least 5%, at least 7%, or even at least 9% wherein highway speeds may include 96-130km / h.

[0053] The present teachings further relate to a removable aerodynamic panel system fora trailer or cargo container wherein the panel system may be deployed on a trailer.

[0054] The present teachings also relate to a removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container wherein the panel system may be deployed on a cargo container.

[0055] The present teachings may provide for a panel system that is portable, allowing for the system to be attached and / or removed from the trailer, cargo container, or the like.

[0056] The present teachings may provide for a panel system that includes removable elements such as to reduce the weight of the panel system when the panel system is being installed or removed from the trailer, cargo container, or the like.

[0057] The present teachings may provide fora panel system that is lightweight. The lightweight system may improve the aerodynamics of the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The lightweight panel system may allow for easier installation or removal of the panel system.

[0058] The present teachings may provide for a panel system that is flexible. The flexibility of the panel system may allow for the prevention or reduction of damage to the panel system upon impact.

[0059] The present teachings may provide for a panel assembly that is adjustable. The adjustability of the height of the panel system may enable the panel system to be installed onto trailers, cargo containers, or the like of different sizes.

[0060] The present teachings may provide for a panel assembly that is compact. The present teachings may provide for a panel system that is foldable. The panel system may be folded to allow for compact storage of the panel system when the panel system is not in use, being transported, or the like.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0061] Fig. 1 is a plan view of a semi-truck with a trailer.

[0062] Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a trailer with a panel system.

[0063] Fig. 3 is a top plan view of a trailer with an exemplary panel system in accordance with the present teachings.

[0064] Fig. 4a is a rear view of a trailer with two exemplary panel assemblies in accordance with the present teachings.

[0065] Fig. 4b is a rear view of a trailer with a single exemplary panel assembly including only a top panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0066] Fig. 4c is a rear view of a trailer with a single exemplary panel assembly including a top panel assembly and a bottom panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0067] Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an exemplary panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0068] Fig. 6a is a plan view of an exemplary top panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0069] Fig. 6b is a perspective view of an exemplary top panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0070] Fig. 7a is a plan view of an exemplary bottom panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0071] Fig. 7b is a perspective view of an exemplary bottom panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0072] Fig. 8a is a perspective view of an exemplary panel assembly including a top panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0073] Fig. 8b is a perspective view of an exemplary hinge in an unfolded deployment position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0074] Fig. 9a is a perspective view of an exemplary panel assembly in a folded storage position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0075] Fig. 9b is a perspective view of an exemplary panel assembly in a folded storage position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0076] Fig. 10a is a perspective view of an exemplary panel assembly including only an exemplary top panel assembly in a folded storage position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0077] Fig. 10b is a perspective view of an exemplary hinge in a folded storage position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0078] Fig. 11a is a plan view of an exemplary adapter in accordance with the present teachings.

[0079] Fig. 11 b is a perspective view of an exemplary adapter in accordance with the present teachings.

[0080] Fig. 11c is a plan view of a plurality of exemplary adapters on a panel assembly affixed to a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0081] Fig. 12a is a plan view of an exemplary wedge in accordance with the present teachings.

[0082] Fig. 12b is a plan view of an exemplary wedge in accordance with the present teachings.

[0083] Fig. 12c is a plan view of an exemplary wedge in accordance with the present teachings.

[0084] Fig. 13a is a plan view of an exemplary top assembly connector in a shortened position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0085] Fig. 13b is a plan view of an exemplary top assembly connector in an extended position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0086] Fig. 14a is a perspective view of an exemplary bottom assembly connector in an extended position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0087] Fig. 14b is a perspective view of an exemplary bottom assembly connector in a shortened position in accordance with the present teachings.

[0088] Fig. 15a is a perspective view of an exemplary panel assembly with a wing tip bearing in accordance with the present teachings.

[0089] Fig. 15b is a perspective view of an exemplary wing tip bearing in accordance with the present teachings.

[0090] Fig. 16a is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0091] Fig. 16b is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0092] Fig. 16c is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0093] Fig. 16d is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0094] Fig. 16e is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0095] Fig. 16f is a perspective view of an exemplary deployment of a panel assembly on a trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0096] Fig. 17 is a perspective view of a cargo container.

[0097] Fig. 18a is a perspective view of a cargo container with an exemplary panel system in accordance with the present teachings.

[0098] Fig. 18b is a top plan view of a cargo container with an exemplary panel system in accordance with the present teachings.

[0099] Fig. 18c is a side plan view of a cargo container with an exemplary panel assembly in accordance with the present teachings.

[0100] Fig. 19a is a perspective view of a cargo container with exemplary corner castings in accordance with the present teachings.

[0101] Fig. 19b is a perspective view of an exemplary top corner casting in accordance with the present teachings.

[0102] Fig. 19c is a perspective view of an exemplary bottom corner casting in accordance with the present teachings.

[0103] Fig. 20a is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0104] Fig. 20b is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0105] Fig. 20c is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0106] Fig. 20d is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0107] Fig. 20e is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0108] Fig. 20f is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0109] Fig. 20g is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0110] Fig. 20h is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0111] Fig. 20i is a perspective view of a deployment of an exemplary panel assembly on a cargo container in accordance with the present teachings.

[0112] Fig. 21 is a comparative example of a semi-truck and trailer.

[0113] Fig. 22 is a comparative example of a semi-truck and trailer.

[0114] Fig. 23 is a comparative example of a semi-truck and trailer.

[0115] Fig. 24 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0116] Fig. 25 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0117] Fig. 26 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0118] Fig. 27 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0119] Fig. 28 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0120] Fig. 29 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0121] Fig. 30 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0122] Fig. 31 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0123] Fig. 32 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0124] Fig. 33 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0125] Fig. 34 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0126] Fig. 35 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0127] Fig. 36 is an experimental examplea semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0128] Fig. 37 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0129] Fig. 38 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0130] Fig. 39 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and traileraccordance with the present teachings.

[0131] Fig. 40 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0132] Fig. 41 is an experimental examplea semi-truck and traileraccordance with the present teachings.

[0133] Fig. 42 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0134] Fig. 43 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0135] Fig. 44 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0136] Fig. 45 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0137] Fig. 46 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0138] Fig. 47 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and traileraccordance with the present teachings.

[0139] Fig. 48 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0140] Fig. 49 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0141] Fig. 50 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0142] Fig. 51 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0143] Fig. 52 is an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0144] Fig. 53 is an illustrative example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.

[0145] Fig. 54 is an illustrative example of a semi-truck and trailer in accordance with the present teachings.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0146] The explanations and illustrations presented herein are intended to acquaint others skilled in the art with the present teachings, its principles, and its practical application. The specific embodiments of the present teachings as set forthare not intended as being exhaustive or limiting of the present teachings. The scope of the present teachings should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference for all purposes. Other combinations are also possible, as will be gleaned from the following claims, which are also hereby incorporated by reference into this written description.

[0147] The present teachings relate to an aerodynamic panel system. The panel system may be an apparatus that can be affixed to a trailer, cargo container, or the like. The panel system may be removably affixed to the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The panel assembly may be permanently affixed to the trailer, cargo container, or the like.

[0148] The panel system may reduce the drag experienced by a trailer, cargo container, or the like. The panel system may reduce the drag experienced by a trailer, cargo container, or the like at highway speeds. Highway speeds may include speeds ranging from about 96-130kmh (about 60-80mph). The panel system may reduce drag by about 9-12% at highway speeds. The panel system may reduce drag by about 12% at about 96kmh (60mph). The panel system may reduce drag by about 10% at about 113kmh (70m ph).

[0149] The trailer may have a front side. The front side is the side of the trailer closest to the semi-truck cab. The trailer may have a rear side. The rear side may oppose the front side. The trailer may have a top side. The trailer may have a bottom side. The bottom side may be the side closest to the wheels. The top side may oppose the bottom side. The trailer may have a left-hand side. The trailer may have a right-hand side. The left-hand side may oppose the right-hand side. The left-hand side and the right-hand side may be determined when viewing the trailer from the rear side. The rear side of the trailer may include doors. The doors may be affixed to the trailer with one or more trailer door hinges.

[0150] The cargo container may have a front side. The cargo container may have a rear side. The front side may oppose the rear side. The rear side of the cargo container may allow access to the inside of the container. The cargo container may include a top side. The cargo container may include a bottom side. The bottom side may be the side closest to a surface on which the cargo container rests. The top side may oppose the bottom side. The cargo container may have a left-hand side. The cargo container may include a right-hand side. The left-hand side may oppose the right-hand side. The left-hand side and the right-hand side may be determined when viewing the cargo container from the rear side. The cargo container may be an interm odal shipping container.

