Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure has: a control unit that predicts, on the basis of a measurement result of a reference signal, at least one type of communication failure from between a handover failure or a radio link failure; and a transmission unit that transmits a prediction result of the communication failure. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, it is possible to achieve suitable control if introducing communication failure prediction.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] In future wireless communication systems, utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control, management, etc. is being considered.

[0006] Furthermore, in future wireless communication systems, the use of AI / ML models to predict communication failures is being considered, but there are cases where this has not been sufficiently considered. If this consideration is insufficient, there is a risk that suitable control cannot be performed when introducing prediction of communication failures, for example, the improvement of communication throughput / communication quality may be inhibited, or communication delays may occur due to the execution of recovery procedures for predicted communication failures.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that are suitable for the case where prediction of communication failures is introduced.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure is characterized by having a control unit that predicts at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure based on measurement results of a reference signal, and a transmission unit that transmits the predicted result of the communication failure.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, it is possible to realize control that is suitable for the case where prediction of communication failure is introduced.

[0010] Figure 1 illustrates an example of an AI model management framework. Figure 2 illustrates an example of an AI model specification. Figure 3A illustrates an example of UE movement in Rel. 17. Figure 3B illustrates an example of UE movement in Rel. 18. Figure 4 illustrates an example of a Rel. 18 LTM (R18 LTM) procedure. Figure 5 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event A1. Figure 6 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event A2. Figure 7 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event A3. Figure 8 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event A4. Figure 9 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event A5. Figure 10 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event A6. Figure 11 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event B1. Figure 12 illustrates an example of an occurrence of an existing event B2. Figure 13 illustrates an example of event prediction according to Approach 1. Figure 14 illustrates an example of event prediction according to Approach 2. Figure 15 illustrates an example of measurement configuration. Figure 16 illustrates an example of NR measurement configuration. 17A and 17B are diagrams illustrating links of information elements based on NR measurement settings. FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication failure prediction. FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a report of a prediction result of a communication failure according to the first embodiment. FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating filtering based on a prediction result of a communication failure according to the second embodiment. FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating filtering in an exemplary L1-measurement report. FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating triggering of a measurement result report when a prediction of a communication failure according to the third embodiment fails. FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating an example of hardware configurations of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0011] (Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology to Wireless Communications) With regard to future wireless communications technologies, the use of AI technology such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0012] For example, it is being considered that terminals (user terminals, user equipment (UE)) / base stations (BSs) will utilize AI technology to improve Channel State Information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reduced overhead, improved accuracy, prediction), improve beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the time / space domain), and improve position measurement (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction).

[0013] Based on the input information, the AI ​​model may output at least one information such as an estimate, a prediction, a selected action, a classification, etc. The UE / BS may input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc. to the AI ​​model and output highly accurate channel state information / measurements / beam selection / location, future channel state information / radio link quality, etc.

[0014] In the present disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also called a subject, object, data, function, program, etc.) having (implementing) at least one of the following characteristics: Estimation based on observed or collected information. Selection based on observed or collected information. Prediction based on observed or collected information.

[0015] In the present disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be used interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be used interchangeably.

[0016] In the present disclosure, an object may be, for example, an apparatus, device, etc., such as a UE or a BS. Also, in the present disclosure, an object may correspond to a program / model / entity that operates in the apparatus.

[0017] Also, in the present disclosure, an AI model may be interpreted as an object that has (performs) at least one of the following characteristics: - Generates an estimate by feeding information - Predicts an estimate by feeding information - Discovers features by feeding information - Selects an action by feeding information.

[0018] Additionally, in this disclosure, an AI model may refer to a data-driven algorithm that applies AI techniques to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs.

[0019] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms AI model, model, ML model, predictive analytics, predictive analysis model, tool, autoencoder, encoder, decoder, neural network model, AI algorithm, scheme, etc. may be interchangeable. The AI ​​model may be derived using at least one of regression analysis (e.g., linear regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, logistic regression analysis), support vector machine, random forest, neural network, deep learning, etc.

[0020] In this disclosure, the term "autoencoder" may be interchangeably referred to as any autoencoder, such as a stacked autoencoder, a convolutional autoencoder, etc. The encoder / decoder of this disclosure may employ a model such as a Residual Network (ResNet), a DenseNet, or a RefineNet.

[0021] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the terms encoder, encoding, encode / encoded, modification / alteration / control by an encoder, compressing, compress / compressed, generating, generate / generated, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0022] In addition, in the present disclosure, decoder, decoding, decode / decoded, modification / alteration / control by decoder, decompressing, decompress / decompressed, reconstructing, reconstruct / reconstructed, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0023] In the present disclosure, a layer (of an AI model) may be interchangeably read as a layer (such as an input layer or an intermediate layer) used in the AI ​​model. The layer in the present disclosure may correspond to at least one of an input layer, an intermediate layer, an output layer, a batch normalization layer, a convolutional layer, an activation layer, a dense layer, a normalization layer, a pooling layer, an attention layer, a dropout layer, a fully connected layer, etc.

[0024] In this disclosure, methods for training an AI model may include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, etc. Supervised learning may refer to the process of training a model from inputs and corresponding labels. Unsupervised learning may refer to the process of training a model without labeled data. Reinforcement learning may refer to the process of training a model from inputs (i.e., states) and feedback signals (i.e., rewards) resulting from the model's outputs (i.e., actions) in an environment with which the model interacts.

[0025] In the present disclosure, terms such as generate, calculate, derive, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as implement, operate, operate, execute, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as train, learn, update, retrain, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as infer, after-training, live use, actual use, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, signal may be interchangeable with signal / channel.

[0026] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a framework for managing AI models. In this example, each stage related to an AI model is shown as a block. This example is also referred to as AI model life cycle management (LCM).

[0027] The data collection stage corresponds to a stage of collecting data for generating / updating an AI model. The data collection stage may include data organization (e.g., determining which data to transfer for model training / model inference), data transfer (e.g., transferring data to an entity (e.g., UE, gNB) that performs model training / model inference), etc.

[0028] Note that data collection may refer to a process in which data is collected by a network node, a management entity, or a UE for the purpose of AI model training / data analysis / inference. In this disclosure, the terms "process" and "procedure" may be interchangeable. Also, in this disclosure, collection may refer to obtaining a data set (e.g., usable as input / output) for AI model training / inference based on measurements (e.g., channel measurements, beam measurements, radio link quality measurements, position estimation, etc.).

[0029] In the present disclosure, offline field data may be data collected from the field (real world) and used for offline training of an AI model. Also, in the present disclosure, online field data may be data collected from the field (real world) and used for online training of an AI model.

