Novel resistance genes associated with disease resistance in maize
Introducing the ZmBAG4 polypeptide into maize plants addresses susceptibility to Fusarium stalk rot by enhancing disease resistance, effectively reducing crop damage and yield loss.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097600
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing maize cultivars are susceptible to significant yield losses due to pathogens like Fusarium, necessitating the development of novel resistance genes to enhance disease and pathogen resistance.
Introduction of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or its active variants into maize plants, either through increased expression or by editing the genome to delete Insertion 2, to enhance disease resistance, particularly against Fusarium stalk rot.
The increased expression of ZmBAG4 polypeptide in maize plants leads to enhanced resistance to Fusarium stalk rot, reducing damage and yield loss, and can be achieved through selective breeding or genetic editing.
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Abstract
Description
NOVEL RESISTANCE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE RESISTANCE IN MAIZEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to compositions and methods for identifying, selecting and producing enhanced disease and / or pathogen resistant plants using novel resistance genes.
[0002] STATEMENT REGARDING ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] A Sequence Listing in XML format entitled S19996 1610WO 0238.6_ST26. xml generated on May 31, 2024, of 165, 468 bytes in size, and filed via State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China, is provided in lieu of a paper copy. This Sequence Listing is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification for its disclosures.BACKGROUND
[0004] Plant pathogens are known to cause considerable damage to important crops, resulting in significant agricultural losses with widespread consequences for both the food supply and other industries that rely on plant materials. As such, applicant desires to reduce the incidence and / or impact of agricultural pathogens on crop production.
[0005] Several pathogens have been associated with damage to maize, which individually and collectively have the potential to cause significant yield losses in the United States and throughout the world. Exemplary pathogens include, but are not limited to fungi (e.g., genus Fusarium) . Given the significant threat to global food supplies that these pathogens present as well as the time and expense associated with treating maize crops to prevent yield loss, new methods for producing pathogen resistant maize cultivars are needed. What is needed is novel resistance genes (herein, “R-Genes” ) that can be used for the control of plant pathogens.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Compositions and methods are provided to increase disease resistance and / or pathogen resistance of a plant. Compositions include a ZmBAG4 polypeptide (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1) or an active variant or fragment thereof wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance, and polynucleotides that encode a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof, including SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3. DNA constructs, vectors, cells, and plants comprising the polynucleotides encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof are also provided. Such plant cells, plants, and seeds comprising a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof find use in decreasing Fusarium stalk rot damage or controlling a Fusarium pathogen in an area of cultivation by planting in the area of cultivation the plant cells, plants, and seeds.
[0007] Methods for producing a plant having an increased disease resistance comprise introducing into the genome of a plant cell a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof and regenerating the plant cell into a plant, wherein expression of the polypeptide in the plant increases the disease resistance of the plant.
[0008] Methods for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprise selecting a maize plant with a favorable allele associated with FSR tolerance and / or increased expression of ZmBAG4 relative to a control plant by testing for the presence of one or more markers associated with increased ZmBAG4 expression and / or by testing ZmBAG4 mRNA accumulation or ZmBAG4 protein accumulation in at least one tissue; and generating a FSR tolerant maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. In some embodiments, increased expression of ZmBAG4 is observed following infection with a Fusarium sp..
[0009] Other methods for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant from a maize plant comprising Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof in chromosome 3 and a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof comprise deleting Insertion 2 through gene editing.
[0010] The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the present invention are explained in detail in the drawings and specification set forth below.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Figure 1 depicts the sequential fine mapping of qRfg3 in the segregant populations derived from the cross between the Fusarium stalk-rot resistant inbred line H127R and the susceptible line C7-2.
[0012] Figure 2 shows a sequence comparison of the mapping interval from FSR resistant (H127R) and susceptible (C7-2) corn lines.
[0013] Figure 3 provides a correlation analysis between the presence / absence variation (PAV) of Insertion 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and stalk rot resistance.
[0014] Figure 4 shows the transcriptional analysis of ZmBAG4 in near isogenic lines (NIL) NIL-Sand NIL-R (sensitive and resistant lines, respectively) from one to twelve hours after infection with Fusarium graminearum. CK represent negative control mock inoculations, while Fg represents plants inoculated with Fusarium graminearum.
[0015] Figure 5 shows the assaying of disease resulting from Fusarium graminearum infection in ZmBAG4 mutant lines (W22-Mu) compared to W22 wild-type lines.
[0016] Figure 6 demonstrates expression of ZmBAG4 upon pathogen (Fusarium graminearum) inoculation in ZmBAG4 mutant lines (W22-Mu) compared to W22 wild-type lines. CK represent negative control mock inoculations, while Fg represents plants inoculated with F. graminearum.
[0017] Figure 7 demonstrates the expression of the ZmBAG4 gene in the backcross population of transgenic lines containing the intact, exogenous ZmBAG4 gene from H124R.
[0018] Figure 8 shows the assaying of disease caused by Fusarium graminearum infection in backcross populations of transgenic lines containing the intact, exogenous ZmBAG4 gene from H127R.
[0019] Figure 9 demonstrates the expression of the ZmBAG4 gene in backcross population of transgenic lines containing the intact, exogenous ZmBAG4 gene from C7-2.
[0020] Figure 10 shows the assaying of disease caused by Fusarium graminearum infection in backcross populations of transgenic lines containing the intact, exogenous ZmBAG4 gene from C7-2.
[0021] Figure 11 shows the expression of the ZmBAG4 gene in backcross populations of transgenic line overexpressing ZmBAG4.
[0022] Figure 12 demonstrates FSR disease resistance of positive transgenic and non-transgenic plants in backcross populations of transgenic line overexpressing ZmBAG4.
[0023] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING
[0024] SEQ ID NO: 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide.
[0025] SEQ ID NO: 2 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmBAG4 coding sequence.
[0026] SEQ ID NO: 3 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmBAG4 gene (comprising only introns and exons) .
[0027] SEQ ID NO: 4 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmBAG4 promoter.
[0028] SEQ ID NO: 5 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmBAG4 5' untranslated region (UTR) .
[0029] SEQ ID NO: 6 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmBAG4 3' UTR.
[0030] SEQ ID NO: 7 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of intron 1 of the ZmBAG4 gene.
[0031] SEQ ID NO: 8 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of intron 2 of the ZmBAG4 gene.
[0032] SEQ ID NO: 9 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of intron 3 of the ZmBAG4 gene.
[0033] SEQ ID NO: 10 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the Insertion 2 sequence.
[0034] SEQ ID NO: 11 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the MY-4 marker.
[0035] SEQ ID NO: 12 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the MY-4 marker.
[0036] SEQ ID NO: 13 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the MY-4 marker.
[0037] SEQ ID NO: 14 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the MY-9 marker.
[0038] SEQ ID NO: 15 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the MY-9 marker.
[0039] SEQ ID NO: 16 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the MY-9 marker.
[0040] SEQ ID NO: 17 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the Zmco3-58 marker.
[0041] SEQ ID NO: 18 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the Zmco3-58 marker.
[0042] SEQ ID NO: 19 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the Zmco3-58 marker.
[0043] SEQ ID NO: 20 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the M30 marker.
[0044] SEQ ID NO: 21 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the M30 marker.
[0045] SEQ ID NO: 22 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the M30 marker.
[0046] SEQ ID NO: 23 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the M13 marker.
[0047] SEQ ID NO: 24 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the M13 marker.
[0048] SEQ ID NO: 25 sets forth the nucleotide sequence amplified by M13 primers 1 and 2 from the H127R FSR-resistant line.
[0049] SEQ ID NO: 26 sets forth the nucleotide sequence amplified by M13 primers 1 and 2 from the C7-2 FSR-susceptible line.
[0050] SEQ ID NO: 27 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the Zmco3-60 marker.
[0051] SEQ ID NO: 28 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the Zmco3-60 marker.
[0052] SEQ ID NO: 29 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the Zmco3-60 marker.
[0053] SEQ ID NO: 30 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the Ks90-1 marker.
[0054] SEQ ID NO: 31 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the Ks90-1 marker.
[0055] SEQ ID NO: 32 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the Ks90-1 marker.
[0056] SEQ ID NO: 33 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11874 marker.
[0057] SEQ ID NO: 34 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11874 marker.
[0058] SEQ ID NO: 35 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11874 marker.
[0059] SEQ ID NO: 36 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11874 marker.
[0060] SEQ ID NO: 37 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM9845 marker.
[0061] SEQ ID NO: 38 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM9845 marker.
[0062] SEQ ID NO: 39 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM9845 marker.
[0063] SEQ ID NO: 40 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM9845 marker.
[0064] SEQ ID NO: 41 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM10033 marker.
[0065] SEQ ID NO: 42 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM10033 marker.
[0066] SEQ ID NO: 43 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM10033 marker.
[0067] SEQ ID NO: 44 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM10033 marker.
[0068] SEQ ID NO: 45 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11173 marker.
[0069] SEQ ID NO: 46 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11173 marker.
[0070] SEQ ID NO: 47 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11173 marker.
[0071] SEQ ID NO: 48 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11173 marker.
[0072] SEQ ID NO: 49 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11847 marker.
[0073] SEQ ID NO: 50 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11847 marker.
[0074] SEQ ID NO: 51 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11847 marker.
[0075] SEQ ID NO: 52 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11847 marker.
[0076] SEQ ID NO: 53 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11838 marker.
[0077] SEQ ID NO: 54 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11838 marker.
[0078] SEQ ID NO: 55 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11838 marker.
[0079] SEQ ID NO: 56 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11838 marker.
[0080] SEQ ID NO: 57 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM3531 marker.
[0081] SEQ ID NO: 58 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM3531 marker.
[0082] SEQ ID NO: 59 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM3531 marker.
[0083] SEQ ID NO: 60 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM3531 marker.
[0084] SEQ ID NO: 61 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11170 marker.
[0085] SEQ ID NO: 62 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11170 marker.
[0086] SEQ ID NO: 63 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11170 marker.
[0087] SEQ ID NO: 64 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11170 marker.
[0088] SEQ ID NO: 65 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11192 marker.
[0089] SEQ ID NO: 66 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11192 marker.
[0090] SEQ ID NO: 67 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11192 marker.
[0091] SEQ ID NO: 68 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11192 marker.
[0092] SEQ ID NO: 69 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11185 marker.
[0093] SEQ ID NO: 70 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11185 marker.
[0094] SEQ ID NO: 71 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11185 marker.
[0095] SEQ ID NO: 72 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11185 marker.
[0096] SEQ ID NO: 73 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11427 marker.
[0097] SEQ ID NO: 74 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11427 marker.
[0098] SEQ ID NO: 75 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11427 marker.
[0099] SEQ ID NO: 76 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11427 marker.
[0100] SEQ ID NO: 77 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11429 marker.
[0101] SEQ ID NO: 78 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11429 marker.
[0102] SEQ ID NO: 79 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11429 marker.
[0103] SEQ ID NO: 80 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11429 marker.
[0104] SEQ ID NO: 81 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11431 marker.
[0105] SEQ ID NO: 82 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11431 marker.
[0106] SEQ ID NO: 83 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11431 marker.
[0107] SEQ ID NO: 84 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11431 marker.
[0108] SEQ ID NO: 85 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM3527 marker.
[0109] SEQ ID NO: 86 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM3527 marker.
[0110] SEQ ID NO: 87 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM3527 marker.
[0111] SEQ ID NO: 88 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM3527 marker.
[0112] SEQ ID NO: 89 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11433 marker.
[0113] SEQ ID NO: 90 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11433 marker.
[0114] SEQ ID NO: 91 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11433 marker.
[0115] SEQ ID NO: 92 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11433 marker.
[0116] SEQ ID NO: 93 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11441 marker.
[0117] SEQ ID NO: 94 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11441 marker.
[0118] SEQ ID NO: 95 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11441 marker.
[0119] SEQ ID NO: 96 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11441 marker.
[0120] SEQ ID NO: 97 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11188 marker.
[0121] SEQ ID NO: 98 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11188 marker.
[0122] SEQ ID NO: 99 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11188 marker.
[0123] SEQ ID NO: 100 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11188 marker.
[0124] SEQ ID NO: 101 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11426 marker.
[0125] SEQ ID NO: 102 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11426 marker.
[0126] SEQ ID NO: 103 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11426 marker.
[0127] SEQ ID NO: 104 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11426 marker.
[0128] SEQ ID NO: 105 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM4617 marker.
[0129] SEQ ID NO: 106 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM4617 marker.
[0130] SEQ ID NO: 107 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM4617 marker.
[0131] SEQ ID NO: 108 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM4617 marker.
[0132] SEQ ID NO: 109 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the IDP1 marker.
[0133] SEQ ID NO: 110 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the IDP1 marker.
[0134] SEQ ID NO: 111 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the IDP7 marker.
[0135] SEQ ID NO: 112 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the IDP7 marker.
[0136] SEQ ID NO: 113 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11253 marker.
[0137] SEQ ID NO: 114 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11253 marker.
[0138] SEQ ID NO: 115 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11253 marker.
[0139] SEQ ID NO: 116 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11253 marker.
[0140] SEQ ID NO: 117 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11246 marker.
[0141] SEQ ID NO: 118 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11246 marker.
[0142] SEQ ID NO: 119 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11246 marker.
[0143] SEQ ID NO: 120 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11246 marker.
[0144] SEQ ID NO: 121 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11245 marker.
[0145] SEQ ID NO: 122 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11245 marker.
[0146] SEQ ID NO: 123 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11245 marker.
[0147] SEQ ID NO: 124 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11245 marker.
[0148] SEQ ID NO: 125 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11249 marker.
[0149] SEQ ID NO: 126 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11249 marker.
[0150] SEQ ID NO: 127 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11249 marker.
[0151] SEQ ID NO: 128 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11249 marker.
[0152] SEQ ID NO: 129 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11236 marker.
[0153] SEQ ID NO: 130 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11236 marker.
[0154] SEQ ID NO: 131 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11236 marker.
[0155] SEQ ID NO: 132 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11236 marker.
[0156] SEQ ID NO: 133 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11241 marker.
[0157] SEQ ID NO: 134 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11241 marker.
[0158] SEQ ID NO: 135 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11241 marker.
[0159] SEQ ID NO: 136 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11241 marker.
[0160] SEQ ID NO: 137 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM8153 marker.
[0161] SEQ ID NO: 138 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM8153 marker.
[0162] SEQ ID NO: 139 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM8153 marker.
[0163] SEQ ID NO: 140 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM8153 marker.
[0164] SEQ ID NO: 141 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM8157 marker.
[0165] SEQ ID NO: 142 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM8157 marker.
[0166] SEQ ID NO: 143 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM8157 marker.
[0167] SEQ ID NO: 144 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM8157 marker.
[0168] SEQ ID NO: 145 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 3 for the SM8157 marker.
[0169] SEQ ID NO: 146 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11244 marker.
[0170] SEQ ID NO: 147 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11244 marker.
[0171] SEQ ID NO: 148 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11244 marker.
[0172] SEQ ID NO: 149 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11244 marker.
[0173] SEQ ID NO: 150 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM11252 marker.
[0174] SEQ ID NO: 151 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM11252 marker.
[0175] SEQ ID NO: 152 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM11252 marker.
[0176] SEQ ID NO: 153 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM11252 marker.
[0177] SEQ ID NO: 154 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 1 for the SM1017AQ marker.
[0178] SEQ ID NO: 155 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of probe 2 for the SM1017AQ marker.
[0179] SEQ ID NO: 156 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 1 for the SM1017AQ marker.
[0180] SEQ ID NO: 157 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of primer 2 for the SM1017AQ marker.
[0181] SEQ ID NO: 158 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the ubiquitin-like domain of ZmBAG4.
[0182] SEQ ID NO: 159 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the BAG domain of ZmBAG4.
[0183] SEQ ID NO: 160 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the ZmCCT polypeptide.
[0184] SEQ ID NO: 161 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmCCT coding sequence.
[0185] SEQ ID NO: 162 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the ZmCCT gene (comprising only introns and exons) .
[0186] SEQ ID NO: 163 sets forth the nucleotide sequence amplified by IDP1 primers 1 and 2 from the B73 FSR-susceptible line.
[0187] SEQ ID NO: 164 sets forth the nucleotide sequence amplified by IDP7 primers 1 and 2 from the B73 FSR-susceptible line.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0188] 1. Definitions
[0189] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matter belongs.
[0190] Although the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate understanding of the presently disclosed subject matter.
[0191] All references listed below, as well as all references cited in the instant disclosure, including but not limited to all patents, patent applications and publications thereof, scientific journal articles, and database entries (e.g., database entries and all annotations available therein) are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties to the extent that they supplement, explain, provide a background for, or teach methodology, techniques, and / or compositions employed herein.
[0192] Nucleotide sequences provided herein are presented in the 5' to 3' direction, from left to right and are presented using the standard code for representing nucleotide bases as set forth in 37 CFR §§1.821 -1.825 and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST. 25, for example: adenine (A) , cytosine (C) , thymine (T) , and guanine (G) .
[0193] Amino acids are likewise indicated using the WIPO Standard ST. 26, for example: alanine (Ala; A) , arginine (Arg; R) , asparagine (Asn; N) , aspartic acid (Asp; D) , cysteine (Cys; C) , glutamine (Gln; Q) , glutamic acid (Glu; E) , glycine (Gly; G) , histidine (His; H) , isoleucine (Ile; 1) , leucine (Leu; L) , lysine (Lys; K) , methionine (Met; M) , phenylalanine (Phe; F) , proline (Pro; P) , serine (Ser; S) , threonine (Thr; T) , tryptophan (Trp; W) , tyrosine (Tyr; Y) , and valine (Val; V) .
[0194] The singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0195] As used herein, “and / or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative ( “or” ) .
[0196] The term “about, ” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as a dosage, application rate, or time period and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ± 20%, ± 10%, ± 5%, ± 1%, ± 0.5%, or even ± 0.1%of the specified amount. As used herein, phrases such as "between about X and Y" mean "between about X and about Y" and phrases such as "from about X to Y" mean "from about X to about Y. "
[0197] As used herein, phrases such as "between about X and Y" , "between about X and about Y" , "from X to Y" and “from about X to about Y” (and similar phrases) should be interpreted to include X and Y, unless the context indicates otherwise.
[0198] As used herein, a "coding sequence" or “CDS” is a nucleic acid sequence that is transcribed into RNA such as mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, sense RNA or antisense RNA. In embodiments, the RNA is then translated to produce a protein. In example embodiments, the CDS is derived from a cDNA sequence and includes the sequence of spliced exons of a transcript in DNA notation and does not include any intron or 5' or 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) . In other example embodiments, the CDS is derived from a genomic DNA sequence and includes the sequence of spliced exons of a transcript in DNA notation as well as one or more introns, and 5' and / or 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) .
[0199] As used herein, a “codon optimized” nucleotide sequence means a nucleotide sequence of a recombinant, transgenic, or synthetic polynucleotide wherein the codons are chosen to reflect the particular codon bias that a host cell or organism may have. This is typically done in such a way as to preserve the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the codon optimized nucleotide sequence. In certain embodiments, a nucleotide sequence is codon optimized for the cell (e.g., an animal, plant, fungal or bacterial cell) in which the construct is to be expressed. For example, a construct to be expressed in a plant cell can have all or parts of its sequence codon optimized for expression in a plant. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,014. In embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein are codon-optimized for expression in a plant cell (e.g., a dicot cell, a monocot cell, a maize cell) or bacterial cell.
[0200] The term “comprise” , “comprises” or “comprising, ” when used in this specification, indicates the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0201] As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” (and grammatical variants) means that the scope of a claim is to be interpreted to encompass the specified materials or steps recited in the claim “and those that do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristic (s) ” of the claimed invention. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of” when used in a claim of this invention is not intended to be interpreted to be equivalent to “comprising. ”
[0202] "Expression cassette" as used herein means a nucleic acid molecule capable of directing expression of at least one polynucleotide of interest, such as a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof in an appropriate host cell, and comprises a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide of interest which is operably linked to a termination signal. An “expression cassette” can comprise additional polynucleotides to facilitate proper translation of the polynucleotide of interest. The expression cassette may comprise other polynucleotides not related to the expression of a polynucleotide of interest, but which are present due to convenient restriction sites for removal of the cassette from an expression vector. In embodiments, at least one of the components in the expression cassette may be non-native (i.e., foreign) with respect to at least one of the other components (e.g., a non-native promoter, a terminator, an intron, and / or any regulatory element operatively associated with a polynucleotide of interest) . In other embodiments, the expression cassette may be naturally occurring and comprises the native regulatory elements, native introns and native genomic DNA to allow for the expression of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide. The expression cassette can be heterologous with respect to the host, i.e., the expression cassette (or even the polynucleotide of interest) does not occur naturally in the host cell and has been introduced into the host cell by a transformation process or a breeding process. The expression cassette can be heterologous with respect to the location in the host cell genome, i.e., the expression cassette (or even the polynucleotide of interest) may be found in a location in the genome where it is not normally found, such as on a different chromosome or in a different location on its native chromosome, and is thus is present in a non-native site in the genome.
[0203] The term “introduced” or “introducing” defines a process of altering the content of a cell or a plant through the use of traditional breeding or recombinant transformation techniques. Any means can be used to introduce polynucleotides into a cell or a plant cell, including methods that result in stable transformation, transient transformation, or a gene edit. As used herein, a “gene edit” refers to a modification (addition, deletion, or substitution) of one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule that results from gene editing, including the use of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats modification (CRISPR) , Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) (Feng et al. 2013, Joung & Sander 2013) , meganucleases, or zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) . Transformation techniques include the use of calcium phosphate transfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, PEG, electroporation, ultrasonic methods (e.g., sonoporation) , liposomes, microinjection, naked DNA, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, both episomal and integrative, introgression, transgenic, and any of the other well-known transformation methods for introducing cloned genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA or other foreign genetic material into a host cell.
[0204] As used herein, the term “wild Zea” refers to a perennial Zea plant, for example any one of Zea diploperennis, Zea luxurians, Zea nicaraguensis, Zea perennis, and Zea mays (i.e., maize) .
[0205] As used herein, the term “allele” refers to one of two or more different nucleotides or nucleotide sequences that occur at a specific locus.
[0206] A marker is “associated with” a trait when it is linked to it and when the presence of the marker is an indicator of whether and / or to what extent the desired trait or trait form will occur in a plant / germplasm comprising the marker. Similarly, a marker is “associated with” an allele when it is linked to it and when the presence of the marker is an indicator of whether the allele is present in a plant / germplasm comprising the marker. For example, “a marker associated with enhanced pathogen resistance” refers to a marker whose presence or absence can be used to predict whether and / or to what extent a plant will display a pathogen resistant phenotype.
[0207] As used herein, the terms “backcross” and “backcrossing” refer to the process whereby a progeny plant is repeatedly crossed back to one of its parents. In a backcrossing scheme, the “donor” parent refers to the parental plant with the desired gene or locus to be introgressed. The “recipient” parent (used one or more times) or “recurrent” parent (used two or more times) refers to the parental plant into which the gene or locus is being introgressed. For example, see Ragot, M. et al. Marker-assisted Backcrossing: A Practical Example, in TECHNIQUES ET UTILISATIONS DES MARQUEURS MOLECULAIRES LES COLLOQUES, Vol. 72, pp. 45-56 (1995) ; and Openshaw et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding, in PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM “ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR MARKER DATA, ” pp. 41-53 (1994) . The initial cross gives rise to the F1 generation. The term “BC1” refers to the second use of the recurrent parent, “BC2” refers to the third use of the recurrent parent, and so on.
[0208] As used herein, the terms “cross” or “crossed” refer to the fusion of gametes via pollination to produce progeny (e.g., cells, seeds or plants) . The term encompasses both sexual crosses (the pollination of one plant by another) and selfing (self-pollination, e.g., when the pollen and ovule are from the same plant) . The term “crossing” refers to the act of fusing gametes via pollination to produce progeny.
[0209] As used herein, the terms "cultivar" and "variety" refer to a group of similar plants that by structural or genetic features and / or performance can be distinguished from other varieties within the same species.
[0210] As used herein, the terms “desired allele” , “favorable allele” and “allele of interest” are used interchangeably to refer to an allele associated with a desired trait (e.g., FSR resistance) .
[0211] As used herein, “disease resistance gene” or “resistance gene” is used herein to mean a gene that encodes a polypeptide capable of enhancing or improving or increasing a defense or immune response in a plant.
[0212] As used herein, the terms “disease tolerance” or “disease resistant” refer to a plant’s ability to endure and / or thrive despite being infected with a disease-causing pathogen. Thus, disease resistance means the absence or a reduction in one or more disease symptoms in a plant caused by a plant pathogen. When used in reference to germplasm, the terms refer to the ability of a plant that arises from that germplasm to endure and / or thrive despite being infected with a respective disease. In some embodiments, infected disease resistant maize plants may yield as well (or nearly as well) as uninfected maize plants. In general, a plant or germplasm is labeled as “disease resistant” if it displays “enhanced pathogen resistance. ” In some embodiments, a disease tolerant or disease resistant plant exhibits a statistically significant decrease or the absence in one or more disease symptoms caused by a plant pathogen when compared to an appropriate control plant. In some embodiments, an increase in disease tolerance or resistance can be (1) measured by a plant’s ability to endure and / or thrive despite being infected with a respective disease; (2) measured by infected disease resistant maize plants yielding as well as (or nearly as well) as uninfected maize plants.; or (3) measured by a delay or the prevention of proliferation of a pathogen (e.g., fungi) . In still other embodiments, a plant or germplasm can be labeled as “disease resistant” if it displays “enhanced or increased pathogen resistance” when compared to a control plant.
