Extraction system for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from biomass, methods of using the same

Abstract

Presented herein are systems for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from a fungal or plant biomass, methods for extracting volatile or non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass, and extracted products obtained from systems and methods described herein. Also presented herein are adapters comprising a first port, a second port, a third port, and a fourth port.

Description

EXTRACTION SYSTEM FOR EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE PRODUCTS FROM BIOMASS, METHODS OF USING THE SAMEFIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention is directed to systems for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from a fungal or plant biomass, methods for extracting volatile or non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass, and extracted products obtained from systems and methods described herein.BACKGROUND

[0002] Microwaves are an increasingly prevalent heat source used for the extraction of compounds such as oils and volatile natural products from plant and fungal biomass. The rapid heating that microwaves produce allows for the rapid extraction of even thermally unstable substances and can reduce the use of solvents or even allow for completely solvent-free extraction. Microwaves heat samples in a fundamentally different way compared to conventional conductive heating. The microwaves pass through the solid sample, heating the entire sample simultaneously and uniformly, unlike conductive heating in which heat propagates from the heated exterior. This rapid heating provides the advantage of liquid solvents within closed vessels to be heated beyond their normal boiling point, thus further increasing extraction yields. In addition, the microwaves can provide energy for cell rupture and diffusion to result in greater extraction yields.

[0003] A widely used technique for the extraction of non-volatile and water soluble products from plant and fungal biomass is known as Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG). This technique is a solvent-free process in which microwaves heat the in situ water within the plant or fungal biomass, which distends the plant or fungal cells and leads to the rupture of glands and oleiferous receptacles. This heating process frees essential oils and water soluble products, which then diffuse out of the biomass material and are collected via gravity.

[0004] A second solvent-free process for the extraction of volatile components of plant and fungal biomass is known as Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME). In SFME, a closed bottom vessel with an opening in the top is filled with biological material, which may or may not contain moisture, and is placed in a chamber where microwave energy is applied. The water orliquid present in the biological material is rapidly boiled, lysing cells and releasing volatiles that then travel out of the top of the vessel to a condenser where they are collected under atmospheric conditions. SFME is a microwave assisted dry distillation technique typically employed for the extraction of essential oils.

[0005] For the extraction of volatile and non-volatile products, Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) may be utilized. MAE involves placing a sample of plant or fungal biomass in a solvent and heating the solvent using microwaves in a closed or open vessel. This facilitates the transfer of solutes from the plant or fungal biomass matrix into the solvent. The extraction products are then separated from the solvent by evaporation of the solvent, followed by collection of the extract.

[0006] However, there remains a need in the art for systems and methods which utilize microwave heating and allow for the collection of both volatile and non-volatile extraction products simultaneously or separately within the same extraction at various times during the extraction. Furthermore, MHG and SFME are typically performed in normal atmosphere air. Certain desired products which are present in fungal biomass, such as 4OH-tryptamine, norpsilocin, psilocin, and 4OH-trimethyltryptamine, are prone to oxidation in normal atmosphere air, particularly in elevated temperatures in aqueous solutions. Therefore, there also remains a need for systems and methods which allow for extraction of products in plant or fungal biomass under inert conditions.

[0007] These needs and others are met by the present invention.SUMMARY

[0008] Disclosed herein are systems for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass and methods of extracting volatile or non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass. Also disclosed herein are extracted products obtained from methods and systems disclosed herein. Also disclosed herein are adapters for use in the systems and methods disclosed herein comprising a first port, a second port, a third port, and a fourth port in fluid communication with a central portion.

[0009] In one aspect, disclosed are systems for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass comprising: a. an extraction vessel configured to contain a fungal or plant biomass and to allow non-volatile extracted products and volatile extracted products to exit the extraction vessel upon heating the biomass; b. a heating chamber configured to contain at least a portion of the extraction vessel containing the biomass within the chamber; c. a first condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a first receiving vessel, the first condenser being configured to receive volatile extracted products from the extraction vessel and to cool the volatile extracted products , wherein the first condenser is in fluid communication with the first receiving vessel such that the cooled volatile extracted products exit the condenser and are collected in the first receiving vessel; d. a second condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a second receiving vessel, the second condenser being configured to receive non-volatile extracted products and volatile extracted products from the extraction vessel and cool the non-volatile and volatile extracted products, wherein the second receiving vessel is in fluid communication with the second condenser such that the cooled non-volatile and volatile extracted products exit the second condenser and are collected in the second receiving vessel; and e. at least one gas inlet valve configured to purge at least the vessel with an inert gas.

[0010] In one aspect, disclosed are methods of extracting volatile or non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass comprising: a. introducing the plant or fungal biomass into a extraction vessel; b. purging the extraction vessel with an inert gas; c. subjecting the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel in the presence of the inert gas to microwave irradiation, wherein the microwave irradiation lyses the cells (by rapidly boiling the water therein and increasing the intracellular pressure to the point of bursting the cells) in the plant or fungal biomass to release volatile and non-volatile extracted products from the biomass, and wherein at least a portion of the volatile extracted products is conveyed to a volatile collection system configured to condense the volatile extracted product to form a condensate and collect the condensate, the non-volatile extracted products and any remaining portion of the volatile extracted product is conveyed to a non-volatile collection system configured to cool the extracted product by at least 20 °C to obtain a cooled extracted product and to collect the cooled extracted product, or both.

[0011] In one aspect, disclosed herein are extracted products obtained from methods and systems disclosed herein.

[0012] In one aspect, disclosed herein are adapters comprising a central portion extending along a first axis, wherein the adapter comprises: a first port extending along the first axis and in fluid communication with the central portion; a second port extending along a second axis and in fluid communication with the central portion, wherein the second axis is oblique to the first axis; a third port in fluid communication with the central portion; and a fourth port in fluid communication with the central portion, wherein the third and fourth ports extend along respective axes that intersect at a second oblique angle.

[0013] Other embodiments are disclosed infra.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 is a schematic showing an embodiment of a system for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a flow chart diagram outlining the steps to an embodiment of a method of extracting volatile and / or non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic showing an embodiment of an apparatus as described herein that can be used in the system shown in FIG. 1.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONI. Definitions

[0017] Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate aspects of the invention described by the plural of that term. As used in this specification and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, e.g., "a compound" includes a plurality of compounds. Thus, for example, a reference to "a method" includes one or more methods, and / or steps of the type described herein and / or which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure.

[0018] As used herein, the phrase “plant or fungal biomass” refers to any part of a plant or fungi at any stage of growth. Plant biomass may include, but is not limited to, leaves, stems, bracts,seeds, fruits, flowers, and roots. Fungal biomass may include, but is not limited to, basidiocarps, mycelial mats, mycelia, thalli, hyphae spores, aerial mycelia, submerged mycelia, and mycelial pellets. The plant or fungal biomass may be fresh, fresh- frozen, dried, or partially dried.