[0030] In the model training stage, model training is performed based on the data (training data) transferred from the collection stage. This stage may include data preparation (e.g., performing data preprocessing, cleaning, formatting, transformation, etc.), model training / validation, model testing (e.g., verifying whether the trained model meets a performance threshold), model exchange (e.g., transferring the model for distributed learning), and model deployment / update (deploying / updating the model to the entity that will perform model inference).

[0031] It should be noted that AI model training may refer to a process for training an AI model in a data-driven manner and obtaining a trained AI model for inference.

[0032] AI model validation may also refer to a sub-process of training that evaluates the quality of an AI model using a dataset different from the dataset used to train the model, which helps select model parameters that generalize beyond the dataset used to train the model.

[0033] AI model testing may also refer to a sub-process of training for evaluating the performance of the final AI model using a dataset different from that used for model training / validation. Note that, unlike validation, testing does not necessarily require subsequent model tuning.

[0034] In the model inference stage, model inference is performed based on the data (inference data) transferred from the collection stage. This stage may include data preparation (e.g., performing data preprocessing, cleaning, formatting, transformation, etc.), model inference, model monitoring (e.g., monitoring the performance of model inference), model performance feedback (feeding back model performance to the entity training the model), and output (providing model output to the actor).

[0035] Additionally, AI model inference may refer to the process of using a trained AI model to produce a set of outputs from a set of inputs.

[0036] Also, a UE side model may refer to an AI model whose inference is performed entirely in the UE, and a network side model may refer to an AI model whose inference is performed entirely in the network (e.g., gNB).

[0037] Also, a one-sided model may refer to a UE-side model or a network-side model. A two-sided model may refer to a pair of AI models in which joint inference is performed. Here, joint inference may include AI inference in which the inference is performed jointly across the UE and the network, e.g., a first part of the inference may be performed first by the UE and the remaining part by the gNB (or vice versa).

[0038] In addition, AI model monitoring may refer to a process for monitoring the inference performance of an AI model, and may be interchangeably read as model performance monitoring, performance monitoring, etc.

[0039] Note that model registration may refer to assigning a version identifier to a model and making the model executable (registering) the model by compiling it into the specific hardware used in the inference stage. Also, model deployment may refer to distributing (or activating in) a runtime image (or an image of an execution environment) of a fully developed and tested model to (or enabling in) a target (e.g., UE / gNB) where inference will be performed.

[0040] An actor stage may include action triggers (e.g., deciding whether to trigger an action on another entity), feedback (e.g., feeding back information needed for training data / inference data / performance feedback), etc.

[0041] For example, training of a model for mobility optimization may be performed in, for example, Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM) / gNodeB (gNB) in a network (NW). In the former case, interoperability, large-capacity storage, operator manageability, and model flexibility (feature engineering, etc.) are advantageous. In the latter case, the latency of model updates and the need for data exchange for model deployment are advantageous. Inference of the model may be performed in, for example, a gNB.

[0042] The entity that performs training / inference may vary depending on the use case (i.e., the function of the AI ​​model), which may include beam management, beam prediction, autoencoder (or information compression), CSI feedback, positioning, etc.

[0043] For example, for AI-assisted beam management based on measurement reports, the OAM / gNB may perform model training and the gNB may perform model inference.

[0044] For AI-assisted UE-assisted positioning, a Location Management Function (LMF) may perform model training and the LMF may perform model inference.

[0045] For CSI feedback / channel estimation using an autoencoder, the OAM / gNB / UE may perform model training and the gNB / UE may perform model inference (jointly).

[0046] For AI-assisted beam management or AI-assisted UE-based positioning based on beam measurements, the OAM / gNB / UE may perform model training and the UE may perform model inference.

[0047] Note that model activation may mean activating an AI model for a specific function, model deactivation may mean disabling an AI model for a specific function, and model switching may mean deactivating a currently active AI model for a specific function and activating a different AI model.

[0048] Model transfer may also refer to distributing an AI model over the air interface. This distribution may include distributing parameters of a model structure already known at the receiving end, or a new model with parameters, or both. This distribution may include a complete model or a partial model. Model download may refer to transferring a model from the network to the UE. Model upload may refer to transferring a model from the UE to the network.

[0049] 2 is a diagram showing an example of specifying an AI model. In this example, a UE and a NW (e.g., a base station (BS)) can recognize models #1 and #2 (although they do not need to fully understand the details of the models). The UE may report, for example, the capabilities of model #1 and model #2 to the NW, and the NW may instruct the UE on the AI ​​model to use.

[0050] (CSI Reporting) In NR, a UE measures the channel state using a predetermined reference signal (or a resource for the reference signal) and feeds back (reports) channel state information (CSI) to a base station.

[0051] The UE may measure the channel state using a Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS), a Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block, a Synchronization Signal (SS), a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), etc.

[0052] The CSI-RS resource may include at least one of a non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS and a CSI-Interference Management (IM). An SS / PBCH block is a block including a synchronization signal (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)) and a PBCH (and corresponding DMRS), and may be referred to as an SS block (SSB). An SSB index may be assigned to the time position of the SSB within a half-frame.

[0053] The CSI may include at least one of a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), a Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), a CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), a SS / PBCH Block Resource Indicator (SS / PBCH Block Indicator (SSBRI), a Layer Indicator (LI), a Rank Indicator (RI), a Layer 1 (L1)-Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), a L1-Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), a L1-Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), a L1-Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and the like.

[0054] The CSI may have multiple parts. A first part of the CSI (CSI Part 1) may include information with a relatively small number of bits (e.g., RI). A second part of the CSI (CSI Part 2) may include information with a relatively large number of bits (e.g., CQI), such as information determined based on CSI Part 1.

[0055] As CSI feedback methods, (1) periodic CSI (P-CSI) reporting, (2) aperiodic CSI (A(AP)-CSI) reporting, and (3) semi-persistent (semi-persistent, semi-persistent) CSI reporting (Semi-Persistent CSI: SP-CSI) reporting are being considered.

[0056] The UE may be notified of information related to CSI reporting (which may be referred to as CSI reporting configuration information) using higher layer signaling, physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI)), or a combination thereof. The CSI reporting configuration information may be configured, for example, using the RRC information element "CSI-ReportConfig."

[0057] The CSI reporting configuration information may include, for example, information regarding a reporting period, an offset, etc., which may be expressed in a predetermined time unit (slot unit, subframe unit, symbol unit, etc.). The CSI reporting configuration information may include a configuration ID (CSI-ReportConfigId). The configuration ID may identify parameters such as the type of CSI reporting method (whether it is SP-CSI, etc.), the reporting period, etc. The CSI reporting configuration information may include information (CSI-ResourceConfigId) indicating which signal (or which signal resource) is used to report the measured CSI.