[0151] The cargo container may include one or more corner castings. The one or more corner castings may include one or more top corner castings, one or more bottom corner castings, or both. The cargo container may be free of one or more top corner castings, bottom corner castings, or both. The one or more top corner castings may be located on the corners of the cargo container formed with the top side of the cargo container. The one or more bottom corner castings may be located on the corners of the cargo container formed with the bottom side of the cargo container. The one or more top corner castings, one or more bottom corner castings, or both may include one or more stacking holes, one or more shield holes, one or more stadium holes, or a combination thereof. The combination of stacking holes, shield holes, or stadium holes may be arranged in any manner or on any surface of the one or more corner castings. The one or more top corner castings, one or more bottom corner castings, or both may be free of one or more stacking holes, one or more shield holes, one or more stadium holes, or a combination thereof.

[0152] The one or more stacking holes may be generally rectangular in shape. The one or more stacking holes may have generally rounded comers. The one or more stacking holes may be located on the surface of the one or more corner castings that overlap the top side of the cargo container, the bottom side of the cargo container, or both.

[0153] The one or more shield holes may be generally oval in shape. The one or more shield holes may be located on the surface of the one or more corner castings that overlap the front side of the cargo container, the rear side of the corner container, or a combination thereof. The one or more shield holes may be adapted to receive a clamp.

[0154] The one or more stadium holes may be generally oval in shape. The one or more stadium holes may be located on the surface of the one or more corner castings that overlap the left-hand side of the cargo container, the right-hand side of the cargo container, or a combination thereof. The one or more stadium holes may be adapted to receive a clamp.

[0155] The panel system may include one or more panel assemblies. The panel system may include two panel assemblies, wherein a first panel assembly is affixed to the left-hand side of the trailer, cargo container, or the like, and a second panel assembly is affixed to the right-hand side of the trailer, cargo container, or the like.

[0156] The panel assembly may include a top panel assembly, a bottom panel assembly, or both. The top panel assembly may be generally above the bottom panel assembly. The panel assembly may include a central spine. The central spine may include a top spine portion and a bottom spine portion. The top spine portion and the bottom spine portion may be joined at a hinge. The top spine portion may include a top assembly connector. The top assembly connector may affix the panel assembly, specifically the top spine portion, to the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The top spine portion may include a top panel connector. The top panel connector may affix the top panel assembly to the top spine portion. The bottom spine portion may include a bottom assembly connector. The bottom assembly connector may affix the panel assembly, specif ically the bottom spine portion, to the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The bottom spine portion may include a bottom panel connector. The bottom panel connector may affix the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion. The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may include one or more reinforcements. The one or more reinforcements may be adapted to reduce or prevent the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both from bending. The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may include one or more wing tip bearings. The panel assembly may have a deployment angle. The panel assembly may include one or more adapters. The one or more adapters may include a spring hinge or a tension hinge. The one or more adapters may include a wedge. The one or more adapters may adjust the deployment angle of the panel assembly. The height of the panel assembly may be adjustable. The panel assembly may have breakaway features to reduce or prevent damage upon impact. The panel assembly may be foldable to enable easy transportation and storage.

[0157] The deployment angle may be the angle that the vertical plane of the panel assembly forms with the vertical plane of the rear side of the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The deployment angle may be realized when viewing the trailer, cargo container, or the like from the top side, the bottom side, or both when the one or more panel assemblies are deployed. The deployment angle may be set. The deployment angle may be adjustable. The deployment angle may be adjusted with use of one or more adapters. The one or more adapters will be discussed in greater detail. The deployment angle may range from about 0°-90°. The deployment angle may be as narrow as 60°, 50°, 40°, 30°, 20°, or even 10°. The deployment angle may be as wide as 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, 85°, or even 90°. Most preferably, the deployment angle is 77.8°.

[0158] The central spine may include a top spine portion and a bottom spine portion. The central spine may extend in a vertical direction. The central spine may span at least a portion of the vertical length of the panel assembly. The central spine may extend the entire vertical length of the panel assembly. The central spine may extend past the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both.

[0159] The top spine portion may be generally rectangular in shape. The top spine portion may be generally cylindrical in shape. The top spine portion may have a vertical length. The top spine portion may have a first end and a second end. The first end may oppose the second end. When in a vertical position, the first end may be above the second end.

[0160] The bottom spine portion may be generally rectangular in shape. The bottom spine portion may be generally cylindrical in shape. The bottom spine portion may have a vertical length. The bottom spine portion may have a first end and a second end. The first end may oppose the second end. When in a vertical position, the first end may be above the second end. The bottom spine portion may include an inner bottom spine portion and an outer bottom spine portion. The outer bottom spine portion may be the same shape as the inner bottom spine portion. The outer bottom spine portion may be a different shape than the inner bottom spine portion. The outer bottom spine portion may have a diameter greater than the inner bottom spine portion diameter. The inner spine portion may at least be partially inserted into the outer bottom spine portion such that the outer bottom spine portion at least partially encloses the inner bottom spine portion. The outer bottom spine portion may completely enclose the inner bottom spine portion. The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjustable. The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjusted by extending the inner bottom spine portion from the outer bottom spine portion, inserting the inner bottom spine portion further into the outer bottom spine portion, or both. The length of the bottom spine portion may be set using pin and hole adjustments. The length of the bottom spineportion may be set using a cotter pin. The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjusted in increments of about 20mm (about 0.75in).

[0161] The central spine may include a hinge. The hinge may be located between the top spine portion and the bottom spine portion. The hinge may be located between the second end of the top spine portion and the first end of the bottom spine portion. The top spine portion, the bottom spine portion, or both may be permanently affixed to the hinge. The top spine portion, the bottom spine portion, or both may be removably affixed to the hinge. The hinge may be a butt hinge, a spring-loaded hinge, a concealed hinge, a pivot hinge, an offset hinge, or the like. The hinge may be adapted to allow for the central spine to be folded. The hinge may be adapted to provide clearance for the top spine portion and the bottom spine portion such that the central spine can fold without obstruction. The hinge may be adapted to allow for the top panel assembly to rotate 0°-180° relative to the bottom panel assembly, such that the panel assembly may be adjusted from a folded storage position to an unfolded deployment position and vice versa.

[0162] The central spine may be in a folded storage position. When the central spine is in a folded position, the length of the top spine portion overlaps at least a portion of the length of the bottom spine portion, such that the second end of the top spine portion generally overlaps the first end of the bottom spine portion. In a folded storage position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be affixed to the central spine. In a folded storage position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be removed from the bottom spine portion. In a folded storage position, the bottom panel assembly may be reversibly affixed to the bottom spine portion. The reversibility of the bottom panel assembly will be discussed in greater detail.

[0163] The central spine may be in an unfolded deployment position. When in an unfolded deployment position, the hinge may be extended to about 180°. When in an unfolded deployment position, the length of the top spine portion and the length of the bottom spine portion may be generally stacked atop each other, such that the first end and the second end of the top spine portion are generally in the same plane as the first end and the second end of the bottom spine portion. In an unfolded deployment position, the top panel, the bottom panel, or both may be affixed to the central spine portion. In an unfolded deployment position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be removed from the bottom spine portion.

[0164] The top spine portion may include a top assembly connector. The bottom spine portion may include a bottom assembly connector. The top assembly connector, bottom assembly connector, or both may be adapted to affix the panel assembly, specifically the central spine portion, to the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The top assembly connector, bottom assembly connector, or both may be adapted to affix the panel assembly to one or more door hinges of thesemi-truck trailer. The top assembly connector, bottom assembly connector, or both may be adapted to affix the panel assembly to one or more comer castings of the cargo container. The top assembly connector may be the same type of connector as the bottom assembly connector. The top assembly connector may be a different type of connector than the bottom assembly connector.

[0165] The location of the top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be adjustably positioned along the length of the central spine portion. The position of the top assembly connector may be adjusted up to about 36mm (about 14in) along the length of the top spine portion, the position of the bottom assembly connector may be adjusted up to about 36mm (about 14in) along the length of the bottom spine portion, or both. The position of the top assembly connector may be adjusted along the length of the top spine portion in increments up to 30mm (1 in), the position of the bottom assembly connector may be adjusted along the length of the bottom spine portion in increments up to 30mm (1 in), or both.

[0166] The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be removably affixed to the central spine. The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be bolted to the central spine. The top assembly connector may be bolted to the top spine portion. The bottom assembly connector may be bolted to the bottom spine portion. The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, the top spine portion, the bottom spine portion, or a combination thereof may be free of any bolts.