[0213] As used herein, the terms “enhanced pathogen resistance” , or “increased resistance to a pathogen, ” or “confers pathogen resistance” refers to an improvement, enhancement, or increase in a plant’s ability to endure and / or thrive despite being infected with a pathogen or disease (e.g., Fusarium stalk rot) as compared to one or more control plants. Enhanced disease resistance includes a reduction in the symptoms indicative of infection for a disease such as Fusarium stalk rot. An enhanced plant pathogen resistance may comprise any statistically significant increase in resistance to the plant pathogen, including, for example, an increase of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%or higher. Conferring or enhancing or increasing resistance may include a reduction (partial reduction or complete reduction) in symptoms or phenotypic characteristics associated with susceptibility to the pathogen and / or an increase in phenotypic characteristics associated with resistance to the pathogen. The leaves of maize plants infected by Fusarium graminearum typically change from light green into dull, grayish-green and eventually wilt. The lower internodes soften and turn tan or brown while the internal pith disintegrates, leaving only the vascular bundles partially intact. In moist conditions, round black specks may form at the lower nodes. These specks can be scratched off the stalk surface easily using a fingernail. In example embodiments, conferring or increasing of resistance to Fusarium stalk rot can include a statistically significant reduction in the number, severity and / or rate of infected plants, reduction in stem lodging, reduction in discoloration of foliage, reduction in defoliation, reduction in number or size of black specks on nodes, reduction in softening or discoloration of internodes, reduction in metabolite accumulation of Fusarium graminearum, or a reduction in yield loss, or any combination thereof. Further, enhanced pathogen resistance can include the prevention or delay of proliferation of a pathogen (e.g., fungus. )
[0214] A "control" or "control plant" or "control plant cell" provides a reference point for measuring changes in phenotype of the subject plant or plant cell. A control plant or plant cell may comprise, for example: (a) a wild-type plant or cell, i.e., of the same genotype as the starting material for the genetic alteration which resulted in the subject plant or cell; (b) a plant or plant cell of the same genotype as the starting material but which has been transformed with a null construct (i.e., with a construct which has no known effect on the trait of interest, such as a construct comprising a marker gene) ; (c) a plant or plant cell which is a non-transformed segregant among progeny of a subject plant or plant cell; (d) a plant or plant cell genetically identical to the subject plant or plant cell but which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli that would induce expression of the gene of interest; or (e) the subject plant or plant cell itself, under conditions in which the gene of interest is not expressed.
[0215] An “elite line” or “elite strain” is an agronomically superior line that has resulted from many cycles of breeding and selection for superior agronomic performance. Numerous elite lines are available and known to those of skill in the art of maize breeding. An “elite population” is an assortment of elite individuals or lines that can be used to represent the state of the art in terms of agronomically superior genotypes of a given crop species, such as maize. Similarly, an “elite germplasm” or elite strain of germplasm is an agronomically superior germplasm, typically derived from and / or capable of giving rise to a plant with superior agronomic performance, such as an existing or newly developed elite line of maize.
[0216] An “elite” plant is any plant from an elite line, such that an elite plant is a representative plant from an elite variety. Numerous elite lines are available and known to those of skill in the art.
[0217] The terms “agronomically elite” as used herein, means a genotype that has a culmination of many distinguishable traits such as emergence, vigor, vegetative vigor, disease resistance, seed set, standability, yield and threshability which allows a producer to harvest a product of commercial significance.
[0218] A “genetic map” is a description of genetic linkage relationships among loci on one or more chromosomes within a given species, generally depicted in a diagrammatic or tabular form. For each genetic map, distances between loci are measured by the recombination frequencies between them. Recombination between loci can be detected using a variety of markers. A genetic map is a product of the mapping population, types of markers used, and the polymorphic potential of each marker between different populations. The order and genetic distances between loci can differ from one genetic map to another.
[0219] As used herein, the term “genotype” refers to the genetic constitution of an individual (or group of individuals) at one or more genetic loci, as contrasted with the observable and / or detectable and / or manifested trait (the phenotype) . Genotype is defined by the allele (s) of one or more known loci that the individual has inherited from its parents. The term genotype can be used to refer to an individual's genetic constitution at a single locus, at multiple loci, or more generally, the term genotype can be used to refer to an individual's genetic make-up for all the genes in its genome. Genotypes can be indirectly characterized, e.g., using markers and / or directly characterized by nucleic acid sequencing.
[0220] As used herein, the term “germplasm” refers to genetic material of or from an individual (e.g., a plant) , a group of individuals (e.g., a plant line, variety or family) , or a clone derived from a line, variety, species, or culture. The germplasm can be part of an organism or cell, or can be separate from the organism or cell. In general, germplasm provides genetic material with a specific genetic makeup that provides a foundation for some or all of the hereditary qualities of an organism or cell culture. As used herein, germplasm includes cells, seed or tissues from which new plants may be grown, as well as plant parts that can be cultured into a whole plant (e.g., leaves, stems, buds, roots, pollen, cells, etc. ) .
[0221] A “haplotype” is the genotype of an individual at a plurality of genetic loci, i.e., a combination of alleles. Typically, the genetic loci that define a haplotype are physically and genetically linked, i.e., on the same chromosome segment. The term “haplotype” can refer to polymorphisms at a particular locus, such as a single marker locus, or polymorphisms at multiple loci along a chromosomal segment.
[0222] As used herein, the term “heterozygous” refers to a genetic status wherein different alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.
[0223] As used herein, the term “homozygous” refers to a genetic status wherein identical alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.
[0224] As used herein, the term “linkage” refers to the degree with which one marker locus is associated with another marker locus or some other. The linkage relationship between a genetic marker and a phenotype may be given as a “probability” or “adjusted probability. ” Linkage can be expressed as a desired limit or range. For example, in some embodiments, any marker is linked (genetically and physically) to any other marker when the markers are separated by less than about 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, or 15 map units (or cM) .
[0225] In some aspects of the present invention, it is advantageous to define a bracketed range of linkage, for example, from about 10 cM and about 20 cM, from about 10 cM and about 30 cM, or from about 10 cM and about 40 cM. The more closely a marker is linked to a second locus, the better an indicator for the second locus that marker becomes. Thus, “closely linked loci” such as a marker locus and a second locus display an inter-locus recombination frequency of about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, or 2%or less. In some embodiments, the relevant loci display a recombination frequency of about 1%or less, e.g., about 0.75%, 0.5%, 0.25%or less. Two loci that are localized to the same chromosome, and at such a distance that recombination between the two loci occurs at a frequency of less than about 10% (e.g., about 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.75%, 0.5%, or 0.25%, or less) may also be said to be “proximal to” each other. Since one cM is the distance between two markers that show a 1%recombination frequency, any marker is closely linked (genetically and physically) to any other marker that is in close proximity, e.g., at or less than about 10 cM distant. Two closely linked markers on the same chromosome may be positioned about 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.75, 0.5 or 0.25 cM or less from each other.
[0226] A centimorgan ( “cM” ) or a genetic map unit (m. u. ) is a unit of measure of recombination frequency and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. One cM is equal to a 1%chance that a marker at one genetic locus will be separated from a marker at a second locus due to crossing over in a single generation. Thus, a recombinant frequency (RF) of 1%is equivalent to 1 m. u.
[0227] As used herein, the phrase “linkage group” refers to all of the genes or genetic traits that are located on the same chromosome. Within the linkage group, those loci that are close enough together can exhibit linkage in genetic crosses. Since the probability of crossover increases with the physical distance between loci on a chromosome, loci for which the locations are far removed from each other within a linkage group might not exhibit any detectable linkage in direct genetic tests. The term “linkage group” is mostly used to refer to genetic loci that exhibit linked behavior in genetic systems where chromosomal assignments have not yet been made. Thus, the term “linkage group” is synonymous with the physical entity of a chromosome, although one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a linkage group can also be defined as corresponding to a region of (i.e., less than the entirety) of a given chromosome.
[0228] As used herein, the term “linkage disequilibrium” refers to a non-random segregation of genetic loci or traits (or both) . In either case, linkage disequilibrium implies that the relevant loci are within sufficient physical proximity along a length of a chromosome so that they segregate together with greater than random (i.e., non-random) frequency (in the case of co-segregating traits, the loci that underlie the traits are in sufficient proximity to each other) . Markers that show linkage disequilibrium are considered linked. Linked loci co-segregate more than 50%of the time, e.g., from about 51%to about 100%of the time. In other words, two markers that co-segregate have a recombination frequency of less than 50% (and, by definition, are separated by less than 50 cM on the same chromosome) . As used herein, linkage can be between two markers, or alternatively between a marker and a phenotype. A marker locus can be “associated with” (linked to) a trait, e.g., FSR. The degree of linkage of a genetic marker to a phenotypic trait is measured, e.g., as a statistical probability of co-segregation of that marker with the phenotype.
[0229] Linkage disequilibrium is most commonly assessed using the measure r2, which is calculated using the formula described by Hill and Robertson, Theor. Appl. Genet. 38: 226 (1968) . When r2 =1, complete linkage disequilibrium exists between the two marker loci, meaning that the markers have not been separated by recombination and have the same allele frequency. Values for r2 above 1 / 3 indicate sufficiently strong linkage disequilibrium to be useful for mapping. Ardlie et al., Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 299 (2002) . Hence, alleles are in linkage disequilibrium when r2 values between pairwise marker loci are greater than or equal to about 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1.0.
[0230] As used herein, the term “linkage equilibrium” describes a situation where two markers independently segregate, i.e., sort among progeny randomly. Markers that show linkage equilibrium are considered unlinked (whether or not they lie on the same chromosome) .
[0231] As used herein, the terms “marker” and “genetic marker” are used interchangeably to refer to a nucleotide and / or a nucleotide sequence that has been associated with a phenotype and / or trait. A marker may be, but is not limited to, an allele, a gene, a haplotype, a chromosome interval, a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) , a simple sequence repeat (SSR) , a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) , a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) (Rafalski and Tingey, Trends in Genetics 9: 275 (1993) ) , an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Vos et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 4407 (1995) ) , a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Brookes, Gene 234: 177 (1993) ) , a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) (Paran and Michelmore, Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 985 (1993) ) , a sequence-tagged site (STS) (Onozaki et al., Euphytica 138: 255 (2004) ) , a single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) (Orita et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2766 (1989) ) , an inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) (Blair et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 780 (1999) ) , an inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) , a retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) (Kalendar et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 704 (1999) ) , an isozyme marker, an RNA cleavage product (such as a Lynx tag) or any combination of the markers described herein. A marker may be present in genomic or expressed nucleic acids (e.g., ESTs) .
[0232] Markers corresponding to genetic polymorphisms between members of a population can be detected by methods well-established in the art. These include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid sequencing, hybridization methods, amplification methods (e.g., PCR-based sequence specific amplification methods) , detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) , detection of isozyme markers, detection of polynucleotide polymorphisms by allele specific hybridization (ASH) , detection of amplified variable sequences of the plant genome, detection of self-sustained sequence replication, detection of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) , detection of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) , detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) , tunable genotyping-by-sequence (tGBS) , and / or detection of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) . Thus, in some embodiments of this invention, such well known methods can be used to detect the SNP alleles as defined herein (See, e.g., Tables 2-3)
[0233] Accordingly, in some embodiments of this invention, a marker is detected by amplifying a Zea sp. nucleic acid with two oligonucleotide primers by, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .
[0234] A “marker allele, ” also described as an “allele of a marker locus, ” can refer to one of a plurality of polymorphic nucleotide sequences found at a marker locus in a population that is polymorphic for the marker locus.
[0235] “Marker-assisted selection” (MAS) is a process by which phenotypes are selected based on marker genotypes. Marker assisted selection includes the use of marker genotypes for identifying plants for inclusion in and / or removal from a breeding program or planting.
[0236] As used herein, the terms “marker locus” and “marker loci” refer to a specific chromosome location or locations in the genome of an organism where a specific marker or markers can be found. A marker locus can be used to track the presence of a second linked locus, e.g., a linked locus that encodes or contributes to expression of a phenotypic trait. For example, a marker locus can be used to monitor segregation of alleles at a locus, such as a QTL or single gene, that are genetically or physically linked to the marker locus.
[0237] As used herein, the terms “marker probe” and “probe” refer to a nucleotide sequence or nucleic acid molecule that can be used to detect the presence of one or more particular alleles within a marker locus (e.g., a nucleic acid probe that is complementary to all of or a portion of the marker or marker locus, through nucleic acid hybridization) . Marker probes comprising about 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more contiguous nucleotides may be used for nucleic acid hybridization. Alternatively, in some aspects, a marker probe refers to a probe of any type that is able to distinguish (i.e., genotype) the particular allele that is present at a marker locus. Non-limiting examples of probes of this invention include SEQ ID NOs: 19-54 and 137-300.
[0238] As used herein, the term “molecular marker” may be used to refer to a genetic marker, as defined above, or an encoded product thereof (e.g., a protein) used as a point of reference when identifying a linked locus. A molecular marker can be derived from genomic nucleotide sequences or from expressed nucleotide sequences (e.g., from a spliced RNA, a cDNA, etc. ) . The term also refers to nucleotide sequences complementary to or flanking the marker sequences, such as nucleotide sequences used as probes and / or primers capable of amplifying the marker sequence. Nucleotide sequences are “complementary” when they specifically hybridize in solution, e.g., according to Watson-Crick base pairing rules. Some of the markers described herein can also be referred to as hybridization markers when located on an indel region. This is because the insertion region is, by definition, a polymorphism vis- -vis a plant without the insertion. Thus, the marker need only indicate whether the indel region is present or absent. Any suitable marker detection technology may be used to identify such a hybridization marker, e.g., SNP technology.
[0239] A “native” or “wild type” nucleic acid, nucleotide sequence, polypeptide or amino acid sequence refers to a naturally occurring or endogenous nucleic acid, nucleotide sequence, polypeptide or amino acid sequence. Thus, for example, a “wild type mRNA” is an mRNA that is naturally occurring in, or endogenous to, the organism.
[0240] The terms “nucleic acid, ” “nucleic acid molecule, ” “nucleotide sequence, ” “oligonucleotide” , “polynucleic acids” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein, unless the context indicates otherwise, and refer to a heteropolymer of nucleotides. These terms include without limitation DNA and RNA molecules, including cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA and RNA, plasmid DNA, mRNA, anti-sense RNA, and RNA / DNA hybrids, any of which can be linear or branched, single stranded or double stranded, or a combination thereof. When dsRNA is produced synthetically, less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA, and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2'-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made.
[0241] By “operably linked” or “operably associated” as used herein, it is meant that the indicated elements are functionally related to each other and are also generally physically related. Thus, the term “operably linked” or “operably associated” as used herein, refers to nucleotide sequences on a single nucleic acid molecule that are functionally associated. Thus, a first nucleotide sequence that is operably linked to a second nucleotide sequence, means a situation when the first nucleotide sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleotide sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably associated with a nucleotide sequence if the promoter effects the transcription or expression of said nucleotide sequence. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the control sequences (e.g., promoter, intron, terminator, enhancer) need not be contiguous with the nucleotide sequence to which it is operably associated, as long as the control sequences function to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated, yet transcribed, sequences can be present between a promoter and a nucleotide sequence, and the promoter can still be considered “operably linked” to or “operatively associated” with the nucleotide sequence.
[0242] As used herein, the term “endogenous” refers to materials originating from within an organism or cell. “Exogenous” refers to materials originating from outside of an organism or cell. This typically applies to nucleic acid molecules used in producing transformed or transgenic host cells and plants. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof is an exogenous nucleic acid used to confer or enhance pathogen resistance in a plant cell transformed with the nucleic acid molecule.
[0243] As used herein, the terms “exotic, ” “exotic line” and “exotic germplasm” refer to any plant, line or germplasm that is not elite. In general, exotic plants / germplasms are not derived from any known elite plant or germplasm, but rather are selected to introduce one or more desired genetic elements into a breeding program (e.g., to introduce novel alleles into a breeding program) .
[0244] As used herein, the term “genome” as it applies to plant cells encompasses not only chromosomal DNA found within the nucleus, but organelle DNA found within subcellular components of the cell.
[0245] The term “gene” means a nucleic acid that comprises chromosomal DNA, genomic DNA, plasmid DNA, cDNA, an artificial DNA polynucleotide, or other DNA encoding a polypeptide of interest. In particular embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the gene encodes a protein that, when expressed, is responsible, at least in part, for a particular characteristic or trait. In embodiments, the gene may be native, modified (e.g., by directed recombination or site-specific mutation) , or synthetic. In example embodiments, the gene is transcribed into an RNA molecule (e.g., an mRNA) in a cell wherein the RNA may encode a peptide, polypeptide, or protein of interest, and in some examples may also encode genetic elements flanking the coding sequence that are involved in the regulation of expression of the mRNA or polypeptide of the present invention. A gene may thus comprise several operably linked sequences, such as a promoter sequence, a 5' leader sequence comprising, for example, sequences involved in translation initiation, a (protein) coding region (comprising cDNA or genomic DNA) , a 3' non-translated sequence comprising, for example, transcription termination sequence sites, introns (e.g., one or more native, foreign, or modified introns) . In example embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the isolated gene may include introns, exons, 5' or 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) , and native regulatory elements (such as native promoters) . In other example embodiments, the gene comprises a coding sequence for a polypeptide of interest without including any regulatory elements. As such, the nucleic acids encoding the ZmBAG4 protein or active variants or fragment thereof can lack all native or foreign / heterologous introns, can have one, two, three or more or all of the native introns replaced with foreign or modified introns, or can have one or more of the native regulatory elements (promoters, 5' UTRs, 3' UTRs and / or terminators) replaced with foreign / heterologous or modified regulatory elements (promoters, 5' UTRs, 3' UTRs and / or terminators) , or any combination thereof.
[0246] As used herein, "heterologous" in reference to a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence is a sequence that originates from a foreign species; or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and / or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. As such, heterologous sequences are in a configuration not found in nature.
[0247] As used herein, the term “hybrid” refers to a seed and / or plant produced when at least two genetically dissimilar parents are crossed.
[0248] As used herein, the term “inbred” refers to a substantially homozygous plant or variety. The term may refer to a plant or variety that is substantially homozygous throughout the entire genome or that is substantially homozygous with respect to a portion of the genome that is of particular interest.
[0249] As used herein, the terms “introgression, ” “introgressing” and “introgressed” refer to both the natural and artificial transmission of a desired allele or combination of desired alleles of a genetic locus or genetic loci from one genetic background to another. For example, a desired allele at a specified locus can be transmitted to at least one progeny via a sexual cross between two parents of the same species, where at least one of the parents has the desired allele in its genome. Alternatively, for example, transmission of an allele can occur by recombination between two donor genomes, e.g., in a fused protoplast, where at least one of the donor protoplasts has the desired allele in its genome. The desired allele may be a selected allele of a marker, a QTL, a transgene, or the like. Offspring comprising the desired allele can be repeatedly backcrossed to a line having a desired genetic background and selected for the desired allele, with the result being that the desired allele becomes fixed in the desired genetic background. For example, a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof or marker associated with enhanced FSR tolerance or resistance may be introgressed from a donor into a recurrent parent that is not disease resistant. The resulting offspring could then be repeatedly backcrossed and selected until the progeny possess the FSR tolerance allele (s) in the recurrent parent background.
[0250] As used herein, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule or gene is substantially separated away from other nucleic acid or gene sequences with which the nucleic acid is normally associated, such as, from the chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA of a cell in which the nucleic acid or gene naturally occurs. A nucleic acid molecule is an isolated nucleic acid molecule when it comprises a transgene or part of a transgene present in the genome of another organism. The term also embraces nucleic acids that are biochemically purified to substantially remove contaminating nucleic acids and other cellular components.
[0251] A polypeptide is “isolated” if it has been separated from the cellular components (nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and other polypeptides) that naturally accompany it or that is chemically synthesized or recombinant. A polypeptide molecule is an isolated polypeptide molecule when it is expressed from a transgene in another organism. A monomeric polypeptide is isolated when at least 60%by weight of a sample is composed of the polypeptide, preferably 90%or more, more preferably 95%or more, and most preferably more than 99%. Protein purity or homogeneity is indicated, for example, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a protein sample, followed by visualization of a single polypeptide band upon staining the polyacrylamide gel; high pressure liquid chromatography; or other conventional methods. Proteins can be purified by any of the means known in the art, for example as described in Guide to Protein Purification, ed. Deutscher, Meth. Enzymol. 185, Academic Press, San Diego, 1990; and Scopes, Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Springer Verlag, New York, 1982.
[0252] A “locus” is a position on a chromosome where a gene or marker or allele is located. In some embodiments, a locus may encompass one or more nucleotides.
[0253] A “non-naturally occurring variety of maize” is any variety of maize that does not naturally exist in nature. A “non-naturally occurring variety of maize” may be produced by any method known in the art, including, but not limited to, transforming a maize plant or germplasm, transfecting a maize plant or germplasm and crossing a naturally occurring variety of maize with a non-naturally occurring variety of maize. In some embodiments, a “non-naturally occurring variety of maize” may comprise one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, a "non-naturally occurring variety of maize" may comprise a non-natural combination of two or more naturally occurring nucleotide sequences (i.e., two or more naturally occurring genes that do not naturally occur in the same maize plant, for instance genes not found in Zea mays lines such as polynucleotides from wild Zea species) .
[0254] As used herein, the terms “phenotype, ” “phenotypic trait” or “trait” refer to one or more traits and / or manifestations of an organism. The phenotype can be a manifestation that is observable to the naked eye, or by any other means of evaluation known in the art, e.g., microscopy, biochemical analysis, or an electromechanical assay. In some cases, a phenotype or trait is directly controlled by a single gene or genetic locus, i.e., a “single gene trait. ” In other cases, a phenotype or trait is the result of several genes.
[0255] As used herein, the term “plant” may refer to a whole plant, any part thereof, or a cell or tissue culture derived from a plant. Thus, the term “plant” can refer to any of: whole plants, plant components or organs (e.g., roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers, kernels, ears, etc. ) , plant tissues, seeds and / or plant cells. A plant cell is a cell of a plant, taken from a plant, or derived through culture from a cell taken from a plant. Thus, the term "maize plant" may refer to a whole maize plant, one or more parts of a maize plant (e.g., roots, root tips, stems, leaves, buds, flowers, seeds, cotyledons, etc. ) , maize plant cells, maize plant protoplasts and / or maize plant calli.
[0256] A "plant cell" is a structural and physiological unit of a plant, comprising a protoplast and a cell wall. The plant cell may be in the form of an isolated single cell or a cultured cell, or as a part of a higher organized unit such as, for example, plant tissue, a plant organ, or a whole plant. In embodiments, the plant cell is non-propagating and / or cannot regenerate a whole plant.
[0257] A "plant cell culture" means a culture of plant units such as, for example, protoplasts, cell culture cells, cells in plant tissues, pollen, pollen tubes, ovules, embryo sacs, zygotes and embryos at various stages of development.
[0258] "Plant material" refers to leaves, stems, roots, flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, egg cells, zygotes, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part or product of a plant.
[0259] A "plant organ" is a distinct and visibly structured and differentiated part of a plant such as a root, stem, leaf, flower bud, or embryo.
[0260] As used herein, the term “plant part” includes but is not limited to single cells and tissues from embryos, pollen, ovules, egg cells, seeds, leaves, flowers, flower parts, branches, fruit, stems, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, cuttings and seeds, zygotes, anthers, shoots, scions, rootstocks, and / or plant cells including plant cells that are intact in plants and / or parts of plants, plant protoplasts, plant tissues, plant cell tissue cultures, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like. In some embodiments, the plant part or plant cell can be regenerated into a plant, while in other embodiments, the plant part or plant cell cannot be regenerated into a plant.
[0261] "Plant tissue" as used herein means a group of plant cells organized into a structural and functional unit. Any tissue of a plant in planta or in culture is included. This term includes, but is not limited to, whole plants, plant organs, plant seeds, tissue culture and any groups of plant cells organized into structural or functional units. The use of this term in conjunction with, or in the absence of, any specific type of plant tissue as listed above or otherwise embraced by this definition is not intended to be exclusive of any other type of plant tissue.
[0262] “Plant pathogen” or “fungal pathogen” is used herein to mean fungal pathogen. In specific embodiments, the fungal pathogen is from the genus Fusarium, including a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. In one embodiment, the species is Fusarium verticillioides. In another embodiment, the species is Fusarium graminearum. In another embodiment, the species is both Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum.
[0263] “Polyadenylation signal” or “polyA signal” refers to a nucleic acid sequence located 3' to a coding region that causes the addition of adenylate nucleotides to the 3' end of the mRNA transcribed from the coding region.
[0264] “Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ” refers to a DNA amplification method that uses an enzymatic technique to create multiple copies of one sequence of nucleic acid (amplicon) . Copies of a DNA molecule are prepared by shuttling a DNA polymerase between two amplimers. The basis of this amplification method is multiple cycles of temperature changes to denature, then re-anneal amplimers (DNA primer molecules) , followed by extension to synthesize new DNA strands in the region located between the flanking amplimers. Nucleic-acid amplification can be accomplished by any of the various nucleic-acid amplification methods known in the art, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . A variety of amplification methods are known in the art and are described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 and in PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, ed. Innis et al., Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. PCR amplification methods have been developed to amplify up to 22 kb of genomic DNA and up to 42 kb of bacteriophage DNA (Cheng et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5695-5699, 1994) . These methods as well as other methods known in the art of DNA amplification may be used in the practice of the present invention.
[0265] As used herein, the term “polymorphism” refers to a variation in the nucleotide sequence at a locus, where said variation is too common to be due merely to a spontaneous mutation. A polymorphism must have a frequency of at least about 1%in a population. A polymorphism can be a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) , or an insertion / deletion polymorphism, also referred to herein as an “indel. ” Additionally, the variation can be in a transcriptional profile or a methylation pattern. The polymorphic site or sites of a nucleotide sequence can be determined by comparing the nucleotide sequences at one or more loci in two or more germplasm entries.