[0019] As used herein, the term “solvent-free” refers to conditions in a system or method as described herein wherein no solvent is added to the plant or fungal biomass during the extraction process. In other words, the only solvent in a solvent-free method or system would be that naturally present in the plant or fungal biomass.

[0020] As used herein, the term “inert conditions” refers to conditions wherein the headspace of a system described herein contains less than 3%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.25%, or less than 0.1% oxidizing atmospheric gases, which is primarily oxygen, to minimize oxidation of desired components in the extract. To acquire inert conditions, the system is purged to predominantly contain one or more inert or non-reactive gases, such as N2, He, Rd, Ne, Ar, Xe, or a combination thereof. The methods and systems disclosed herein can be carried out under an inert conditions under a pressure at, above, or below standard atmospheric pressure.IL Systems for Extraction of Products from Plant or Fungal Biomass

[0021] Disclosed herein are systems for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from a fungal or plant biomass.

[0022] The systems disclosed herein provide the advantage of collection of either or both volatile and non-volatile extraction products from plant and fungal biomass simultaneously or separately within the same extraction at various times during the extraction. This is achieved through both a volatile collection system and non-volatile collection system configured to be in fluid communication with an extraction vessel when placed in a heating chamber. The volatile collection system comprises a first condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a first receiving vessel to receive volatile extracted products via an evaporation-condensation process. The non-volatile collection system comprises a second condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a second receiving vessel to receive non-volatile extracted products and non-volatile extracted products via hydrodiffusion and gravity. The volatile collection system can be positioned above the vessel to allow for the evaporation of volatile extracted products as well as the cooling and condensation of the volatile extracted products. In contrast, the non-volatilecollection system can be positioned below the vessel to allow for gravity to convey the extracted non-volatile and volatile products into the second receiving vessel.

[0023] Additionally, the systems disclosed herein offer the advantage of performing the extractions under inert conditions via at least one gas inlet configured to purge at least the extraction vessel with an inert gas. Performing extractions under inert conditions can prevent the oxidation of certain desired extraction products present in plant or fungal biomass. This can yield a higher concentration of said desired extraction products in the final extract, higher consistency in the extraction profile of the products throughout multiple extraction runs, and higher stability of the extracted products compared to extracted products obtained under normal atmosphere air.

[0024] In one embodiment and with reference to FIG. 1, the system 100 can comprise an extraction vessel 105 configured to contain a plant or fungal biomass 107 and a heating chamber 110 comprising housing comprising a door and defining an interior space and a microwave source 113 configured for irradiating contents in the interior space. The heating chamber 110 can also an exhaust fan and optionally comprise, a heat source, such as an electric oven heating element embedded in the chamber walls configured for heating the interior space. The heating chamber 110 is configured to contain at least a portion of the extraction vessel 105 containing the biomass within the interior space.

[0025] The system further comprises a volatile collection system. The volatile collection system comprises a first condenser 115 located outside of the heating chamber, which can be in fluid communication 117 with the extraction vessel and in fluid communication 121 with a first receiving vessel 123 for collection of volatile extracted products condensed in the first condenser 115. Optionally, the system 100 can further comprise an isolation valve 122 configured to allow for isolation of the first condenser 115 and the first receiving vessel 123 from a four way connector 120 configured for a gas inlet 125 and a solvent inlet 133.

[0026] Between and in fluid communication with the volatile collection system and the extraction vessel can be one or more bump traps to prevent non-volatile extraction products from entering the volatile collection system.

[0027] The system 100 also comprises a non-volatile collection system configured to be in fluid communication 138 with the extraction vessel. The non-volatile collection system comprisesa second condenser 136 in fluid communication with a second receiving vessel 145 for collection of the cooled non-volatile extracted products after passing through the second condenser. The second condenser 135 is configured to cool the non-volatile extraction products.

[0028] So as to allow for rapid heating within the heating chamber 110, the system can be configured so that the extraction vessel can isolated, i.e., no longer in fluid communication, from the volatile collection system and / or the non-volatile collection system. For example, as shown, the system 100 can comprise a first isolation valve 124 configured to allow for isolation of the extraction vessel 105 from the volatile collection system, in particular, isolation from the first condenser 115. Similarly, the system 100 can comprise an isolation valve 140 configured to allow for isolation of the extraction vessel 105 from non-volatile collection system, in particular, isolation from the second condenser 136. The valves 122, 124, and 140 can be located within or outside of the heating chamber 110. Rapid heating can be particularly advantageous, for example, for the extraction of psilocybin and psilocin in fungal biomass. During the extraction of psilocybin and psilocin, there is a need for quick denaturation of the enzymes psilocybin phosphatase (PsiP) and psilocin laccase (PsiL). These enzymes change the overall composition of tryptamine derivatives (e.g., PsiP converts psilocybin to psilocin, PsiL oxidizes psilocin to various oxidation products) and can cause significant instability in the resulting extract.

[0029] To purge the extraction vessel 105, and optionally, the headspace in, the remainder of the system with an inert gas, the system 100 is further configured to have one or more gas inlets 125 coupled to a source of an inert gas on the volatile or non-volatile side of the heating chamber and a vacuum line on the other side, non-volatile or volatile, to draw an inert gas from the gas inlet on one side through the extraction vessel and to the other side. Whether the gas inlet(s) is on the volatile or non-volatile side of the heating chamber, the gas inlet can be located anywhere between the extraction vessel to the respective receiving vessel. For example, the system can comprise a gas inlet valve configured to control the addition of an inert gas through gas inlet 125, which is located between the extraction vessel 105 and the first condenser 115. Specifically, the four way connector 120 comprises the gas inlet 125 and the gas inlet valve would be in line with the gas line coupled to the gas inlet 125. To increase the efficiency of the removal of oxidizing gases from the system through the use of inert gas when biomass is present in the extraction vessel 105, isolationvalve 122 can, optionally, be closed during the purging process. In the embodiment shown, the vacuum pump 143 is coupled to the non-volatile collection system between the second condenser 135 and the second receiving vessel 145.

[0030] To facilitate the purging of the extraction vessel, the system 100 can also comprise a vacuum pump 143 configured to be in fluid communication with the gas inlet 125 to draw inert gas into the extraction vessel, and optionally through the second condenser. Drawing the inert gas through the extraction vessel can occur prior to heating the biomass and / or during the heating of the biomass and / or during evacuation of the non-volatile products from the extraction vessel. As discussed above, performing extractions under inert conditions can prevent the oxidation of certain desired extraction products present in plant or fungal biomass. In addition, the vacuum pump 143 can facilitate evacuation of the non-volatile products from the extraction vessel.

[0031] The inert gas can be any inert gas suitable for use in plant or fungal biomass extraction. Non-limiting examples of inert gases suitable for use include N2, He, Rd, Ne, Ar, Xe, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the inert gas is N2.