[0167] The top assembly connector, bottom assembly connector, or both may be permanently affixed to the central spine. The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be welded to the central spine. The top assembly connector may be welded to the top spine portion. The bottom assembly connector may be welded to the bottom spine portion. The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, the top spine portion, the bottom spine portion, or a combination thereof may be free from any welds.

[0168] The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may be a hook. The hook may be generally rounded. The hook may include two approximately right angles. The hook may be concave down. The top assembly connector may hook over a door hinge on the semitrucktrailer. The top assembly connector may hook into the stacking hole of the top corner casting of the cargo container. The hook may be concave up. The bottom assembly connector may hook under a door hinge on the semi-truck trailer. The bottom assembly connector may hook into the stacking hole of the bottom corner casting of the cargo container.

[0169] The top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both may include a clamp. The clamp may be a Domino Clamp®. The clamp may include a portion adapted to engagewith one or more holes in the one or more corner castings. The portion that is adapted to engage with the one or more corner castings may have a reciprocal shape with one or more holes in the one or more corner castings. The portion that has a reciprocal shape with the one or more holes of the one or more corner castings may include a handle. The handle may include a rotatable knob. The rotatably knob may opposed the portion with the reciprocal shape. The rotatable knob may be used to rotate that portion of the clampthat has a reciprocal shape with the one or more holes of the one or more comer castings after the reciprocal portion has been inserted into the compatible hole of the corner casting, such that the reciprocal portion would no longer be able to be removed from the compatible hole. The handle may include a lever. The lever may be used to lock the handle in position. The lever may be used to lock the clamp into the one or more corner castings.

[0170] The top spine portion may include one or more top panel connectors. The one or more top panel connectors may be one or more removable connectors. The one or more top panel connectors may be adapted to removably affix the top panel assembly to the top spine portion of the panel assembly. The one or more top panel connectors may allow for the top panel assembly to be removed from the top spine portion, such that the panel assembly is more lightweight, making the installation of the panel assembly, the removal of the panel assembly, or both easier. The one or more top panel connectors may be one or more permanent connectors. The position of the one or more top panel connectors may be adjusted along the length of the top spine portion.

[0171] The bottom spine portion may include one or more bottom panel connectors. The one or more bottom panel connectors may be one or more removable bottom panel connectors. The one or more bottom panel connectors may be adapted to removably affix the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion of the panel assembly. The one or more bottom panel connectors may allow for the bottom panel assembly to be removed from the bottom spine portion, such that the panel assembly is more lightweight, making the installation of the panel assembly, the removal of the panel assembly, or both easier. The one or more bottom panel connectors may be one or more permanent connectors. The position of the one or more bottom panel connectors may be adjusted along the length of the top spine portion.

[0172] The one or more top panel connectors, the one or more bottom panel connectors, or both may contain a brace assembly that engages the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both. The brace assembly may contain two plates. The two plates may be symmetrically positioned on opposing sides of the length of the top spine portion, the bottom spine portion, or both. The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be positioned between the two plates. One or more cotter pins may secure the top panel assembly, the bottom panelassembly, or both to the brace assembly. The one or more top panel connectors, bottom panel connectors, or both may be free of a brace assembly.

[0173] The one or more top panel connectors, the one or more bottom panel connectors, or both may include one or more plates. The one or more plates may be affixed to the top panel assembly and the top spine portion, the bottom panel assembly and the bottom spine portion, or both. The one or more plates may be bolted to both the top panel assembly and the top spine portion, both the bottom panel assembly and the bottom spine portion, or both. The one or more plates may be integrally formed with the top panel assembly and bolted to the top spine portion, integrally formed with the bottom panel assembly and bolted to the bottom spine portion, or both. The one or more plates may be integrally formed with the top spine portion and bolted to the top panel assembly, integrally formed with the bottom spine portion and bolted to the bottom panel assembly, or both.

[0174] The one ormore top panel connectors, the one or more bottom panel connectors, or both may include one or more permanent connectors. The one or more permanent connectors may permanently affix the top panel assembly to the top spine portion of the panel assembly, permanently affix the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion, or both. The top panel assembly may be welded to the top spine portion, the bottom panel assembly may be welded to the bottom spine portion, or both. The top panel assembly, the top spine portion, the bottom panel assembly, the bottom spine portion, or a combination thereof may be free of welds.

[0175] The top panel assembly may be affixed to the top spine portion by the same means that is used to connect the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion. The top panel assembly may be affixed to the top spine portion by a different means than that which is used to connect the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion.

[0176] The top panel assembly may be generally rectangular in shape. The top panel assembly may be generally trapezoidal in shape. The top panel assembly may have a top side opposing a bottom side. The top side and bottom side may be connected by a first side and a second side. The first side may oppose the second side. The first side may be affixed to the top spine portion.

[0177] The bottom panel assembly may be generally rectangular in shape. The bottom panel assembly may be generally trapezoidal in shape. The bottom panel assembly may have a top side opposing a bottom side. The top side and bottom side may be connected by a first side and a second side. The first side may oppose the second side. The top side may be generally perpendicular to the first side and the second side. The bottom side may be generally perpendicular to the first side and the second side. The bottom side may be generally angled from the first and the second side. 1

[0178] The bottom panel assembly may be reversible. The first side may be affixed to the bottom spine portion. The second side may be affixed to the bottom spine portion. The bottom panel assembly may be configured such that the bottom panel assembly can be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the length of the bottom panel assembly and still be affixed to the bottom spine portion. The bottom panel assembly may be configured such that the bottom panel assembly can be rotated about an axis parallel to the length of the bottom panel assembly and still be affixed to the bottom spine portion.

[0179] The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may include one or more reinforcements. The one or more reinforcements may follow a perimeter of the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both. The one or more reinforcements may be located along one or more sides of the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both. The one or more reinforcements may include a plurality of reinforcements. The plurality of reinforcements may be perpendicular to the length of the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both. The one or more reinforcements may include a plurality of reinforcements. The plurality of reinforcements may be parallel to the length of the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both. The plurality of reinforcements may be equally spaced. The plurality of reinforcements may not be equally spaced. The one or more reinforcements may span a length between the first side and the second side of the top panel assembly, a length between the first side and the second side of the bottom panel assembly, or both.

[0180] The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may be relatively lightweight. The top panel assembly, bottom panel assembly, or both may weigh less than 10kg, preferably less than 8kg.

[0181] The height of the panel assembly may be adjusted by adjusting the position of the top panel assembly relative to the bottom panel assembly. The top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly may be adjustable relative to each other, such as to accommodate different heights of the trailer, cargo container, or the like to which the panel assembly may be affixed. The top panel assembly may be affixed to the top spine portion such that the top panel assembly at least partially overlaps the bottom panel assembly. The bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the bottom spine portion such that the bottom panel assembly at least partially overlaps the top panel assembly. The position of the top panel assembly on the top spine portion, the position of the bottom panel assembly on the bottom spine portion, or both may be adjusted, such as to increase or decrease the amount of the partial overlap of the top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly.

[0182] The top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both may include one or more wing tip bearings. The one or more wing tip bearings may be located on the second side of the top panel assembly, the second side of the bottom panel assembly, or both. The one or more wing tip bearings may be centered on the second side of the top panel assembly relative to the vertical height of the top panel assembly, centered on the second side of the bottom panel assembly relative to the vertical height of the bottom panel assembly, or both. The wing tip bearing may be adapted such that the wing tip bearing prevents or reduces damage to the panel assembly upon impact.

[0183] The one or more wing tip bearings may be a pulley bracket. The pulley bracket may include a castor wheel. The castor wheel may have a castor wheel bracket. The castor wheel may be oriented such that the castor wheel may rotate about an axis that is parallel to the central spine. The pulley bracket may include a reinforcement piece. The reinforcement piece may be a curved piece that originates from the castor wheel bracket and terminates at the side of the plane of the panel assembly facing towards the trailer or container. The reinforcement piece may be configured such that if the panel assembly is pushed toward the trailer or cargo container upon impact, the panel assembly will not make contact with the trailer or cargo container. The wing tip bearing may be free from a pulley bracket. The wing tip bearing may instead include a sliding surface.