[0058] (TCI, spatial relationship, QCL) In NR, it is considered to control the reception processing (e.g., at least one of reception, demapping, demodulation, and decoding) and transmission processing (e.g., at least one of transmission, mapping, precoding, modulation, and encoding) in a UE of at least one of a signal and a channel (referred to as a signal / channel) based on a transmission configuration indication state (TCI state).

[0059] The TCI state may represent that which is applied to a downlink signal / channel, and the equivalent of the TCI state that is applied to an uplink signal / channel may be expressed as a spatial relation.

[0060] The TCI state is information about the Quasi-Co-Location (QCL) of signals / channels, and may also be called spatial reception parameters, spatial relation information, etc. The TCI state may be configured in the UE for each channel or signal.

[0061] The QCL is an index indicating the statistical properties of signals / channels. For example, if a signal / channel has a QCL relationship with another signal / channel, it may mean that it can be assumed that at least one of a Doppler shift, a Doppler spread, an average delay, a delay spread, and a spatial parameter (e.g., a spatial Rx parameter) is the same between these different signals / channels (i.e., the signals / channels have a QCL with respect to at least one of these).

[0062] The spatial reception parameters may correspond to a reception beam (e.g., a reception analog beam) of the UE, and the beam may be identified based on a spatial QCL. The QCL (or at least one element of the QCL) in the present disclosure may be replaced with sQCL (spatial QCL).

[0063] A plurality of types (QCL types) of QCL may be defined. For example, four QCL types A to D may be provided, each having different parameters (or parameter sets) that can be assumed to be the same. The parameters (which may be referred to as QCL parameters) are as follows: QCL type A (QCL-A): Doppler shift, Doppler spread, mean delay, and delay spread QCL type B (QCL-B): Doppler shift and Doppler spread QCL type C (QCL-C): Doppler shift and mean delay QCL type D (QCL-D): Spatial reception parameters.

[0064] The QCL information as shown in the above QCL types A to D may be called a QCL property.

[0065] The UE's assumption that a Control Resource Set (CORESET), channel, or reference signal has a specific QCL (e.g., QCL type D) relationship with another CORESET, channel, or reference signal may be referred to as a QCL assumption.

[0066] The UE may determine at least one of a transmit beam (Tx beam) and a receive beam (Rx beam) for a signal / channel based on the TCI condition or QCL assumption of the signal / channel.

[0067] The TCI state may be, for example, information about the QCL between the channel of interest (in other words, the Reference Signal (RS) for that channel) and another signal (e.g., another RS). The TCI state may be set (indicated) by higher layer signaling, physical layer signaling, or a combination thereof.

[0068] The physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI).

[0069] The channel for which the TCI state or spatial relationship is set (specified) may be, for example, at least one of a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)), and an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)).

[0070] Furthermore, the RS that has a QCL relationship with the channel may be, for example, at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), a tracking CSI-RS (also called a tracking reference signal (TRS)), and a QCL detection reference signal (also called a QRS).

[0071] An SSB is a signal block including at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), and a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). An SSB may also be referred to as an SS / PBCH block.

[0072] An RS of QCL type X in a TCI state may refer to an RS that has a QCL type X relationship with a certain channel / signal (DMRS), and this RS may be called a QCL source of QCL type X in the TCI state.

[0073] (L1 / L2 Inter-Cell Mobility) It is being considered that a UE performs UL transmission to one or more cells / TRPs. The following scenario 1 or scenario 2 can be considered as a procedure in this case. In the present disclosure, the term "serving cell" may be replaced with the TRP in the serving cell. The terms "layer 1 / layer 2" (L1 / L2) and "DCI / Medium Access Control Element (MAC CE)" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a physical cell identity (PCI) different from the physical cell identity (PCI) of the current serving cell may be simply referred to as a "different PCI." The terms "non-serving cell," "cell with a different PCI," and "additional cell" may be interchangeable.

[0074] <Scenario 1> Scenario 1 corresponds to, for example, multi-TRP inter-cell mobility, but may be a scenario that does not correspond to multi-TRP inter-cell mobility.

[0075] (1) The UE receives from the serving cell the configuration necessary for using radio resources for data transmission and reception, including the SSB configuration for beam measurement of the TRP corresponding to a PCI different from that of the serving cell and the resources of the different PCI. (2) The UE performs beam measurement of the TRP corresponding to the different PCI and reports the beam measurement results to the serving cell. (3) Based on the above report, the Transmission Configuration Indication (TCI) state associated with the TRP corresponding to the different PCI is activated by L1 / L2 signaling from the serving cell. (4) The UE transmits and receives using UE-dedicated channels on the TRP corresponding to the different PCI. (5) The UE must always cover the serving cell, including in the case of multiple TRPs. As in conventional systems, the UE must use common channels from the serving cell, such as the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) and the Paging Channel (PCH).

[0076] In Scenario 1, when the UE transmits and receives signals to and from an additional cell / TRP (a TRP corresponding to the PCI of the additional cell), the serving cell (the serving cell assumption in the UE) is not changed. The UE is configured with higher layer parameters related to the PCI of non-serving cells from the serving cell. Scenario 1 may be applied, for example, in Rel. 17.

[0077] Figure 3A shows an example of UE movement in Rel. 17. Assume that the UE moves from a cell (serving cell) with PCI #1 to a cell (additional cell) with PCI #3 (which overlaps with the serving cell). In this case, Rel. 17 does not support switching of serving cells via L1 / L2.

[0078] An additional cell is a cell with an additional PCI that is different from the PCI of the serving cell. The UE can receive / transmit UE-dedicated channels from the additional cell. The UE needs to be within the coverage of the serving cell to receive UE common channels (e.g., system information / paging / short messages). When the UE moves out of the coverage of the serving cell, a cell change is required, such as by handover (also called L3 mobility).

[0079] <Scenario 2> In scenario 2, L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility is applied. With L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility, the serving cell can be changed using functions such as beam control without RRC reconfiguration. In other words, transmission and reception with an additional cell is possible without handover. Since handover requires RRC reconnection, which results in a period when data communication is unavailable, by applying L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility that does not require handover, data communication can be continued even when the serving cell is changed. Scenario 2 may be applied, for example, in Rel. 18. In scenario 2, for example, the following procedure is performed.