[0032] The vacuum line mentioned above is coupled to a vacuum pump system 143 configured to draw the inert gas and evacuate atmospheric gas, thereby facilitating the purging of at least the extraction vessel 105 with the inert gas. Depending on the placement of the vacuum line and the gas inlet(s), in addition to purging the extraction vessel 105, purging of the first condenser 115, the second condenser 136, the first receiving vessel 123, and / or the second receiving vessel 145 can also be achieved. To protect the pump of the vacuum pump system 143, in some embodiments, the vacuum pump system 143 comprises a refrigerated vapor trap to remove volatile extraction products drawn into the vacuum line. The vacuum system is also used to speed the draining of extract from the extraction vessel 105 when valve 140 has been closed during a portion of the extraction and later opened to collect extract.

[0033] The system can optionally be configured with a solvent inlet to introduce a solvent, a blend of solvents, or other solvent(s) with additives mixed therein to aid in the extraction process. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the four way connector 120 comprises the solvent inlet that is coupled to an addition funnel 128 through which solvents can be introduced and done so without interruption of the extraction process. A valve 130 can be included in the system to open and closethe solvent inlet, thereby isolating the system from atmospheric air as needed. In some embodiments, a peristaltic pump can be used to meter the introduction of the solvent or blend thereof can be achieved relative to manual introduction by attachment of the peristaltic pump tubing to a barb adapter inserted at valve 130 or the four way connector 120.

[0034] In some embodiments, the system 100 further comprises at least one filtration bag or at least one filter located within the extraction vessel 105 and configured to contain the biomass within the extraction vessel 105 and allow the non-volatile extracted products and the volatile extracted products to exit therefrom. The filtration bag or filter can be configured to hold solids greater than 10 pm to 50 pm particle size, preferably 12 pm.

[0035] As mentioned above, the heating chamber 110 includes a microwave source 113 and optionally a heat source. By including a heat source in the heating chamber along with a microwave source 113, the heating chamber 110 can provide for more efficiently heating the biomass. This can permit more rapid heating of the biomass, and be particularly helpful for biomass with low moisture or large quantities of biomass. Thus, a heat source in combination with a microwave source, both low and high moisture containing plant and fungal biomass can be effectively heated for extraction. The addition of a non-microwave heat source also more effectively heats large amounts of biomass by heating from inside the cells simultaneously with heating from the exterior of the biomass.

[0036] Also to facilitate more efficient heating of the biomass, in some embodiments, the system 100 comprises a mixer, such as an agitator coupled to a motor, configured to mix the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel. In some embodiments, mixer comprises a magnetic stirring mixer and a magnetic stir plate configured to mix the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel.In addition to purging the extraction vessel 105, the system 100 can comprise a gas inlet to convey inert gas to a sparger submerged in the collection vessel configured to sparge O2 and other oxidizing gases from the liquid of a non-volatile or volatile extraction product in the respective receiving vessel, thereby mitigating oxidation of components in the extraction product.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first condenser, the second condenser, or both, comprise a chiller.

[0038] In some embodiments, the first receiving vessel 123 is a flask or a beaker. In some embodiments, the second receiving vessel 145 is a cow-type receiver outfitted with multiple flasks, or a jacketed reaction-type vessel with multiple ports in the head of the vessel.III. Methods of Extracting Products from Plant or Fungal Biomass

[0039] Extracting volatile and non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass can be performed on the system described above. A method of extracting can comprise: a. introducing the plant or fungal biomass into an extraction vessel; b. purging the extraction vessel with an inert gas; c. subjecting the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel in the presence of the inert gas to microwave irradiation, wherein the microwave irradiation lyses the cells in the plant or fungal biomass to release volatile and non-volatile extracted products from the biomass, and wherein at least a portion of the volatile extracted products is conveyed to a volatile collection system configured to condense the volatile extracted product to form a condensate and collect the condensate, the non-volatile extracted products and any remaining portion of the volatile extracted product is conveyed to a non-volatile collection system configured to cool the extracted product by at least 20 °C to obtain a cooled extracted product and to collect the cooled extracted product.

[0040] In one embodiment and in reference to FIG. 2, the method 200 can comprise an optional pre-soak or drying of the plant or fungal biomass prior to the extraction. Next, the plant or fungal biomass can be introduced into the extraction vessel in the heating chamber 204. Optionally, the system can be purged with an inert gas, such as N,, to create inert conditions within the system prior to microwave irradiation 206. The extraction vessel can then be isolated 208 from the second condenser using a second isolation valve as detailed in the systems herein. The extraction vessel can then be irradiated with microwaves 210 to initiate the extraction process, after which the extraction vessel can be opened and once again in fluid communication with the second condenser 212 using the second isolation valve. This allows for the collection of extracted products in the second receiving vessel 214. The extraction vessel can then be once again isolated from the second condenser 216. Optionally, at least one additional solvent as detailed herein can be introduced into the extraction vessel 218. The at least one additional solvent can facilitate further extraction from the plant or fungal biomass. The extraction vessel can then be once again irradiated with microwaves 220, followed by simultaneous collection of extracted volatile productsin the first receiving vessel 224a and, upon opening the second isolation valve 222, non-volatile and volatile products in the second receiving vessel 224b. Optionally, the extracted products can be spray dried 226.

[0041] In some embodiments, the volatile collection system comprises a first condenser and a first receiving vessel. In some embodiments, the non-volatile collection system comprises a second condenser and a second receiving vessel.