[0184] The panel assembly may include one or more adapters. The one or more adapters may be adapted to adjust the deployment angle. The one or more adapters may be affixed to both the central spine and the top panel assembly, affixed to both the central spine and the bottom panel assembly, or both. The one or more adapters may be affixed to both the one or more top panel connectors and the top panel assembly, affixed to both the one or more bottom panel connectors and the bottom panel assembly, or both. If the bottom panel assembly is removed from the bottom spine portion, the one or more adapters may remain affixed to the bottom panel assembly or remain affixed to the one or more bottom panel connectors. The one or more adapters may be located between the central spine and the trailer or cargo container. The adapter may be permanently affixed to the panel assembly. The adapter may be removably affixed to the panel assembly. The panel assembly may be free of one or more adapters. The top panel assembly may include one or more adapters, preferably two adapters. The bottom panel assembly may include one or more adapters, preferably two adapters. The top panel assembly may include the same number of adapters as the bottom panel assembly. The top panel assembly may include a different number of adapters as the bottom panel assembly.

[0185] The one or more adapters may include a spring hinge or a tension hinge. The adapter may reduce or prevent damage if the panel assembly is flexed towards the rear of the trailer or cargo container upon impact. Upon impact, the spring hinge or the tension hinge may allow for the panel assembly to move towards the rear of the trailer or cargo container and then allow the panel assembly to return to its original deployment angle once the force causing the impact is gone.

[0186] The one or more adapters may include a wedge. The wedge may be used to set the deployment angle of the tension hinge or spring hinge. The wedge may have an angle from about 5°-20°, preferably from about 10°-15°, and most preferably about 12°. The wedge may be placed between the spring hinge or tension hinge and the central spine, between the spring hinge or tension hinge and the top panel assembly, or between the spring hinge or tension hinge and the bottom panel assembly.

[0187] The panel assembly may include one or more support attachment cables.

[0188] The panel assembly may be deployed on a semi-truck trailer. The panel assembly may be brought into proximity of the trailer. The panel assembly may already have the top panel assembly permanently affixed or removably affixed to the top spine portion at the time the panel assembly is brought into proximity of the trailer. The panel assembly may not have the bottom panel assembly affixed at the time the panel assembly is brought into proximity of the trailer. The top assembly connector may engage the trailer door hinge. The top assembly connector may be generally hook-shaped. The hook may be concave down. The hook may hook onto the trailer door hinge. The length of the bottom spine portion may be adjusted so that the bottom assembly connector aligns with another, lower trailer door hinge. The bottom assembly connector may engage the another, lower trailer door hinge. The bottom assembly connector may be generally hook shaped. The hook may be concave up. The hook may hook onto the under side of the another, lower trailer door hinge. The length of the bottom spine portion may be secured with a cotter pin such that the bottom assembly connector is secured to the trailer. The bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the central spine portion of the panel assembly, specifically the bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the one or more bottom panel connectors on the bottom spine portion. The bottom panel assembly may be secured onto the central spine portion, specifically the bottom spine portion, with a cotter pin. While the top assembly connector and the bottom assembly connector are described as being hooked shaped, one or both of the top assembly connector and the bottom assembly connector may instead be a clamp. The clamp may engage the trailer door hinge. The deployment steps to install the panel assembly may be performedsuccessively in the order discussed. The deployment steps to install the panel assembly may be performed in any order.

[0189] To remove the panel assembly from the trailer, the deployment steps to install the panel assembly may be performed in a reverse order. Once the bottom panel assembly has been removed from the panel assembly, and the panel assembly is removed from the trailer, the panel assembly may be folded. The bottom panel assembly may be reversed and reattached to the central spine for ease of transportation and storage.

[0190] The panel assembly may be deployed on a cargo container. The panel assembly may be brought into proximity of the trailer. The panel assembly may already have the top panel assembly permanently affixed or removably affixed to the top spine portion at the time when the panel assembly is brought into proximity of the trailer. The panel assembly may not have the bottom panel assembly affixed at the time the panel assembly is brought into proximity of the cargo container. The top assembly connector may engage the trailer door hinge. The top assembly connector may be generally hook-shaped. The hook may be concave down. The hook may hook into one of the holes in the corner casting. The hook may hook into a stacking hole, a shield hole, or a stadium hole. The bottom spine portion may be adjusted such that the bottom assembly connector may align with the bottom corner casting. The bottom assembly connector may engage the bottom corner casting. The bottom assembly connector may be a clamp. The clamp may have a portion that has a reciprocal shape to a hole on the side of the bottom corner casting that overlaps the rear side of the container. The portion with the reciprocal shape may be inserted into the corresponding hole of the corner casting. The clamp may have a handle opposing the portion of the clampwith the reciprocal shape to the hole of the corner casting. The handle may be rotated such that the reciprocally shaped portion is rotated approximately 90 degrees such that the reciprocally shaped portion cannot be removed from the hole of the corner casting. The handle may continue to be rotated such the clamp is tightened while the reciprocally shaped portion stays stationary. The handle may further include a lever. The lever may be used to lock the position of the handle. The bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the central spine portion of the panel assembly, specifically, the bottom panel assembly may be affixed to the one or more bottom panel connectors on the bottom spine portion. The bottom panel assembly may be secured onto the central spine portion, specifically the bottom spine portion, with a cotter pin. While the top assembly connector is described as a being hook-shaped, and the bottom assembly connector is described as being a clamp, other combinations of connectors may be realized. The top assembly connector m ay be hook-shaped or a clam p. The bottom assem bly connector m ay be hook-shaped or a clamp. The top assembly connector may be the same type of connector as the bottomassembly connector. The top assembly connector may be a different type of connector than the bottom assembly connector. The deployment steps to install the panel assembly may be performed successively in the order discussed. The deployment steps to install the panel assembly may be performed in any order.

[0191] To remove the panel assembly from the cargo container, the deployment steps to install the panel assembly may be performed in a reverse order. Once the bottom panel assembly has been removed from the panel assembly, and the panel assembly has been removed from the cargo container, the panel assembly may be folded. The bottom panel assembly may be reversed and reattached to the central spine for ease of transportation and storage.

[0192] Testing method

[0193] A trailer with and without various panel system designs was tested to determine the drag force on the trailer at highway speeds. Baseline models were used to determine the drag force experienced by the trailer without a panel system . Experimental and illustrative examples of panel systems were also tested to determine the reduction of drag force experienced by the trailer when compared to the baseline models. The tests were run at various speeds.

[0194] A computer program was used to model the various panel systems and determine the drag force. Poly-hexcore elements were used for meshing the external airflow in the area immediately around the trailer, and concentrated box meshing was used in the area further around the trailer.

[0195] The experimental results forthe tests run at about 126kmh (about 78m ph) are summarized in Table 1.Table 1

[0196] The experimental results forthe tests run at about 113km h (about 70m ph) are summarized in Table 2.Table 2

[0197] The experimental results forthe tests run at about 97kmh (about 60m ph) are summarized in Table 3.Table 3

[0198] Illustrative examples

[0199] Any of the features described herein may be combined or used in lieu of one or more other features described herein, described in Provisional Serial No. 63 / 654,141 , or any combination thereof. One or more features illustrated in Figs. 1 through 16f may be combined with any combination of features of Figs. 17 through 20i.

[0200] Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a semi-truck 100 with a trailer 102 affixed thereto.

[0201] Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a semi-truck trailer 102 with a panel system 104 affixed thereto.

[0202] Fig. 3 is a top view of a semi-truck trailer 102 with a panel system affixed thereto. The panel system 104 includes two panel assemblies 106. The panel assemblies 106 are affixed to the left-hand side and the right-hand side of the trailer 102. The panel assemblies 106 form a deployment angle 108 with the trailer 102. While the deployment angle 108 is illustrated as the angle of the panel assembly 106 relative to the rear of the trailer 102 when viewed from above, the deployment angle 108 can also be seen when the trailer 102 with the panel system is viewed from below. The deployment angle 108 is adjusted by one or more adapters 110.

[0203] Figs. 4a-4c is a rear view of a semitruck trailer 102 with a panel system. Fig. 4a illustrates a trailer 102 with two panel assemblies 106 affixed to the rear of the trailer 102. The panel assemblies 106 are affixed to the left-hand side and right-hand side of the rear of the trailer 102. The panel assemblies 106 extend from the rear of the trailer 102. Fig. 4b illustrates a single panel assembly 106 affixed to a single side of the rear of the trailer 102. The panel assembly 106 is illustrated with just the top panel assembly 112 affixed thereto. Fig. 4c illustrates a single panel 106 assembly affixed to a single side of the rear of the trailer 102. The panel assembly 106 is illustrated with the top panel assembly 112 and bottom panel assembly 114 affixed thereto.