[0080] (1) The UE receives SSB configuration for a cell with a different PCI (additional cell) from the serving cell for beam measurement / serving cell change. (2) The UE performs beam measurement for the cell using the different PCI and reports the measurement results to the serving cell. (3) The UE may receive the configuration for the cell with a different PCI (serving cell configuration) via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC). That is, pre-configuration for the serving cell change may be performed. This configuration may be performed together with or separately from the configuration in (1). (4) Based on the above report, the TCI state of the cell with a different PCI may be activated via L1 / L2 signaling in accordance with the serving cell change. The activation of the TCI state and the serving cell change may be performed separately. (5) The UE changes the serving cell (assumed serving cell) and starts reception / transmission using the pre-configured UE-dedicated channel and TCI state.

[0081] That is, in Scenario 2, the serving cell (the serving cell assumed by the UE) is updated by L1 / L2 signaling. Scenario 2 may be applied in Rel. 18.

[0082] Figure 3B shows an example of UE mobility in Rel. 18. In Rel. 18, the serving cell is switched by L1 / L2 (e.g., DCI / MAC CE). The UE can receive / transmit UE-dedicated channels / common channels to / from the new serving cell (or target serving cell). The UE may move out of the coverage of the current serving cell (e.g., current serving cell).

[0083] (L1L2-triggered mobility (LTM) in Rel. 18) FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of LTM considered in Rel. 18. Here, the steps of LTM are shown, including LTM preparation (e.g., LTM preparation), early synchronization (e.g., early sync), LTM execution (e.g., LTM execution), and LTM completion (e.g., LTM completion), but the LTM steps are not limited to these. Some steps (or operations included in steps) may be omitted, the order of operations included in some steps may be reversed with other operations included in other steps, or other steps (or other operations) may be added. Note that in the present disclosure, early synchronization may be read as synchronization.

[0084] <LTM Preparation> In LTM preparation, a UE RRC-connected to a serving cell (e.g., a UE in RRC_CONNECTED) transmits a measurement report. The measurement report may be an L3 measurement report. The base station (or source base station / serving cell) prepares an LTM candidate (e.g., LTM candidate preparation) based on the measurement report transmitted from the UE.

[0085] The base station performs LTM candidate configuration (e.g., LTM candidate configuration) through RRC (e.g., RRC reconfiguration). Information about candidate cells may be configured in the UE through the LTM candidate configuration.

[0086] <Early sync> The UE performs early synchronization (e.g., early sync) with a candidate cell. DL / UL early synchronization with a candidate cell may be performed by the UE after RRC configuration (e.g., RRC reconfiguration) of the LTM candidate cell. UL early synchronization may be performed after measurement (e.g., L1 measurement) or measurement report (e.g., L1 measurement report) transmission in the LTM implementation step.

[0087] <LTM Execution> The UE performs measurements (e.g., L1 measurements) on the configured candidate cells and transmits a measurement report. The measurement report may be an L1 measurement report. The base station (or source base station / serving cell) makes an LTM decision (e.g., an LTM decision) based on the measurement report transmitted from the UE. The base station transmits a cell switch command (e.g., a MAC CE) to the UE.

[0088] The UE may perform a cell switch by a cell switch command (e.g., MAC CE). For example, based on the cell switch command, the UE may detach from a source (e.g., source cell) and apply the target configurations of the target cell.

[0089] After receiving the cell switch command, the UE may perform a random access procedure. For example, if the UE does not have a valid timing advance for the target cell / candidate cell (or a destination cell), the UE may perform the random access procedure to obtain a TA value for the target cell. On the other hand, if the UE has a valid timing advance (TA) for the target cell / candidate cell (or a destination cell), the UE may not perform the random access procedure (or may omit / skip the random access procedure).

[0090] The UE operation for TA acquisition for the target cell / candidate cell (or a cell to which switching is to be performed) may be performed before receiving the cell switch command. For TA acquisition for the candidate cell, at least one of a plurality of TA acquisition methods, such as TA acquisition using RACH (e.g., RACH-based solutions) and TA acquisition without using RACH (RACH-less solutions), may be supported.

[0091] For TA acquisition using RACH, a method with RAR monitoring and a method without RAR monitoring may be supported. A TA acquisition method may be interpreted as a TA acquisition scheme, a TA acquisition type, or a TA acquisition procedure. In the present disclosure, TA acquisition, TA measurement, TA calculation, TA computation, and TA determination may be interpreted as interchangeable terms.

[0092] For example, the UE may acquire the TA of a candidate cell by transmitting a RACH (e.g., a PDCCH ordered RACH) indicated / triggered by the PDCCH to the candidate cell. Information about the TA of the candidate cell (e.g., a TA value) may be included in a response signal (e.g., an RAR) of the RACH. The RAR may be transmitted from the serving cell or the candidate cell. Alternatively, the TA of the candidate cell may be acquired using a RACH triggered by the UE or a RACH triggered by a higher layer from the network. The PDCCH order may be triggered only by the source cell (or the serving cell).

[0093] Alternatively, the UE may acquire the TA of the candidate cell by transmitting a signal other than the RACH to the candidate cell. Information about the TA of the candidate cell (e.g., the TA value) may be indicated to the UE from the base station. As the signal other than the RACH, for example, the SRS may be applied (e.g., SRS-based TA measurement).

[0094] Alternatively, the UE may measure / calculate / obtain the TA for the candidate cell based on DL signals (e.g., downlink reference signals) transmitted from each cell (e.g., candidate cell / serving cell). A method in which the UE obtains the TA for the candidate cell based on DL signals transmitted from one or more cells may be called UE-based TA measurement.

[0095] In the UE-based TA measurement, the downlink reference signal may be a predetermined DL signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (e.g., SSB) / CSI-RS, etc.). For example, the UE may measure the difference / difference in reception timing of DL signals from multiple cells (or two cells) and obtain the TA of the candidate cell.

[0096] The multiple cells may include a reference cell (e.g., a serving cell). In this case, the UE may calculate the TA required for the candidate cell based on the reception timing of the reference cell (and the TA value of the reference cell) and the timing difference between the reference cell and the candidate cell. The UE may acquire the TA of the candidate cell using a timing advance command (TAC) transmitted from the serving cell. Note that TA acquisition without using RACH may also be performed before receiving a cell switch command. TA acquisition may also be performed during UL synchronization (e.g., early UL synchronization).

[0097] <LTM Completion> The UE may complete the LTM cell switch procedure by sending a predetermined message to the target cell / candidate cell. The predetermined message may be an RRC reconfiguration complete message (e.g., an RRCReconfigurationComplete message).

[0098] In the case of RACH-based LTM, the UE may determine that the LTM implementation has been completed successfully if the random access procedure has been completed successfully.