[0042] In some embodiments, volatile and / or non-volatile products are extracted from fungal biomass. The fungal biomass can be derived from any species of fungi which is known to contain psilocybin. Non-limiting examples of species from which the fungal biomass can be derived include Conocybe siligineoides, Conocybe velutipes, Galerina steglichii, Gymnopihis luteofolius, Gymnopilus aeruginosas, Gymnopihis braendlei, Gymnopihis cyanopalmicola, Gymnopihis dilepis, Gymnopilus dunensis, Gymnopilus intermedins, Gymnopihis lateritius, Gymnopilus luteofolius, Gymnopilus luteoviridis, Gymnopilus luteus, Gymnopilus palmicola, Gymnopilus purpuratus, Gymnopilus subpurpuratus, Gymnopilus subspectabilis, Gymnopilus validipes, Gymnopilus viridans, Inocybe aernginascens, Inocybe aeruginascens, Inocybe caernlata, Inocybe coelestium, Inocybe corydalina, Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina, Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha, Inocybe haemacta, Inocybe tricolor, Panaeolus cinctulus, Panaeolus affinis, Pancieolus africanus, Panaeolus axfordii, Panaeolus bisporus, Panaeolus cambodginiensis, Panaeolus chlorocystis, Panaeolus cinctulus, Panaeolus cyanescens, Panaeolus fimicola, Panaeolus lentisporus, Panaeolus microspores, Panaeolus moellerianus, Panaeolus olivaceus, Panaeolus rubricaulis, Panaeolus tirunelveliensis, Panaeolus tropicalis, Panaeolus venezolanus, Pholiotina cyanopus, Pholiotina smithii, Pluteus americanus, Pluteus albostipitatus, Pluteus americanus, Pluteus brunneidiscus, Pluteus cyanopus, Pluteus glaucus, Pluteus glaucotinctus, Pluteus nigroviridis, Pluteus phaeocy anopus, Pluteus salicinus, Pluteus saupei, Pluteus velutinornatus, Pluteus villosus, Psilocybe tampanensis, Psilocybe acutipilea, Psilocybe allenii, Psilocybe alutacea, Psilocybe angulospora, Psilocybe antioquiensis, Psilocybe araucariicola, Psilocybe atlantis, Psilocybe aquamarina, Psilocybe armandii, Psilocybe aucklandiae, Psilocybe aztecorum, Psilocybe aztecorum var. aztecorum, Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii, Psilocybe azurescens, Psilocybe baeocystis, Psilocybe banderillensis, Psilocybe brasiliensis, Psilocybebrunneocystidiata, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe caerulescens var. caerulescens, Psilocybe caerulescens var. ombrophila, Psilocybe caerulipes, Psilocybe callosa, Psilocybe carbonaria, Psilocybe chuxiongensis, Psilocybe collybioides, Psilocybe Columbiana, Psilocybe congolensis, Psilocybe cordispora, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa, Psilocybe dumontii, Psilocybe egonii, Psilocybe eximia, Psilocybe fagicola, Psilocybe fagicola var. fagicola, Psilocybe fagicola var. mesocystidiata, Psilocybe farinacea, Psilocybe fimetaria, Psilocybe fuliginosa, Psilocybe furtadoana, Psilocybe galindoi, Psilocybe gallaeciae, Psilocybe graveolens, Psilocybe guatapensis, Psilocybe guilartensis, Psilocybe heimii, Psilocybe herrerae, Psilocybe hispanica, Psilocybe hoogshagenii, Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii, Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. convexa, Psilocybe hopii, Psilocybe inconspicua, Psilocybe indica, Psilocybe isabelae, Psilocybe jacobsii, Psilocybe jaliscana, Psilocybe kumaenorum, Psilocybe laurae, Psilocybe lazoi, Psilocybe liniformans, Psilocybe liniformans var. liniformans, Psilocybe liniformans var. Americana, Psilocybe Mexicana, Psilocybe mairei, Psilocybe makarorae, Psilocybe mammillata, Psilocybe medullosa, Psilocybe meridensis, Psilocybe meridionalis, Psilocybe mescaleroensis, Psilocybe Mexicana, Psilocybe moseri, Psilocybe muliercula, Psilocybe naematoliformis, Psilocybe natalensis, Psilocybe natarajanii, Psilocybe neorhombispora, Psilocybe neoxalapensis, Psilocybe ningshanensis, Psilocybe niveotropicalis, Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata, Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata, Psilocybe papuana, Psilocybe paulensis, Psilocybe pelliculosa, Psilocybe pintonii, Psilocybe pleurocystidiosa, Psilocybe plutonia, Psilocybe portoricensis, Psilocybe pseudoaztecorum, Psilocybe puberula, Psilocybe quebecensis, Psilocybe rickii, Psilocybe rostrate, Psilocybe rzedowskii, Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe samuiensis, Psilocybe schultesii, Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe septentrionalis, Psilocybe serbica, Psilocybe sierra, Psilocybe silvatica, Psilocybe singer, Psilocybe strictipes, Psilocybe stuntzii, Psilocybe subacutipilea, Psilocybe subaeruginascens, Psilocybe subaeruginosa, Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata, Psilocybe subcaerulipes, Psilocybe subcubensis, Psilocybe subpsilocybioides, Psilocybe subtropicalis, Psilocybe tampanensis, Psilocybe tasmaniana, Psilocybe thaiaerugineomaculans, Psilocybe thaicordispora, Psilocybe thaiduplicatocystidiata, Psilocybe uruguayensis, Psilocybe uxpanapensis, Psilocybe venenata, Psilocybe weraroa, Psilocybe wassoniorum, Psilocybe wayanadensis, Psilocybe weilii, Psilocybe weldenii, Psilocybeweraroa, Psilocybe xalapensis, Psilocybe yungensis, Psilocybe zapotecorum, Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum, Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea, and Psilocybe zapotecorum.

[0043] In some embodiments, the biomass is a fungal biomass derived from Psilocybe cubensis, Panaeolus cyanescens, or a combination thereof.

[0044] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is at least partially dried or subjected to size reduction prior to introducing the biomass into the vessel. Fresh or fresh-frozen fungal biomass may contain at least 80% water by weight. Dried fungal biomass may be dried and contain less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20% water by weight.

[0045] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass to microwave irradiation. Pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass, in addition to removing potential contaminants, may facilitate hydration of low moisture content plant or fungal biomass, thus improving the lysing of cells to release volatile and non-volatile extraction products when subjected to microwave irradiation.

[0046] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked with an aqueous solution comprising additives to aid in extraction, such as a pH modifier, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an enzyme inhibitor, a chemical denaturant, or any combination thereof.

[0047] Non-limiting examples of pH modifiers suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include acidifying agents (e.g., sulfuric acid), alkalizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate), and buffering agents (e.g., hydrogen phosphates).

[0048] Non-limiting examples of antioxidants suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include radical terminators, oxygen scavengers, enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants, water-soluble antioxidants, and lipid-soluble antioxidants.

[0049] Non-limiting examples of chelating agents suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), polyphosphates, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

[0050] Non-limiting examples of examples of enzyme inhibitors suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, citric acid, sulfamic acid, oxalic acid, Mn2+, and Zn2+.

[0051] Non-limiting examples of chemical denaturants suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include methanol, urea, and guanidinium chloride

[0052] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked with an aqueous solution comprising at least one of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, fluoride, or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, the aqueous solution further comprises an organic solvent. Non-limiting examples of organic solvents which can be present in the aqueous solution include small chain alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, and butanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the organic solvent is a small chain alcohol, acetonitrile, butanol, or a combination thereof.

[0053] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an inert environment.

[0054] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an environment of normal atmospheric air.

[0055] In some embodiments the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an aqueous solution which has been purged of oxidizing gasses by sparging with an inert gas.

[0056] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an aqueous solution which has been heated and is added at an elevated temperature.

[0057] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an aqueous solution which has been cooled and is added at a temperature lower than room temperature.

[0058] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an aqueous solution added at room temperature.

[0059] In some embodiments, the pre-soaking of the plant or fungal biomass is carried out in the extraction vessel and the soaking solution is subsequently collected with the non-volatile and or volatile extracted compounds during / after extraction.

[0060] In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is not pre-soaked prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass to microwave irradiation.