[0204] Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a panel assembly 106. The panel assembly 106 includes a top panel assembly 112 and a bottom panel assembly 114. The top panel assembly 112 is located above the bottom panel assembly 114. The panel assembly 106 includes a central spine 116. The central spine 116 is located along a peripheral edge of the panel assembly 106. The central spine 116 includes a top spine portion 118 and a bottom spine portion 120. The top spine portion 118 is located above the bottom spine portion 120. The peripheral edge of the top panel assembly112 is affixed to the top spine portion 118, and the peripheral edge of the bottom panel assembly 114 is affixed to the bottom spine portion 120. An end of the top spine portion 118 is connected to an end of the bottom spine 120 portion via a hinge 122. The top spine portion 118 includes a top assembly connector 124. The top assembly connector 124 may be used to affix the panel assembly to the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The bottom spine portion 120 includes a bottom assembly connector 126. The bottom assembly connector 126 may be used to affix the panel assembly to the trailer, cargo container, or the like. The top panel assembly 112 and the bottom panel assembly 114 include reinforcements 128 located on the plane of the top panel assembly 112 and the bottom panel assembly 114.

[0205] Figs. 6a-6b illustrates a top panel assembly 112 affixed to the top spine portion 118.

[0206] Figs. 7a-7b illustrates a bottom panel assembly 114 separate from the bottom spine portion (not shown).

[0207] Figs. 8a-8b illustrates a panel assembly 106 with only the top panel assembly affixed 112. Fig. 8a illustrates the panel assembly 106. The panel assembly 106 includes the top panel assembly 112 affixed to the top spine portion 118 of the central spine 116. The central spine 116 further includes the bottom spine portion 120. The top spine portion 118 is joined to the bottom spine portion 120 via a hinge 122. The hinge 122 is in an unfolded deployment position. In the unfolded deployment position, the ends of the top spine portion 118 and the ends of the bottom spine portion 120 are stacked within the same plane. The top panel assembly 112 is affixed to the top spine portion 118 via a top panel connector 130. While two top panel connectors 130 are depicted, one or a plurality of top panel connectors 130 may be utilized. The top panel connectors 130 are located along a length of the top spine portion 118. While a top panel connector 130 is depicted, a direct permanent attachment between the top panel assembly 112 and the top spine portion 118 can also be realized. The bottom spine portion 120 includes a bottom panel connector 132. The bottom panel connector 132 may be used to removably affix the bottom panel assembly (not shown) to the bottom spine portion 120. While two bottom panel connectors 132 are depicted, one or a plurality of bottom panel connectors 132 may be utilized. The bottom panel connectors 132 are located along a length of the bottom spine portion 120. While a bottom panel connector 132 is depicted, a direct permanent attachment between the bottom panel assembly (not shown) and the bottom spine portion (120) can also be realized. Fig. 8b illustrates a close-up view of the top spine portion 118 affixed to the bottom spine portion 120 via the hinge 122. The bottom spine portion 120 includes the bottom panel connector 132.

[0208] Figs. 9a-9b illustrates a perspective view of the panel assembly 106 in a folded storage position. The panel assembly 106 includes the top panel assembly 112 and the bottom panelassem bly 114. The top panel assem bly 112 is affixed to the top spine portion 118, and the bottom panel assembly 114 is affixed to the bottom spine portion 120. The top spine portion 118 is affixed to the bottom spine portion 120 via a hinge 122. The hinge 122 is in a folded storage position, causing the top panel assembly 112 to overlap at least a portion of the bottom panel assembly 114.

[0209] Figs. 10a-10b illustrate a panel assembly 106 with just the top panel assembly 112 affixed thereto. The top panel assembly 112 is affixed to the top spine portion 118 of the central spine 116. The central spine 116 includes the bottom spine portion 120, which is affixed to the top spine portion 118 via a hinge 122. The hinge 122 is in a folded storage position. In the folded storage position, the length of the top spine portion 118 overlaps at least a portion of the length of the bottom spine portion 120. Fig. 10b illustrates a close-up view of the top spine portion 118 affixed to the bottom spine portion 120 via the hinge 122. The bottom spine portion 120 includes the bottom panel connector 132.

[0210] Fig. 11a-c illustrates an adapter 110. The adapter 110 includes an adapter hinge 134. The adapter includes a wedge 136. The wedge 136 placed against the adapter hinge 134 sets the deployment angle (not shown). Fig. 11a illustrates a top plan view of the adapter. Fig. 11 b illustrates a top perspective view of an adapter 110. The adapter 110 is affixed to the top panel assembly 112, wherein the panel assembly is affixed to the trailer 102. Fig. 11c illustrates a rear plan view of a trailer 102 that has a panel assembly 106 affixed thereto. The panel assembly 106 includes a top panel assembly 112 and a bottom panel assembly 114. While the top panel assembly 112 is depicted as including two adapters 110, and the bottom panel assembly 114 is depicted as including two adapters 110, other numbers of adapters 110 may be included, and the top panel assembly 112 and the bottom panel assembly 114 may have a different number of adapters 110.

[0211] Figs. 12a-12c illustrate a wedge 136. Fig. 12a is a front plan view of the wedge 136. Fig. 12b is a front perspective view of the wedge 136. Fig. 12c is a top plan view of the wedge 136.

[0212] Figs. 13a-13b illustrate a top panel assembly 112 affixed to the top spine portion 118. The top spine portion 118 includes a top assembly connector 124. The top assembly connector 124 is adjustable and can be adjustably affixed to the top spine portion 118. The top assembly connector 124 can be used to affix the panel assembly 106 to the semi-truck trailer (not shown). The top assembly connector 124 can be adjustably positioned along the length of the top spine portion 118. Fig. 13a depicts the top assembly connector 124 in a shortened position. Fig. 13b depicts the top assembly connector 124 in an extended position.

[0213] Figs. 14a-14b illustrate a bottom spine portion 120. The bottom spine portion 120 includes a removable bottom panel connector 132. The bottom panel connector 132 can be used to removably affix the bottom panel assembly (not shown) to the bottom spine portion 120. The bottom panel connector 132 can be adjustably positioned along the length of the bottom spine portion 120. While a cotter pin 138 is shown to set the position of the bottom panel connector 132, other adjustment mechanisms may be realized. The bottom spine portion 120 includes a bottom assembly connector 126. The bottom assembly connector 126 is affixed to the end of the bottom spine portion 120 opposite the hinge (not shown). The bottom assembly connector 126 can be used to affix the panel assembly to the semi-truck trailer (not shown). The bottom spine portion 120 includes an inner bottom spine portion 140 and an outer bottom spine portion 142. The bottom spine portion 120 has a first end and a second end. The first end is vertically above the second end. The length of the bottom spine portion 120 is adjustable in the vertical direction, therefore making the position of the bottom assembly connector 126 adjustable. Fig. 14a depicts the bottom assembly connector 126 in an extended position. In the extended position, the inner bottom spine portion 140 is partially extended past the second end of the outer bottom spine portion 142 such that the length of the bottom spine portion 120 is extended. Fig. 14b depicts the bottom assembly connector 126 in a shortened position. In the shortened position, the inner bottom spine 140 portion is further inserted into the outer bottom spine portion 142 such that the length of the bottom spine portion 120 is shortened.

[0214] Figs. 15a-15b illustrate a trailer with a panel assembly 106 affixed thereto. The top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly include a wing tip bearing 144. While both the top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly are depicted as including one wing tip bearing 144 each, only one of the top panel assembly or the bottom panel assembly may include the wing tip bearing 144, the top panel assembly and the bottom assembly may contain more than one wing tip bearing 144, or a combination thereof. The wing tip bearings 144 are located on the top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly edge opposite the edge affixed to the central spine portion (not shown). Fig. 15b is a close-up view of a wing tip bearing 144. The wing tip bearing 144 includes a rolling element. While a castor wheel is depicted, other rolling elements or sliding elements may be utilized. The wing tip bearing 144 allows for the peripheral edge of the panel assembly opposite the central spine (not shown) to be pushed in toward the rear of the trailer without breaking.