[0099] In the case of RACH-less (e.g., RACH-less) LTM, the UE may determine that the LTM has been successfully performed if the UE determines that the network has successfully received the first UL data. For example, in the case of RACH-less LTM, the UE may transmit the first data to the target cell along with sending an RRC reconfiguration complete message. The UE may determine that the first UL data has been successfully received by receiving a PDCCH in the target cell that addresses the UE's C-RNTI. This PDCCH corresponds to the PDCCH that schedules a new transmission following the first UL data.

[0100] (Beam Report Types) <Intra-cell beam reporting in Rel. 15 / 16> In Rel. 15 / 16, intra-cell beam reporting is supported. For example, L1-RSRP / SINR reporting can be configured by higher layer signaling (RRC).

[0101] For example, in calculating the L1-RSRP, the UE may be configured with either or both of the CSI-RS resource and the SS / PBCH block resource if the resource is associated with QCL Type C / Type D.

[0102] A UE may also be configured with up to 16 CSI-RS resource sets, with a maximum of 64 resources in each set, and the total number of different CSI-RS resources across all resource sets may not exceed 128.

[0103] For L1-RSRP reporting, if the higher layer parameter nrofReportedRS (e.g., in CSI-ReportConfig) is set to 1, the reported L1-RSRP value is defined as a 7-bit value in the range [-140 to -44] dBm with a step size of 1 dB.

[0104] Here, the maximum measured value of L1-RSRP is quantized to a 7-bit value in the range of [-140 to -44] dBm with a step size of 1 dB, and the differential value of L1-RSRP is quantized to a 4-bit value.

[0105] The difference value is calculated with a step size of 2 dB with reference to the largest measurement that is part of the same L1-RSRP reporting instance.

[0106] For example, for L1-SINR calculation and channel measurement, the UE may be configured with either or both of NZP CSI-RS resources and SS / PBCH block resources, and for interference measurement, the UE may be configured with either NZP CSI-RS resources or CSI-IM resources.

[0107] For channel measurement, the UE may be configured with a CSI resource setting for up to 64 CSI resources or up to 16 CSI-RS resource sets with SS / PBCH block resources.

[0108] For L1-SINR reporting, if the upper layer parameter nrofReportedRS is set to 1, the reported L1-SINR value is defined as a 7-bit value in the range [-23 to 40] dBm with a step size of 0.5 dB.

[0109] If the higher layer parameter nrofReportedRS is set to be greater than 1, or if the higher layer parameter groupBasedBeamReporting is set to "enabled", the UE uses the differential value-based L1-SINR value for reporting.

[0110] The difference value is calculated with a step size of 1 dB with reference to the largest measurement that is part of the same L1-SINR reporting instance.

[0111] In this disclosure, the Rel. 15 / 16 in-cell beam reporting (which may simply be referred to as in-cell beam reporting) may also be referred to as type 1 beam reporting (beam reporting type 1) or beam reporting for in-cell beam switching.

[0112] <Inter-cell beam reporting in Rel. 17> As mentioned above, Rel. 17 supports L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility. For example, a UE can transmit and receive UL / DL channels / signals to and from a PCI of a cell that is different from the PCI of the serving cell. For example, if a non-serving cell has a higher RSRP than the serving cell, the UE can transmit and receive UL / DL channels / signals to and from the non-serving cell without performing a handover.

[0113] In L1-RSRP reporting, absolute / differential values ​​of L1-RSRP may be used, as in Rel. 15 / 16. In inter-cell beam reporting (type 2-1 beam reporting, described later) in Rel. 17, each L1-RSRP value is associated with a PCI ID (for the serving cell / additional cell / candidate cell). The association between the L1-RSRP value and the PCI ID may be set / indicated by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0114] Configuration by higher layer signaling supports up to seven additional cells, where ID=0 means the PCI of the serving cell.

[0115] In this disclosure, inter-cell beam reporting (in Rel. 17 / 18) may be referred to as Type 2 beam reporting (Beam Report Type 2). Type 2 beam reporting can be further classified into Types 2-1 and 2-2, which will be described later.

[0116] In this disclosure, Rel. 17 beam reporting may be referred to as Type 2-1 beam reporting or beam reporting for inter-cell beam switching.

[0117] <Inter-cell beam reporting in Rel. 18> In addition, Rel. 18 supports only SSB-based L1-RSRP reporting (beam reporting). Here, the number of candidate cells L may be any value between 1 and 4, and the number of beams M per cell may be any value between 1 and 4. For example, in beam reporting, a 7-bit absolute value (the largest L1-RSRP value among all cells) is reported for one cell, and all remaining L1-RSRP values ​​are reported as differential values.

[0118] Regarding beam selection in SSB-based L1-RSRP reporting, the maximum value of M*L that can be configured by RRC for the above-mentioned M and L, and the combination of M and L may depend on the UE capabilities.

[0119] In the L1-RSRP report, the absolute value / differential value of the L1-RSRP may be used, as in Rel. 15 / 16 / 17.

[0120] In the L1-RSRP report, the reported L1-RSRP value is defined as a 7-bit value in the range of [-140 to -44] dBm with a step size of 1 dB.

[0121] Here, the maximum measured value of L1-RSRP is quantized to a 7-bit value in the range of [-140 to -44] dBm with a step size of 1 dB, and the differential value of L1-RSRP is quantized to a 4-bit value.

[0122] The difference value is calculated with a step size of 2 dB with reference to the largest measurement that is part of the same L1-RSRP reporting instance.

[0123] The L1-RSRP report includes the SSBRIs between the configured candidate cells. That is, the L1-RSRP report includes the SSBRIs of the configured candidate cells and the corresponding L1-RSRPs. The format may be the same as that of the existing specifications.

[0124] In this disclosure, the beam report of Rel. 18 may be referred to as a Type 2-2 beam report or a beam report for cell switching. Note that the Type 2-2 beam report does not include information about the PCI (PCI ID). Instead, the SSBRI may include information about the PCI. For example, if four cells have 64 SSBs, the SSBRI may be any of {0, 1, ..., 255}.

[0125] (Event-based beam reporting) It is being considered that future wireless communication systems will support event-based beam reporting. Event-based beam reporting may also be called event-triggered beam reporting, and may mean UE-initiated beam reporting.

[0126] Examples of events defined in existing 5G NR include the following. Note that the events are not limited to those shown below, and other new events may be defined. Event A1: A case in which the measurement result of the serving [cell] is better than a threshold. Event A2: A case in which the measurement result of the serving [cell] is worse than a threshold. Event A3: A case in which the measurement result of the neighboring [cell] (a value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result) is better than the measurement result of the SpCell (a value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result). Event A4: A case in which the measurement result of the neighboring [cell] (a value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result) is better than a threshold. Event A5: A case in which the measurement result of the SpCell is worse than a first threshold, and the measurement result of the neighboring [cell] (a value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result) is better than a second threshold. Event A6: The measurement result of the neighboring cell (the value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result) is better than the measurement result of the serving cell (e.g., Secondary Cell (SCell)) (the value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result). Event B1: The measurement result of the inter-RAT neighboring cell is better than a threshold. Event B2: The measurement result of the PCell is worse than a first threshold, and the measurement result of the inter-RAT neighboring cell (the value obtained by adding an offset to the measurement result) is better than a second threshold. Event I1: The measurement result of interference is higher than a threshold.