[0061] In some embodiments, the first receiving vessel, the second receiving vessel, or both, comprises an aqueous solution prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel to microwave irradiation. In further embodiments, the aqueous solution comprises at least one of a pH modifier, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an enzyme inhibitor, a chemical denaturant, or a combination thereof.

[0062] In some embodiments, the aqueous solution charged to the first receiving vessel, the second receiving vessel, or both, is purged of oxidizing gasses using inert gas prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel to microwave irradiation.

[0063] Non-limiting examples of pH modifiers include acidifying agents (e.g., sulfuric acid), alkalizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate), and buffering agents (e.g., hydrogen phosphates).

[0064] Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include radical terminators, oxygen scavengers, enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants, water-soluble antioxidants, and lipid-soluble antioxidants.

[0065] Non-limiting examples of chelating agents include Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), polyphosphates, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

[0066] Non-limiting examples of enzyme inhibitors suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, citric acid, sulfamic acid, oxalic acid, Mn2+, and Zn2+.

[0067] Non-limiting examples of chemical denaturants suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include methanol, urea, and guanidinium chloride.

[0068] In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprises at least one of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, fluoride, cysteine, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, the aqueous solution further comprises an organic solvent. Non-limiting examples of organic solvents which can be present in the aqueous solution include small chain alcohols such as ethanol,methanol, and butanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the organic solvent is a small chain alcohol, acetonitrile, butanol, or a combination thereof.

[0069] Prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass to microwave irradiation, the extraction vessel is purged with an inert gas. The plant or fungal biomass is then subjected to microwave irradiation in the presence of the inert gas. Performing the extraction in an inert conditions provides the advantage of preventing oxidation of one or more extraction products. This can result in an extract which exhibits improved stability relative to extracts produced in normal atmosphere air, higher concentrations of desired extraction products, and more consistent extraction product profiles. In some embodiments, purging the vessel with an inert gas prevents the non-enzymatic oxidation of at least one extracted product selected from psilocin, 4OH-tryptamine, norpsilocin, and 4OH-trimethyltryptamine in fungal biomass. Non-limiting examples of inert gasses suitable for use include N2, He, Rd, Ne, Ar, Xe, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the inert gas is N2.

[0070] In some embodiments, the method includes purging the volatile collection system with the inert gas and condensing and collecting the volatile extracted products in the presence of the inert gas.

[0071] In some embodiments, the method includes purging the non-volatile collection system with the inert gas and cooling and collecting the non-volatile extracted products and at least a portion of the volatile extracted product in the presence of the inert gas.

[0072] The plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel in the presence of the inert gas is subjected to microwave irradiation, wherein the microwave irradiation lyses the cells in the plant or fungal biomass to release volatile and non-volatile extracted products from the biomass. The microwave irradiation can be applied at any wattage or temperature as necessary to lyse the cells in the plant or fungal biomass. In some embodiments, the microwave irradiation is from 900 W to 6000 W. The microwave irradiation can be from 900 W to 5000 W, 900 W to 4000 W, 900 W to 3000W, 900 W to 2000 W, 1000 W to 6000 W, 1000 W to 5000 W, 1000 W to 4000 W, 1000 W to 3000 W, 1000 W to 2000 W, 2000 W to 6000 W, 2000 W to 5000 W, 2000 W to 4000 W, 2000 W to 3000 W, 3000 W to 6000 W, 3000 W to 5000 W, 3000 W to 4000 W, 4000 W to 6000 W, 4000 W to 5000 W, or from 5000 W to 6000 W. The microwave irradiation can be, for example,900 W, 1000 W, 1200 W, 1500 W, 1700 W, 2000 W, 2200 W, 2500 W, 2700 W, 3000 W, 3200 W, 3500 W, 3700 W, 4000 W, 4200 W, 4500 W, 4700 W, 5000 W, 5200 W, 5500 W, 5700 W, or 6000 W.

[0073] In some embodiments, the microwave irradiation is applied at a temperature of 60 °C to 100 °C. The microwave irradiation can be applied at a temperature of 60 °C to 90 °C, 60 °C to 80 °C, 60 °C to 70 °C, 70 °C to 100 °C, 70 °C to 90 °C, 70 °C to 80 °C, 80 °C to 100 °C, 80 °C to 90 °C, or 90 °C to 100 °C. The microwave irradiation can be applied at, for example, 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C, 85 °C, 90 °C, 95 °C, or 100 °C.

[0074] The amount of time microwave irradiation is applied during an extraction can depend on various factors, such as the volume of the biomass to be extracted, the level of dryness of the biomass, the amount of heat and microwave irradiation applied to the biomass, and the number of fractions collected from the biomass. Irradiation would cease upon reaching a desired temperature near the center of the biomass or detection of char forming on biomass or smoke in the extraction vessel. A smoke sensor, temperature sensor, and / or camera can be placed in the oven to detect when to end . In some embodiments, the microwave irradiation can be applied for 5 min to 120 min, for example, for 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min, 45 min, 50 min, 55 min, 60 min, 65 min, 70 min, 75 min, 80 min, 85 min, 90 min, 95 min, 100 min, 105 min, 110 min, 115 min, 120 min, or any range thereof or time there between.

[0075] In some embodiments, the microwave irradiation is applied at 900 to 6000 W or at a temperature of 60 °C to 100 °C for 5 min to 120 min or until the biomass begins to bum / char.

[0076] In some embodiments, the microwave irradiation is pulsed or continuous microwave irradiation or a sequence of pulsed and continuous microwave irradiation. In embodiments, the microwave irradiation is continuous microwave irradiation.

[0077] In some embodiments, the method is substantially solvent-free. In such embodiments, no additional solvents are added after the plant or fungal biomass is introduced into the extraction vessel.

[0078] In some embodiments, at least one solvent is added to the extraction vessel while maintaining an inert condition within the extraction vessel. In some embodiments, the plant or fungal biomass is washed at least once with the at least one solvent being an aqueous solution.

[0079] In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprises at least one of a pH modifier, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an enzyme inhibitor, a chemical denaturant, or a combination thereof.

[0080] Non-limiting examples of pH modifiers include acidifying agents (e.g., sulfuric acid), alkalizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate), and buffering agents (e.g., hydrogen phosphates).

[0081] Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include radical terminators, oxygen scavengers, enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants, water-soluble antioxidants, and lipid-soluble antioxidants.

[0082] Non-limiting examples of chelating agents include Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), polyphosphates, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

[0083] Non-limiting examples of enzyme inhibitors suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, citric acid, sulfamic acid, oxalic acid, Mn2+, and Zn2+.

[0084] Non-limiting examples of chemical denaturants suitable for pre-soaking the plant or fungal biomass include methanol, urea, and guanidinium chloride.