[0215] Figs. 16a-16f illustrate the deployment of the panel system. Fig. 16a illustrates the panel assembly being brought into position behind the rear of the trailer (not shown). The panel assembly includes the top panel assembly 112 affixed to the top spine portion 118. The top spine 1portion 118 includes a top assembly connector 124. The top assembly connector 124 is brought into proximity with the trailer door hinge 146 of the trailer (not shown). Fig. 16b illustrates the top assembly connector 124 being affixed to the trailer door hinge 146. Fig. 16c illustrates the bottom spine portion 120 being adjusted so that the bottom assembly connector 126 may align with another trailer door hinge 146. This figure illustrates the panel assembly before the lower panel assembly (not shown) is affixed to the bottom spine portion 120 by the bottom panel connector 132. This figure illustrates the bottom spine portion 120 extending past the trailer door hinge 146. The length of the bottom spine portion 120 is adjusted so that the bottom assembly connector 126 is aligned with the trailer door hinge 146. Fig. 16d shows the bottom spine portion 120 in a shortened position such that the bottom assembly connector 126 is affixed to the trailer door hinge 146. The length of the bottom spine portion 120 is secured with a cotter pin 138. Fig. 16e illustrates the bottom panel assembly 114 being affixed to the panel assembly. The bottom panel assembly 114 is removably affixed to the bottom spine portion 120 via the bottom panel connector 132. Fig. 16f is a close up view of a cotter pin 138 being used to secure the bottom panel assembly 114 to the bottom panel connector 132.

[0216] Fig. 17 is a perspective view of a shipping cargo container 200. The shipping cargo container includes a top side, bottom side, left-hand side, right-hand side, front side, and rear side.

[0217] Figs. 18a-18c illustrates a cargo container 200 with a panel system 204 affixed to the lefthand side and right-hand side of the rear of the cargo container 200. The panel system 204 deployed on the cargo container 200 is substantially similar to the panel system deployed on the semi-truck trailer (not shown). Substantially similar elements of the panel system deployed on the cargo have the same reference characters as those of the panel system deployed on the trailer, except that they begin with the number2 instead of the number 1 , for exam pie, the panel system deployed on the trailer is designated with 104 while the panel system deployed on the cargo container is designated with 204. Fig. 18a is a perspective view of a cargo container 200 with a panel system 204 affixed thereto. Fig. 18b illustrates a top view of the cargo container 200 with a panel system 204 affixed thereto. The panel system 204 includes two panel assemblies 206. The panel assemblies 206 are affixed to the left-hand side and the right-hand side of the cargo container 200. The panel assemblies 200 form a deployment angle 208 with the cargo container 200. While the deployment angle 208 is illustrated as the angle of the panel assembly 206 relative to the rear of the cargo container 200 when viewed from above, the deployment angle 208 can also be seen when the cargo container 200 with the panel system 204 is viewed from below. Fig. 18c illustrates a side plan view of a cargo container 200 with a panel assembly 206 affixed thereto.

[0218] Figs. 19a-19c illustrates a cargo container 200 with corner castings. The cargo container 200 includes eight corner castings located on the eight comers of the cargo container 200. The corner castings include four top corner castings 252 located on the four corners of the top side of the cargo container 200. The corner castings include four bottom 254 corner castings located on the four corners of the bottom side of the cargo container 200. The castings include faces that overlap the three sides of the cargo container 200 that are joined at a given corner. Fig. 19b illustrates a close-up view of the top corner 252 casting. The top corner casting 252 includes a stacking hole 256 located on the top face of the top corner casting 252; a shield hole 258, located on the face of the top corner casting 252 overlapping the front and rear sides of the cargo container 200; and a stadium hole 260, located on the face of the top corner casting 252 overlapping the left-hand side and right-hand side of the cargo container 200. While the holes in the top corner casting 252 are in the aforementioned arrangement, other arrangements of the holes in the top corner casting 252 are possible. Fig. 19c illustrates a close-up view of the bottom corner casting 254. The bottom corner casting 254 includes a stacking hole (not shown), located on the face of the bottom corner casting 254 overlapping the bottom side of the cargo container 200; a stadium hole 260, located on the face of the bottom corner casting 254 overlapping the front and rear sides of the cargo container 200; and a stadium hole 260, located on the face of the bottom corner casting overlapping the left-hand side and right-hand side of the cargo container 200. While the holes in the bottom corner casting 254 are in the aforementioned arrangement, other arrangements of the holes in the bottom corner casting 254 are possible. While the bottom corner casting 254 includes a stacking hole (not shown) and two stadium holes 260, the bottom corner casting 254 may include a shield hole (not shown) in place of one or both of the stadium holes 260.

[0219] Figs. 20a-20i illustrate the deployment of the panel system on a cargo container 200. Fig. 20a illustrates the panel assembly being brought into position behind the rear of the cargo container 200. The panel assembly 206 includes the top panel assembly 212 affixed to the top spine portion 218. The top spine portion 218 includes a top assembly connector 224. The top assembly connector 224 is brought into proximity with the top corner casting 252 of the cargo container 200. Fig. 20b illustrates the top assembly connector 224 being affixed to the top corner casting 252, specifically to the stacking hole. Fig. 20c illustrates the bottom spine portion 220 being adjusted such that the bottom assembly connector226 aligns with the bottom corner casting 254. Fig. 20d illustrates the bottom spine portion 220 in an extended position such that the bottom assembly connector (not shown) is engaged with the bottom corner casting 254, specifically the stadium hole 260. Fig. 20e illustrates the bottom assembly connector 226, in the form of a clamp,being tightened into position in the bottom corner casting 254 by rotating the handle 262. Fig 20f illustrates the bottom assembly connector 226 being locked into place via the lever 264 on the handle 262. Fig. 20g illustrates the central spine 216, including the top spine portion 218 and the bottom spine portion 220, being affixed to the cargo container 200. The top spine portion 218 and the bottom spine portion 220 are joined via a hinge 222. The top panel assembly 212 is affixed to the top spine portion 218. The bottom spine portion 220 includes a bottom panel connector 232. The bottom panel connector 232 can be used to affix the bottom panel assembly (not shown) to the bottom spine portion 220. Fig. 20h illustrates the bottom panel assembly 214 affixed to the bottom spine portion 220 via the bottom panel connector 232. The bottom panel assembly 214 may be affixed to the bottom panel connector 232 via a cotter pin (not shown). While two bottom panel connectors 232 are depicted, one or more than two bottom panel connectors 232 can be realized. The bottom panel assembly 214 overlaps the top panel assembly 212. The amount of overlap of the top panel assembly 212 and the bottom panel assembly 214 is adjustable in order to adapt to the height of the container to which the panel system is affixed. The top panel assembly 212 includes a wing tip bearing 240. While the top panel assembly 212 is depicted with one wing tip bearing 240, no wing tip bearings 240 or a plurality of wing tip bearings 240 may be utilized. The bottom panel assembly 214 includes a wing tip bearing 240. While the bottom panel 214 assembly is depicted with one wing tip bearing 240, no wing tip bearings 240 ora plurality of wing tip bearings 240 may be utilized. Fig. 20i illustrates the overlap between the top panel assembly 212 and the bottom panel assembly 214 being adjusted in order to adapt to the height of the container to which the panel system is affixed. The panel assembly depicted is fully installed and ready for use.

[0220] Figs. 21-23 are perspective views of a semi-truck (300, 400, 500) with a trailer (310, 410, 510) affixed thereto. The semi-truck (300, 400, 500) with the trailer (310, 410, 510) is used as a comparative exam pie during experimental testing. The semi-tuck (300, 400, 500) and trailer (310, 410, 510) without a panel system is used as a baseline to determine the amount of drag the semitruck (300, 400, 500) and trailer (310, 410, 510) experience at highway speeds. The amount of drag in the baseline cases can be used to compare to the amount of drag experienced by the semi-truck (300, 400, 500) and trailer (310, 410, 510) with panel systems of various designs in order to determine the change in drag. Fig. 21 was used as Baseline A, Fig. 22 was used as Baseline B, and Fig. 23 was used as Baseline C during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0221] Figs. 24-49 are experimental examples of panel system designs for which the amount of drag experienced by the semi-truck and trailer with the panel system is experienced at highway speeds.