[0266] As used herein, the term “population” refers to a genetically heterogeneous collection of plants sharing a common genetic derivation.
[0267] As used herein, the term “primer" refers to an oligonucleotide which is capable of annealing to a nucleic acid target and serving as a point of initiation of DNA synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product is induced (e.g., in the presence of nucleotides and an agent for polymerization such as DNA polymerase and at a suitable temperature and pH) . A primer (in some embodiments an extension primer and in some embodiments an amplification primer) is in some embodiments single stranded for maximum efficiency in extension and / or amplification. In some embodiments, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. A primer is typically sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension and / or amplification products in the presence of the agent for polymerization. The minimum length of the primer can depend on many factors, including, but not limited to temperature and composition (A / T vs. G / C content) of the primer. In the context of amplification primers, these are typically provided as a pair of bi-directional primers consisting of one forward and one reverse primer or provided as a pair of forward primers as commonly used in the art of DNA amplification such as in PCR amplification. As such, it will be understood that the term "primer, " as used herein, can refer to more than one primer, particularly in the case where there is some ambiguity in the information regarding the terminal sequence (s) of the target region to be amplified. Hence, a "primer" can include a collection of primer oligonucleotides containing sequences representing the possible variations in the sequence or includes nucleotides which allow a typical base pairing. Primers can be prepared by any suitable method known in the art. Methods for preparing oligonucleotides of specific sequence include, for example, cloning and restriction of appropriate sequences and direct chemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis methods can include, for example, the phospho di-or tri-ester method, the diethylphosphoramidate method and the solid support method disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,458,066. Primers can be labeled, if desired, by incorporating detectable moieties by for instance spectroscopic, fluorescence, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or chemical moieties. Primers diagnostic (i.e. able to identify or select based on presence of FSR resistant alleles) for FSR resistance can be created to any favorable SNP. The PCR method is well described in handbooks and known to the skilled person. After amplification by PCR, target polynucleotides can be detected by hybridization with a probe polynucleotide, which forms a stable hybrid with the target sequence under stringent to moderately stringent hybridization and wash conditions. If it is expected that the probes are essentially completely complementary (i.e., about 99%or greater) to the target sequence, stringent conditions can be used. If some mismatching is expected, for example if variant strains are expected with the result that the probe will not be completely complementary, the stringency of hybridization can be reduced. In some embodiments, conditions are chosen to rule out non-specific / adventitious binding. Conditions that affect hybridization, and that select against non-specific binding are known in the art, and are described in, for example, Sambrook & Russell (2001) . Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America. Generally, lower salt concentration and higher temperature hybridization and / or washes increase the stringency of hybridization conditions.
[0268] As used herein, the term “probe” refers to a single-stranded oligonucleotide sequence that will form a hydrogen-bonded duplex with a complementary sequence in a target nucleic acid sequence analyte or its cDNA derivative.
[0269] As used herein, the terms “progeny” and “progeny plant” refer to a plant generated from a vegetative or sexual reproduction from one or more parent plants. A progeny plant may be obtained by cloning or selfing a single parent plant (i.e., the same plant acts as the donor of both male and female gametes) , or by crossing two parental plants. The descendant (s) can be, for example, of the F1, the F2, or any subsequent generation.
[0270] The term “promoter” or “promoter region” refers to a polynucleic acid molecule that functions as a regulatory element, usually found upstream (5') to a coding sequence, that controls expression of the coding sequence by controlling production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by providing the recognition site for RNA polymerase and / or other factors necessary for start of transcription at the correct site. As contemplated herein, a promoter or promoter region includes variations of promoters derived by means of ligation to various regulatory sequences, random or controlled mutagenesis, and addition or duplication of enhancer sequences. The promoter regions disclosed herein, and biologically functional equivalents thereof, are responsible for driving the transcription of coding sequences under their control when introduced into a host as part of a suitable recombinant DNA construct, as demonstrated by its ability to produce mRNA. In some embodiments, the vector constructs or expression constructs or nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein comprise a promoter that is heterologous to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof. In other examples, the vector constructs, expression constructs or nucleic acid sequences comprise a promoter that is native to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof.
[0271] As used herein, the term “recombinant” refers to a non-naturally occurring DNA, protein, cell, seed, or organism that is the result of genetic engineering and as such would not normally be found in nature. A “recombinant DNA molecule” is a DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence that is not naturally found in nature and as such is the result of human intervention, such as a DNA molecule comprised of at least two DNA molecules heterologous to each other. An example of a recombinant DNA molecule is a DNA molecule provided herein encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof, operably linked to a heterologous regulatory element, such as a heterologous promoter, heterologous terminator or comprising one or more heterologous intron or the deletion of one or more native introns. A “recombinant protein” is a protein comprising an amino acid sequence that does not naturally occur and as such is the result of human intervention, such as an engineered protein or a chimeric protein. A recombinant cell, seed, or organism is a cell, seed, or organism comprising transgenic DNA, for example a transgenic cell, seed, plant, or plant part comprising a recombinant DNA molecule and therefore produced as a result of plant transformation.
[0272] The phrase “substantially identical, ” in the context of two nucleic acids or two amino acid sequences, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least about 50%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In certain embodiments, substantially identical sequences have at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity at the nucleotide or amino acid level. In certain embodiments, substantial identity exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 50 amino acid residues, 100 amino acid residues, 150 amino acid residues, 200 amino acid residues, 250 amino acid residues, 300 amino acid residues, 350 amino acid residues, 400 amino acid residues, 450 amino acid residues, 500 amino acid residues, 525 amino acid residues, 526, amino acid residues 527 amino acid residues, 528 amino acid residues, 529 amino acid residues, 530 amino acid residues, 531 amino acid residues, 532 amino acid residues, 533 amino acid residues, 534 amino acid residues, 535 amino acid residues, 536 amino acid residues or more with respect to the protein sequence or the nucleotide sequence encoding the same.
[0273] The term “identity” or “identical” in the context of two nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, refers to the percentage of identical nucleotides or amino acids in a linear polynucleotide or amino acid sequence of a reference ( “query” ) sequence (or its complementary strand) as compared to a test ( “subject” ) sequence when the two sequences are globally aligned. Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity as used herein refers to the value obtained using the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm ( (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) implemented in the EMBOSS Needle alignment tool using default matrix files EBLOSUM62 for protein with default parameters (Gap Open = 10, Gap Extend =0.5, End Gap Penalty = False, End Gap Open = 10, End Gap Extend = 0.5) or DNAfull for nucleic acids with default parameters (Gap Open = 10, Gap Extend =0.5, End Gap Penalty = False, End Gap Open = 10, End Gap Extend = 0.5) ; or any equivalent program thereof. EMBOSS Needle is available, e.g., from EMBL-EBI such as at the following website: ebi. ac. uk / Tools / psa / emboss_needle / and as described in the following publication: “The EMBL-EBI search and sequence analysis tools APIs in 2019. ” Madeira et al. Nucleic Acids Research, June 2019, 47 (W1) : W636-W641. The term “equivalent program” as used herein refers to any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by EMBOSS Needle. In some embodiments, substantially identical nucleic acid or amino acid sequences may perform substantially the same function.
[0274] Two nucleotide sequences can also be considered to be substantially identical when the two sequences hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. In representative embodiments, two nucleotide sequences considered to be substantially identical hybridize to each other under highly stringent conditions.
[0275] The terms "stringent conditions" or "stringent hybridization conditions" include reference to conditions under which a nucleic acid will selectively hybridize to a target sequence to a detectably greater degree than other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over a non-target sequence) , and optionally may substantially exclude binding to non-target sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will vary under different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and / or washing conditions, target sequences can be identified that can be up to 100%complementary to the reference nucleotide sequence. Alternatively, conditions of moderate or even low stringency can be used to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of sequence similarity are detected. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that to function as a primer or probe, a nucleic acid sequence only needs to be sufficiently complementary to the target sequence to substantially bind thereto so as to form a stable double-stranded structure under the conditions employed. Thus, primers or probes can be used under conditions of high, moderate or even low stringency. Likewise, conditions of low or moderate stringency can be advantageous to detect homolog, ortholog and / or paralog sequences having lower degrees of sequence identity than would be identified under highly stringent conditions.
[0276] The terms "complementary" or "complementarity" (and similar terms) , as used herein, refer to the natural binding of polynucleotides under permissive salt and temperature conditions by base-pairing. For example, the sequence 5'-A-G-T-3' binds to the complementary sequence 5'-A-C-T-3'. Complementarity between two single-stranded molecules may be partial, in which only some of the nucleotides bind, or it may be complete when total complementarity exists between the single stranded molecules. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between the molecules. As used herein, the term “substantially complementary” (and similar terms) means that two nucleic acid sequences are at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more complementary. Alternatively, the term “substantially complementary” (and similar terms) can mean that two nucleic acid sequences can hybridize together under high stringency conditions (as described herein) .
[0277] As used herein, “specifically” or “selectively" hybridizing (and similar terms) refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule to a particular nucleic acid target sequence under stringent conditions when that sequence is present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular DNA or RNA) to the substantial exclusion of non-target nucleic acids, or even with no detectable binding, duplexing or hybridizing to non-target sequences. Specifically or selectively hybridizing sequences typically are at least about 40%complementary and are optionally substantially complementary or even completely complementary (i.e., 100%identical) .
[0278] For DNA-DNA hybrids, the Tm can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl, Anal. Biochem., 138: 267-84 (1984) : Tm = 81.5℃+16.6 (log M) +0.41 (%GC) -0.61 (%formamide) -500 / L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, %GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, %formamide is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50%of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Tm is reduced by about 1℃ for each 1%of mismatching; thus, Tm, hybridization and / or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired degree of identity. For example, if sequences with >90%identity are sought, the Tm can be decreased 10℃. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5℃ lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, highly stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and / or wash at the thermal melting point (Tm) or 1, 2, 3 or 4℃ lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) ; moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and / or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10℃ lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) ; low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and / or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 20℃ lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) . If the desired degree of mismatching results in a Tm of less than 45℃ (aqueous solution) or 32℃ (formamide solution) , optionally the SSC concentration can be increased so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, part I, chapter 2, "Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays, " Elsevier, New York (1993) ; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, chapter 2, Ausubel, et al., eds, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995) ; and Green & Sambrook, In: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 4th Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012) .
[0279] Typically, stringent conditions are those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at about pH 7.0 to pH 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30℃ for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60℃ for longer probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides) . Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide or Denhardt's (5 g Ficoll, 5 g polyvinylpyrrolidone, 5 g bovine serum albumin in 500 ml of water) . Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30%to 35%formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1%SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) at 37℃ and a wash in 1X to 2X SSC (20X SSC = 3.0 M NaCl / 0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50℃ to 55℃. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40%to 45%formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1%SDS at 37℃ and a wash in 0.5X to 1X SSC at 55℃ to 60℃. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50%formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1%SDS at 37℃ and a wash in 0.1X SSC at 60℃ to 65℃. A further non-limiting example of high stringency conditions include hybridization in 4X SSC, 5X Denhardt's, 0.1 mg / ml boiled salmon sperm DNA, and 25 mM Na phosphate at 65℃ and a wash in 0.1X SSC, 0.1%SDS at 65℃. Another illustration of high stringency hybridization conditions includes hybridization in 7%SDS, 0.5 M NaPO4, 1 mM EDTA at 50℃ with washing in 2X SSC, 0.1%SDS at 50℃, alternatively with washing in 1X SSC, 0.1%SDS at 50℃, alternatively with washing in 0.5X SSC, 0.1%SDS at 50℃, or alternatively with washing in 0.1X SSC, 0.1%SDS at 50℃, or even with washing in 0.1X SSC, 0.1%SDS at 65℃. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that specificity is typically a function of post-hybridization washes, the relevant factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution.
[0280] Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the proteins that they encode are substantially identical (e.g., due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) .
[0281] A further indication that two nucleic acids or proteins are substantially identical is that the protein encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the protein encoded by the second nucleic acid. Thus, a protein is typically substantially identical to a second protein, for example, where the two proteins differ only by conservative substitutions.
[0282] As used herein, the term “transgene” refers to a DNA molecule artificially incorporated into an organism's genome because of human intervention, such as a plant transformation method. As used herein, the term “transgenic” means comprising a transgene, for example a “transgenic plant” refers to a plant comprising a transgene in its genome and a “transgenic trait” refers to a characteristic or phenotype conveyed or conferred by the presence of a transgene incorporated into the plant genome. Because of such genomic alteration, the transgenic plant is something distinctly different from the related wild-type plant and the transgenic trait is a trait not naturally found in the wild-type plant. Transgenic plants can comprise the recombinant DNA molecules and engineered proteins provided herein.
[0283] As used herein, the term “transgenic” and grammatical variations thereof refer to a plant, including any part derived from the plant, such as a cell, tissue or organ, in which a heterologous nucleic acid is integrated into the genome. In specific embodiments, the heterologous nucleic acid is a recombinant construct, vector or expression cassette comprising one or more nucleic acids.
[0284] The term “vector” refers to a composition for transferring, delivering or introducing a nucleic acid (or nucleic acids) into a cell. A vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence (s) to be transferred, delivered or introduced.
[0285] 2. Polynucleotides and Polypeptides that Confer Increased or Reduced Disease Resistance
[0286] Polypeptides, polynucleotides and active fragments and variants thereof that confer increased disease resistance are provided. Polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, or an active fragment or variant of SEQ ID NO: 1 are provided. Further provided are polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an active variant or fragment thereof; and polynucleotides comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3, or an active fragment or variant thereof.
[0287] The ZmBAG4 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1) is a protein that is 259 aa in length. The ZmBAG4 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1) comprises several conserved domains including a ubiquitin-like domain and Bcl-2 associated athanogene (BAG) domain. The BAG family of proteins include multifunctional E3 ubiquitin ligases and exist in yeast, plants, and animals. Descriptions of functional domains of the ZmBAG4 gene are further summarized in Table 1, below.
[0288] TABLE 1 FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF ZMBAG4 GENE
[0289] Polynucleotide sequences that encode the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variants or fragments thereof include SEQ ID NO: 2, which is the coding sequence of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO: 3, which includes the four exons and three introns that make up the gene that encodes ZmBAG4. The full ZmBAG4 gene is located on chromosome 3 at positions 188, 037, 088-188, 040, 502 (RefGen_v5 map at Maize GDB (on the world wide web at maizegdb. org) ) .
[0290] In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3) and polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of ZmBAG4, and active variants and fragments thereof increase disease resistance in a plant when expressed in a plant, plant part or seed. In particular embodiments, when expressed in a plant, plant part or seed, the polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3) and polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide and active variants or fragments thereof increase the disease resistance of the plant when compared to an appropriate control plant. In some embodiments, the plant expressing ZmBAG4 and active variants and fragments thereof do not comprise Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance. Various methods by which such an increase in disease resistance can be measured are provided in the Examples and are discussed elsewhere herein.
[0291] Fragments of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide that increase disease resistance when expressed in a plant, plant part, or seed include those that are shorter than the full-length sequences and can comprise a truncation at either the N or C terminus or an internal deletion. An active fragment of a ZmBAG4 polypeptide when expressed in a plant can be a polypeptide that is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more amino acids in length of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1. Such biologically active portions can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for activity of being able to confer increased resistance. As used herein, a fragment comprises at least 8 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0292] Variant polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1. Such active variants will increase disease resistance in plant when expressed in a plant, plant part or seed. In some embodiments, a variant polypeptide comprises a deletion and / or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more internal sites within the native polypeptide and / or a substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native polypeptide. In other instances, the polypeptide comprises a tag, such as a His tag.
[0293] Fragments and variants of a nucleotide sequence can encode protein fragments that retain the biological activity of natural proteins and have the ability to increase disease resistance. Alternatively, nucleotide sequence fragments or variants that can be used as hybridization probes or in recombinant DNA constructs designed for gene editing do not necessarily code protein fragments that maintain biological activity. Thus, the fragment of the nucleotide sequence may be in the range of at least about 15, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 750, 900, 950, 1000 nucleotides or less than the full-length nucleotide sequence coding the protein disclosed herein (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3) . The fragment of the nucleotide sequence may comprise at least one of the three introns of the ZmBAG4 gene (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 3) , set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively.
[0294] A variant of the nucleotide sequence has as at least 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3. In specific embodiments, the variant nucleotide sequence encodes an active polypeptide of the invention. In other embodiments, the variant polynucleotide need not encode an active variant polypeptide and can be used as components of a gene editing construct or as probes or primers or other tools useful in generating the plants and seeds provided herein. The variant of the ZmBAG4 gene (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 3) may comprise at least one of the three introns set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9.
[0295] In some embodiments, fragments and variants of the polypeptides disclosed herein each comprise one or more conserved domains of the canonical polypeptide. In some embodiments, the active variant or fragment can comprise a polypeptide comprising at least 40%, 50%, 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity to one or more of the conserved domains in the canonical polypeptide sequence.
[0296] In one example, a variant or fragment of ZmBAG4 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1) may comprise one or more of the conserved ubiquitin-like domain (aa 36 to 106 of SEQ ID NO: 1; set forth as SEQ ID NO: 117) and the BAG domain (aa 128 to 209 of SEQ ID NO: 1; set forth as SEQ ID NO: 118) . For example, active variants are provided whereby the amino acid sequence shares at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity across the full length of SEQ ID NO: 1, and further comprises a region having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the given SEQ ID’s consensus sequence set forth in Table 1. In other embodiments, active variants are provided whereby the amino acid sequence shares at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity across the full length of SEQ ID NO: 1 and further comprises a region having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the corresponding region of SEQ ID NO: 1 that corresponds to the amino acid position of the consensus sequence set forth in Table 1.
[0297] Polynucleotides and active fragments and variants thereof that confer reduced disease resistance are provided, as well as plant cells and plants lacking the same and methods of generating plants and plant cells lacking the same. Such polynucleotides include Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance. The fragment of the nucleotide sequence may be in the range of at least about 15, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 750, 900, 950, 1000 nucleotides or less than the full-length nucleotide sequence (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0298] A variant of the Insertion 2 nucleotide sequence has as at least 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0299] The term “corresponding to” in the context of nucleic acid sequences means that when the nucleic acid sequences of certain sequences are aligned with each other, the nucleic acids that “correspond to” certain enumerated positions in the present invention are those that align with these positions in a reference sequence, but that are not necessarily in those exact numerical positions relative to a particular nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted by computerized implementations of known algorithms or by visual inspection. Readily available sequence comparison and multiple sequence alignment algorithms are, respectively, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and ClustalW / ClustalW2 / Clustal Omega programs available on the Internet (e.g., the website of the EMBL-EBI) . Other suitable programs include, but are not limited to, GAP, BestFit, Plot Similarity, and FASTA, which are part of the Accelrys GCG Package available from Accelrys, Inc. of San Diego, Calif., United States of America. See also Smith & Waterman, 1981; Needleman & Wunsch, 1970; Pearson & Lipman, 1988; Ausubel et al., 1988; and Sambrook & Russell, 2001.
[0300] Unless otherwise stated, a “corresponding” amino acid position to a given SEQ ID NO is determined using Geneious as a global alignment with free end gaps having the following parameters: cost matrix Blossum 62, gap open penalty 12, gap extension penalty 3, refinement iterations 2; or an equivalent program thereof. The term “equivalent program” as used herein refers to any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical corresponding nucleotide or amino acid residue matches when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by the program provided above.
[0301] 3. Expression Cassettes and Regulatory Elements
[0302] Polynucleotides provided herein can be provided in expression cassettes for expression (herein also referred to as “DNA constructs” ) in an organism of interest. The expression cassette will include 5' and 3' regulatory sequences operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof that allows for expression of the polynucleotide. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene or genetic element to be co-transformed into the organism. Where additional genes or elements are included, the components are operably linked. Alternatively, the additional gene (s) or element (s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites and / or recombination sites for insertion of the polynucleotides to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory elements or regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain a selectable marker gene.
[0303] “DNA construct” refers to the genetic elements operably linked to each other making up a recombinant DNA molecule and may comprise elements that provide expression of a DNA polynucleotide molecule in a host cell and elements that provide maintenance of the construct in the host cell. The various genetic elements within the DNA construct can be native to polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide or heterologous to the native polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide.
[0304] DNA constructs, vectors, and expression cassettes can be prepared that incorporate the nucleotide sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof for use in directing the expression of the sequences directly from the host plant cell. Examples of such constructs suitable for this purpose and methods are generally described, for example, in Svab et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8526-8530, (1990) and Svab et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 913-917 (1993) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,507.
[0305] A plant expression cassette comprises the operable linkage of genetic elements that when transferred into a plant cell provides expression of a desirable gene product. “Plant expression cassette” refers to a DNA construct comprising the regulatory elements that are operably linked to provide the expression of a desired nucleic acid in a plant. Promoters, leaders, introns, transit peptide encoding polynucleic acids, 3′transcriptional termination regions are all genetic elements that may be operably linked by those skilled in the art of plant molecular biology to provide a desirable level of expression or functionality to a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof. A DNA construct can contain one or more plant expression cassettes expressing the DNA molecules of the present invention or other DNA molecules useful in the genetic engineering of crop plants. One example of a DNA construct that may be used for expressing the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof is a vector with a nucleic acid sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active fragment or variant thereof.
[0306] The translation leader sequence means a DNA molecule located between the promoter of a gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences include maize and petunia heat shock protein leaders, plant virus coat protein leaders, plant rubisco gene leaders among others (Turner and Foster, Molecular Biotechnology 3: 225, 1995) .
[0307] The “3′non-translated sequences” (or 3′untranslated sequences or 3′-UTR) means DNA sequences located downstream of a structural polynucleotide sequence and include sequences encoding polyadenylation and other regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal functions in plants to cause the addition of multiple adenylate nucleotides to the 3′end of the mRNA precursor. The polyadenylation sequence can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of plant genes, or from T-DNA. An example of the polyadenylation sequence is the nopaline synthase 3′sequence (nos 3′; Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4803-4807, 1983) . The use of different 3′non-translated sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht et al., Plant Cell 1: 671-680, 1989.
[0308] A variety of transcriptional terminators are available for use in expression cassettes. These are responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the transgene and correct mRNA polyadenylation. The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked DNA sequence of interest, may be native with the plant host, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, the DNA sequence of interest, the plant host, or any combination thereof) . Appropriate transcriptional terminators are those that are known to function in plants and include the CAMV 35S terminator, the tml terminator, the nopaline synthase terminator and the pea rbcs E9 terminator. These can be used in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. In addition, a gene's native transcription terminator may be used. Termination regions used in the expression cassettes can be obtained from, e.g., the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262: 141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64: 671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5: 141-149; Mogen et al. (990) Plant Cell 2: 1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91: 151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 9627-9639.
[0309] The “5′non-translated sequences” (or 5′untranslated sequences or 5′-UTR) means DNA sequences located upstream of an initiation codon of structural polynucleotide sequence and include sequences capable of affecting translation of an mRNA sequence. The 5′-UTR sequence is also referred to as a leader sequence. In different organisms, the 5′-UTR may remain untranslated, and form complex secondary structures to regulate translation of the downstream sequence. The leader sequence can be derived from the natural gene or from a variety of plant genes.
[0310] A number of non-translated leader sequences derived from viruses are also known to enhance expression, and these are particularly effective in dicotyledonous cells. The expression cassette may comprise one or more of such leader sequences. Specifically, leader sequences from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, the “W-sequence” ) , maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) , and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) have been shown to be effective in enhancing expression (e.g., Gallie et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 15: 8693-8711 (1987) ; Skuzeski et al. Plant Molec. Biol. 15: 65-79 (1990) ) . Other leader sequences known in the art include but are not limited to: picomavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (encephalomyocarditis 5' noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein, O., Fuerst, T.R., and Moss, B. PNAS USA 86: 6126-6130 (1989) ) ; potyvirus leaders, for example, tobacco etch virus (TEV) leader (Allison et al., 1986) ; maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) leader; Virology 154: 9-20) ; human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) leader, (Macejak, D.G., and Samow, P., Nature 353: 90-94 (1991) ; untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) , (Jobling, S.A., and Gehrke, L., Nature 325: 622-625 (1987) ; tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) , (Gallie, D.R. et al., Molecular Biology of RNA, 237-256 (1989) ; and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel, S.A. et al., Virology 81: 382-385 (1991) . See also, Della-Cioppa et al., Plant Physiology 84: 965-968 (1987) .
[0311] Additional regulatory signals include, but are not limited to, transcriptional initiation start sites, operators, activators, enhancers, other regulatory elements, ribosomal binding sites, an initiation codon, termination signals, and the like. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,039,523 and 4,853,331; EPO 0480762A2; Sambrook et al. (1992) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, ed. Maniatis et al. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. ) , hereinafter “Sambrook 11” ; Davis et al, eds. (1980) .
[0312] The expression cassette can also comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase Π (NEO) and hygromycin, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) or acetolactate synthase (ALS) . Selection markers used routinely in transformation include the nptll gene, which confers resistance to kanamycin and related antibiotics (Messing & Vierra Gene 19: 259-268 (1982) ; Bevan et al., Nature 304: 184-187 (1983) ) , the pat and bar genes, which confer resistance to the herbicide glufosinate (also called phosphinothricin; see White et al., Nucl. Acids Res 18: 1062 (1990) , Spencer et al. Theor. Appl. Genet 79: 625-631 (1990) and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,561,236 and 5,276,268) , the hph gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin (Blochinger & Diggelmann, Mol. Cell Biol. 4: 2929-2931) , and the dhfr gene, which confers resistance to methatrexate (Bourouis et al., EMBO J. 2 (7) : 1099-1104 (1983) ) , the EPSPS gene, which confers resistance to glyphosate (U.S. Patent Nos. 4,940,935 and 5,188,642) , the glyphosate N-acetyltransferase (GAT) gene, which also confers resistance to glyphosate (Castle et al. (2004) Science, 304: 1151-1154; U.S. Patent App. Pub. Nos. 20070004912, 20050246798, and 20050060767) ; and the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase gene, which provides the ability to metabolize mannose (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,767,378 and 5,994,629) .