[0085] In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprises at least one of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, fluoride, cysteine, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, the aqueous solution further comprises an organic solvent. Non-limiting examples of organic solvents which can be present in the aqueous solution include small chain alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, and butanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the organic solvent is a small chain alcohol, acetonitrile, butanol, or a combination thereof.

[0086] In some embodiments, the extracted products are collected in the first receiving vessel and the second receiving vessel. In some embodiments, the extracted products are collected in the first receiving vessel, the second receiving vessel, or both under inert conditions. In suchembodiments, the extracted products in the first receiving vessel, second receiving vessel, or both, can be sparged with an inert gas, such as N2, using an inert gas bubbler or sparger.

[0087] In some embodiments, the extracted products are collected as one combined extract. In further embodiments, the extracted products are collected as fractionated extracts over time.

[0088] In some embodiments, the extracted products collected in the first receiving vessel and the extracted products collected in the second receiving vessel are combined. In further embodiments, the extracted products collected in the first receiving vessel and the extracted products collected in the second receiving vessel are not combined.IV. Extracted Products

[0089] Provided herein are extracted products obtained from the methods and systems described herein. Such extracted products can be an active component of a pharmaceutical composition. In embodiments wherein the biomass is a fungal biomass, the extracted products comprise at least one of psilocybin, psilocin, norbaeocystin, baeocystin, aeruginascin, 4-HO- tryptamine, norpsilocin, 4-HO-trimethyltryptamine, or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, the extracted products comprise psilocybin and psilocin.

[0090] In some embodiments, the extracted products are further processed by filtering, purifying, or drying.

[0091] In some embodiments, the extracted products is filtered after collection to remove debris from the extracted products. A filter can be sized to remove debris above 5 pm, above 0.2 pm or some threshold between 0.2 and 5 pm. The filtration can be under an inert conditions or under normal atmospheric air.

[0092] In some embodiments, the extracted products are purified after collection to isolate desired compounds. The extracted products can be purified using any suitable technique known in the art. Suitable techniques for purification of the extracted products include, but are not limited to, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, centrifugation, and supercritical fluid chromatography, or a combination thereof.

[0093] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the solvent, water or otherwise, is removed from the extracted products after collection. In embodiments, solvent can be removed via rotary evaporation, falling film evaporation, spray drying, lyophilization, or a combination thereof. The extracted product upon removal of solvent can be a powder or syrup-like substance.V. Adapters

[0094] Also provided herein are adapters comprising a central portion extending along a first axis, wherein the adapter comprises: a first port extending along the first axis and in fluid communication with the central portion; a second port extending along a second axis and in fluid communication with the central portion, wherein the second axis is oriented at a first oblique angle to the first axis; a third port in fluid communication with the central portion; and a fourth port in fluid communication with the central portion, wherein the third and fourth ports extend along respective axes that intersect at a second oblique angle. Such adapters are useful, for example, for use in systems for extraction of products from plant or fungal biomass as described herein.

[0095] In one embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 3, the adapter 300 can comprise a central portion 302 extending along a first axis 304, a first port 305 extending along the first axis and in fluid communication with the central portion, a second port 310 extending along a second axis 313 and in fluid communication with the central portion, wherein the second axis is oriented at a first oblique angle 315 to the first axis, a third port 318 in fluid communication with the central portion, and a fourth port 320 in fluid communication with the central portion, wherein the third and fourth ports extend along respective axes 325 and 327 that intersect at a second oblique angle 330

[0096] In some embodiments, the first port is configured to be in fluid communication with an inert gas source. In such embodiments, the first port can serve as an inlet for introduction of an inert gas into the methods and systems described herein to produce an inert conditions within the system.

[0097] In some embodiments, the second port is configured to be in fluid communication with an addition funnel. In such embodiments, the second port can serve as an inlet for introduction of additional solvent for the methods and systems described herein while maintaining inert conditions. The additional solvent can be used, for example, to wash the plant or fungal biomassor to extract additional products. In some embodiments, the second port being configured to be in fluid communication with an addition funnel further comprises a valve to control the flow of additional solvent into the system.

[0098] In some embodiments, the third port is configured to be in fluid communication with the vessel. In such embodiments, the third port can serve as a channel to provide fluid communication between the vessel, the inert gas source, the addition funnel, and the first condenser while maintaining inert conditions.

[0099] In some embodiments, the fourth port is configured to be in fluid communication with the first condenser. In such embodiments, the fourth port can serve as a channel to convey the volatile extracted products from the vessel to the first condenser and the first receiving vessel while maintaining inert conditions.

[0100] In some embodiments, the first oblique angle is 45°.

[0101] In some embodiments, the second oblique angle is 75°.VI. ExamplesExample 1 - Extraction of Fungal Biomass

[0102] 640-660 g of basidiocarps are harvested and immediately packed into an appropriately sized 800 mesh polypropylene or cotton mesh filter bag. The bag is then loaded into the extraction vessel. Nitrogen gas is flowed at a rate of > 13.5 SLPM and the system is exhausted from the vacuum port furthest from the N2 inlet using a vacuum pump moving at < 11.5 SPLM from the system for 5 min. The lower port of the extraction vessel is isolated using the stopcock and the vacuum pump is isolated from the system using a gate or needle valve. The freshly harvested basidiocarps are heated from ambient temperature to 88 °C by applying 1800W microwave power. The extraction is allowed to continue for 1 min after 88 °C is reached, followed by opening the stopcock on the lower port of the extraction vessel and opening the system to vacuum pump once more. The microwaves are continued to be applied at 1800W until the elapsed extraction time has reached 10 min, then the power is decreased to 1400W for an additional minute or until the first signs of smoke in the lower condenser. The application of microwaves is then ended.

[0103] The lower port of the extraction vessel is closed using an isolation valve, in this case stopcock, and the vacuum pump is isolated from the system using a gate valve. Next, the water purged of O2 (such as by sparging N2 in the water) is added into the extraction vessel and the mixture is allowed to sit for 20 min. The vessel is then heated to 85°C by applying 1800W of microwave power to the mixture and basidiocarps. The stopcock is opened on the lower port of the extraction vessel and the system is opened to vacuum pump once more. The microwaves are applied at 1800W until the elapsed second wash extraction time has reached 10 min, followed by decreasing the microwave power to 1400W for an additional minute or until the first signs of smoke in the lower condenser. The application of microwaves is then ended. The volatile fraction and non-volatile fractions are combined, and the extracted solution is filtered through a no less than 5 pm filter under inert conditions.

[0104] The aqueous extract can be spray dried by pre-heating the spray drying inlet to 190 °C-200 °C, or a the appropriate temperature to maintain an outlet temperature of <70 °C.