[0127] <Existing Event Definitions / Conditions> <<Event A1>> The occurrence of Event A1 defined in the existing specifications (up to Rel. 18) is determined based on the following entering / entry condition and leaving condition: Entry condition: Ms - Hys > Thres Leaving condition: Ms + Hys < Thres

[0128] Here, Ms is the measurement result in the serving cell (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]), Hys is the hysteresis parameter ([dB]), and Thres is the threshold parameter (in the same units as Ms).

[0129] 5 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event A1. In the example shown in FIG. 5, a change in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in a serving cell is shown.

[0130] In the example shown in FIG. 5, when the input condition for event A1 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0131] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 5, when the exit condition for event A1 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0132] <<Event A2>> The occurrence of event A2 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input condition and exit condition: Input condition: Ms + Hys < Thres Exit condition: Ms - Hys > Thres

[0133] Here, Ms is the measurement result in the serving cell (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]), Hys is the hysteresis parameter ([dB]), and Thres is the threshold parameter (in the same units as Ms).

[0134] Fig. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event A2, in which the change in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in the serving cell is shown.

[0135] In the example shown in FIG. 6, when the input condition for event A2 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0136] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 6, when the exit condition for event A2 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0137] <<Event A3>> The occurrence of event A3 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input conditions and exit conditions: Input condition: Mn+Offn+Ocn-Hys>Mp+Offp+Ocp+Off Exit condition: Mn+Offn+Ocn+Hys<Mp+Offp+Ocp+Off

[0138] Here, Mn is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in the neighboring cell, Mp is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in the special cell (SpCell, e.g., PCell / PSCell), Hys is the hysteresis parameter ([dB]), Ofn is the measurement object-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Ofp is the measurement object-specific offset ([dB]) of the SpCell, Ocn is the cell-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Ocp is the cell-specific offset ([dB]) of the SpCell, and Off is the offset parameter ([dB]) related to event A3 (A3 offset) related to event A3.

[0139] Fig. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event A3. In the example shown in Fig. 7, changes in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in neighboring cells and the SpCell are shown.

[0140] In the example shown in FIG. 7, when the input condition for event A3 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0141] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 7, when the exit condition for event A3 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0142] <<Event A4>> The occurrence of Event A4 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input condition and exit condition: Input condition: Mn+Offn+Ocn-Hys>Thres Exit condition: Mn+Offn+Ocn+Hys<Thres

[0143] Here, Mn is the measurement result in the neighboring cell (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]), Hys is the hysteresis parameter ([dB]), Ofn is the measurement object-specific offset of the neighboring cell ([dB]), Ocn is the cell-specific offset of the neighboring cell ([dB]), and Thres is a threshold parameter (in the same units as Mn).

[0144] Fig. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event A4. In the example shown in Fig. 8, changes in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in a neighboring cell are shown.

[0145] In the example shown in FIG. 8, when the input condition for event A4 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0146] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 8, when the exit condition for event A4 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0147] <<Event A5>> The occurrence of event A5 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input conditions and departure conditions: Input condition: Mp+Hys<Thres1 and Mn+Offn+Ocn-Hys>Thres2 Leave condition: Mp-Hys>Thres1 and Mn+Offn+Ocn+Hys<Thres2

[0148] where Mn is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in the neighboring cell, Mp is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in the special cell (SpCell, e.g., PCell / PSCell), Hys is the hysteresis parameter ([dB]), Ofn is the measurement object-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Ocn is the cell-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Thres1 is the first threshold parameter (in the same units as Mp), and Thres2 is the second threshold parameter (in the same units as Mn).

[0149] Fig. 9 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event A5. In the example shown in Fig. 9, changes in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in neighboring cells and SCell are shown.

[0150] In the example shown in FIG. 9, when the input condition for event A5 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0151] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 9, when the exit condition for event A5 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0152] <<Event A6>> The occurrence of event A6 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input conditions and exit conditions: Input condition: Mn+Ocn-Hys>Ms+Ocs+Off Exit condition: Mn+Ocn+Hys<Ms+Ocs+Off

[0153] Here, Mn is the measurement result in the neighboring cell (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]), Ms is the measurement result in the serving cell (SCell) (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]), Hys is the hysteresis parameter ([dB]), Ocn is the cell-specific offset of the neighboring cell ([dB]), Ocs is the cell-specific offset of the serving cell (SCell) ([dB]), and Off is the offset parameter related to event A6 (A6 offset) ([dB]).

[0154] Fig. 10 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event A6. In the example shown in Fig. 10, changes in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in neighboring cells are shown.

[0155] In the example shown in FIG. 10, when the input condition for event A6 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0156] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 10, when the exit condition for event A6 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0157] <<Event B1>> The occurrence of Event B1 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input and exit conditions: Input condition: Mn+Offn+Ocn-Hys>Thres Exit condition: Mn+Offn+Ocn+Hys<Thres

[0158] Here, Mn is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in an inter-RAT neighboring cell, Hys is a hysteresis parameter ([dB]), Ofn is the measurement object-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Ocn is the cell-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, and Thres is a threshold parameter (in the same units as Mn).

[0159] Fig. 11 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event B1. In the example shown in Fig. 11, changes in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in an inter-RAT neighboring cell are shown.

[0160] In the example shown in FIG. 11, when the input condition for event B1 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0161] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 11, when the exit condition for event B1 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0162] <<Event B2>> The occurrence of event B2 defined in the existing specifications is determined based on the following input conditions and departure conditions: Input condition: Mp+Hys<Thres1 and Mn+Offn+Ocn-Hys>Thres2 Leave condition: Mp-Hys>Thres1 and Mn+Offn+Ocn+Hys<Thres2

[0163] Here, Mn is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in an inter-RAT neighboring cell, Mp is the measurement result (RSRP [dBm] / RSRQ [dB] / RS-SINR [dB]) in the SpCell, Hys is a hysteresis parameter ([dB]), Ofn is the measurement object-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Ocn is the cell-specific offset ([dB]) of the neighboring cell, Thres1 is a first threshold parameter (in the same units as Mp), and Thres2 is a second threshold parameter (in the same units as Mn).