[0313] A. Promoters
[0314] A number of promoters can be used in the various methods and compositions disclosed herein. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. The nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, inducible, tissue-preferred, or other promoters for expression in the organism of interest. See, for example, promoters set forth in WO 99 / 43838 and in US Patent Nos: 8,575,425; 7,790,846; 8,147,856; 8,586832; 7,772,369; 7,534,939; 6,072,050; 5,659,026; 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611; herein incorporated by reference.
[0315] For expression in plants, constitutive promoters can be used. Non-limiting examples of constitutive promoters include CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (985) Nature 313: 810-812) ; rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 163-171) ; ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12: 619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18: 675-689) ; pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81: 581 -588) ; MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3: 2723-2730) . Inducible promoters include those that drive expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) , which are induced following infection by a pathogen. See, for example, Redolfi et al. (1983) Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 89: 245-254; Uknes et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4: 645-656; and Van Loon (1985) Plant Mol. Virol. 4: 111-116; and WO 99 / 43819, herein incorporated by reference. Promoters that are expressed locally at or near the site of pathogen infection may also be used (Marineau et al. (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. 9: 335-342; Matton et al. (1989) Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2: 325-331; Somsisch et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 2427-2430; Somsisch et al. (1988) Mol. Gen. Genet. 2: 93-98; and Yang (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14972-14977; Chen et al. (1996) Plant J. 10: 955-966; Zhang et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2507-2511; Warner et al. (1993) Plant J. 3: 191-201; Siebertz et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1: 961-968; Cordero et al. (1992) Physiol. Mol. Plant Path. 41: 189-200; U.S. Patent No. 5,750,386 (nematode-inducible) ; and the references cited therein) .
[0316] In particular embodiments, a constitutive promoter used for expression of a polypeptide of the invention in a plant comprises a ubiquitin promoter or an actin promoter derived from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) , maize (Zea mays) , rice (Oryza sativa) , sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) , or other suitable monocot species can be used.
[0317] Wound-inducible promoters may be used in the constructions of the invention. Such wound-inducible promoters include pin II promoter (Ryan (1990) Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 28: 425-449; Ouan et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14: 494-498) ; wunl and wun2 (U.S. Patent No. 5,428,148) ; winl and win2 (Stanford et al. (1989) Mol. Gen. Genet. 215: 200-208) ; systemin (McGurl et al. (1992) Science 225: 1570-1573) ; WIP1 (Rohmeier et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 22: 783-792; Eckelkamp et al. (1993) FEBS Letters 323: 73-76) ; MPI gene (Corderok et al. (1994) Plant J. 6 (2) : 141-150) ; and the like, herein incorporated by reference) .
[0318] Tissue-preferred promoters for use in the invention include those set forth in Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12 (2) : 255-265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38 (7) : 792-803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen Genet. 254 (3) : 337-343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6 (2) : 157-168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112 (3) : 1331-1341; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112 (2) : 525-535; Canevascim et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112 (2) : 513-524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35 (5) : 773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20: 181-196; Orozco et al. (1993) PlantMolBiol. 23 (6) : 1129-1138; Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (20) : 9586-9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993) Plant J. 4 (3) : 495-505.
[0319] Leaf-preferred promoters include those set forth in Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12 (2) : 255-265; Kwon et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105: 357-67; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35 (5) : 773-778; Gotor et al. (1993) Plant J. 3: 509-18; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23 (6) : 1129-1138; and Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (20) : 9586-9590.
[0320] Root-preferred promoters are known and include those set forth in Hire et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20 (2) : 207-218 (soybean root-specific glutamine synthetase gene) ; Keller and Baumgartner (1991) Plant Cell 3 (10) : 1051-1061 (root-specific control element) ; Sanger et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 14 (3) : 433-443 (mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens) ; and Miao et al. (1991) Plant Cell 3 (1) : 11-22 (cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS) ) ; Bogusz et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2 (7) : 633-641; Leach and Aoyagi (1991) Plant Science (Limerick) 79 (l) : 69-76 (rolC and rolD) ; Teeri et al. (1989) EMBO J. 8 (2) : 343-350; Kuster et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 29 (4) : 759-772 (the VfENOD-GRP3 gene promoter) ; and, Capana et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25 (4) : 681-691 (rolB promoter) . See also U.S. Patent Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401,836; 5,110,732; and 5,023,179.
[0321] "Seed-preferred" promoters include both "seed-specific" promoters (promoters active during seed development such as promoters of seed storage proteins) as well as "seed-germinating" promoters (promoters active during seed germination) . See Thompson et al. (1989) BioEssays 10: 108. Seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, Ciml (cytokinin-induced message) ; cZ19Bl (maize 19 kDa zein) ; milps (myo-inositol-1 -phosphate synthase) (see WO 00 / 11177 and U.S. Patent No. 6,225,529) . Gamma-zein is an endosperm-specific promoter. Globulin 1 (Gib-1) is a representative embryo-specific promoter. For dicots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, bean β-phaseolin, napin, beta-conglycinin, soybean lectin, cruciferin, and the like. For Monocots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, maize 15kDa zein, 22 kDa zein, 27 kDa zein, gamma-zein, waxy, shrunken 1, shrunken 2, Globulin 1, etc. See also WO 00 / 12733, where seed-preferred promoters from endl and end2 genes are disclosed.
[0322] For expression in a bacterial host, promoters that function in bacteria are known in the art. Such promoters include any of the known crystal protein gene promoters, including the promoters of any of the proteins of the invention, and promoters specific for B. thuringiensis sigma factors. Alternatively, mutagenized or recombinant crystal protein-encoding gene promoters may be recombinantly engineered and used to promote expression of the novel gene segments disclosed herein.
[0323] B. Native Regulatory Elements
[0324] Compositions comprising novel regulatory elements are provided. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide comprising a regulatory element operably linked to a polynucleotide of interest is provided. Such regulatory elements include promoters and comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an active variant or fragment thereof. An active variant or fragment of the promoter will retain the ability to direct expression of the operably linked polynucleotide sequence. As such, active variants of the promoter sequence comprise at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 and retain the ability to direct expression of an operably linked nucleotide sequence. Fragments of such promoter sequences are also provided and can comprise at least 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 or more nucleotides of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Fragments of such promoters can be active fragments and retain the ability to direct expression of an operably linked nucleotide sequence.
[0325] Regulatory elements comprising 5' and 3' UTR sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 and 6, respectively, or an active variant or fragment thereof are provided. An active variant or fragment of the 5' or 3' UTR sequence will retain the ability to regulate the expression of an operably linked polynucleotide sequence. As such, active variants of the 5' or 3' UTR sequence comprise at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6, respectively and retain the ability to direct expression of an operably linked nucleotide sequence. Fragments of such 5' or 3' UTR sequences are also provided and can comprise at least 100, 200, 250, 300, 350 or more nucleotides of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6, respectively. Fragments of such 5' or 3' UTRs can be an active fragment and retain the ability to regulate expression of an operably linked nucleotide sequence.
[0326] Regulatory elements comprising intron sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, or an active variant or fragment thereof are provided. An active variant or fragment of the intron sequence will retain the ability to be correctly spliced from an mRNA molecule. As such, active variants of the intron sequence comprise at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7-9 and retain the ability to be correctly spliced from an mRNA molecule. Fragments of such intron sequences are also provided and can comprise at least 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 or more nucleotides of the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7-9. Fragments of such introns can be an active fragment and retain the ability to be correctly spliced from an mRNA molecule. It is known that the presence of introns may affect the expression levels of the genes that comprise those introns (Dwyer et al. 2021 Front Mol Biosci 8: 669004; Shaul 2017 Int J Biochem Cell Biol 91 (Pt B) : 145-155; Laxa 2017 Front Plant Sci 7: 1977; Rose 2008 Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 326: 277-290) . The presence of one or more of the introns set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7-9 may affect the expression of a BAG4 gene that comprises those introns, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In addition, any one of the introns set forth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, or active variants or fragments thereof, may be included in a heterologous gene and thereby regulate the heterologous gene’s expression.
[0327] Expression cassettes are provided. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 4-9 wherein the nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a heterologous nucleotide sequence of an intron or an active variant or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the expression cassette further comprises a selectable marker.
[0328] In some embodiments, the heterologous sequence of interest is a nucleic acid of interest that encodes an RNA or protein of interest. In some embodiments, the RNA or protein of interest is capable of conferring upon a plant a desired characteristic such as antibiotic resistance, virus resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, resistance to other pests, herbicide tolerance, improved nutritional value, improved performance in an industrial process or altered reproductive capability. In some embodiments, the RNA or protein of interest comprises a genome editing agent, e.g., a CRISPR / Cas agent (such as a Cas protein and / or guide RNA) , a TALEN, a DNA-guided nuclease, a meganuclease, a recombinase, or a zinc finger nuclease. In some embodiments, the heterologous nucleotide sequence encodes a selectable marker.
[0329] The heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest can comprise a sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest and in more specific embodiments, the heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest encodes a protein that increases disease resistance (i.e., FSR resistance) in plant. Such sequences include, but are not limited to polynucleotides encoding proteins that confer increased FSR resistance as described in WO17192545, US10440907, WO21207148, CN104558128, CN108893550, CN107325161, CN102395678, CN105218651, CN115961081, CN115997677, CN115992289, WO19057845, CN116083638, CN114480488, CN109234431, CN109486988, CN114395557, CN116287414, CN116377114, WO19198075, CN116622727, and WO22120426, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0330] In some embodiments, the expression cassette in a vector, such as a plasmid, virus, or Agrobacterium. In some embodiments, the expression cassette is in a plant cell as discussed elsewhere herein.
[0331] 4. Plants, plant cells and plant parts
[0332] Plants, plant parts, plant cells and seed are provided which comprise in their genome a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter active in the plant, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises polynucleotides encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an active variant or fragment thereof. In other embodiments, plants, plant parts, plant cells and seed are provided which comprise in their genome a heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprising polynucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or active variants and fragments thereof. The heterologous polynucleotide can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9. Such heterologous polynucleotides can be transiently expressed or stably integrated into the genome. In some embodiments, the plant, plant part, plant cell, or seed comprising ZmBAG4 and active variants and fragments thereof do not comprise Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0333] Although maize plants are used to exemplify the composition and methods throughout the application, a polynucleotide as provided herein may be introduced to any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plants of interest include, but are not limited to, corn (maize) , sorghum, wheat, sunflower, tomato, crucifers, peppers, potato, cotton, rice, soybean, sugarbeet, sugarcane, tobacco, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., alfalfa, rye, millet, safflower, peanuts, sweet potato, cassava, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.
[0334] In one embodiment, the plant is a Zea plant, and more particularly Zea mays.
[0335] Zea is a genus in the family Poaceae. The Zea plants provided herein can be Zea mays, Zea diploperennis, Zea luxurians, Zea nicaraguensis, or Zea perennis. There are four subspecies of Zea mays: Z. m. huehuetenangensis, Z. m. mexicana, Z. m. parviglumis, and Z. m. mays.
[0336] In some embodiments, the plants provided herein (e.g., maize plants) are elite plants, elite germplasm or are derived from an elite line or an elite germplasm. Numerous elite lines are available and known to those of skill in the art of maize breeding and are discussed in further detail elsewhere herein.
[0337] In some embodiments, the plants provided herein can comprise one or more additional polynucleotides that encode an additional polypeptide that increases disease resistance of the plant. Such combinations are described in further detail elsewhere herein.
[0338] In specific embodiments, the plants, plant parts or seeds having the heterologous polynucleotide or polypeptide disclosed herein or active variants and fragments thereof can have an increased expression of the polynucleotide or polypeptide. In other embodiments, the plants, plant parts or seeds having the heterologous polynucleotide or polypeptide disclosed herein or active variants and fragments thereof can have an increased level of activity of the polypeptide. Methods to generate such increased levels of expression or activity are disclosed elsewhere herein and include, but are not limited to, breeding, gene editing, and transgenic techniques.
[0339] Plants produced as described above can be propagated to produce progeny plants, and the progeny plants that have stably incorporated into its genome a polynucleotide conferring the increased disease resistance can be selected and can be further propagated if desired.
[0340] In some embodiments, a plant cell, seed, or plant part or harvest product can be obtained from the plant produced as above and the plant cell, seed, or plant part can be screened using methods disclosed above for the evidence of stable incorporation of the polynucleotide. The term “stable incorporation” refers to the integration of a nucleic acid sequence into the genome of a plant and the nucleic acid sequence is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof.
[0341] In some embodiments, plant products can be harvested from the plant disclosed above and processed to produce processed products, such as flour, meal, oil, starch, stover, animal feed, and the like. These processed products are also within the scope of this invention provided that they comprise a polynucleotide or polypeptide or variant or fragment thereof disclosed herein. Other plant products include but are not limited to meal, flower, oil, corn kernels, and corn stalks.
[0342] Seed lots comprising populations of seeds that comprise in their genome a heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprising polynucleotides encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an active variant or fragment thereof and have an increased disease resistance are provided. In other embodiments, the seed lots comprise populations of seed, which comprise in their genome a heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprising polynucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variants and fragments thereof. The heterologous nucleic acid sequence can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9. In some embodiments, the seed lots comprising ZmBAG4 and active variants and fragments thereof do not comprise Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0343] Such seed can be from any plant, including but not limited to dicotyledonous crop plants or monocotyledonous crop plants such as maize. Methods of making a seed lot comprise harvesting seed from a plant having the increased resistance to a plant pathogen. Such seed lots can comprise at least 50, 100, 1000, 100000 seeds or more of the invention.
[0344] Further provided is an ensemble of plants that produce seeds having an increased resistance to a plant pathogen as described herein. Such an ensemble of plants have stably integrated into their genomes a heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprising polynucleotides encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an active variant or fragment thereof and have an increased disease resistance. In other embodiments, the ensemble of plants comprise in their genome a heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprising polynucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variants and fragments thereof. The heterologous nucleic acid sequence can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9. In some embodiments, the ensemble of plants comprising ZmBAG4 and active variants and fragments thereof do not comprise Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance. The term ensemble encompasses any collection of plants linked together by proximity, such as plants in a field, a greenhouse or a tray. The ensemble of plants comprises at least 50, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 or more plants of the invention.
[0345] 5. Methods for producing a plant that has increased disease resistance
[0346] Provided herein are methods of producing a plant, plant part or a seed that has increased disease resistance by introducing into the plant, plant part, or plant cell, a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an active variant or fragment thereof, wherein expression of the polypeptide increases disease resistance of the plant. In other embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the plant, plant cell or plant part a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variants and fragments thereof, wherein expression of the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide increases disease resistance of the plant. The heterologous nucleic acid sequence can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9. In some embodiments, the plant, plant part, or plant cell in which a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide and active variants and fragments thereof are introduced do not comprise Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0347] A nucleic acid sequence may be introduced into a plant cell by various ways, for example, by transformation, by genome modification techniques (such as by genome editing or targeted integration) , or by breeding. In one aspect, the plant can be produced by transforming the nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide disclosed above into a recipient plant. In one aspect, the method can comprise editing the genome of the recipient plant so that the resulting plant comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide disclosed herein or an active variant or fragment thereof. In another aspect, the method can comprise breeding a donor plant comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide provided herein or an active variant or fragment thereof with a recipient plant and selecting for incorporation of the polynucleotide into the recipient plant genome.
[0348] In other embodiments of the invention, methods for producing a maize plant, plant part, plant cell, or seed that has increased disease resistance comprises deleting Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance in chromosome 3 through gene editing, using gene editing techniques such as those described elsewhere herein. In some of these embodiments, the maize plant, plant part, plant cell, or seed comprises a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof.
[0349] a. Methods and Compositions to increase expression and / or activity of a polypeptide of interest
[0350] Methods and compositions are provided that increase disease resistance in a plant by increasing expression and / or activity of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof. As used herein, “increasing the expression” or “increased expression” of a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof means the level of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof produced by the given plant, plant cell, plant part, or seed is statistically higher than the expression level compared against an appropriate control plant, plant part, plant cell or seed. In specific embodiments, the increase in expression can comprise any statistically significant increase in the concentration of the polypeptide, including for example by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%when compared to an appropriate control. In other embodiments, the increase in expression can comprise an increase in the level of the target protein concentration by at least 1-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 175-fold, 200-fold or more when compared to an appropriate control plant. Methods to assay for an increase in the level or expression of a target polypeptide are known and include, for example, the detection of the protein via antibodies or an increase in the level of expression of the mRNA encoding the protein.
[0351] In other embodiments, methods and compositions are provided that increase the activity of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof in a plant, plant cell or plant part. As used herein, “increasing the activity” or “increased activity” of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof means the level of the enzyme activity or protein functionality of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide is statistically higher when compared to an appropriate control. In specific embodiments, the increase in activity can comprise an increase in the level of enzyme activity or protein functionality of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%when compared to an appropriate control plant, plant part, plant cell or seed. In other embodiments, the increase in the activity of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof can comprise an increase in the level of enzymatic activity or protein functionality by at least 1-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 175-fold, 200-fold or more when compared to an appropriate control plant, plant part, plant cell or seed. Methods to assay for an increase in the enzyme activity or protein functionality include direct assays for the activity of the specific protein and as well as indirect assays.
[0352] In some embodiments, increasing the activity and / or level of a polypeptide includes the introduction of a nucleic acid construct into a plant that results in the increased expression and / or activity of the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof. The nucleic acid construct can be stably integrated in the genome or be provided transiently. For example, the nucleic acid construct can comprise the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof. The nucleic acid construct can comprise a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variants and fragments thereof, wherein expression of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence increases disease resistance of the plant. The nucleic acid construct can further comprise any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9 operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence. Upon transformation, the ZmBAG4-encoding polynucleotide is integrated into the genome and expressed in a manner that increases the activity or expression level of the polypeptide in the plant.
[0353] In other embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a gene editing construct that targets specific modifications in a target protein (or an active variant or fragment of a target protein) or the native regulatory regions of a target protein, such that the modification results in the increased expression or activity of the target polypeptide. Such modifications can include a deletion of DNA, an insertion of DNA, or a substitution of DNA in the plant’s genome that allows the target polypeptide to have increased activity and / or increased level of expression. The modification can occur in a regulatory region of the gene encoding the target protein (i.e., the promoter, the 5' UTR, introns, 3' UTR or terminators) . As such, the modification can occur within SEQ ID NO: 3. For example, gene editing could be used to swap in a heterologous promoter that upregulates expression of the native target polypeptide when compared to the native promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4) . Alternatively, gene editing could be used to modify the coding sequence of the target polypeptide to increase activity of the protein. In other embodiments, gene editing can be used to provide for the targeted insertion of the coding region of the target polypeptide or the entire gene of the target polypeptide into a specific integration site within the plant genome. In still other embodiments, gene editing could be used to alter the coding sequence of the target polypeptide and thereby alter the activity or function of the polypeptide to thereby produce an altered seed composition. In still other embodiments, gene editing could be used to insert an enhancer sequence, intron, or other regulatory region that results in increased expression of a gene encoding ZmBAG4. The target gene may be endogenous or transgenic to the plant.
[0354] As such, plants, plant parts, seeds and plant cells are provided having stably incorporated into their genome a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter active in the plant, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, or an active variant or active fragment thereof are provided, wherein the increased expression or activity of the polypeptide increases the disease resistance and / or the pathogen resistance of the plant. In some embodiments, the plants, plant parts, seeds and plant cells have stably incorporated into their genome a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variants and fragments thereof, wherein expression of the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide increases disease resistance of the plant. The polynucleotide stably incorporated into the plants, plant parts, seeds, and plant cells can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9.
[0355] Methods are therefore provided whereby the pathogen resistance of a plant is increased by introducing into the genome of the plant a nucleic acid construct that results in the increased expression and / or activity of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence with at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, or an active variant or fragment thereof, wherein the modification increases the pathogen resistance and / or the disease resistance of the plant. In one embodiment, the method comprises introducing into the genome of a plant a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence with at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, or an active variant or fragment thereof, where the increased activity or expression of the polypeptide increases the pathogen resistance and / or the disease resistance of the plant. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the genome of a plant a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variants and fragments thereof, wherein expression of the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide increases disease resistance of the plant. The polynucleotide can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9. In some embodiments, an expression cassette comprising a promoter active in the plant operably linked to the polynucleotide of interest is introduced into the genome of the plant. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide of interest can be introduced into the genome of the plant and integrated at a genomic location (via for example, targeted integration) that allows for the expression of the polypeptide.
[0356] In other embodiments, the methods comprise introducing a nucleic acid construct that produces a modification in the genome of the plant that results in an increased expression or an increased activity of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence with at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or an active variant or fragment thereof, where the modification increases the pathogen resistance of the plant.
[0357] In one embodiment of the invention, methods are provided for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant or part thereof, comprising the steps of: (a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by assaying for increased expression of ZmBAG4 relative to a control plant following infection with a Fusarium sp., wherein assaying for increased expression is performed by testing mRNA accumulation or protein accumulation in at least one tissue, and (b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. In some of these embodiments, the selected maize plant and the FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active fragment or variant thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0358] b. Transformation methods
[0359] In some embodiments, methods of introducing a polynucleotide into a plant comprises transforming a polynucleotide disclosed herein or an active variant or fragment thereof into a recipient plant to obtain a transgenic plant and said transgenic plant has increased pathogen resistance and / or disease resistance. Expression cassettes comprising polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides as described above can be used to transform plants of interest.
[0360] Transformation results in the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid into a plant, including whole plants, as well as plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc. ) , seeds, plant cells, propagules, embryos and progeny of the same. Plant cells can be differentiated or undifferentiated (e.g., callus, suspension culture cells, protoplasts, leaf cells, root cells, phloem cells, pollen) . Transformation may result in stable or transient incorporation of the nucleic acid into the cell. "Stable transformation" is intended to mean that the nucleotide construct introduced into a host cell integrates into the genome of the host cell and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof. In some embodiments, the stable transformation occurs via a random integration event. In other embodiments, the stable transformation occurs via a targeted integration into the genome of the sequence of interest employing genome modification machinery such as, for example, CRISPRs or TALENs or recombinases. “Transient transformation” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide is introduced into the host cell and does not integrate into the genome of the host cell.
[0361] Methods for transformation typically involve introducing a nucleotide construct into a plant. In some embodiments, the transformation method is an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or a transformation mediated by other suitable bacteria capable of integrating DNA into a plant genome such as, e.g., Ochrobactrum sp., Ensifer sp., Rhizobium sp. and the like (Rathore and Mullins 2018 Annual Plant Reviews Online 1: 891-908) . In some embodiments, the transformation method is a biolistic-mediated transformation. Transformation may also be performed by infection, transfection, microinjection, electroporation, microprojection, biolistics or particle bombardment, electroporation, silica / carbon fibers, ultrasound mediated, PEG mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, poly cation DMSO technique, DEAE dextran procedure, Agrobacterium and viral mediated (e.g., Caulimoriviruses, Geminiviruses, RNA plant viruses) , liposome mediated and the like.
[0362] Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing polypeptides or polynucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Methods for transformation are known in the art and include those set forth in US Patent Nos: 8,575,425; 7,692,068; 8,802,934; and 7,541,517; each of which is herein incorporated by reference. See, also, Rakoczy-Trojanowska, M. (2002) Cell Mol Biol Lett. 7: 849-858; Jones et al. (2005) Plant Methods, Vol. 1, Article 5; Rivera et al. (2012) Physics of Life Reviews 9: 308-345; Bartlett et al. (2008) Plant Methods 4: 1-12; Bates, G. W. (1999) Methods in Molecular Biology 111 : 359-366; Binns and Thomashow (1988) Annual Reviews in Microbiology 42: 57 Sup' / Sup5-606; Christou, P. (1992) The Plant Journal 2: 275-281; Christou, P. (1995) Euphytica 85: 13-27; Tzfira et al. (2004) TRENDS in Genetics 20: 375-383; Yao et al. (2006) Journal of Experimental Botany 57: 3737-3746; Zupan and Zambryski (1995) Plant Physiology 107: 1041-1047.
[0363] Methods of transformation of plant cells or tissues include but are not limited to Agrobacterium mediated transformation method and the Biolistics or particle-gun mediated transformation method. Suitable plant transformation vectors for the purpose of Agrobacterium mediated transformation include-those elements derived from a tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, for example, right border (RB) regions and left border (LB) regions, and others disclosed by Herrera-Estrella et al., Nature 303: 209 (1983) ; Bevan, Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 8711-8721 (1984) ; Klee et al., Bio-Technology 3 (7) : 637-642 (1985) . In addition to plant transformation vectors derived from the Ti or root-inducing (Ri) plasmids of Agrobacterium, alternative methods can be used to insert the DNA constructs of this invention into plant cells. Such methods may involve, but are not limited to, for example, the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake, free DNA delivery via microprojectile bombardment, and transformation using viruses or pollen.
[0364] Methods for transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (21) : 8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (3) : 913-917; Staub and Maliga (1993) EMBO J. 12 (2) : 601-606. The method relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (15) : 7301-7305.
[0365] The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5: 81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. In this manner, the present invention provides transformed seed (also referred to as "transgenic seed" ) having a nucleotide construct of the invention, for example, an expression cassette of the invention, stably incorporated into their genome.