[0105] All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A system for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass comprising: a. an extraction vessel configured to contain a plant or fungal biomass and to allow non-volatile extracted products and volatile extracted products to exit the extraction vessel upon heating the biomass; b. a heating chamber configured to contain at least the portion of the extraction vessel containing the biomass within the chamber; c. a first condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a first receiving vessel, the first condenser being configured to receive volatile extracted products from the extraction vessel and to cool the volatile extracted products , wherein the first condenser is in fluid communication with the first receiving vessel such that the cooled volatile extracted products exit the condenser and are collected in the first receiving vessel; d. a second condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a second receiving vessel, the second condenser being configured to receive nonvolatile extracted products and volatile extracted products from the extraction vessel and cool the non-volatile and volatile extracted products, wherein the second receiving vessel is in fluid communication with the second condenser such that the cooled non-volatile and volatile extracted products exit the second condenser and are collected in the second receiving vessel; and e. at least one gas inlet valve configured to purge at least the extraction vessel with an inert gas.

2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a first isolation valve configured for opening and / or closing fluid communication between the extraction vessel and the first condenser.

3. The system according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a second isolation valve configured for opening and / or closing fluid communication between the extraction vessel and the second condenser.

4. The system according to any one of claims 1-3, further comprising an inlet valve configured for the introduction of at least one solvent into the extraction vessel.

5. The system according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the at least one gas inlet valve is located between the extraction vessel and the first condenser.

6. The system according to any one of claims 1-5, further comprising a vacuum pump system configured to draw the inert gas, thereby facilitating the purging of at least the extraction vessel with the inert gas.

7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the vacuum pump system comprises a refrigerated vapor trap in between the vacuum pump and the extraction vessel.

8. The system according to any one of claims 1-7, further comprising at least one filtration bag or at least one filter located within the extraction vessel and configured to contain the biomass within the extraction vessel and allow the non-volatile extracted products and the volatile extracted products to exit therefrom.

9. The system according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the first receiving vessel is a flask or a beaker.

10. The system according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the second receiving vessel is a flask or a cow-type receiver outfitted with multiple flasks, or a jacketed reaction-type vessel with multiple ports in the head of the jacketed reaction-type vessel.

11. The system according to any one of claims 6-10, wherein the vacuum pump system is located within the system to draw the inert gas from the vessel and the second condenser, and optionally to draw the inert gas from the second receiving vessel.

12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the vacuum pump system comprises a refrigerated vapor trap.

13. The system according to claim 4, wherein the inlet valve configured for the introduction of at least one solvent further comprises a gas inlet.

14. The system according to any one of claims 1-13, wherein the first receiving vessel, the second receiving vessel, or both, further comprise a gas inlet valve.

15. The system according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein the first condenser, the second condenser, or both, comprise a chiller.

16. The system according to claim 4, wherein the inlet valve configured for the introduction of at least one solvent comprises a fitting for attachment of a peristaltic pump.

17. The system according to any one of claims 1-16, wherein the system comprises a mixer configured to mix the biomass in the extraction vessel.

18. The system according to any one of claims 17, wherein the system comprises a magnetic stirring mixer configured to mix the biomass in the extraction vessel within the heating chamber.

19. The system according to any one of claims 1-18, wherein the system comprises a source of an inert gas in fluid communication with the at least one gas inlet valve.

20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the inert gas is N2.

21. The system according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the system is configured such that the first condenser is purged with the inert gas.

22. The system according to any one of claims 19-21, wherein the system is configured such that the second condenser is purged with the inert gas.

23. A method of extracting volatile or non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass comprising:a. introducing the plant or fungal biomass into an extraction vessel; b. purging the extraction vessel with an inert gas; c. subjecting the plant or fungal biomass in the extraction vessel in the presence of the inert gas to microwave irradiation, wherein the microwave irradiation lyses the cells in the plant or fungal biomass to release volatile and non-volatile extracted products from the biomass; and d. wherein at least a portion of the volatile extracted products is conveyed to a volatile collection system configured to condense the volatile extracted product to form a condensate and collect the condensate, the non-volatile extracted products is conveyed to a non-volatile collection system configured to cool the extracted product by at least 20°C to obtain a cooled extracted product and to collect the cooled extracted product, or both.

24. The method according to claim 23, including purging the volatile collection system with the inert gas and condensing and collecting the volatile extracted products in the presence of the inert gas.

25. The method according to claim 23 or 24, including purging the non-volatile collection system with the inert gas and cooling and collecting the non-volatile extracted products and any remaining portion of the volatile extracted product in the presence of the inert gas.

26. The method according to any one of claims 23-25, wherein the volatile collection system comprises a first condenser and a first receiving vessel.

27. The method according to any one of claims 23-26, wherein the non-volatile collection system comprises a second condenser and a second receiving vessel.

28. The method according to any one of claims 23-27, wherein the microwave irradiation is at 900 to 6000 W or at a temperature of 60 °C to 100 °C for 5 min to 120 min or until the biomass begins to bum / char.

29. The method according to any one of claims 23-28, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is at least partially dried or subjected to size reduction prior to introducing the biomass into the extraction vessel.

30. The method according to any one of claims 23-29, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass to microwave irradiation.

31. The method according to any one of claims 23-30, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is not pre-soaked prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass to microwave irradiation.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked with an aqueous solution comprising at least one of a pH modifier, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an enzyme inhibitor, a chemical denaturant, or a combination thereof.

33. The method of claim 30 or 32, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked with an aqueous solution comprising at least one of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, fluoride, or a combination thereof.

34. The method according to any one of claims 30 or 32-33, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is pre-soaked in an inert environment.

35. The method according to any one of claims 30 or 32-33, wherein the biomass is pre-soaked in an environment with normal atmospheric air.

36. The method according to any one of claims 30 or 32-35, wherein the aqueous solution further comprises an organic solvent.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the organic solvent is a small chain alcohol, acetonitrile, acetone, a butanol, or a combination thereof.

38. The method according to any one of claims 23-37, wherein the microwave irradiation is continuous microwave irradiation.

39. The method according to any one of claims 23-37, wherein the microwave irradiation is pulsed microwave irradiation.

40. The method of claim 31, wherein the method is substantially solvent-free.

41. The method any of claims 23-39, wherein at least one solvent is added to the extraction vessel while maintaining an inert condition within the extraction vessel.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the plant or fungal biomass is washed at least once with the at least one solvent being an aqueous solution.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least one of a pH modifier, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an enzyme inhibitor, a chemical denaturant, or a combination thereof.

44. The method of claim 42 or 43, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least one of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, fluoride, cysteine, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or a combination thereof.

45. The method according to any one of claims 42-48, wherein the aqueous solution further comprises an organic solvent.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the organic solvent is a small chain alcohol, acetonitrile, acetone, or a butanol.

47. The method according to any one of claims 23-46, wherein the extracted products are collected in the first receiving vessel, the second receiving vessel, or both under inert conditions.

48. The method according to any one of claims 23-47, wherein the extracted products are collected in the first receiving vessel and the second receiving vessel.

49. The method according to any one of claims 23-48, wherein the extracted products are collected as one combined extract.