[0222] Fig. 24 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally semi-circle shaped design when viewed from the side of the trailer. A semi-circles extends from both the left-hand side and right-hand side of the trailer and are connected with a curved rectangular panel such that the end of the trailer is free from openings. Fig. 24 was used as scenario model number 1 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0223] Fig. 25 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has two generally stadium-shaped elements extending from both the left-hand side and right-hand side of the trailer. The top portion of the end of the trailer has a generally circular shape, and the bottom portion of the end of the trailer has a generally square shape with a rounded comer when viewed from the side of the trailer. The two generally stadium-shaped elements are connected with a curved rectangular panel such that the end of the trailer is free from openings. Fig. 25 was used as scenario model number 2 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0224] Fig. 26 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has an air bag profile. The airbag profile has four generally triangular elements. Each of the left-hand side, right-hand side, top rear side, and bottom rear side have one of the generally triangular elements extending thereof. The bases of the generally triangular elements are affixed to the end of the trailer. The apex of the generally triangular elements are joined together along with the sides of the generally triangular shaped elements such that the end shape of the trailer is free from openings. Fig. 26 was used as scenario model number 3 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0225] Fig. 27 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally boat-shaped end. The boat-shaped end includes a semi-circle extending from the left-hand side rear of the trailer and the right-hand side rear of the trailer. The end of the semi-circle opposing the rear of the trailer has a flat edge perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the trailer. The flat edges of the two semi-circles opposing the rear of the trailer are connected to each other. The shape of the rear of the trailer is closed off by a generally triangular shape above and below the semi-circles such that the end shape of the trailer is free from openings. Fig. 27 was used as scenario model number 30 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0226] Figs. 28-29 illustrates experimental examples of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally triangular shape extending from the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer and a generally trapezoidal shape extending from the top rear side of the trailer and narrowing toward the bottom of the trailer. The long edges of the trapezoid are joined to the hypotenuse of the two generally triangular shapes. Fig. 28 was used as scenario model number 5 and Fig. 29 was used as scenario model number 6 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0227] Fig. 30 illustrates experimental examples of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally trapezoidal-shaped element extending from both the left-hand rear side and the right-hand rear side of the trailer, and a generally trapezoidal shape extending from the top rear side of the trailer and narrowing toward the bottom of the trailer. The long edges of the trapezoid are joined to the hypotenuse of the two generally triangular shapes. At the portion of the trapezoidal prism towards the bottom of the shape, the trapezoidal shapes join to a generally square shape. Fig. 30 was used as scenario model number 7 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0228] Fig. 31 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally triangular shape extending from the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer and a generally trapezoidal shape extending from the top rear side of the trailer and narrowing toward the bottom of the trailer. The long edges of the trapezoid are joined to the hypotenuse of the two generally triangular shapes. Fig. 31 was used as scenario model number s during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0229] Fig. 32 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has four generally triangular shapes extending from the lefthand rear side, right-hand rear side, top rear side, and bottom rear side of the trailer, respectively. The apexes of the triangles have a generally straight edge, as opposed to a point as normally seen in a triangular shape. The generally straight edges of the four generally triangular shapes join with a generally square shape such that the end shape of the trailer is free from openings. Fig. 32 was used as scenario model number 9 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0230] Fig. 33 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has two generally triangular shape extending from the lefthand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer, respectively, and two generally trapezoidal shapes extending from the top rear side and bottom rear side of the trailer, respectively. The two generally trapezoidal shapes narrow as they extend away from the trailer. The long edges of thetrapezoids are joined to the hypotenuse of the two generally triangular shapes, and the two generally trapezoidal shapes terminate at the apex of the two generally triangular shapes such that the end shape of the trailer is freefrom openings. Fig. 33 was used as scenario model number10 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0231] Fig. 34 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has two generally triangular shapes extending from the top rear side and bottom rear side of the trailer, respectively, and two generally trapezoidal shape extending from the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer, respectively. The two generally trapezoidal shapes narrow as they extend away from the trailer. The long edges of the trapezoids are joined to the hypotenuse of the two generally triangular shapes, and the two generally trapezoidal shapes terminate at the apex of the two generally triangular shapes such that the end shape of the trailer is freefrom openings. Fig. 34 was used as scenario model number11 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0232] Figs. 35-36 illustrates experimental examples of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has four generally triangular shapes extending from the lefthand rear side, right-hand rear side, top rear side, and bottom rear side of the trailer. The apex of the triangles have a generally straight edge as opposed to a point. The generally straight edges of the four generally triangular shapes join with a generally square shape such that the end shape of the trailer is free from openings. Fig. 35 was used as scenario model number 12 and Fig. 36 was used as scenario model number 13 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0233] Figs. 37-38 illustrates experimental examples of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a base of generally trapezoidal shape extending from each of the left-hand rear side, right-hand rear side, top rear side, and bottom rear side of the trailer. The sides of the generally trapezoidal shape are used to form a trapezoidal prism. The apex of the trapezoidal prism is left open such that the rear shape of the trailer is not fully enclosed. Fig. 37 was used as scenario model number 14 and Fig. 38 was used as scenario model number 15 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0234] Fig. 39 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has two generally triangular shapes extending from the top rear side and bottom rear side of the trailer, respectively, and two generally trapezoidal shape extending from the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer, respectively. The two generally trapezoidal shapes narrow as they extend away from the trailer. The long edges of the trapezoids are joined to the hypotenuse of the two generally triangular shapes, and the two generally trapezoidal shapes terminate at the apex of the two generally triangular shapes suchthat the end shape of the trailer is freefrom openings. Fig. 39 was used as scenario model number 16 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0235] Figs. 40-44 illustrates experimental examples of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a base of generally trapezoidal shape extending from each of the left-hand rear side, right-hand rear side, top rear side, and bottom rear side of the trailer. The sides of the generally trapezoidal shape are used to form a trapezoidal prism. The apex of the trapezoidal prism is left open such that the rear shape of the trailer is not fully enclosed. Fig. 41 is akin to panel systems known in the art. Fig. 41 was used as scenario model number 18, Fig. 42 was used as scenario model number 19, Fig. 43 was used as scenario model number 20, and Fig. 44 was used as scenario model number 21 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0236] Fig. 45 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the sem i-truck cab has a generally trapezoidal shape extending from each of the lefthand rear side, right-hand rear side, and top rear side of the trailer. The edges of the three generally trapezoidal shapes form a three-sided structure. Fig. 45 was used as scenario model number 22 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0237] Fig. 46 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally trapezoidal shape extending from both the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer. Fig. 46 was used as scenario model number 23 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0238] Fig. 47 illustrates an experimental example of a sem i-truck trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the sem i-truck cab has a generally trapezoidal shape extending from each of the lefthand rear side, right-hand rear side, and top rear side of the trailer. The edges of the three generally trapezoidal shapes form a three-sided structure. Fig. 47 was used as scenario model number 24 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0239] Figs. 48-50 illustrates experimental examples of a semi-truck and trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally trapezoidal shape extending from both the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer. Fig. 48 was used as scenario model number 25, Fig. 49 was used as scenario model number 26, and Fig. 50 was used as scenario model number 27 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0240] Fig. 51 illustrates an experimental example of a sem i-truck trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the sem i-truck cab has a base of generally trapezoidal shape extending from each of the left-hand rear side, right-hand rear side, top rear side, and bottom rear side of the trailer. The sides of the generally trapezoidal shape are used to form a trapezoidal prism . The apex of thetrapezoidal prism is left open such that the rear shape of the trailer is not fully enclosed. Fig. 51 is akin to panel systems known in the art. Fig. 50 was used as scenario model number 28 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0241] Fig. 52 illustrates an experimental example of a semi-truck trailer. The end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab has a generally trapezoidal shape extending from both the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer. Fig. 50 was used as scenario model number 29 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0242] Figs. 53-54 are illustrative examples of potential panel system designs for deployment on a semi-truck trailer or cargo container. The panel system includes two panel assemblies 606. The panel assemblies 606 extend from the end of the trailer opposing the semi-truck cab and have a generally trapezoidal shape extending from both the left-hand rear side and right-hand rear side of the trailer. The panel assemblies 606 include a short end opposing a long end. The short end and long end are joined by a first side end and a second side end. The long ends of both of the panel assemblies 606 are affixed to the rear of the trailer or cargo container. The first side end connects one end of the short end and the long end. The first side is generally perpendicular to both the short end and the long end. The second side end is angled in order to connect the other end of the short end and the other end of the long end. While it is depicted that the first side end formsa ninety-degree angle with the short end and the long end, other angles may be utilized as well. While it is depicted that the second side end forms a non-right angle with the short end and long end, other angles may be utilized, including a ninety-degree angle. Fig. 53 was used as scenario model number Protovl , and Fig. 54 was used as scenario model number Protov2 during experimental testing of panel system designs.

[0243] Unless otherwise stated, any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of a component, a property, or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that intermediate range values such as (for exam pie, 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51 , 30 to 32 etc.) are within the teachings of this specification. Likewise, individual intermediate values are also within the present teachings. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001 , 0.001 , 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner.

[0244] Unless otherwise stated, all ranges include both endpoints and all numbers between the endpoints. The use of “about” or “approximately” in connection with a range applies to both ends of the range. Thus, “about 20 to 30” is intended to cover “about 20 to about 30”, inclusive of at least the specified endpoints.