[0164] Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an example of the occurrence of an existing event B2. In the example shown in Fig. 12, changes in received power (RSRP [dBm]) in an inter-RAT neighboring cell and an SpCell are shown.

[0165] In the example shown in FIG. 12, when the input condition for event B2 is satisfied, beam reporting is performed at a specific period (e.g., reporting interval) after a specific period (e.g., timeToTrigger (TTT)) has elapsed.

[0166] Also, in the example shown in FIG. 12, when the exit condition for event B2 is met, an exit is reported (if set).

[0167] <Applicable Cases> Event-based beam reporting may be applied, for example, in at least one of the following Case 1 or Case 2: - Case 1: L1-RSRP / SINR beam reporting including serving cell PCI / additional PCI (e.g., L1-RSRP / SINR beam reporting including serving cell / additional PCI cells for Rel. 18 L1 / L2 mobility with L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility / intra-cell multi-TRP (M-TRP inter-cell) / cell switching). - Case 2: L1-RSRP / SINR beam reporting including only serving cell PCI.

[0168] When a specific event occurs (which in the present disclosure may be interpreted as a specific condition being met / not being met), the UE may report measurement results (e.g., L1-RSRP / L1-SINR) to the NW (e.g., base station).

[0169] The particular event may be, for example, at least one of an event relating to the serving cell and / or the additional cell, and an event relating to a beam report including at least one of the PCI of the serving cell and / or the PCI of the additional cell.

[0170] <<Events for Case 1>> A description will be given of an example of an event for the above-mentioned Case 1. The event may mean, for example, an event related to a serving cell and an additional cell, or an event related to a beam report including the PCI of the serving cell and the PCI of the additional cell.

[0171] <<<Option 1>>> A beam report (e.g., aperiodic CSI report) may be triggered by reusing one or more existing events of Radio Resource Management (RRM) (e.g., at least one of the following events A2 to A6 and I1). That is, when at least one of the following events A2 to A6 and I1 occurs (when the condition of the event is satisfied), both the RRM report and the CSI report may be triggered, and the UE may transmit both the RRM report and the CSI report.

[0172] In addition, in the present disclosure, the RRM report may be read interchangeably with the L3 measurement report.

[0173] The UE determines whether an event (e.g., at least one of the following events A2 to A6 and I1) has occurred. If the UE determines that an event has occurred, it transmits an aperiodic CSI report (and an RRM report). If not, it terminates the process related to the event-based beam report. This process may be repeated at predetermined intervals.

[0174] In the present disclosure, triggering an aperiodic CSI report and a UE transmitting an aperiodic CSI report may be interchangeable. A CSI report, an L1 beam report, and a beam report may be interchangeable.

[0175] In the following events A2 to A6, the measurement result may be at least one of RSRP (L1-RSRP / L3-RSRP), RSRQ, and SINR (RS-SINR). In the conditions of the following events A2 to A6, "bad" may mean "low" and "good" may mean "high". In the conditions of the following events A2 to A6, SpCell means a special cell and may mean at least one of a Primary Cell (PCell) and a Primary Secondary Cell (PSCell). In the following events A2 to A6 and I1, a parameter corresponding to hysteresis may be added / subtracted from the measurement result. Each threshold may be the same or different. A neighboring cell may be a non-serving cell.

[0176] Event A2: The measurement result of the serving cell is worse than the threshold. Event A3: The measurement result of the neighboring cell (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than the measurement result of the SpCell (the measurement result plus an offset). Event A4: The measurement result of the neighboring cell (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than the threshold. Event A5: The measurement result of the SpCell is worse than the first threshold, and the measurement result of the neighboring cell (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than the second threshold. Event A6: The measurement result of the neighboring cell (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than the measurement result of the serving cell (Secondary Cell (SCell)) (the measurement result plus an offset). Event I1: The interference measurement result is higher than the threshold.

[0177] Option 1 simplifies configuration because the trigger for RRM reporting can be reused as the trigger for beam reporting.

[0178] <<<Option 2>>> One or more new events (separate from the events for RRM reporting) may be defined to trigger aperiodic L1 beam reporting (CSI reporting). The events may be similar to the above-mentioned events A2 to A6 and I1 that also apply to triggering RRM reporting, but may differ from any of the events A2 to A6 and I1 (triggering RRM reporting) in at least one of the following options 2-1 to 2-4.

[0179] <<<<Option 2-1>>>> The thresholds may be different, i.e., events A2 to A6 and I1 may be used for L1 beam reporting (CSI reporting) using thresholds different from those for RRM reporting.

[0180] <<<<<Option 2-2>>>> An event may be triggered based on the measurement result of the reference signal received power at Layer 1 (L1-RSRP). That is, the comparison may be based on L1-RSRP instead of L3-RSRP. Alternatively, a new filtered L1-RSRP may be applied, whose timescale (period of update / measurement) is between L1-RSRP and L3-RSRP (or the same as L1-RSRP or L3-RSRP). Alternatively, other metrics, such as L1-SINR, L3-RSRQ, etc. may be applied. For example, the following Event A2' may be applied as a new event: Event A2': The L1-RSRP measurement result of the serving cell is worse than a threshold.

[0181] <<<<<Option 2-3>>>> This may be based on a comparison of measurements at a single beam level, at multiple beam levels (combining independent measurements of multiple beams into a single value), or at a cell level. For example, the following Event A4' or Event A4'' may apply: Event A4': Measurement result of one beam from a neighboring cell is better than a threshold. Event A4'': A statistic (e.g. average, sum, etc.) of measurement results of multiple beams (e.g. best X beams) is better than a threshold. X may be fixed or configurable, e.g. by higher layer signaling.

[0182] <<<<<Option 2-4>>>> The number of beams that satisfy a condition (e.g., any of events A2 to A6 and I1) may be considered. For example, if X beams satisfy event A4' (if the measurement results of X beams from neighbor cells are better than a threshold), the UE may report CSI.

[0183] Note that examples combining at least two of the above 2-1 to 2-4 may also be applied. For example, A4''' can be considered as an event combining 2-2 and 2-3. Also, A4'''' can be considered as an event combining 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4: Event A4''': The L1-RSRP measurement result of one beam from an adjacent cell is better than the threshold. Event A4''': The L1-RSRP of each of X beams from adjacent cells is better than the threshold.

[0184] According to option 2, CSI reporting can be performed at a higher speed than when using existing RRM reporting events using RRC.

[0185] <<<Option 3>>> Any combination of two or more events from Option 1 and Option 2 above may be used to trigger aperiodic L1 beam reporting (CSI reporting).

[0186] An existing event for RRM reporting may be combined with one or more events of option B. For example, a CSI report may be triggered if both event A4 and new event A4''' occur.