50. The method according to any one of claims 23-48, wherein the extracted products are collected as fractionated extracts over time.

51. The method according to any one of claims 23-50, wherein the extracted products collected in the first receiving vessel and the extracted products collected in the second receiving vessel are combined.

52. The method according to any one of claims 23-50, wherein the extracted products collected in the first receiving vessel and the extracted products collected in the second receiving vessel are not combined.

53. The method according to any one of claims 23-52, wherein the first receiving vessel, the second receiving vessel, or both, comprise an aqueous solution prior to subjecting the plant or fungal biomass in the vessel to microwave irradiation.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least one of a pH modifier, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, an enzyme inhibitor, a chemical denaturant, or a combination thereof.

55. The method of claim 53 or 54, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least one of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, fluoride, cysteine, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or a combination thereof.

56. The method according to any one of claims 53-55, wherein the aqueous solution further comprises an organic solvent.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the organic solvent is a small chain alcohol, acetonitrile, acetone, or a butanol.

58. The method according to any one of claims 23-57, wherein the extracted products are further filtered after collection to remove debris sized above 5 pm from the extracted products, wherein the filtration is under an inert conditions or under normal atmosphere air.

59. The method according to any one of claims 23-58, wherein the extracted products are further purified after collection using volume reduction, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, centrifugation, supercritical fluid chromatography, or a combination thereof.

60. The method according to any one of claims 23-59, removing at least a portion of the water or solvent from the extracted products after collection.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the removed portion of water or solvent is removed via rotary evaporation, falling film evaporation, spray drying, lyophilization, or a combination thereof.

62. The method according to any one of claims 23-61, wherein the biomass is a fungal biomass derived from any one of the species in paragraph [0037], preferably, Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens.

63. The method according to any one of claims 23-62, wherein the extracted products comprise at least one of psilocybin, psilocin, norbaeocystin, baeocystin, aeruginascin, 4-HO- tryptamine, norpsilocin, 4-HO-trimethyltiyptamine, or a combination thereof.

64. The method according to any one of claims 23-63, wherein the extracted products comprise psilocybin and psilocin.

65. The method according to any one of claims 23-64, further comprising isolating the extraction vessel from the non-volatile collection system after purging the extraction vessel and before the irradiation of the biomass.

66. The method according to any one of claims 23-65, further comprising isolating the extraction vessel from the volatile collection system after purging the extraction vessel and before the irradiation of the biomass.

67. The method according to claim 65 or 66, comprising maintaining isolation of the extraction vessel from the non-volatile collection system during irradiation.

68. The method according to 65, comprising maintaining isolation of the extraction vessel from the volatile collection system during irradiation.

69. The method according to claim 65, comprising draining non-volatile extraction products from the extraction vessel and / or releasing volatile extraction products from the extraction vessel.

70. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 69, wherein any remaining portion of the volatile extraction products is conveyed to the second condenser.

71. An extracted product obtained from a method according to any one of claims 23 to 70.

72. An adapter comprising a central portion extending along a first axis, wherein the adapter comprises: a first port extending along the first axis and in fluid communication with the central portion; a second port extending along a second axis, wherein the second axis is oriented at a first oblique angle to the first axis; a third port in fluid communication with the central portion; and a fourth port in communication with the central portion, wherein the third and fourth ports extend along respective axes that intersect at a second oblique angle.

73. The adapter of claim 72, wherein the first oblique angle is 40° to 50°, 45°.

74. The adapter of claim 72 or 73, wherein the second oblique angle is 70° to 80°,75°.

75. A system for extraction of volatile and non-volatile products from plant or fungal biomass comprising: a. an extraction vessel configured to contain a plant or fungal biomass and to allow non-volatile extracted products and volatile extracted products to exit the extraction vessel upon heating the biomass; b. a heating chamber configured to contain at least a portion of the extraction vessel containing the biomass within the chamber; c. a first condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a first receiving vessel, the first condenser being configured to receive volatile extracted products from the extraction vessel and to cool the volatile extracted products , wherein the first condenser is in fluid communication with the first receiving vessel such that the cooled volatile extracted products exit the condenser and are collected in the first receiving vessel; d. a second condenser in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and a second receiving vessel, the second condenser being configured to receive nonvolatile extracted products and volatile extracted products from the extraction vessel and cool the non-volatile and volatile extracted products, wherein the second receiving vessel is in fluid communication with the second condenser such that the cooled non-volatile and volatile extracted products exit the second condenser and are collected in the second receiving vessel; e. a first isolation valve configured for opening and / or closing fluid communication between the extraction vessel and the first condenser or between the extraction vessel and the second condenser.

76. The system according to claim 75, wherein the first isolation valve configured for opening and / or closing fluid communication between the extraction vessel and the first condenser and further comprising a second isolation valve configured for opening and / or closing fluid communication between the extraction vessel and the second condenser.

77. The system according to claim 75 or 76 comprising, at least one gas inlet valve configured to purge at least the extraction vessel with an inert gas.

78. The system according to any one of claims 1 - 23 or 75 - 77, further comprising one or more bump traps located between and in fluid communication with the extraction vessel and the first condenser.

79. A method of extracting volatile or non-volatile products from fungal biomass comprising: a. Introducing a mass of basidiocarp or portion thereof into an extraction vessel; b. purging the extraction vessel with an inert gas; c. subjecting the mass thereof in the extraction vessel in the presence of the inert gas to microwave irradiation for 8 to 12 minutes at a first wattage between 1500A to 2500W, whereby the microwave irradiation lyses the cells in the mass to release volatile and non-volatile extracted products from the mass; d. once the temperature in the extraction vessel reaches a target temperature between 75°C to 92°C and after a time of between 30 seconds to 120 seconds has elapsed since reaching the target temperature, opening an isolation valve thereby conveying non-volatile extraction products in the extraction vessel to a nonvolatile collection system while maintaining irradiation of the mass, e. after the 8-12 minutes of micro wave irradiation at the first wattage, subjecting the mass to microwave irradiation at a second wattage that is 10-25% of the first wattage for 30 seconds to 2 minutes or until smoke is observed in a volatile collections system in fluid communication with the extraction vessel,wherein at least a portion of the volatile extracted products is conveyed to the volatile collection system configured to condense the volatile extracted product to form a condensate and collect the condensate wherein the non-volatile extracted products is conveyed to the non-volatile collection system configured to cool the extracted product by at least 20°C to obtain a cooled extracted product and to collect the cooled extracted product, or both.

80. The method of claim 79, comprising conveying the non-volatile extracted product from the extraction vessel to the non-volatile collection system thereby having the remaining mass in the extraction vessel.

81. The method of claim 80, comprising adding water previously sparged with an inert gas into the extraction vessel to soak the remaining mass for 10 to 30 minutes.

82. The method of claim 81, repeating steps c, d, and to extract more volatile extracted products and non-volatile extracted products from the remaining mass.

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