[0366] “Regeneration” refers to the process of growing a plant from a plant cell (for example, plant protoplast or explant) . Such regeneration techniques rely on manipulation of certain phytohormones in a tissue culture growth medium, typically relying on a biocide and / or herbicide marker that has been introduced together with the desired nucleotide sequences. Choice of methodology for the regeneration step is not critical See, for example, Ammirato et al., Handbook of Plant Cell Culture-Crop Species. Macmillan Publ. Co. (1984) ; Shimamoto et al., Nature 338: 274-276 (1989) ; Fromm, UCLA Symposium on Molecular Strategies for Crop Improvement, Apr. 16-22, 1990. Keystone, Colo. (1990) ; Vasil et al., Bio / Technology 8: 429-434 (1990) ; Vasil et al., Bio / Technology 10: 667-674 (1992) ; Hayashimoto, Plant Physiol. 93: 857-863 (1990) ; and Datta et al., Bio-technology 8: 736-740 (1990) . Such regeneration techniques are described generally in Klee et al., Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. 38: 467-486 (1987) .
[0367] c. Crossing
[0368] In some embodiments, the method comprises crossing a donor plant comprising a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof with a recipient plant, and the polypeptide is able to confer increased pathogen resistance in the recipient plant. As used herein, the terms “crossing” and “breeding” refer to the fusion of gametes to produce progeny (e.g., by fertilization, such as to produce seed by pollination in plants) . In some embodiments, a “cross, ” “breeding, ” or “cross-fertilization” is fertilization of one individual by another (e.g., cross-pollination in plants) . The plant disclosed herein may be a whole plant, or may be a plant cell, seed, or tissue, or a plant part such as leaf, stem, pollen, or cell that can be cultivated into a whole plant.
[0369] In some embodiments, a progeny plant created by the crossing or breeding process is repeatedly crossed back to one of its parents through a process referred to herein as “backcrossing” . In a backcrossing scheme, the “donor” parent refers to the parental plant with the desired gene or locus to be introgressed. The “recipient” parent (used one or more times) or “recurrent” parent (used two or more times) refers to the parental plant into which the gene or locus is being introgressed. For example, see Ragot, M. et al. Marker-assisted Backcrossing: A Practical Example, in Techniques et Utilisations des Marqueurs Moleculaires Les Colloques, Vol. 72, pp. 45-56 (1995) ; and Openshaw et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding, in Proceedings of the Symposium “Analysis of Molecular Marker Data, ” pp. 41-43 (1994) . The initial cross gives rise to the F1 generation. The term “BC1” refers to the second use of the recurrent parent, “BC2” refers to the third use of the recurrent parent, and so on.
[0370] In some embodiments, the donor plant is a maize plant. In some embodiments, the recipient plant is an elite Zea mays plant.
[0371] d. Gene Editing
[0372] Further provided are plants, plant cells and seeds having a genomic modification created through gene editing. Such methods include, but are not limited to, the use of meganucleases designed against the plant genomic sequence of interest, CRISPR-Cas9, TALENs, and other technologies for precise editing of genomes (Feng, et al. Cell Research 23: 1229-1232, 2013, WO 2013 / 026740) ; CRISPR-Cas12a (alternatively known as Cpf1) (U.S. Patent No. 9,790,490) and other suitable CRISPR nuclease systems (Makarova et al. 2020 Nat Review Microbiol 18: 67-83) ; Cre-lox site-specific recombination; FLP-FRT recombination (Li et al. (2009) Plant Physiol 151: 1087-1095) ; Bxbl-mediated integration (Yau et al. Plant J (2011) 701: 147-166) ; zinc-finger mediated integration (Wright et al. (2005) Plant J 44: 693-705) ; Cai et al. (2009) Plant Mol Biol 69: 699-709) ; and homologous recombination (Lieberman-Lazarovich and Levy (2011) Methods Mol Biol : 51-65) .
[0373] Various embodiments of the methods described herein use gene editing. In some embodiments, gene editing is used to mutagenize the genome of a plant to produce plants having one or more of the polypeptides that are able to increase disease resistance in a plant. In other instances, gene editing is used to allow for targeted insertion into the genome of a nucleotide sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variants or fragments thereof.
[0374] "Target site, " "target sequence, " "target DNA, " "target locus, " "genomic target site, " "genomic target sequence, " and "genomic target locus" are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polynucleotide sequence, for example in the genome (including chloroplastic and mitochondrial DNA) of a cell, to which an endonuclease is recruited, and optionally nicks or cleaves the DNA of the target site. The target site can be an endogenous site in the plant genome, or alternatively, the target site can be heterologous to the plant and thereby not be naturally occurring in the genome, or the target site can be found in a heterologous genomic location compared to where it occurs in nature.
[0375] In some embodiments, provided herein are plants transformed with and expressing gene-editing machinery as described above, which, when crossed with a target plant, result in gene editing in the target plant.
[0376] The term “polynucleotide modification template” includes a polynucleotide that comprises at least one nucleotide modification when compared to the nucleotide sequence to be edited. A nucleotide modification can be at least one nucleotide substitution, addition, or deletion. The polynucleotide modification template can further comprise homologous nucleotide sequences flanking at least one nucleotide modification, wherein flanking homologous nucleotide sequences provides sufficient homology to the desired nucleotide sequence to be edited.
[0377] Gene editing generally refers to the use of a site-directed DNA-binding protein to make a site-specific modification of one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule (e.g., genome) . The DNA-binding protein can comprise, be fused to or paired with an enzymatic domain, such as a nuclease (capable of introducing single-stranded or double-stranded breaks) , deaminase (such as a cytosine or adenine base editor) , transposase / recombinase, or a polymerase (e.g., prime editor, such as those described in Anzalone et al. 2019 Nature 576 (7785) : 149-157) ) domain, or a combination of thereof. The nuclease can be CRISPR / Cas, zinc fingers, meganucleases, or the like that cuts a nucleotide sequence at a desired location. This may be to cause an insertion / deletion ( “indel” ) mutation, (i.e., “SDN1” ) , a base edit (i.e., “SDN2” ) , or allele insertion or replacement (i.e., “SDN3” ) . SDN2 or SDN3 gene editing may comprise the provision of one or more recombination templates (e.g., in a vector) comprising a gene sequence of interest that can be used for homology directed repair (HDR) within the plant (i.e., to be introduced into the plant genome) . In some embodiments, the gene or allele of interest is one that is able to confer to the plant an improved trait, e.g., increased protein content and / or altered seed composition. The recombination template can be introduced into the plant either through transformation or through breeding with a donor plant comprising the recombination template. Breaks in the plant genome may be introduced within, upstream, and / or downstream of a target sequence. In some embodiments, a double strand DNA break is made within or near the target sequence locus. In some embodiments, breaks are made upstream and downstream of the target sequence locus, which may lead to its excision from the genome. In some embodiments, one or more single strand DNA breaks (nicks) are made within, upstream, and / or downstream of the target sequence (e.g., using a nickase Cas9 variant) . Any of these DNA breaks, as well as those introduced via other methods known to one of skill in the art, may induce HDR. Through HDR, the target sequence is replaced by the sequence of the provided recombination template comprising a polynucleotide of interest (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or variant or fragment thereof with or without any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9 operably linked thereto) may be provided on / as a template. By designing the system such that one or more single strand or double strand breaks are introduced within, upstream, and / or downstream of the corresponding region in the genome of a plant not comprising the gene sequence of interest, this region can be replaced with the template.
[0378] In some embodiments, gene editing may be accomplished through the use of an enzyme that does not cut a nucleotide sequence. Base editors, for example, have been described that do not cut the target DNA (Bhuyan et al. 2023 Front Genome Ed 5: 1272678; Liu et al. 2021 Med Rev 3: 75-84; Eid et al. 2018 Biochem J 475: 1955-1964) .
[0379] In some embodiments, mutations in the genes of interest described herein may be generated without the use of a recombination template via targeted introduction of DNA double strand breaks. Such breaks may be repaired through the process of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) , which can result in the generation of small insertions or deletions (indels) at the repair site. Such indels may lead to frameshift mutations causing premature stop codons or other types of loss-of-function mutations in the targeted genes. Such indels, for example when they occur in regulatory regions, may result in increased or decreased expression of a nearby gene.
[0380] In some embodiments, gene editing may involve transient, inducible, or constitutive expression of the gene editing components or systems in the target plant. Gene editing may also involve genomic integration or episomal presence of the gene editing components or systems in the target plant.
[0381] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid modification or mutation is affected by a (modified) zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) system. The ZFN system uses artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain that can be engineered to target desired DNA sequences. Exemplary methods of genome editing using ZFNs can be found for example in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,534,261; 6,607,882; 6,746,838; 6,794,136; 6,824,978; 6,866,997; 6,933,113; and 6,979,539.
[0382] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid modification is affected by a (modified) meganuclease, which are endodeoxyribonucleases characterized by a large recognition site (double-stranded DNA sequences of 12 to 40 base pairs) . Exemplary methods for using meganucleases can be found in US Patent Nos: 8,163,514; 8,133,697; 8,021,867; 8,119,361; 8,119,381; 8,124,369; and 8,129,134, which are specifically incorporated by reference.
[0383] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid modification is affected by a (modified) CRISPR / Cas complex or system. In certain embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas system or complex is a class 2 CRISPR / Cas system. In certain embodiments, said CRISPR / Cas system or complex is a type II, type V, or type VI CRISPR / Cas system or complex. The CRISPR / Cas system does not require the generation of customized proteins to target specific sequences but rather a single Cas protein can be programmed by an RNA guide (gRNA) to recognize a specific nucleic acid target, in other words the Cas enzyme protein can be recruited to a specific nucleic acid target locus (which may comprise or consist of RNA and / or DNA) of interest using said short RNA guide.
[0384] In general, the CRISPR / Cas or CRISPR system is as used herein refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated ( “Cas” ) genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene and one or more of, a tracr (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g., tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA) , a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a “direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system) , a guide sequence (also referred to as a “spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system) , or “RNA (s) ” as that term is herein used (e.g., RNA (s) to guide Cas, such as Cas9, Cas12a, and the like, e.g., CRISPR RNA and, where applicable, transactivating (tracr) RNA or a single guide RNA (sgRNA) (chimeric RNA) ) or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus. In general, a CRISPR system is characterized by elements that promote the formation of a CRISPR complex at the site of a target sequence (also referred to as a protospacer in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system) . In the context of formation of a CRISPR complex, “target sequence” refers to a sequence to which a guide sequence is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR complex. A target sequence may comprise any polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA polynucleotides.
[0385] In certain embodiments, the gRNA is a chimeric guide RNA or single guide RNA (sgRNA) . In certain embodiments, the gRNA comprises a guide sequence and a tracr mate sequence (or direct repeat) . In certain embodiments, the gRNA comprises a guide sequence, a tracr mate sequence (or direct repeat) , and a tracr sequence. In certain embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas system or complex as described herein does not comprise and / or does not rely on the presence of a tracr sequence (e.g., if the Cas protein is Cas12a) .
[0386] The Cas protein as referred to herein, such as but not limited to Cas9, Cas12a (formerly referred to as Cpf1) , Cas12b (formerly referred to as C2c1) , Cas13a (formerly referred to as C2c2) , C2c3, Cas13b protein, may originate from any suitable source, and hence may include different orthologues, originating from a variety of (prokaryotic) organisms, as is well documented in the art. In certain embodiments, the Cas protein is (modified) Cas9, preferably (modified) Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) or (modified) Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) . In certain embodiments, the Cas protein is Cas12a, optionally from Acidaminococcus sp., such as Acidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 Cpf1 (AsCas12a) or Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a, such as Lachnospiraceae bacterium MA2020 or Lachnospiraceae bacterium MD2006 (LBCas12a) . See U.S. Pat. No. 10,669,540, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the Cas12a protein may be from Moraxella bovoculi AAX08_00205 [Mb2Cas12a] or Moraxella bovoculi AAX11_00205 [Mb3Cas12a] . See WO 2017 / 189308, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, the Cas protein is (modified) C2c2, preferably Leptotrichia wadei C2c2 (LwC2c2) or Listeria newyorkensis FSL M6-0635 C2c2 (LbFSLC2c2) . In certain embodiments, the (modified) Cas protein is C2c1. In certain embodiments, the (modified) Cas protein is C2c3. In certain embodiments, the (modified) Cas protein is Cas13b. Other Cas enzymes are available to a person skilled in the art (Makarova et al. 2020 Nat Review Microbiol 18: 67-83) .
[0387] Gene editing methods and compositions are also disclosed in US Pat. Nos. 10,519,456 and 10,285,348 82, the entire content of which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0388] The gene-editing machinery (e.g., the DNA modifying enzyme) introduced into the plants can be controlled by any promoter that can drive recombinant gene expression in plants. In some embodiments, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a tissue-specific promoter, e.g., a pollen-specific promoter or a sperm cell specific promoter, a zygote specific promoter, or a promoter that is highly expressed in sperm, eggs and zygotes (e.g., prOsActin1) . Suitable promoters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,519,456, the entire content of which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0389] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of editing plant genomic DNA. In some embodiments, the method comprises using a first maize plant expressing a DNA modification enzyme and at least one optional guide nucleic acid as described above to pollinate a target plant comprising genomic DNA to be edited.
[0390] 6. Stacking
[0391] The polynucleotides encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide and variants thereof provided herein can be stacked with one or more polynucleotides encoding a desirable trait such as a polynucleotide that confers, for example, insect, disease or herbicide resistance or other desirable agronomic traits of interest including, but not limited to, traits associated with high oil content; traits associated with increased protein content, increased digestibility; balanced amino acid content; improved drought resistance, modified maturity and / or flowering time, and high energy content. Such traits may refer to properties of both seed and non-seed plant tissues, or to food or feed prepared from plants or seeds having such traits.
[0392] As used herein, gene or trait “stacking” comprises combining desired genes or traits into one transgenic plant line. The additional polynucleotide can be introduced by a variety of approaches including by transgenic means, by breeding, or by genome editing. As one approach, plant breeders stack transgenic traits by making crosses between parents that each have a desired trait and then identifying offspring that have both of these desired traits (so-called “breeding stacks” ) . Another way to stack genes is by transferring two or more genes into the cell nucleus of a plant at the same time during transformation. In embodiments, the two or more genes may be transferred via distinct expression cassettes or via a common expression cassette. Another way to stack genes is by re-transforming a transgenic plant comprising a desired trait with another gene of interest conferring another desired trait to thereby provide a progeny transgenic plant comprising the combination of traits. Such methods can include, for example, random integration techniques or targeted integration via a gene editing system such as Crispr or meganucleases. For example, gene stacking can be used to combine two different insect resistance traits, two different herbicide resistance traits, two different agronomic performance traits, an insect resistance trait with a disease resistance trait, a herbicide resistance trait (such as, for example, Bt11) , or an agronomic performance trait, etc. The use of a selectable marker in addition to a gene of interest would also be considered gene stacking. In embodiments, the offspring or progeny plant having the desired combination of traits is identified through the use of genetic markers or molecular markers including but not limited to SNPs (such as those disclosed herein in Tables 2 and 3) , QTLs, primers or probes directed to desired trait-associated genes or transgenes, promoters, microRNAs, siRNAs, mRNAs, dsRNAs, transcriptional profiles, and methylation patterns.
[0393] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule or vector of the disclosure can include an additional coding sequence for one or more polypeptides or double stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA) of interest for agronomic traits that primarily are of benefit to a seed company, grower or grain processor. A polypeptide of interest can be any polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence of interest. Non-limiting examples of polypeptides of interest that are suitable for production in plants include those resulting in agronomically important traits such as herbicide resistance (also sometimes referred to as “herbicide tolerance” ) , disease resistance, virus resistance, bacterial pathogen resistance, insect resistance, nematode resistance, or fungal resistance. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,569,823; 5,304,730; 5,495,071; 6,329,504; and 6,337,431. The polypeptide also can be one that increases plant vigor or yield (including traits that allow a plant to grow at different temperatures, soil conditions and levels of sunlight and precipitation) , or one that allows identification of a plant exhibiting a trait of interest (e.g., a selectable marker, seed coat color, relative maturity group, etc. ) . Various polypeptides of interest, as well as methods for introducing these polypeptides into a plant, are described, for example, in US Patent Nos. 4,761,373; 4,769,061; 4,810,648; 4,940,835; 4,975,374; 5,013,659; 5,162,602; 5,276,268; 5,304,730; 5,495,071; 5,554,798; 5,561,236; 5,569,823; 5,767,366; 5,879,903, 5,928,937; 6,084,155; 6,329,504 and 6,337,431; as well as US Patent Publication No. 2001 / 0016956.
[0394] In a particular embodiment, polynucleotides may be stacked (or, alternatively, multiple expression cassettes may be stacked on a single polynucleotide) so as to express more than one polypeptide that increases disease resistance within a plant. This is a particular advantage where, for example, one polypeptide is particularly suitable for providing resistance to one class of plant pathogens (e.g., a first Fusarium isolate) while the other provides resistance to a different class of plant pathogens (or a different Fusarium isolate) . In alternate embodiments, a first polypeptide is provided that provides resistance via a first mode of action against a plant pathogen (e.g., against FSR) while the other provides resistance to the same plant pathogen via a second, different mode of action. Stacking polypeptides encoded by different polypeptides is also an advantage where one polypeptide expresses inherent pathogen-resistance but is somewhat labile.
[0395] In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof is stacked with a polynucleotide encoding a ZmCCT polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof that enhances FSR resistance in a plant. The ZmCCT polypeptide is described in WO2015055045 (SEQ ID NO: 1 therein) , which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The ZmCCT polypeptide is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 119, with the ZmCCT CDS sequence and genomic sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 120 and 121, respectively. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a ZmBAG4 polypeptide (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 1) or an active variant or fragment thereof is inserted into a plant genome near the ZmCCT locus such that the two genes are linked. The inserted polynucleotide can have the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or active variants or fragments thereof. The inserted polynucleotide can further comprise and be operably linked to any one of the regulatory elements set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 4-9. In other embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a ZmCCT polypeptide (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 119) or an active variant or fragment thereof is inserted into a plant genome near the ZmBAG4 locus, such that the two genes are linked. The inserted polynucleotide encoding the ZmCCT polypeptide can have the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 120 or 121 or active variants or fragments thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the ZmCCT polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof further comprises a native ZmCCT promoter and / or terminator.
[0396] In certain embodiments, one or more polynucleotides associated with disease resistance can be inserted into a plant genome near the ZmBAG4 locus, such that the two genes are linked. In certain embodiments, the inserted polynucleotides may provide for resistance to stalk rot, including Fusarium stalk rot as caused by Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium verticillioides. Polynucleotides that may provide for resistance to Fusarium stalk rot include LOX genes (e.g., LOX1, LOX2, LOX3, LOX6; WO21207148) , ZmAuxRP (CN105218651) , one or more polynucleotides from the qFCR9 locus (CN115961081) , Nepenthesin-1 (US20200325490) , GRMZM2G083526 (CN116083638) , ZmWAX (CN114480488) , one or more polynucleotides from the QTL 9-04 locus (CN109234431) , the zma-unmiR4 miRNA (CN114395557) , and ZmEXO70F4 (CN116622727) . In certain embodiments, the inserted polynucleotides may provide for resistance to other diseases, including but not limited to northern corn leaf blight (caused by, e.g., Exserohilum turcicum, Fusarium ear rot, tar spot (caused by, e.g., Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis, and Coniothyrium phyllachorae) , Southern rust (caused by, e.g., Puccinia polysora) , gray leaf spot (caused by, e.g., Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina) , anthracnose stalk rot (caused by, e.g., Colletotirchum graminicola) , maize rough dwarf disease (caused by, e.g., Fijivirus) , leaf spot (caused by, e.g., Curvularia lunata) , corn smut (caused by, e.g., Ustilago maydis) , banded leaf and sheath blight (caused by, e.g., Rhizoctonia solani) , and diseases caused by Clavibacter michiganensis, Physoderma maydis, Xanthomonas vasicola, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia stewartia, Puccinia sorghi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticilliodes, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti, maize chlorotic mottle virus, Sphacelotheca reiliana, or pathogenic nematodes.
[0397] In other embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 or active variant or fragments thereof is stacked with a native trait that confers disease resistance. In specific embodiments, the native trait that confers disease resistance is a protein that confers increased resistance to FSR or to pathogens from the genus Fusarium, including the species Fusarium graminearum and the species Fusarium verticillioides. For example, the various intervals, locus or resistance genes as set forth in WO17192545, US10440907, WO21207148, CN104558128, CN108893550, CN107325161, CN102395678, CN105218651, CN115961081, CN115997677, CN115992289, WO19057845, CN116083638, CN114480488, CN109234431, CN109486988, CN114395557, CN116287414, CN116377114, WO19198075, CN116622727, and WO22120426 (each of which is incorporated by reference in their entirety) can be bred into a Zea mays plant comprising the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof.
[0398] Polynucleotides conferring resistance / tolerance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazalinone or a sulfonylurea can also be suitable in some embodiments. Exemplary polynucleotides in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, e.g., in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,767,366 and 5,928,937. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,761,373 and 5,013,659 are directed to plants resistant to various imidazalinone or sulfonamide herbicides. U.S. Patent No. 4,975,374 relates to plant cells and plants containing a nucleic acid encoding a mutant glutamine synthetase (GS) resistant to inhibition by herbicides that are known to inhibit GS, e.g., phosphinothricin and methionine sulfoximine. U.S. Patent No. 5,162,602 discloses plants resistant to inhibition by cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid herbicides. The resistance is conferred by an altered acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) .
[0399] Polypeptides encoded by nucleotide sequences conferring resistance to glyphosate are also suitable for the disclosure. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,940,835 and U.S. Patent No. 4,769,061. U.S. Patent No. 5,554,798 discloses transgenic glyphosate resistant maize plants, which resistance is conferred by an altered 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimate (EPSP) synthase gene.
[0400] Polynucleotides coding for resistance to phosphono compounds such as glufosinate ammonium or phosphinothricin, and pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexones are also suitable. See, European Patent Application No. 0 242 246. See also, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,879,903, 5,276,268 and 5,561,236.
[0401] Other suitable polynucleotides include those coding for resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis, such as a triazine and a benzonitrile (nitrilase) See, U.S. Patent No. 4,810,648. Additional suitable polynucleotides coding for herbicide resistance include those coding for resistance to 2, 2-dichloropropionic acid, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, imidazolinone herbicides, sulfonylurea herbicides, triazolopyrimidine herbicides, s-triazine herbicides and bromoxynil. Also suitable are polynucleotides conferring resistance to a protox enzyme, or that provide enhanced resistance to plant diseases; enhanced tolerance of adverse environmental conditions (abiotic stresses) including but not limited to drought, excessive cold, excessive heat, or excessive soil salinity or extreme acidity or alkalinity; and alterations in plant architecture or development, including changes in developmental timing. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001 / 0016956 and U.S. Patent No. 6,084,155.
[0402] Additional herbicide tolerant traits include, PPO tolerant traits including, for example, one or more PPO trait set forth in US20190062777, US10370677, US11124803, WO2017217793, WO2020251313, US10392630, US10378023, WO2016099153, WO2019117579, WO2019117578, and US10100329, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. HPPD tolerant traits include: WO2009144079, US8642748, EP2453012, WO2013026740, US9078446, US10793872, US10508089, US10400249, US10597674, WO2018119364, WO2018119361, US11180770, US20200157086, US20210147866, US11279944, US202000331866, WO2019227036, WO2019227028, WO2022115296, and WO2011068567, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. ACCase tolerant traits include: US20120284812, US20120284853, US20160108423, US20160244780, US20160264990, US20170275645, US20210153448, US10696975B2, US10370678, CN109082416, US10694694, US20170265469, US20170231225, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Dicamba tolerant traits include, for example, RE45048 or US7884262. Various traits that confer tolerance to AOPP herbicides, phenoxy acid herbicides and / or pyridinyloxy acid herbicides include, for example, US10174337, US8278505, WO05107437, WO11022469, US10023874, and US2019241903 (and other traits therein) , each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Additional herbicide tolerance traits of interest for stacking include glucosyl transferase polypeptides as set forth in WO2018213022 or Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthase polypeptides as set forth in WO2020236790, a BIO3-BIO1 and / or BIOA enzyme as described in European Patent Application EP23154964.3, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Additional suitable polynucleotides include those coding for insecticidal polypeptides. These polypeptides may be produced in amounts sufficient to control, for example, insect pests (i.e., insect controlling amounts) . It is recognized that the amount of production of an insecticidal polypeptide in a plant necessary to control insects or other pests may vary depending upon the cultivar, type of pest, environmental factors and the like. Polynucleotides useful for additional insect or pest resistance include, for example, those that encode toxins identified in Bacillus organisms. Polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences encoding Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins from several subspecies have been cloned and recombinant clones have been found to be toxic to lepidopteran, dipteran and / or coleopteran insect larvae. Examples of such Bt insecticidal proteins include the Cry proteins such as Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D, Cry1Ea, Cry1Fa, Cry3A, Cry9A, Cry9B, Cry9C, and the like, as well as vegetative insecticidal proteins such as Vip1, Vip2, Vip3, and the like. A full list of Bt-derived proteins can be found on the worldwide web at Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Nomenclature Database maintained by the University of Sussex (see also, Crickmore et al. (1998) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 807-813) .
[0403] In embodiments, an additional polypeptide is an insecticidal polypeptide derived from a non-Bt source, including without limitation, an alpha-amylase, a peroxidase, a cholesterol oxidase, a patatin, a protease, a protease inhibitor, a urease, an alpha-amylase inhibitor, a pore-forming protein, a chitinase, a lectin, an engineered antibody or antibody fragment, a Bacillus cereus insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus spp. (such as X. nematophila or X. bovienii) insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus spp. (such as P. luminescens or P. asymobiotica) insecticidal protein, a Brevibacillus spp. (such as B. laterosporous) insecticidal protein, a Lysinibacillus spp. (such as L. sphearicus) insecticidal protein, a Chromobacterium spp. (such as C. subtsugae or C. piscinae) insecticidal protein, a Yersinia spp. (such as Y. entomophaga) insecticidal protein, a Paenibacillus spp. (such as P. propylaea) insecticidal protein, a Clostridium spp. (such as C. bifermentans) insecticidal protein, a Pseudomonas spp. (such as P. fluorescens) and a lignin.