[0245] The terms “generally” or “substantially” to describe angular measurements may mean about + / - 10° or less, about + / - 5° or less, or even about + / - 1° or less. The terms “generally” or “substantially” to describe angular measurements may mean about + / - 0.01° or greater, about + / - 0.1° or greater, or even about + / - 0.5° or greater. The terms “generally” or “substantially” to describe linear measurements, percentages, or ratios may mean about + / - 10% or less, about + / - 5% or less, or even about + / - 1 % or less. The terms “generally” or “substantially” to describe linear measurements, percentages, or ratios may mean about + / - 0.01 % or greater, about + / - 0.1 % or greater, or even about + / - 0.5% or greater.

[0246] The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference for all purposes. The term “consisting essentially of’ to describe a combination shall include the elements, ingredients, components or steps identified, and such other elements ingredients, components or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the combination. The use of the terms “comprising” or “including” to describe combinations of elements, ingredients, components or steps herein also contemplates embodiments that consist essentially of, oreven consist of the elements, ingredients, components or steps. Plural elements, ingredients, com ponents or steps can be provided by a single integrated element, ingredient, component or step. Alternatively, a single integrated element, ingredient, com ponent or step might be divided into separate plural elements, ingredients, components or steps. The disclosure of “a” or “one” to describe an element, ingredient, component or step is not intended to foreclose additional elements, ingredients, components or steps.

[0247] It is understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments as well as many applications besides the examples provided will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the above description. The scope of the teachings should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by ref erence f or all purposes. The omission in the following claims of any aspect of subject matter that is disclosed herein is not a disclaimer of such subject matter, nor should it be regarded that the inventors did not consider such subject matter to be part of the disclosed inventive subject matter.

Claims

ClaimsWhat is claimed is:Claim 1. A removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container com prising: a) one or more panel assemblies, the panel assembly comprising: i. a top panel assembly; ii. a bottom panel assembly; and iii. a central spine including a top spine portion and a bottom spine portion; wherein the top spine portion is joined to the bottom spine portion by a hinge; wherein the top panel assembly is affixed to the top spine portion, and the bottom panel assembly is affixed to the bottom spine portion; wherein the central spine can be folded at the hinge into a folded storage position; and wherein the central spine can be unfolded at the hinge into an unfolded deployment position.Claim 2. A removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to Claim 1 , wherein the top spine portion includes a top assembly connector, the bottom spine portion includes a bottom assembly connector, or both; and wherein the top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both removably affix the panel assembly to the trailer or cargo container.Claim 3. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both includes a hook.Claim 4. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top assembly connector, the bottom assembly connector, or both includes a clamp.Claim 5. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top assembly connector is the same type of connector as the bottom assembly connector.Claim 6. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of claims 1 through 4, wherein the top assembly connector is a different type of connector than the bottom assembly connector.Claim 7. A removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the proceeding claims, wherein the panel assembly has a deployment angle; and wherein the deployment angle is realized when viewing the panel assembly from a top side, a bottom side, or both.Claim 8. A removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the proceeding claims, wherein the deployment angle is adjustable.Claim 9. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the panel assembly includes at least one adapter; and wherein the at least one adapter adjusts the deployment angle.Claim 10. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the adapter can adjust the deployment angle up to 90 degrees.Claim 11. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the adapter includes a spring hinge or a tension hinge.Claim 12. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the adapter includes a wedge; and wherein the wedge sets the deployment angle.Claim 13. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the deployment angle can be adjusted by replacing the wedge with a wedge of a different size.Claim 14. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the wedge has an angle from 5 to 20 degrees.Claim 15. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top spine portion includes one or more top panel connectors; and wherein the one or more top panel connectors permanently affix the top panel assembly to the top spine portion.Claim 16. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the bottom spine portion includes one or more bottom panel connectors; and wherein the one or more bottom panel connectors removably affix the bottom panel assembly to the bottom spine portion.Claim 17. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more bottom panel connectors include a brace assembly; and wherein the brace assembly includes two plates symmetrically positioned on opposing sides of the length of the bottom spine portion; wherein the bottom panel assembly is positioned between the two plates; and wherein one or more cotter pins secure the bottom panel assembly to the brace assembly.Claim 18. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the position of the one or more top panel connectors can be adjusted up to about 20mm, 30mm, or 45mm along the length of the top spine portion, the position of the one or more bottom panel connectors can be adjusted along the length of the bottom spine portion up to about 20mm, 30mm, or 45mm, or both.Claim 19. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the position of the one or more top panel connectors can be adjusted up to about 36 mm along the length of the top spine portion, the position of the one or more bottom panel connectors can be adjusted along the length of the bottom spine portion up to about 36mm, or both.Claim 20. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top assembly connector is adjustable along the length of the top spine portion in increments of about 30mm, the bottom assembly connector is adjustable along the length of the bottom spine portion in increments of about 30mm, or both.Claim 21. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the bottom spine portion includes an inner bottom spine portion and an outer spine portion; and wherein the inner bottom spine portion is at least partially inserted into the outer bottom spine portion such that the outer bottom spine portion at least partially encloses the inner bottom spine portion.Claim 22. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the length of the bottom spine portion is adjustable.Claim 23. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the length of the bottom spine portion can be adjusted by extending the inner bottom spine portion from the outer bottom spine portion, inserting the inner bottom spine portion further into the outer bottom spine portion, or both.Claim 24. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the length of the bottom spine portion can be adjusted in increments of 20mm.Claim 25. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the length of the bottom spine portion can be set with a cotter pin.Claim 26. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in the folded storage position, the length of the top spine portion overlaps at least a portion of the length of the bottom spine portion.Claim 27. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in the folded storage position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both are affixed to the central spine.Claim 28. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of claims 1-14 or 16-26, wherein in the folded storage position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both are removed from the central spine.Claim 29. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in the folded storage position, the bottom panel assembly is reversibly affixed to the bottom spine portion.Claim 30. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in the unfolded deployment position, the hinge is extended to 180° such that the length of the top spine portion and the length of the bottom spine portion are generally stacked atop each other.Claim 31. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in the unfolded deployment position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both are affixed to the central spine.Claim 32. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of claims 1-14 or 16-30, wherein in the unfolded deployment position, the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both are removed from the central spine.Claim 33. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the height of the panel assembly are adjusted by adjusting the position of the top panel assembly relative to the bottom panel assembly; and wherein the top panel assembly is affixed to the top spine portion such that the top panel assembly at least partially overlaps the bottom panel assembly, or the bottom panel assembly is affixed to the bottom spine portion such that the bottom panel assembly at least partially overlaps the top panel assembly; and wherein the position of the top panel assembly on the top spine portion, the position of the bottom panel assembly on the bottom spine portion, or both are adjusted such as to increase or decrease the amount of the partial overlap of the top panel assembly and the bottom panel assembly.Claim 33. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top panel assembly, the bottom panel assembly, or both include one or more wing tip bearings.Claim 34. The removable aerodynamic panel system for a trailer or cargo container according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the panel system reduces drag by 9-12% at highway speeds; and wherein highway speeds include 96-130km h.Claim 35. A semi-truck trailer with a removable aerodynamic panel system comprising: a) a trailer, wherein the trailer comprises: i. a front side opposing a rear side; ii. a top side opposing a bottom side; and iii. a left-hand side opposing a right hand side; b) a panel system, wherein the panel system comprises: i. two panel assemblies, including a first panel assembly and a second panel assembly; and wherein the first panel assembly is removably affixedto the left-hand side of the trailer, and the second panel assembly is removably affixed to the right-hand side of the trailer; and wherein the panel assembly is the panel assembly according to any of claims 1-34.Claim 36. A cargo container with a removable aerodynamic panel system comprising: a) a cargo container, wherein the cargo container comprises: i. a front side opposing a rear side; ii. a top side opposing a bottom side; and iii. a left-hand side opposing a right-hand side; b) a panel system, wherein the panel system comprises: i. two panel assemblies, including a first panel assembly and a second panel assembly; and wherein the first panel assembly is removably affixed to the left-hand side of the cargo container, and the second panel assembly is removably affixed to the right-hand side of the cargo container; and wherein the panel assembly is the panel assembly according to any of claims 1-34.Claim 37. The cargo container with a removable aerodynamic panel system according to Claim 36, wherein the cargo container includes one or more corner castings; and wherein the corner castings include one or more top corner castings, bottom corner castings, or both.Claim 38. The cargo container with a removable aerodynamic panel system according to claim 37, wherein the two panel assemblies are removably affixed to the one or more comer castings.

Images