[0404] In certain embodiments, the additional polypeptide is a resistance protein conferring enhanced pathogen resistance, such as enhanced resistance to any one of the following pathogens: Exserohilum turcicum, Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis, Coniothyrium phyllachorae, Puccinia polysora, Pyricularia grisea, Cercospora zeae-maydis Cercospora zeina, Colletotirchum graminicola, Fijivirus, Curvularia lunata, Ustilago maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, Clavibacter michiganensis, Physoderma maydis, Xanthomonas vasicola, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia stewartia, Puccinia sorghi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticilliodes, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti, maize chlorotic mottle virus, Sphacelotheca reiliana, or pathogenic nematodes. Exemplary polynucleotides encoding proteins that confer increased pathogen resistance that may be stacked with polynucleotides of the invention include polynucleotides encoding proteins that confer increased FSR resistance as described in WO17192545, US10440907, WO21207148, CN104558128, CN108893550, CN107325161, CN102395678, CN105218651, CN115961081, CN115997677, CN115992289, WO19057845, CN116083638, CN114480488, CN109234431, CN109486988, CN114395557, CN116287414, CN116377114, WO19198075, CN116622727, and WO22120426, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0405] Polypeptides that are suitable for production in plants further include those that improve or otherwise facilitate the conversion of harvested plants or plant parts into a commercially useful product, including, for example, increased or altered carbohydrate content or distribution, improved fermentation properties, increased oil content, increased protein content, improved digestibility, and increased nutraceutical content, e.g., increased phytosterol content, increased tocopherol content, increased stanol content or increased vitamin content. Polypeptides of interest also include, for example, those resulting in or contributing to a reduced content of an unwanted component in a harvested crop, e.g., phytic acid, or sugar degrading enzymes. By “resulting in” or “contributing to” is intended that the polypeptide of interest can directly or indirectly contribute to the existence of a trait of interest (e.g., increasing cellulose degradation by the use of a heterologous cellulase enzyme) .
[0406] In some embodiments, the polypeptide contributes to improved digestibility for food or feed. Xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes that improve the breakdown of plant cell walls, which leads to better utilization of the plant nutrients by an animal. This leads to improved growth rate and feed conversion. Also, the viscosity of the feeds containing xylan can be reduced. Heterologous production of xylanases in plant cells also can facilitate lignocellulosic conversion to fermentable sugars in industrial processing.
[0407] Numerous xylanases from fungal and bacterial microorganisms have been identified and characterized (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,437,992; Coughlin et al. (1993) “Proceedings of the Second TRICEL Symposium on Trichoderma reesei Cellulases and Other Hydrolases” Espoo; Souminen and Reinikainen, eds. (1993) Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8: 125-135; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005 / 0208178; and PCT Publication No. WO 03 / 16654) . In particular, three specific xylanases (XYL-I, XYL-II, and XYL-III) have been identified in T. reesei (Tenkanen et al. (1992) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14: 566; Torronen et al. (1992) Bio / Technology 10: 1461; and Xu et al. (1998) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49: 718) .
[0408] In other embodiments, a polypeptide useful for the disclosure can be a polysaccharide degrading enzyme. Plants of this disclosure producing such an enzyme may be useful for generating, for example, fermentation feedstocks for bioprocessing. In some embodiments, enzymes useful for a fermentation process include alpha amylases, proteases, pullulanases, isoamylases, cellulases, hemicellulases, xylanases, cyclodextrin glycotransferases, lipases, phytases, laccases, oxidases, esterases, cutinases, granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme and other glucoamylases.
[0409] Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes include: starch degrading enzymes such as α-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) , glucuronidases (E. C. 3.2.1.131) ; exo-1, 4-α-D glucanases such as amyloglucosidases and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) , β-amylases (EC 3.2.1.2) , α-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) , and other exo-amylases; starch debranching enzymes, such as a) isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) , pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) , and the like; b) cellulases such as exo-1, 4-3-cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91) , exo-1, 3-β-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) , β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) ; c) L-arabinases, such as endo-1, 5-α-L-arabinase (EC 3.2.1.99) , α-arabinosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) and the like; d) galactanases such as endo-1, 4-β-D-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.89) , endo-1, 3-β-D-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.90) , α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) , β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and the like; e) mannanases, such as endo-1, 4-β-D-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) , β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25) , α-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) and the like; f) xylanases, such as endo-1, 4-β-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) , β-D-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) , 1, 3-β-D-xylanase, and the like; and g) other enzymes such as α-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51) , α-L-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) , levanase (EC 3.2.1.65) , inulanase (EC 3.2.1.7) , and the like. In one embodiment, the α-amylase is the synthetic α-amylase, Amy797E, described is US Patent No. 8,093,453, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0410] Further enzymes which may be used with the disclosure include proteases, such as fungal and bacterial proteases. Fungal proteases include, but are not limited to, those obtained from Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Mucor and Rhizopus, such as A. niger, A. awamori, A. oryzae and M. miehei. In some embodiments, the polypeptides of this disclosure can be cellobiohydrolase (CBH) enzymes (EC 3.2.1.91) . In one embodiment, the cellobiohydrolase enzyme can be CBH1 or CBH2.
[0411] Other enzymes useful with the disclosure include, but are not limited to, hemicellulases, such as mannases and arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) ; ligninases; lipases (e.g., E. C. 3.1.1.3) , glucose oxidases, pectinases, xylanases, transglucosidases, alpha 1, 6 glucosidases (e.g., E. C. 3.2.1.20) ; esterases such as ferulic acid esterase (EC 3.1.1.73) and acetyl xylan esterases (EC 3.1.1.72) ; and cutinases (e.g., E. C. 3.1.1.74) .
[0412] Double stranded RNA molecules useful with the disclosure include but are not limited to those that suppress target genes. As used herein the words “gene suppression” , when taken together, are intended to refer to any of the well-known methods for reducing the levels of protein produced as a result of gene transcription to mRNA and subsequent translation of the mRNA. Gene suppression is also intended to mean the reduction of protein expression from a gene or a coding sequence including posttranscriptional gene suppression and transcriptional suppression. Posttranscriptional gene suppression is mediated by the homology between of all or a part of a mRNA transcribed from a gene or coding sequence targeted for suppression and the corresponding double stranded RNA used for suppression and refers to the substantial and measurable reduction of the amount of available mRNA available in the cell for binding by ribosomes. The transcribed RNA can be in the sense orientation to effect what is called co-suppression, in the anti-sense orientation to effect what is called anti-sense suppression, or in both orientations producing a dsRNA to effect what is called RNA interference (RNAi) . Transcriptional suppression is mediated by the presence in the cell of a dsRNA, a gene suppression agent, exhibiting substantial sequence identity to a promoter DNA sequence or the complement thereof to effect what is referred to as promoter trans suppression. Gene suppression may be effective against a native plant gene associated with a trait, e.g., to provide plants with reduced levels of a protein encoded by the native gene or with enhanced or reduced levels of an affected metabolite. Gene suppression can also be effective against target genes in plant pests that may ingest or contact plant material containing gene suppression agents, specifically designed to inhibit or suppress the expression of one or more homologous or complementary sequences in the cells of the pest. Such genes targeted for suppression can encode an essential protein, the predicted function of which is selected from the group consisting of muscle formation, juvenile hormone formation, juvenile hormone regulation, ion regulation and transport, digestive enzyme synthesis, maintenance of cell membrane potential, amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromone synthesis, pheromone sensing, antennae formation, wing formation, leg formation, development and differentiation, egg formation, larval maturation, digestive enzyme formation, hemolymph synthesis, hemolymph maintenance, neurotransmission, cell division, energy metabolism, respiration, and apoptosis.
[0413] As used herein, “selectable marker” means a nucleotide sequence that when expressed imparts a distinct phenotype to the plant, plant part and / or plant cell expressing the marker and thus allows such transformed plants, plant parts and / or plant cells to be distinguished from those that do not have the marker. Such a nucleotide sequence may encode either a selectable or screenable marker, depending on whether the marker confers a trait that can be selected for by chemical means, such as by using a selective agent (e.g., an antibiotic, herbicide, or the like) , or on whether the marker is simply a trait that one can identify through observation or testing, such as by screening. In some examples, the trait can be identified through visual observation, such as by comparing the plant height, plant vigor, or plant flowering time of a plant with the desired combination of traits with a control plant (e.g., a plant not comprising the combination of traits or a parent plant from which the selected plant was derived) .
[0414] 7. Assay, kits and primers
[0415] Also provided are the kits, probes, primers and antibodies that can be used to introduce a polynucleotide sequence as described in this disclosure into a recipient plant or to detect a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence as described in this disclosure in a plant. The polypeptide and the polynucleotide or variant and fragments thereof provided herein can be packaged as components of a kit with instructions for completing the assay described herein. A DNA detection kit is provided for use in detecting the nucleotide sequences encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or variants and fragments thereof or for detecting a transgenic event or a gene edit comprising a ZmBAG4 polypeptide in a plant are provided. A DNA detection kit may also comprise primers or probes for use in detecting Insertion 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a variant or fragment thereof. Such primers can be found in Table 4.
[0416] In some embodiments, the kit may comprise one or more probes having a sequence corresponding to or complementary to a sequence having 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity with a specific region of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, or 10, which allows for the detection of the sequence. In some embodiments, the kit may comprise any reagent and material required to perform the assay or detection method. In specific embodiments, the probes can be used to specifically hybridize to target polynucleotide and thereby detect the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, or 10, or variants or fragments thereof.
[0417] Further provided are antibodies to the polypeptides of the present invention, or to variants or fragments thereof, are also encompassed. Methods for producing antibodies are well known in the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,265) . These antibodies can be used in kits for the detection and isolation of toxin polypeptides. Thus, this disclosure provides kits comprising antibodies that specifically bind to the polypeptides described herein, including, for example, polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or variants or fragments thereof.
[0418] 8. Methods of use of plants and seeds
[0419] Methods of preventing pathogen damage or disease damage or FSR damage to a plant are provided. Methods of controlling disease, or FSR, in an area of cultivation are also provided. Such methods comprise planting in an area of cultivation a plant or seed having stably integrated into its genome a nucleotide sequence encoding the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof and growing said plant or said seed, wherein expression of said ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof increases the resistance of the plant to a plant disease and / or plant pathogen.
[0420] The various compositions and methods disclosed herein can provide an increased or enhanced resistance to various plant pathogens and / or plant diseases. Exemplary plant pathogens and / or plant diseases include, but are not limited to, Exserohilum turcicum, Fusarium ear rot, tar spot (caused by, e.g., Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis, and Coniothyrium phyllachorae) , Southern rust (caused by, e.g., Puccinia polysora) , gray leaf spot (caused by, e.g., Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina) , anthracnose stalk rot (caused by, e.g., Colletotirchum graminicola) , maize rough dwarf disease (caused by, e.g., Fijivirus) , Curvularia lunata, Ustilago maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, Clavibacter michiganensis, Physoderma maydis, Xanthomonas vasicola, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia stewartia, Puccinia sorghi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticilliodes, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti, maize chlorotic mottle virus, Sphacelotheca reiliana, or pathogenic nematodes.
[0421] In specific embodiments the plant disease is Fusarium stalk rot. In other embodiments, the plant pathogen is from the genus Fusarium, including the species Fusarium graminearum and the species Fusarium verticillioides.
[0422] In other embodiments, the plants expressing the ZmBAG4 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof are contacted with one or more fungicides to further prevent FSR associated damage or any other plant disease of interest to the plant (e.g., the maize plant) . Such fungicides can be applied to any part of the plant, including for example, the seed or the leaf or to the area of cultivation. Such fungicidal compounds can be formulated or tank mixed with other fungicides or applied sequentially with other fungicides. Such fungicides may include a fungicide from one or more of the following chemical classes: Benzimidazoles, Dicarboximides, Azoles, Pyrimidines, Phenylamides, Morpholines, Carboxamides, Anilinopyrimidine, Strobilurins, Carboxylic acid amides, Inorganics, Dithiocarbamates, or Phthalimides. See, Morton, V. and Staub, T. 2008 A Short History of Fungicides. Online, APSnet Features. doi: 10.1094 / APSnetFeature-2008-0308, herein incorporated by reference.
[0423] Methods are provided for screening or assaying a plant (e.g., a maize plant) for resistance, to determine immunity or susceptibility of the plant to a plant disease. Such methods include, but are not limited to, screening a plant (e.g., a maize plant) , assaying a plant for immunity, resistance or susceptibility to a plant disease by contacting a plant cell, tissue or organ to a pathogen (e.g., Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium verticillioides) and measuring the resistance, immunity or susceptibility of the plant or plant part to a plant disease (e.g., FSR) caused by the pathogen. Leaves of maize plants infected by Fusarium graminearum usually turn from light green into dull, grayish-green and eventually wilt. The lower internodes soften and turn tan or brown while the internal pith disintegrates, leaving only the vascular bundles partially intact. In moist conditions, round black specks may form at the lower nodes. These specks can be scratched off the stalk surface easily using a fingernail. Any observable phenotype of the plant pathogen and / or disease can be measured. These include, but are not limited to, weakening of the corn stalk and tan to pink coloration of the pith, reduction in the number, severity and / or rate of infected plants, reduction in stem lodging, reduction in discoloration of foliage, reduction in defoliation, reduction in number or size of black specks on nodes, reduction in softening or discoloration of internodes, reduction in metabolite accumulation of Fusarium graminearum, or a reduction in yield loss, or any combination thereof. Further embodiments include change in any of the aforementioned phenotypes. Still further embodiments include measured delays or expediting of proliferation of a pathogen (e.g., fungus) .
[0424] 9. Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Selection
[0425] Genetic Mapping
[0426] Genetic loci correlating with particular phenotypes, such as FSR, can be mapped in an organism's genome. By identifying a marker or cluster of markers that co-segregate with a trait of interest, the breeder is able to rapidly select a desired phenotype by selecting for the proper marker (aprocess called marker-assisted selection, or MAS) . Such markers may also be used by breeders to design genotypes in silico and to practice whole genome selection.
[0427] The present invention provides markers associated with FSR resistance in maize. Detection of these markers and / or other linked markers can be used to identify, select and / or produce FSR resistant maize plants and / or to eliminate maize plants from breeding programs or from planting that are not resistant to FSR.
[0428] Markers Associated with Enhanced FSR Resistance
[0429] Molecular markers are used for the visualization of differences in nucleic acid sequences. This visualization can be due to DNA-DNA hybridization techniques after digestion with a restriction enzyme (e.g., an RFLP) and / or due to techniques using the polymerase chain reaction (e.g., SNP, STS, SSR / microsatellites, AFLP, and the like) . In some embodiments, all differences between two parental genotypes segregate in a mapping population based on the cross of these parental genotypes. The segregation of the different markers can be compared and recombination frequencies can be calculated. Methods for mapping markers in plants are disclosed in, for example, Glick & Thompson (1993) Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., United States of America; Zietkiewicz et al. (1994) Genomics 20: 176-183.
[0430] Markers associated with enhanced FSR resistance are identified herein. The presently disclosed markers may comprise a single allele or a combination of alleles at one or more genetic loci. For example, the marker may comprise one or more marker alleles located within a first chromosomal interval and one or more marker alleles located within a second chromosomal interval.
[0431] The presently disclosed markers are described herein with respect to the positions of marker loci in the maize B73 reference genome (i.e., RefGen_v5 map at Maize GDB (maizegdb. org) ) .
[0432] Marker-Assisted Selection
[0433] Markers can be used in a variety of plant breeding applications. See, e.g., Staub et al., Hortscience 31: 729 (1996) ; Tanksley, Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 1: 3 (1983) . One of the main areas of interest is to increase the efficiency of backcrossing and introgressing genes using marker-assisted selection (MAS) . In general, MAS takes advantage of genetic markers that have been identified as having a significant likelihood of co-segregation with a desired trait. Such markers are presumed to be in or near the gene (s) that give rise to the desired phenotype, and their presence indicates that the plant will possess the desired trait. Plants which possess the marker are expected to transfer the desired phenotype to their progeny.
[0434] A marker that demonstrates linkage with a locus affecting a desired phenotypic trait provides a useful tool for the selection of the trait in a plant population. This is particularly true where the phenotype is hard to assay or occurs at a late stage in plant development. Since DNA marker assays are less laborious and take up less physical space than field phenotyping, much larger populations can be assayed, increasing the chances of finding a recombinant with the target segment from the donor line moved to the recipient line. The closer the linkage, the more useful the marker, as recombination is less likely to occur between the marker and the gene causing or imparting the trait. Having flanking markers decreases the chances that false positive selection will occur. An ideal situation is to have a marker in the gene itself, so that recombination cannot occur between the marker and the gene. Such a marker is called a “perfect marker. ”
[0435] In classical breeding, it is usually only by chance that recombinations that contribute to a reduction in the size of the donor segment are selected. Tanksley et al., Biotechnology 7: 257 (1989) . Even after 20 backcrosses, one might find a sizeable piece of the donor chromosome still linked to the gene being selected. With markers, however, it is possible to select those rare individuals that have experienced recombination near the gene of interest. In 150 backcross plants, there is a 95%chance that at least one plant will have experienced a crossover within 1 cM of the gene, based on a single meiosis map distance. Markers allow for unequivocal identification of those individuals. With one additional backcross of 300 plants, there would be a 95%chance of a crossover within 1 cM single meiosis map distance of the other side of the gene, generating a segment around the target gene of less than 2 cM based on a single meiosis map distance. This can be accomplished in two generations with markers, while it would have required on average 100 generations without markers. See Tanksley et al., supra. When the exact location of a gene is known, flanking markers surrounding the gene can be utilized to select for recombinations in different population sizes. For example, in smaller population sizes, recombinations may be expected further away from the gene, so more distal flanking markers would be required to detect the recombination.
[0436] The availability of integrated linkage maps of the maize genome containing increasing densities of public maize markers has facilitated maize genetic mapping and MAS.
[0437] Of all the molecular marker types, SNPs are the most abundant and have the potential to provide the highest genetic map resolution. Bhattramakki et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 48: 539 (2002) . SNPs can be assayed in a so-called “ultra-high-throughput” fashion because they do not require large amounts of nucleic acid and automation of the assay is straight-forward. SNPs also have the benefit of being relatively low-cost systems. These three factors together make SNPs highly attractive for use in MAS. Several methods are available for SNP genotyping, including but not limited to, hybridization, primer extension, oligonucleotide ligation, nuclease cleavage, minisequencing and coded spheres. Such methods have been reviewed in various publications: Gut, Hum. Mutat. 17: 475 (2001) ; Shi, Clin. Chem. 47: 164 (2001) ; Kwok, Pharmacogenomics 1: 95 (2000) ; Bhattramakki and Rafalski, Discovery and application of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in plants, in Plant Genotyping: The DNA Fingerprinting of Plants, CABI Publishing, Wallingford (2001) . A wide range of commercially available technologies utilize these and other methods to interrogate SNPs, including MasscodeTM (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) , (Hologic, Madison, WI) , (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) , (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and BeadarraysTM (Illumina, San Diego, CA) .
[0438] A number of SNP alleles together within a sequence, or across linked sequences, can be used to describe a haplotype for any particular genotype. Ching et al., BMC Genet. 3: 19 (2002) ; Gupta et al., (2001) , Rafalski, Plant Sci. 162: 329 (2002b) . Haplotypes can be more informative than single SNPs and can be more descriptive of any particular genotype. For example, a single SNP may be allele “T” for a specific FSR resistance line or variety, but the allele “T” might also occur in the maize breeding population being utilized for recurrent parents. In this case, a combination of alleles at linked SNPs may be more informative. Once a unique haplotype has been assigned to a donor chromosomal region, that haplotype can be used in that population or any subset thereof to determine whether an individual has a particular gene. The use of automated high throughput marker detection platforms known to those of ordinary skill in the art makes this process highly efficient and effective.
[0439] The presently disclosed markers can be used in marker-assisted selection protocols to identify and / or select progeny with enhanced FSR resistance. Such methods can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of crossing a first maize plant or germplasm with a second maize plant or germplasm, wherein the first maize plant or germplasm comprises a marker associated with enhanced FSR resistance (for example, a marker associated with the ZmBAG4 polynucleotides of the invention) , and selecting a progeny plant that possesses the marker. Either of the first and second maize plants, or both, may be of a non-naturally occurring variety of maize. In some embodiments, the second maize plant or germplasm is of an elite variety. In some embodiments, the genome of the second maize plant or germplasm is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%or 100%identical to that of an elite variety of maize.
[0440] Methods for identifying and / or selecting a FSR resistant plant or germplasm may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of detecting the presence of a marker associated with enhanced FSR resistance. The marker may be detected in any sample taken from the plant or germplasm, including, but not limited to, the whole plant or germplasm, a portion of said plant or germplasm (e.g., a seed chip or other seed sample, a leaf punch disk or a cell from said plant or germplasm) or a nucleotide sequence from said plant or germplasm. Such a sample may be taken from the plant or germplasm using any present or future method known in the art, including, but not limited to, automated methods of removing a portion of endosperm with a sharp blade, drilling a small hole in the seed and collecting the resultant powder, cutting the seed with a laser and punching a leaf disk. The maize plant may be of a non-naturally occurring variety. In some embodiments, the genome of the maize plant or germplasm is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%or 100%identical to that of an elite variety of maize.
[0441] Tables 2 and 3 provide information about the presently disclosed FSR associated markers, including the physical location of the marker on the respective maize chromosome, and the target allele that is associated with FSR.
[0442] [Corrected under Rule 26, 06.09.2024]Table 2 provides markers linked to ZmBAG4 in chromosome 3 of Zea mays within the qRfg3 locus. The ZmBAG4 gene is located, in the 3'to 5'direction, at positions 188, 040, 502-188, 037, 088 of chromosome 3 of Zea mays (RefGen_v5map at Maize GDB on the world wide web at maizegdb. org) . The ZmBAG4 gene was isolated from the FSR resistant H127R line, which was deposited with the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101, China, on February 2, 2024 and has deposit number CGMCC45891.
[0443] Table 3 provides markers linked to the maize CCT (CONSTANS (CO) , CO-LIKE, and TIMING OF CAB1) domain-containing ZmCCT gene in chromosome 10 of Zea mays. The ZmCCT gene is located at positions 96, 178, 559-96, 175, 873 of chromosome 10 of Zea mays (RefGen_v5 map at Maize GDB on the world wide web at maizegdb. org) , which is the causal gene of the qRfg1 locus (Wang et al. 2017 New Phytol 215: 1503-1515) .
[0444] Table 4 provides primers that can be used to detect Insertion 2 or an active variant or fragment thereof in a maize plant, wherein an active variant or fragment thereof is one that is capable of reducing the FSR resistance phenotype in a plant that otherwise demonstrates resistance. Insertion 2 is found at positions 188, 149, 343-188, 153, 501 of chromosome 3 (RefGen_v5 map at Maize GDB on the world wide web at maizegdb. org) . Insertion 2 reduces the FSR resistance phenotype in maize plants and thus, it is desirable for the Insertion 2 sequence to be absent in a maize plant, particularly those having a FSR resistance gene, such as ZmBAG4 or ZmCCT, or any one of the marker alleles set forth in Tables 2 and 3.
[0445] Table 2. Markers linked to ZmBAG4 in chromosome 3 of Zea mays (RefGen_v5 map at Maize GDB) .
[0446] Table 3. Markers linked to ZmCCT in chromosome 10 of Zea mays.
[0447] Table 4. Primers for amplifying Insertion 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) within chromosome 3 of Zea mays.
[0448] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of a favorable allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein the favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 3 flanked by markers MY-9 and Ks90-1, wherein markers MY-9 and Ks90-1 are SNPs which are respectively adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 1188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5, and adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5; and b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. The chromosomal interval can be derived from H127R or a progeny thereof. The favorable allele can comprise one or more favorable allele of markers M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11847, SM11838, IDP1, and IDP7, as outlined in Table 2. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2. In some embodiments, the selected maize plant and the FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise in its genome (e.g., in chromosome 3) Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0449] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of one or more favorable marker alleles selected from Table 2; and b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. The favorable SNP marker alleles can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2. In some embodiments, the selected maize plant and the FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise in its genome (e.g., in chromosome 3) Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0450] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by the presence of a favorable allele, wherein the favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 3 corresponding to physical positions 188, 040, 807-188, 203, 904 and further wherein the chromosomal interval comprises at least one favorable marker allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein the at least one marker allele is selected from the group consisting of M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11847, SM11838, IDP1, and IDP7, as outlined in Table 2; and b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. The chromosomal interval can be derived from H127R or a progeny thereof. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2. In some embodiments, the selected maize plant and the FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise in its genome (e.g., in chromosome 3) Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0451] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a) performing a marker-assisted selection to identify a maize plant possessing FSR resistance locus qRfg3, wherein FSR resistance locus is obtainable from FSR resistant H127R; and b) generating a progeny of the selected maize plant wherein the progeny possesses FSR resistance locus qRfg3 and exhibits tolerance to FSR, wherein the FSR resistance locus qRfg3 is identifiable by one or more of the favorable marker alleles in Table 2. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2. In some embodiments, the selected maize plant and the FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise in its genome (e.g., in chromosome 3) Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0452] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for controlling FSR in an area of cultivation is provided, wherein the method comprises a combination of genetic control of FSR by planting maize plant cells, plants, or seeds comprising FSR resistance locus qRfg3, wherein the FSR resistance locus qRfg3 is obtainable from FSR resistant H127R and identifiable by one or more of the favorable marker alleles in Table 2; and chemical control of FSR by applying at least one fungicide to the area of cultivation. Such fungicides may include a fungicide from one or more of the following chemical classes: Benzimidazoles, Dicarboximides, Azoles, Pyrimidines, Phenylamides, Morpholines, Carboxamides, Anilinopyrimidine, Strobilurins, Carboxylic acid amides, Inorganics, Dithiocarbamates, or Phthalimides. See, Morton, V. and Staub, T. 2008 A Short History of Fungicides. Online, APSnet Features. Doi: 10.1094 / APSnetFeature-2008-0308, herein incorporated by reference. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2. In some embodiments, the maize plant does not comprise in its genome (e.g., in chromosome 3) Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof that reduces FSR resistance.
[0453] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of one or more favorable marker alleles in Table 3; and b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. The chromosomal interval can be derived from, for example, FSR-resistant line 1145 (Wang et al. 2017 New Phytol 215: 1503-151) or a progeny thereof. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 3.
[0454] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of a favorable allele, wherein the favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 10 and further wherein the chromosomal interval comprises at least one favorable SNP marker allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein the at least one marker allele is selected from Table 3; and b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program. The chromosomal interval can be derived from, for example, FSR-resistant line 1145 (Wang et al. 2017 New Phytol 215: 1503-1515) or a progeny thereof. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 3.
[0455] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: a. performing a marker-assisted selection to identify a maize plant possessing FSR resistance locus qRfg1, wherein FSR resistance locus is obtainable from, for example, FSR-resistant line 1145 (Wang et al. 2017 New Phytol 215: 1503-1515) ; and b) generating a progeny of the selected maize plant wherein the progeny possesses FSR resistance locus qRfg1 and exhibits tolerance to FSR, wherein the FSR resistance locus qRfg1 is identifiable by one or more of the favorable SNP marker alleles selected from Table 3. The chromosomal interval can be derived from, for example, FSR-resistant line 1145 (Wang et al. 2017) or a progeny thereof. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 3.
[0456] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for controlling FSR in an area of cultivation is provided, wherein the method comprises a combination of genetic control of FSR by planting maize plant cells, plants, or seeds comprising FSR resistance locus qRfg1, wherein the FSR resistance locus qRfg1 is obtainable from, for example, FSR-resistant line 1145 (Wang et al. 2017 New Phytol 215: 1503-1515) and identifiable by one or more of the favorable SNP marker alleles in Table 3; and chemical control of FSR by applying at least one fungicide to the area of cultivation. Such fungicides may include a fungicide from one or more of the following chemical classes: Benzimidazoles, Dicarboximides, Azoles, Pyrimidines, Phenylamides, Morpholines, Carboxamides, Anilinopyrimidine, Strobilurins, Carboxylic acid amides, Inorganics, Dithiocarbamates, or Phthalimides. See, Morton, V. and Staub, T. 2008 A Short History of Fungicides. Online, APSnet Features. Doi: 10.1094 / APSnetFeature-2008-0308, herein incorporated by reference. The favorable allele can be identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 3.
[0457] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: (a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by assaying for increased expression of ZmBAG4 relative to a control plant following infection with a Fusarium sp., wherein assaying for increased expression is performed by testing mRNA accumulation or protein accumulation in at least one tissue, and (b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from the selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0458] In one embodiment of the invention, a method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant comprises the steps of: (a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the absence of Insertion 2 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10) or an active variant or fragment thereof, and (b) generating the FSR tolerant maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0459] In one embodiment of the invention, it is contemplated that one may use gene editing technologies (e.g., TALENs, Meganucleases, CRISPR, etc. ) to introduce a favorable allele for any desired trait (e.g., a favorable allele for FSR resistance, such as one set forth in Table 2 or 3) into a maize germplasm not comprising the favorable allele wherein the favorable allele is on chromosome 3 and within 20 cM, 10 cM, 5 cM or less from a chromosomal interval comprising physical positions 175, 092, 696-196, 560, 087 or any favorable allele or favorable haplotype as described in Table 2.
[0460] In one embodiment of the invention, it is contemplated that one may use gene editing technologies (e.g., TALENs, Meganucleases, CRISPR, etc. ) to introduce a favorable allele for any desired trait (e.g., a favorable allele for FSR resistance, such as one set forth in Table 2 or 3) into a maize germplasm not comprising the favorable allele wherein the favorable allele is on chromosome 10 and within 20 cM, 10 cM, 5 cM or less from a chromosomal interval comprising physical positions 96, 175, 873-96, 178, 559 (RefGen_v5 map at Maize GDB on the world wide web at maizegdb. org) or any favorable allele or favorable haplotype as described in Table 3.
[0461] NON-LIMITING EMBODIMENTS INCLUDE:
[0462] 1. A DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a heterologous regulatory element, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide comprising:
[0463] (a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;
[0464] (b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or
[0465] (c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0466] 2. The DNA construct of embodiment 1, wherein the polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide comprises:
[0467] (a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;
[0468] (b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or
[0469] (c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
[0470] 3. The DNA construct of embodiment 1, wherein said heterologous regulatory element comprises a promoter active in a plant.
[0471] 4. The DNA construct of embodiment 3, wherein said promoter is a tissue-specific promoter, a tissue-preferred promoter, or a constitutive promoter.
[0472] 5. The DNA construct of embodiment 1, wherein said heterologous regulatory element comprises a terminator sequence, an intron, a 5' UTR or a 3' UTR.
[0473] 6. The DNA construct of embodiment 5, wherein said polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide is operably linked to a promoter sequence comprising:
[0474] (a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, where said nucleotide sequence is capable of driving expression of the polypeptide of interest in plant cell; or
[0475] (b) a nucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0476] 7. The DNA construct of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprises at least one native intron.
[0477] 8. The DNA construct of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprises at least one heterologous intron.
[0478] 9. A vector comprising the DNA construct of any one of embodiments 1-8.
[0479] 10. A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0480] (a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;
[0481] (b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or
[0482] (c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0483] 11. The vector of embodiment 10, wherein said polynucleotide comprises
[0484] (a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;
[0485] (b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or
[0486] (c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
[0487] 12. The DNA construct of any one of embodiments 1-8 or the vector of any one of embodiments 9-11, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.
[0488] 13. The DNA construct or vector of embodiment 12, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
[0489] 14. The DNA construct or vector of embodiment 12 or 13, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.
[0490] 15. A cell comprising the DNA construct of any one of embodiments 1-8 and 12-14, or the vector of any one of embodiments 9-14.
[0491] 16. A cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0492] (a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;
[0493] (b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or,
[0494] (c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0495] 17. The cell of embodiment 16, wherein said polynucleotide comprises:
[0496] (a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;
[0497] (b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or
[0498] (c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
[0499] 18. The cell of embodiment 16 or 17, wherein said polynucleotide is stably integrated into the genome of the cell.
[0500] 19. The cell of any one of embodiments 16-18, wherein said cell is a plant cell.
[0501] 20. The plant cell of embodiment 19, wherein the plant cell has an increased level of expression of the polypeptide and the plant cell has increased disease resistance relative to a control plant cell.
[0502] 21. The plant cell of embodiment 19 or 20, wherein the plant cell is:
[0503] (a) a monocot cell;
[0504] (b) a dicot cell;
[0505] (c) a maize cell;
[0506] (d) a wheat cell;
[0507] (e) a barley cell;
[0508] (f) a rice cell; or
[0509] (g) an oat cell.
[0510] 22. The plant cell of any one of embodiments 19-21, wherein said plant cell does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.
[0511] 23. The plant cell of embodiment 22, wherein said plant cell does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.
[0512] 24. The plant cell of embodiment 23, wherein said plant cell does not comprise a nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.
[0513] 25. A plant comprising the plant cell of any one of embodiments 19-24.
[0514] 26. The plant of embodiment 25, wherein the plant has increased resistance to a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.
[0515] 27. The plant of embodiment 26, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
[0516] 28. The plant of embodiment 26 or 27, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.
[0517] 29. The plant of any one of embodiments 26-28, wherein the plant is a maize plant.
[0518] 30. The plant of embodiment 29, wherein said polynucleotide is stably integrated into a non-native site within the genome of the maize plant.
[0519] 31. The plant of embodiment 29 or 30, wherein the maize plant is an elite maize plant.
[0520] 32. A seed of the plant of any one of embodiments 25-31, wherein said seed has stably integrated into its genome said heterologous polynucleotide.
[0521] 33. A harvested product derived from the plant of any one of embodiments 25-31 or the seed of embodiment 32, wherein said harvested product comprises said heterologous polynucleotide.
[0522] 34. A processed product derived from the harvested product of embodiment 33, wherein the processed product is a flour, a meal, an oil, a starch, stover, or a product derived from any of the foregoing.
[0523] 35. A method of producing a plant having an increased disease resistance comprising:
[0524] (a) introducing into the genome of a plant cell a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0525] i) an amino acid sequence a having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;
[0526] ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or,
[0527] iii) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; and
[0528] (b) regenerating the plant cell of (a) into a plant,
[0529] wherein expression of said polypeptide in the plant increases the disease resistance of the plant.
[0530] 36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide comprises:
[0531] (a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;
[0532] (b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or
[0533] (c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
[0534] 37. The method of embodiment 35 or 36, wherein said introducing comprises transformation of said plant cell with said heterologous polynucleotide.
[0535] 38. The method of embodiment 35 or 36, wherein said method comprises transformation of said plant cell with a DNA construct of any one of embodiments 1-8 and 12-14 or the vector of any one of embodiments 9-14.
[0536] 39. The method of embodiment 35 or 36, wherein said introducing comprises gene editing of said plant cell.
[0537] 40. The method of any one of embodiments 35-39, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.
[0538] 41. The method of embodiment 40, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
[0539] 42. The method of embodiment 40 or 41, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.
[0540] 43. The method of any one of embodiments 35-42, wherein said plant is a maize plant.
[0541] 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein said polynucleotide is introduced into a non-native site within the genome of said maize plant.
[0542] 45. The method of embodiment 43 or 44, wherein said maize plant is an elite maize plant.
[0543] 46. The method of any one of embodiments 35-45, wherein said plant does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.
[0544] 47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein said plant does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.
[0545] 48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein said plant does not comprise a nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.
[0546] 49. The method of any one of embodiments 35-48, further comprising crossing a first maize plant comprising the heterologous polynucleotide or vector with a second, different maize plant to generate a progeny maize plant seed, wherein the progeny maize plant seed comprises the heterologous polynucleotide and has increased disease resistance.
[0547] 50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the method further comprises generating a progeny maize plant from said progeny maize plant seed, wherein the progeny maize plant comprises the heterologous polynucleotide and has increased disease resistance.
[0548] 51. A method of producing a plant having an increased disease resistance comprising deleting a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 from the genome of a plant through gene editing.
[0549] 52. The method of embodiment 51, wherein said nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 is in chromosome 3 of the genome of said plant before deletion.
[0550] 53. The method of embodiment 51 or 52, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0551] 54. The method of any one of embodiments 51-53, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.
[0552] 55. The method of embodiment 54, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
[0553] 56. The method of embodiment 54 or 55, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.
[0554] 57. The method of any one of embodiments 51-56, wherein said plant is a maize plant.
[0555] 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein said maize plant is an elite maize plant.
[0556] 59. A method of decreasing Fusarium stalk rot damage or controlling a Fusarium pathogen in an area of cultivation comprising planting in said area of cultivation a plant of any one of embodiments 25-31, or the seed of embodiment 32.
[0557] 60. A method of determining the presence of a polypeptide having at least 90%, 95%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 in a maize plant, comprising the steps of:
[0558] (a) isolating nucleic acid molecules from a maize plant and generating an amplicon comprising at least a fragment of a polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide using a probe and / or primer; or
[0559] (b) isolating proteins from said maize plant and detecting presence of said polypeptide;
[0560] thereby determining the presence of the polypeptide in the maize plant.
[0561] 61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein said method further comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in the genome of said maize plant.
[0562] 62. The method of embodiment 61, wherein said method comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 in chromosome 3 in the genome of said maize plant.
[0563] 63. The method of embodiment 61 or 62, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0564] 64. A method for producing a maize plant having increased disease resistance relative to a control maize plant, said method comprising the steps of:
[0565] (a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or a polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide, wherein the expression of said polypeptide is increased relative to a control plant; and
[0566] (b) generating said maize plant having increased disease resistance from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0567] 65. The method of embodiment 64, wherein said polynucleotide comprises a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
[0568] 66. The method of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.
[0569] 67. The method of embodiment 66, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
[0570] 68. The method of embodiment 66 or 67, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.
[0571] 69. The method of any one of embodiments 64-68, wherein said method further comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in the genome of said selected maize plant.
[0572] 70. The method of embodiment 69, wherein said method comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3 in the genome of said selected maize plant.
[0573] 71. The method of embodiment 69 or 70, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0574] 72. An isolated or recombinant polypeptide comprising
[0575] (a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in a plant;
[0576] (b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in a plant; or,
[0577] (c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0578] 73. The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of embodiment 72, further comprising a heterologous amino acid sequence.
[0579] 74. The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of embodiment 72 or 73, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.
[0580] 75. The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of embodiment 74, wherein said Fusarium sp.is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
[0581] 76. The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of embodiment 74 or 75, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.
[0582] 77. A composition comprising the isolated or recombinant polypeptide of any one of embodiments 72-76.
[0583] 78. A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprising the steps of:
[0584] a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of a favorable allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein said favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 3 flanked by markers MY-9 and Ks90-1, wherein markers MY-9 and Ks90-1 are SNPs, which are respectively adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5 and adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0585] b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0586] 79. The method of embodiment 78, wherein the chromosomal interval is derived from H127R or a progeny thereof.
[0587] 80. The method of embodiment 78 or 79, wherein said favorable allele comprises one or more favorable allele of markers M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11847, SM11838, IDP1 and IDP7, wherein said favorable allele of
[0588] M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 147, 179 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0589] M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 259-188, 159, 264 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0590] M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 774 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0591] M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 926 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0592] M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 170 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0593] M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0594] MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0595] Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0596] Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 197, 247 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0597] Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0598] SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0599] SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 921 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0600] IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 153, 332-188, 153, 721 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0601] IDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 152, 270-188, 152, 923 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0602] 81. The method of embodiment 80, wherein said chromosomal interval is flanked by markers M30 and M13-5, wherein markers M30 and M13-5 are SNPs, which are respectively cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 147, 179 of reference genome B73, version 5 and thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0603] 82. The method of embodiment 80 or 81, wherein said favorable allele is identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2.
[0604] 83. A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprising the steps of:
[0605] a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by the presence of one or more favorable marker alleles selected from M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-4, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11874, SM9845, SM10033, SM11173, SM11847, SM11838, SM3531, SM11170, SM11192, SM11185, SM11427, SM11429, SM11431, SM3527, SM11433, SM11441, SM11188, SM11426, SM4617, IDP1, and IDP7; and
[0606] b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program;
[0607] wherein:
[0608] M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 147, 179 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0609] M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 259-188, 159, 264 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0610] M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 774 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0611] M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 926 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0612] M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 170 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0613] M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0614] MY-4 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 032, 771of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0615] MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0616] Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0617] Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 197, 247 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0618] Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0619] SM11874 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 184, 849, 150 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0620] SM9845 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 185, 047, 828 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0621] SM10033 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 187, 912, 205 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0622] SM11173 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187, 940, 440 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0623] SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0624] SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 921 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0625] SM3531 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 244, 724 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0626] SM11170 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 252, 713 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0627] SM11192 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 363, 392 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0628] SM11185 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 497, 594 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0629] SM11427 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 758, 895 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0630] SM11429 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 759, 640 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0631] SM11431 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 189, 445, 174 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0632] SM3527 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 177, 345, 263 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0633] SM11441 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187, 776, 377 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0634] SM11188 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 601, 071 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0635] SM11426 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 189, 565, 986 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0636] SM4617 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 198, 686, 755 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0637] IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 153, 332-188, 153, 721 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0638] IDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 152, 270-188, 152, 923 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0639] 84. A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant or part thereof, the method comprising the steps of:
[0640] a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by the presence of a favorable allele, wherein said favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 3 corresponding to physical positions 188, 040, 807-188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5, and further wherein the chromosomal interval comprises at least one favorable marker allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein said at least one favorable allele is selected from the group consisting of:
[0641] i) M30, wherein M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 147, 179 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0642] ii) M13-1, wherein M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 259-188, 159, 264 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0643] iii) M13-2, wherein M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 774 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0644] iv) M13-3, wherein M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 926 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0645] v) M13-4, wherein M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 170 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0646] vi) M13-5, wherein M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0647] vii) MY-9, wherein MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0648] viii) Zmco3-58, wherein Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0649] ix) Zmco3-60, wherein Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 197, 247 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0650] x) Ks90-1, wherein Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0651] xi) SM11847, wherein SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0652] xii) SM11838, wherein SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 921 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0653] xiii) IDP1, wherein IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 153, 332-188, 153, 721 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0654] xiv) IDP7, wherein IDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 152, 270-188, 152, 923 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0655] b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0656] 85. The method of embodiment 84, wherein the chromosomal interval corresponds to physical positions 188, 147, 179-188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0657] 86. The method of embodiment 84 or 85, wherein the chromosomal interval is derived from H127R or a progeny thereof.
[0658] 87. The method of any one of embodiments 83-86, wherein said favorable allele is identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2.
[0659] 88. The method of any one of embodiments 78-79, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.
[0660] 89. The method of embodiment 88, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3 in is genome.
[0661] 90. The method of embodiment 88 or 89, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0662] 91. A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant or part thereof, the method comprising the steps of:
[0663] a) performing a marker-assisted selection to identify a maize plant possessing FSR resistance locus qRfg3, wherein FSR resistance locus is obtainable from FSR resistant H127R; and
[0664] b) generating a progeny of said selected maize plant wherein said progeny possesses said FSR resistance locus qRfg3 and exhibits tolerance to FSR, wherein said FSR resistance locus qRfg3 is identifiable by one or more of the favorable marker alleles selected from the group consisting of M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-4, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11874, SM9845, SM10033, SM11173, SM11847, SM11838, SM3531, SM11170, SM11192, SM11185, SM11427, SM11429, SM11431, SM3527, SM11433, SM11441, SM11188, SM11426, SM4617, IDP1, and IDP7;
[0665] wherein:
[0666] M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 147, 179 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0667] M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 259-188, 159, 264 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0668] M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 774 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0669] M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 926 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0670] M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 170 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0671] M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0672] MY-4 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 032, 771of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0673] MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0674] Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0675] Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 197, 247 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0676] Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0677] SM11874 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 184, 849, 150 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0678] SM9845 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 185, 047, 828 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0679] SM10033 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 187, 912, 205 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0680] SM11173 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187, 940, 440 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0681] SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0682] SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 921 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0683] SM3531 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 244, 724 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0684] SM11170 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 252, 713 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0685] SM11192 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 363, 392 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0686] SM11185 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 497, 594 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0687] SM11427 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 758, 895 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0688] SM11429 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 759, 640 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0689] SM11431 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 189, 445, 174 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0690] SM3527 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 177, 345, 263 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0691] SM11433 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 187, 165, 314 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0692] SM11441 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187, 776, 377 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0693] SM11188 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 601, 071 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0694] SM11426 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 189, 565, 986 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0695] SM4617 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 198, 686, 755 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0696] IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 153, 332-188, 153, 721 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0697] IDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 152, 270-188, 152, 923 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0698] 92. A method for controlling FSR in an area of cultivation, wherein said method comprises:
[0699] a) genetic control of FSR by planting maize plant cells, plants, or seeds comprising FSR resistance locus qRfg3, wherein said FSR resistance locus qRfg3 is obtainable from FSR resistant H127R and identifiable by one or more of the favorable marker alleles selected from the group consisting of M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-4, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11874, SM9845, SM10033, SM11173, SM11847, SM11838, SM3531, SM11170, SM11192, SM11185, SM11427, SM11429, SM11431, SM3527, SM9845, SM11433, SM11441, SM11188, SM11426, SM4617, IDP1, and IDP7; and
[0700] b) chemical control of FSR by applying at least one fungicide to said area of cultivation;
[0701] wherein:
[0702] M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 147, 179 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0703] M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 259-188, 159, 264 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0704] M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 774 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0705] M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 159, 926 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0706] M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 170 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0707] M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 160, 447 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0708] MY-4 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 032, 771of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0709] MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 040, 807 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0710] Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0711] Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 197, 247 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0712] Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 203, 904 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0713] SM11874 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 184, 849, 150 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0714] SM9845 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 185, 047, 828 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0715] SM10033 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 187, 912, 205 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0716] SM11173 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187, 940, 440 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0717] SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 678 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0718] SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 071, 921 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0719] SM3531 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 244, 724 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0720] SM11170 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188, 252, 713 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0721] SM11192 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 363, 392 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0722] SM11185 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 497, 594 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0723] SM11427 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188, 758, 895 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0724] SM11429 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188, 759, 640 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0725] SM11431 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 189, 445, 174 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0726] SM3527 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 177, 345, 263 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0727] SM11433 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 187, 165, 314 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0728] SM11441 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187, 776, 377 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0729] SM11188 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188, 601, 071 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0730] SM11426 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 189, 565, 986 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0731] SM4617 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 198, 686, 755 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0732] IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 153, 332-188, 153, 721 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0733] IDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188, 152, 270-188, 152, 923 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0734] 93. The method of embodiment 91 or 92, wherein said favorable SNP marker allele is identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2.
[0735] 94. The method of any one of embodiments 91-93, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.
[0736] 95. The method of embodiment 94, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise said nucleotide sequence in chromosome 3.
[0737] 96. The method of embodiment 94 or 95, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0738] 97. A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprising the steps of:
[0739] a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of one or more favorable alleles associated with FSR tolerance, wherein said favorable allele is selected from the group consisting of:
[0740] i) SM11253, wherein SM11253 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95, 807, 624of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0741] ii) SM11246, wherein SM11246 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96, 009, 142 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0742] iii) SM11245, wherein SM11245 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96, 010, 114 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0743] iv) SM11249, wherein SM11249 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96, 178, 379 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0744] v) SM11236, wherein SM11236 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96, 179, 960 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0745] vi) SM11241, wherein SM11241 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96, 180, 449 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0746] vii) SM8153, wherein SM8153 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96, 180, 735 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0747] viii) SM8157, wherein SM8157 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96, 185, 955 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0748] ix) SM11244, wherein SM11244 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96, 282, 850 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0749] x) SM11252, wherein SM11252 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 96, 495, 227 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0750] xi) SM1017AQ, wherein SM1017AQ is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95, 654, 695 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0751] b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0752] 98. A method for controlling FSR in an area of cultivation, wherein said method comprises:
[0753] a) genetic control of FSR by planting maize plant cells, plants, or seeds comprising FSR resistance locus qRfg1, wherein said FSR resistance locus qRfg1 is obtainable from FSR resistant 1145 and identifiable by one or more of the favorable SNP marker alleles selected from the group consisting of SM11253, SM11246, SM11245, SM11249, SM11236, SM11241, SM8153, SM8157, SM11244, SM11252, and SM1017AQ; and
[0754] b) chemical control of FSR by applying at least one fungicide to said area of cultivation;
[0755] wherein:
[0756] SM11253 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95, 807, 624of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0757] SM11246 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96, 009, 142 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0758] SM11245 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96, 010, 114 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0759] SM11249 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96, 178, 379 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0760] SM11236 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96, 179, 960 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0761] SM11241 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96, 180, 449 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0762] SM8153 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96, 180, 735 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0763] SM8157 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96, 185, 955 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0764] SM11244 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96, 282, 850 of reference genome B73, version 5;
[0765] SM11252 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 96, 495, 227 of reference genome B73, version 5; and
[0766] SM1017AQ is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95, 654, 695 of reference genome B73, version 5.
[0767] 99. A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant, the method comprising the steps of:
[0768] (a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by assaying for increased expression of ZmBAG4 relative to a control plant following infection with a Fusarium sp., wherein said assaying for increased expression is performed by testing ZmBAG4 mRNA accumulation or ZmBAG4 protein accumulation in at least one tissue, and
[0769] (b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0770] 100. An elite maize plant produced by the method of any one of embodiments 78-99.
[0771] 101. An elite maize plant that does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.
[0772] 102. The elite maize plant of embodiment 101, wherein said elite maize plant does not comprise the nucleotide sequence in chromosome 3.
[0773] 103. The elite maize plant of embodiment 101 or 102, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0774] 104. A method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant, said method comprising the steps of:
[0775] (a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the absence of a polynucleotide comprising a sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 or a polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide; and
[0776] (b) generating said FSR tolerant maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.
[0777] 105. The method of claim 104, wherein said selecting comprises the use of at least one primer.
[0778] 106. The method of claim 105, wherein said at least one primer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 102-105.
[0779] EXAMPLES
[0780] The following examples are not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the present invention may be implemented or of all the features that may be added to the present invention. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments may be made without departing from the present invention. Hence, the following descriptions are intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.
[0781] Example 1. Fine mapping of QTL qRfg3 in corn inbred line H127R
[0782] The QTL qRfg3 located on chr. 3 bin3.06 / 07 in the corn inbred line H127R was identified and narrowed to ~350KB flanked by marker Ks85 and STS7-5 by Ma et al. and it was found that QTL-qRfg3 is capable of reducing the disease severity index (DSI) of Fusarium graminearum by ~26.6% (Ma et al., 2017, Theoretical and Applied Genetics 130: 1723-1734) .
[0783] Segregation progenies derived from recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were planted and subject to inoculation of Fusarium graminearum by burying infected corn kernels near each individual plant. For each segregation population, plants were separated into 3 categories: H127R homozygote (H127R / H127R) , heterozygote (H127R / C7-2) comprised of the resistant line H127R and susceptible line C7-2, and C7-2 homozygote (C7-2 / C7-2) , based on the genotyping data generated by the markers located in the heterozygous segment. Stalk rot symptoms were rated from each individual plant to calculate the DSI for each category. A significant (or non-significant) difference in DSI between H127R and C7-2 homozygotes indicated the presence (or absence) of the resistance QTL in the H127R donor segment.
[0784] In 2020, a total of 2093 BC1F13 plants derived from 9 BC1F12 RILs were planted for fine mapping. The results identified significant difference of DSI from the segregation population derived from RIL#2020-1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 7, suggesting the presence of resistant QTL qRfg3. In the meantime, no significant difference of DSI were identified from the segregation progenies derived from RIL#2020-6 / 8 / 9, suggesting the absence of resistant QTL qRfg3 (Figure 1) . Taken together, the segment containing qRfg3 was located between molecular marker MY-9 and M13 with a physical distance of 120 KB.
[0785] In 2021, a total of 3741 BC2F14 individuals derived from 12 RILs were planted for fine mapping. Significant difference of DSI was identified from most of the populations except the ones derived from RIL#2021-10 and -11, which validated the fine mapping result obtained in 2020.
[0786] In 2022, 1986 BC3F15 plants derived from 8 BC3F14 RILs were planted, including one novel RIL (RIL#2022-8) , that were not tested in 2020 or 2021. The data revealed significant difference of DSI from the segregation progenies derived from RIL#2022-8, suggesting the presence of resistant QTL qRfg3 in its heterozygous segment. Thus, it was determined that the left flanking marker of qRfg3 is M30. Similarly, the significant difference of DSI identified from the segregation progenies derived from RIL#2022-1 determined the right flanking marker as M13. Taken together, qRfg3 was narrowed down to the fragment between M30 and M13 with a physical distance of 10KB. In the meantime, the phenotyping data indicated that qRfg3 is capable of reducing the disease severity index (DSI) by ~29%.
[0787] Example 2. Selection of the causal gene for qRfg3
[0788] 2.1 Comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of qRfg3 mapping intervals
[0789] Novel molecular markers (R-bag3, M1-1, 18-2, M16, M13, and M14) were developed within the mapping interval to screen the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library (prepared and sequenced by Wuhan Eight Star Bio-Tech) and BAC contigs covering the mapping interval were constructed. After sequencing the BAC clones, no functional genes were annotated from the mapping interval. Instead, a 4111-bp insertion fragment (Insertion 2) was identified in the mapping interval of susceptible line C7-2, which is absent in the corresponding position in the resistant line H127R (Figure 2) .
[0790] The correlation between the presence / absence variation (PAV) of Insertion 2 and FSR resistance was further analyzed in a population containing 443 inbred lines. Among them, 385 inbred lines carried Insertion 2 and 58 inbred lines did not. Upon inoculation of Fusarium graminearum, the average DSI of the inbred lines without the Insertion 2 component is 12.79%lower than one of the inbred lines carrying the Insertion 2 component (Figure 3) . This result demonstrated that the presence of Insertion 2 in the mapping interval affected the resistance of corn against stalk rot disease caused by Fusarium graminearum.
[0791] 2.2 Selection and transcriptional analysis of qRfg3 candidate gene
[0792] Since no functional gene was annotated within the interval, the neighboring genes were examined and a functionally annotated gene ZmBAG4 was identified that is 106-KB from the left flanking marker of the mapping interval. A pair of near isogenic lines (NILs) , NIL-Sand NIL-R were then inoculated and the transcription of ZmBAG4 was examined at the indicated timepoints. As shown in Figure 4, the transcript for ZmBAG4 was significantly induced in the NIL carrying resistant locus qRfg3 (NIL-R) at three hours after pathogen infection in comparison with the same materials without pathogen infection. In the meantime, no significant change of ZmBAG4 transcription was detected when qRfg3 was absent (NIL-S) . With the presence of pathogen inoculation, the transcriptional level of ZmBAG4 was significantly higher in the NIL-R than NIL-S.
[0793] Example 3. Functional validation of ZmBAG4 as causal gene of resistant QTL qRfg3.
[0794] 3.1 Characterization of disease resistance of ZmBAG4 mutant
[0795] To validate the role of ZmBAG4 in stalk rot resistance, a mutant line was obtained by mutator insertion into a W22 genetic background. Characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the insertion of mutator transposon in the promoter regions of ZmBAG4. In the year of 2021 and 2022, the mutant line W22-Mu and wild type W22 were cultivated and inoculated with Fusarium graminearum to determine responses against stalk rot disease. Results indicated that the mutant line W22-Mu showed enhanced susceptibility in comparison with the wild type material W22, based on its increased DSI and more severe symptoms (Figure 5) . The pathogen induced upregulation of ZmBAG4 in wild type W22 is abolished in the W22-Mu mutant lines (Figure 6) .
[0796] 3.2 Functional validation of ZmBAG4 by complementary experiment
[0797] A fragment of 7.8 kb, including the complete ZmBAG4 gene, was cloned from both resistant and susceptible materials, which includes 4, 009 bp of promoter and 2, 798 bp of gene sequence. Both fragments were ligated into the expression vector pCAMBIA3301, which were used to transform inbred line 0023 to generate complementary transgenic lines C-ZmBAG4-C and C-ZmBAG4-H, expressing the BAG4 alleles from C7-2 and H127R, respectively. The positive transformants were crossed with susceptible line C7-2 followed by 2 rounds of backcross with C7-2 to obtain a BC2F1 segregation population for phenotyping.
[0798] Lines H1, H6, and H8 were phenotyped in the BC1F1 generation. Each of these lines showed an increase in BAG4 expression in transgenic lines as compared with non-transgenic lines (Figure 7) . Each of lines H1, H6, and H8 showed a decrease in disease severity following inoculation with Fusarium graminearum as compared with non-transgenic lines (Figure 8) .
[0799] Lines C1 and C2 were phenotyped in the BC1F1 generation, and C2 was also phenotyped in the BC2F1 generation. Line C1 did not show an increase in BAG4 expression in positive transgenic vs. non-transgenic plants, while line C2 showed an increase in BAG4 expression (Figure 9) . The C2 line showed a decrease in disease severity following inoculation with Fusarium graminearum in both the BC1F1 and BC2F2 generations for transgenic vs. non-transgenic plants, while the C1 line did not show a change in disease severity, consistent with a lack of increased BAG4 expression (Figure 10) .
[0800] 3.3 Functional validation of ZmBAG4 by overexpression
[0801] The coding sequence of ZmBAG4 was amplified and ligated into expression vector SC0100 (driven by a Ubiquitin-1 promoter) , which was used to transform inbred line 0023 to obtain one independent transformation event. The positive transgenic plants were crossed with C7-2, followed by four rounds of backcrossing to obtain BC2F1, BC3F1, and BC4F1 segregation populations for phenotyping.
[0802] Transgenic maize lines expressing ZmBAG4 from the ubiquitin promoter showed increased expression relative to non-transgenic lines in the BC2F1, BC3F1, and BC4F1 generations (Figure 11. Transgenic lines showed statistically significant decreases in disease severity relative to non-transgenic lines following inoculation with Fusarium graminearum (Figure 12) .
[0803] The above examples clearly illustrate the advantages of various embodiments of the invention. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific details of certain embodiments thereof, it is not intended that such details should be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.
[0804] Throughout this application, various patents, patent publications and non-patent publications are referenced. The disclosures of these patents, patent publications and non-patent publications in their entireties are incorporated by reference herein into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
Claims
1.A DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a heterologous regulatory element, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide comprising:(a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;(b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or(c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.2.The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide comprises:(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;(b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or(c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.3.The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein said heterologous regulatory element comprises a promoter active in a plant.4.The DNA construct of claim 3, wherein said promoter is a tissue-specific promoter, a tissue-preferred promoter, or a constitutive promoter.5.The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein said heterologous regulatory element comprises a terminator sequence, an intron, a 5' UTR or a 3' UTR.6.The DNA construct of claim 5, wherein said polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide is operably linked to a promoter sequence comprising:(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, where said nucleotide sequence is capable of driving expression of the polypeptide of interest in plant cell; or(b) a nucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4.7.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprises at least one native intron.8.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprises at least one heterologous intron.9.A vector comprising the DNA construct of any one of claims 1-8.10.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:(a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;(b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or(c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.11.The vector of claim 10, wherein said polynucleotide comprises(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;(b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or(c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.12.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-8 or the vector of any one of claims 9-11, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.13.The DNA construct or vector of claim 12, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.14.The DNA construct or vector of claim 12 or 13, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.15.A cell comprising the DNA construct of any one of claims 1-8 and 12-14, or the vector of any one of claims 9-14.16.A cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:(a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;(b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or,(c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.17.The cell of claim 16, wherein said polynucleotide comprises:(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;(b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or(c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.18.The cell of claim 16 or 17, wherein said polynucleotide is stably integrated into the genome of the cell.19.The cell of any one of claims 16-18, wherein said cell is a plant cell.20.The plant cell of claim 19, wherein the plant cell has an increased level of expression of the polypeptide and the plant cell has increased disease resistance relative to a control plant cell.21.The plant cell of claim 19 or 20, wherein the plant cell is:(a) a monocot cell;(b) a dicot cell;(c) a maize cell;(d) a wheat cell;(e) a barley cell;(f) a rice cell; or(g) an oat cell.22.The plant cell of any one of claims 19-21, wherein said plant cell does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.23.The plant cell of claim 22, wherein said plant cell does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.24.The plant cell of claim 23, wherein said plant cell does not comprise a nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.25.A plant comprising the plant cell of any one of claims 19-24.26.The plant of claim 25, wherein the plant has increased resistance to a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.27.The plant of claim 26, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.28.The plant of claim 26 or 27, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.29.The plant of any one of claims 26-28, wherein the plant is a maize plant.30.The plant of claim 29, wherein said polynucleotide is stably integrated into a non-native site within the genome of the maize plant.31.The plant of claim 29 or 30, wherein the maize plant is an elite maize plant.32.A seed of the plant of any one of claims 25-31, wherein said seed has stably integrated into its genome said heterologous polynucleotide.33.A harvested product derived from the plant of any one of claims 25-31 or the seed of claim 32, wherein said harvested product comprises said heterologous polynucleotide.34.A processed product derived from the harvested product of claim 33, wherein the processed product is a flour, a meal, an oil, a starch, stover, or a product derived from any of the foregoing.35.A method of producing a plant having an increased disease resistance comprising:(a) introducing into the genome of a plant cell a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:i) an amino acid sequence a having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant;ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in the plant; or,iii) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; and(b) regenerating the plant cell of (a) into a plant,wherein expression of said polypeptide in the plant increases the disease resistance of the plant.36.The method of claim 35, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide comprises:(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3;(b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3; or(c) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.37.The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein said introducing comprises transformation of said plant cell with said heterologous polynucleotide.38.The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein said method comprises transformation of said plant cell with a DNA construct of any one of claims 1-8 and 12-14 or the vector of any one of claims 9-14.39.The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein said introducing comprises gene editing of said plant cell.40.The method of any one of claims 35-39, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.41.The method of claim 40, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.42.The method of claim 40 or 41, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.43.The method of any one of claims 35-42, wherein said plant is a maize plant.44.The method of claim 43, wherein said polynucleotide is introduced into a non-native site within the genome of said maize plant.45.The method of claim 43 or 44, wherein said maize plant is an elite maize plant.46.The method of any one of claims 35-45, wherein said plant does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.47.The method of claim 46, wherein said plant does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.48.The method of claim 47, wherein said plant does not comprise a nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3.49.The method of any one of claims 35-48, further comprising crossing a first maize plant comprising the heterologous polynucleotide or vector with a second, different maize plant to generate a progeny maize plant seed, wherein the progeny maize plant seed comprises the heterologous polynucleotide and has increased disease resistance.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the method further comprises generating a progeny maize plant from said progeny maize plant seed, wherein the progeny maize plant comprises the heterologous polynucleotide and has increased disease resistance.51.A method of producing a plant having an increased disease resistance comprising deleting a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 from the genome of a plant through gene editing.52.The method of claim 51, wherein said nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 is in chromosome 3 of the genome of said plant before deletion.53.The method of claim 51 or 52, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.54.The method of any one of claims 51-53, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.55.The method of claim 54, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.56.The method of claim 54 or 55, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.57.The method of any one of claims 51-56, wherein said plant is a maize plant.58.The method of claim 57, wherein said maize plant is an elite maize plant.59.A method of decreasing Fusarium stalk rot damage or controlling a Fusarium pathogen in an area of cultivation comprising planting in said area of cultivation a plant of any one of claims 25-31, or the seed of claim 32.60.A method of determining the presence of a polypeptide having at least 90%, 95%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 in a maize plant, comprising the steps of:(a) isolating nucleic acid molecules from a maize plant and generating an amplicon comprising at least a fragment of a polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide using a probe and / or primer; or(b) isolating proteins from said maize plant and detecting presence of said polypeptide;thereby determining the presence of the polypeptide in the maize plant.61.The method of claim 60, wherein said method further comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in the genome of said maize plant.62.The method of claim 61, wherein said method comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 in chromosome 3 in the genome of said maize plant.63.The method of claim 61 or 62, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.64.A method for producing a maize plant having increased disease resistance relative to a control maize plant, said method comprising the steps of:(a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or a polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide, wherein the expression of said polypeptide is increased relative to a control plant; and(b) generating said maize plant having increased disease resistance from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.65.The method of claim 64, wherein said polynucleotide comprises a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.66.The method of claim 64 or 65, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.67.The method of claim 66, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.68.The method of claim 66 or 67, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.69.The method of any one of claims 64-68, wherein said method further comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in the genome of said selected maize plant.70.The method of claim 69, wherein said method comprises determining the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3 in the genome of said selected maize plant.71.The method of claim 69 or 70, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.72.An isolated or recombinant polypeptide comprising(a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in a plant;(b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein increased expression of the polypeptide in a plant increases disease resistance in a plant; or,(c) an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.73.The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of claim 72, further comprising a heterologous amino acid sequence.74.The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of claim 72 or 73, wherein said disease is a disease caused by a Fusarium sp.75.The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of claim 74, wherein said Fusarium sp. is a species selected from the group consisting of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.76.The isolated or recombinant polypeptide of claim 74 or 75, wherein said disease is Fusarium stalk rot.77.A composition comprising the isolated or recombinant polypeptide of any one of claims 72-76.78.A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprising the steps of:a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of a favorable allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein said favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 3 flanked by markers MY-9 and Ks90-1, wherein markers MY-9 and Ks90-1 are SNPs, which are respectively adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,040,807 of reference genome B73, version 5 and adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5; andb) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.79.The method of claim 78, wherein the chromosomal interval is derived from H127R or a progeny thereof.80.The method of claim 78 or 79, wherein said favorable allele comprises one or more favorable allele of markers M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11847, SM11838, IDP1 and IDP7, wherein said favorable allele ofM30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,147,179 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188,159,259-188,159,264 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,774 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,926 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188,160,170 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,040,807 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,197,247 of reference genome B73, version 5;Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,921 of reference genome B73, version 5;IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,153,332-188,153,721 of reference genome B73, version 5; andIDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,152,270-188,152,923 of reference genome B73, version 5.81.The method of claim 80, wherein said chromosomal interval is flanked by markers M30 and M13-5, wherein markers M30 and M13-5 are SNPs, which are respectively cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,147,179 of reference genome B73, version 5 and thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5.82.The method of claim 80 or 81, wherein said favorable allele is identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2.83.A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprising the steps of:a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by the presence of one or more favorable marker alleles selected from M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-4, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11874, SM9845, SM10033, SM11173, SM11847, SM11838, SM3531, SM11170, SM11192, SM11185, SM11427, SM11429, SM11431, SM3527, SM11433, SM11441, SM11188, SM11426, SM4617, IDP1, and IDP7; andb) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program;wherein:M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,147,179 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188,159,259-188,159,264 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,774 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,926 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188,160,170 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-4 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,032,771of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,040,807 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,197,247 of reference genome B73, version 5;Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11874 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 184,849,150 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM9845 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 185,047,828 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM10033 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 187,912,205 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11173 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187,940,440 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,921 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM3531 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,244,724 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11170 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,252,713 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11192 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,363,392 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11185 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,497,594 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11427 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,758,895 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11429 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,759,640 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11431 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 189,445,174 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM3527 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 177,345,263 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11441 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187,776,377 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11188 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,601,071 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11426 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 189,565,986 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM4617 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 198,686,755 of reference genome B73, version 5;IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,153,332-188,153,721 of reference genome B73, version 5; andIDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,152,270-188,152,923 of reference genome B73, version 5.84.A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant or part thereof, the method comprising the steps of:a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by the presence of a favorable allele, wherein said favorable allele is located within a chromosomal interval on maize chromosome 3 corresponding to physical positions 188,040,807-188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5, and further wherein the chromosomal interval comprises at least one favorable marker allele associated with FSR tolerance, wherein said at least one favorable allele is selected from the group consisting of:i) M30, wherein M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,147,179 of reference genome B73, version 5;ii) M13-1, wherein M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188,159,259-188,159,264 of reference genome B73, version 5;iii) M13-2, wherein M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,774 of reference genome B73, version 5;iv) M13-3, wherein M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,926 of reference genome B73, version 5;v) M13-4, wherein M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188,160,170 of reference genome B73, version 5; andvi) M13-5, wherein M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5;vii) MY-9, wherein MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,040,807 of reference genome B73, version 5;viii) Zmco3-58, wherein Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;ix) Zmco3-60, wherein Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,197,247 of reference genome B73, version 5;x) Ks90-1, wherein Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5;xi) SM11847, wherein SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;xii) SM11838, wherein SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,921 of reference genome B73, version 5;xiii) IDP1, wherein IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,153,332-188,153,721 of reference genome B73, version 5; andxiv) IDP7, wherein IDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,152,270-188,152,923 of reference genome B73, version 5; andb) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.85.The method of claim 84, wherein the chromosomal interval corresponds to physical positions 188,147,179-188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5.86.The method of claim 84 or 85, wherein the chromosomal interval is derived from H127R or a progeny thereof.87.The method of any one of claims 83-86, wherein said favorable allele is identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2.88.The method of any one of claims 78-79, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.89.The method of claim 88, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in chromosome 3 in is genome.90.The method of claim 88 or 89, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.91.A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant or part thereof, the method comprising the steps of:a) performing a marker-assisted selection to identify a maize plant possessing FSR resistance locus qRfg3, wherein FSR resistance locus is obtainable from FSR resistant H127R; andb) generating a progeny of said selected maize plant wherein said progeny possesses said FSR resistance locus qRfg3 and exhibits tolerance to FSR, wherein said FSR resistance locus qRfg3 is identifiable by one or more of the favorable marker alleles selected from the group consisting of M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-4, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11874, SM9845, SM10033, SM11173, SM11847, SM11838, SM3531, SM11170, SM11192, SM11185, SM11427, SM11429, SM11431, SM3527, SM11433, SM11441, SM11188, SM11426, SM4617, IDP1, and IDP7;wherein:M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,147,179 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188,159,259-188,159,264 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,774 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,926 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188,160,170 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-4 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,032,771of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,040,807 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,197,247 of reference genome B73, version 5;Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11874 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 184,849,150 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM9845 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 185,047,828 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM10033 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 187,912,205 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11173 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187,940,440 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,921 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM3531 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,244,724 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11170 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,252,713 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11192 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,363,392 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11185 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,497,594 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11427 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,758,895 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11429 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,759,640 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11431 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 189,445,174 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM3527 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 177,345,263 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11433 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 187,165,314 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11441 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187,776,377 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11188 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,601,071 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11426 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 189,565,986 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM4617 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 198,686,755 of reference genome B73, version 5;IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,153,332-188,153,721 of reference genome B73, version 5; andIDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,152,270-188,152,923 of reference genome B73, version 5.92.A method for controlling FSR in an area of cultivation, wherein said method comprises:a) genetic control of FSR by planting maize plant cells, plants, or seeds comprising FSR resistance locus qRfg3, wherein said FSR resistance locus qRfg3 is obtainable from FSR resistant H127R and identifiable by one or more of the favorable marker alleles selected from the group consisting of M30, M13-1, M13-2, M13-3, M13-4, M13-5, MY-4, MY-9, Zmco3-58, Zmco3-60, Ks90-1, SM11874, SM9845, SM10033, SM11173, SM11847, SM11838, SM3531, SM11170, SM11192, SM11185, SM11427, SM11429, SM11431, SM3527, SM9845, SM11433, SM11441, SM11188, SM11426, SM4617, IDP1, and IDP7; andb) chemical control of FSR by applying at least one fungicide to said area of cultivation;wherein:M30 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,147,179 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-1 is CATGAC at a position corresponding to position 188,159,259-188,159,264 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-2 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,774 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-3 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,159,926 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-4 lacks a nucleotide at a position corresponding to position 188,160,170 of reference genome B73, version 5;M13-5 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,160,447 of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-4 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,032,771of reference genome B73, version 5;MY-9 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,040,807 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-58 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;Zmco3-60 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,197,247 of reference genome B73, version 5;Ks90-1 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,203,904 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11874 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 184,849,150 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM9845 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 185,047,828 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM10033 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 187,912,205 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11173 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187,940,440 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11847 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,678 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11838 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,071,921 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM3531 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,244,724 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11170 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 188,252,713 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11192 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,363,392 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11185 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,497,594 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11427 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 188,758,895 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11429 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 188,759,640 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11431 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 189,445,174 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM3527 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 177,345,263 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11433 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 187,165,314 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11441 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 187,776,377 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11188 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 188,601,071 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11426 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 189,565,986 of reference genome B73, version 5; andSM4617 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 198,686,755 of reference genome B73, version 5;IDP1 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,153,332-188,153,721 of reference genome B73, version 5; andIDP7 is the absence of a nucleotide sequence at a position corresponding to positions 188,152,270-188,152,923 of reference genome B73, version 5.93.The method of claim 91 or 92, wherein said favorable SNP marker allele is identified using any one of the corresponding primers and / or probes of Table 2.94.The method of any one of claims 91-93, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.95.The method of claim 94, wherein said selected maize plant and said FSR tolerant progeny maize plant do not comprise said nucleotide sequence in chromosome 3.96.The method of claim 94 or 95, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.97.A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant comprising the steps of:a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the presence of one or more favorable alleles associated with FSR tolerance, wherein said favorable allele is selected from the group consisting of:i) SM11253, wherein SM11253 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95,807,624of reference genome B73, version 5;ii) SM11246, wherein SM11246 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96,009,142 of reference genome B73, version 5;iii) SM11245, wherein SM11245 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96,010,114 of reference genome B73, version 5;iv) SM11249, wherein SM11249 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96,178,379 of reference genome B73, version 5;v) SM11236, wherein SM11236 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96,179,960 of reference genome B73, version 5;vi) SM11241, wherein SM11241 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96,180,449 of reference genome B73, version 5;vii) SM8153, wherein SM8153 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96,180,735 of reference genome B73, version 5;viii) SM8157, wherein SM8157 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96,185,955 of reference genome B73, version 5;ix) SM11244, wherein SM11244 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96,282,850 of reference genome B73, version 5;x) SM11252, wherein SM11252 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 96,495,227 of reference genome B73, version 5; andxi) SM1017AQ, wherein SM1017AQ is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95,654,695 of reference genome B73, version 5; andb) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.98.A method for controlling FSR in an area of cultivation, wherein said method comprises:a) genetic control of FSR by planting maize plant cells, plants, or seeds comprising FSR resistance locus qRfg1, wherein said FSR resistance locus qRfg1 is obtainable from FSR resistant 1145 and identifiable by one or more of the favorable SNP marker alleles selected from the group consisting of SM11253, SM11246, SM11245, SM11249, SM11236, SM11241, SM8153, SM8157, SM11244, SM11252, and SM1017AQ; andb) chemical control of FSR by applying at least one fungicide to said area of cultivation;wherein:SM11253 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95,807,624of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11246 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96,009,142 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11245 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96,010,114 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11249 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96,178,379 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11236 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96,179,960 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11241 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96,180,449 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM8153 is cytosine (C) at a position corresponding to position 96,180,735 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM8157 is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 96,185,955 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11244 is guanine (G) at a position corresponding to position 96,282,850 of reference genome B73, version 5;SM11252 is thymine (T) at a position corresponding to position 96,495,227 of reference genome B73, version 5; andSM1017AQ is adenine (A) at a position corresponding to position 95,654,695 of reference genome B73, version 5.99.A method for producing a Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) tolerant maize plant, the method comprising the steps of:(a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by assaying for increased expression of ZmBAG4 relative to a control plant following infection with a Fusarium sp., wherein said assaying for increased expression is performed by testing ZmBAG4 mRNA accumulation or ZmBAG4 protein accumulation in at least one tissue, and(b) generating a FSR tolerant progeny maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.100.An elite maize plant produced by the method of any one of claims 78-99.101.An elite maize plant that does not comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 in its genome.102.The elite maize plant of claim 101, wherein said elite maize plant does not comprise the nucleotide sequence in chromosome 3.103.The elite maize plant of claim 101 or 102, wherein said nucleotide sequence is the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 10.104.A method for producing a FSR tolerant maize plant, said method comprising the steps of:(a) selecting a maize plant from a plurality of maize plants by detecting the absence of a polynucleotide comprising a sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10 or a polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide; and(b) generating said FSR tolerant maize plant from said selected maize plant in a breeding program.105.The method of claim 104, wherein said selecting comprises the use of at least one primer.106.The method of claim 105, wherein said at least one primer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 102-105.
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