[0187] Two or more events in option 2 may be combined. For example, a CSI report may be triggered if both event A2′ and new event A4′″ are met.

[0188] <<Event for Case 2>> A description will be given of an example of an event for the above-mentioned Case 2. The event may mean, for example, an event related to only the serving cell, or an event related to a beam report including only the PCI of the serving cell.

[0189] One or more new events (separate from the events for RRM reporting) may be defined to trigger aperiodic L1 beam reporting (CSI reporting). The event may be at least one of the following events B2 to B6 and K1: Event B2: The measurement result of the current beam is worse than a threshold. Event B3: The measurement result of another beam (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than the measurement result of the current beam (the measurement result plus an offset). Event B4: The measurement result of another beam (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than a threshold. Event B5: The measurement result of the current beam is worse than a first threshold, and the measurement result of another beam (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than a second threshold. Event B6: The measurement result of the current beam (the measurement result plus an offset) is worse than a threshold, and the measurement result of another beam (the measurement result plus an offset) is better than the measurement result of the current beam (the measurement result plus an offset). Event K1: The interference measurement is higher than the threshold.

[0190] Note that the names / codes of events in this disclosure (e.g., A2-A6, B2-B6, I1, K1, etc.) are merely examples and are not limited to these. For example, the name of an event for Case 2 may be the same as the name of the event (numbered) corresponding to Case 1.

[0191] For at least one of the events (events related to Case 1 / Case 2) in the present disclosure, a duration / counter during which the event (condition) is satisfied may be specified. The UE / NW may determine that the condition of each event is satisfied when at least one of the conditions of each of the above events satisfies a condition related to a specific duration / counter. For example, the UE may determine that the condition of the above event B3 is satisfied when the measurement result of another beam is better than the measurement result of the current beam in a 100 ms time window. Furthermore, for example, the UE may determine that the condition of the above event B3 is satisfied when the measurement result of another beam is better than the measurement result of the current beam 10 times per multiple samples.

[0192] In the present disclosure, the "current beam" may refer to, for example, an SSB / CSI-RS that is QCL-related (QCLed) with the PDCCH.

[0193] The PDCCH may be, for example, a PDCCH corresponding to a CORESET determined by a specific rule / higher layer parameter setting, for example, a CORESET of a specific (e.g., lowest / highest) CORESET ID.

[0194] The CSI-RS may be, for example, a periodic / semi-persistent / aperiodic CSI-RS, and the SSB / CSI-RS may be, for example, limited to a periodic CSI-RS / SSB.

[0195] In the present disclosure, the "current beam" may be, for example, an indicated TCI state (joint / DL / UL TCI state) in the current unified TCI state. Also, the "current beam" may be, for example, a QCL source RS (QCL type D / A) related to the current indicated TCI state.

[0196] Also, in the present disclosure, a "current beam" may be, for example, a beam / resource index (e.g., CRI / SSBRI) reported in a particular (e.g., recent / latest) L1-RSRP / L1-SINR.

[0197] In the present disclosure, "other beams" may be, for example, beams / SSB / CSI-RS / TCI states other than the "current beam."

[0198] A set of multiple beams (candidate beam set) may be configured for the UE, and the UE may select / decide on an "other beam" from the set.

[0199] In this disclosure, "worse / better" may mean, for example, lower / higher measurement results (e.g., RSRP / SINR / RSRQ).

[0200] The threshold may be predefined in the specification, configured / indicated / signaled using higher layer signaling (RRC / MAC CE) / DCI, reported by UE capabilities, or a combination thereof. For example, the threshold may reuse an existing threshold (e.g., a threshold used in RRM / Case 1).

[0201] The offset with respect to the threshold may be predefined in the specification, configured / indicated / signaled using higher layer signaling (RRC / MAC CE) / DCI, reported by UE capabilities, or a combination thereof.

[0202] In addition, in the present disclosure, UE-initiated beam reporting, event-triggered beam reporting, event-based beam reporting, and event-based beam reporting may be read interchangeably.

[0203] In the present disclosure, the reported beam, the reporting beam, and the UE reporting beam may be read interchangeably.

[0204] (Cell Switch Command (MAC CE) in Rel. 18) The cell switch command sent by the MAC CE may include at least the following information: Information to identify the target cell, Information about the Timing Advance (TA), One joint TCI state index for the target cell or a set of DL / UL TCI state indices for the target cell, Active DL / UL BWPs of the target cell.

[0205] Regarding the presence of beam indication in the cell switch command, the following may be supported for at least some scenarios: There is always a field in the cell switch command indicating one joint TCI state index for the target cell or a set of DL / UL TCI state indices for the target cell. UE behavior with respect to the beam indication field for RACH-based handover scenarios after a cell switch command.

[0206] (Triggering Conditions (Events) for Event-Based Beam Reporting for Rel. 19) An event-triggered [L1] beam report may be triggered when certain conditions (events) are met. For example, the UE may apply different / same conditions / events to trigger the following beam reports:

[0207] UE Feature #1: Event-triggered [L1] beam reporting for MIMO in Rel. 19. UE Feature #2: Event-triggered [L1] beam reporting for mobility in Rel. 19.

[0208] Different UE capabilities may be introduced / defined between UE features #1 and #2. Also, different upper layer parameters may be set to enable each UE feature. UE features and UE capabilities may be interchangeable.

[0209] The UE does not expect UE features #1 and #2 to be configured simultaneously in a given BWP / CC / band / frequency band / frequency (or for each UE).

[0210] Alternatively, the UE may be configured with UE features #1 and #2 simultaneously in a certain BWP / CC / band / frequency band / frequency band (or for each UE). For example, if configured, the UE may predefine which event (which UE feature) to prioritize, and this may be configured / instructed by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0211] The present disclosure may be applied in the unified TCI framework (of Rel. 15 / 16 / 17 / 18).

[0212] The present disclosure may apply only if the corresponding UE capabilities are reported, or alternatively, the present disclosure may apply only if the corresponding higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC) are signaled / reported.

[0213] <Beam Reporting for MIMO> Regarding event-triggered beam reporting for MIMO in Rel. 19, the following may apply.

[0214] MAC CE in PUSCH. UCI in periodic / semi-persistent PUCCH, UCI in dynamic grant (DG) / configuration grant (CG) PUSCH. Relationship between the MAC CE-based method and the UCI-based method described above. For example, two independent methods may be configurable. Alternatively, a UCI-based method may be applicable in addition to a MAC CE-based method (a combination of the two methods (2-step method) may be applied).

[0215] The report content may be basically the same as the existing L1 beam measurement report, and may include, for example, at least one of the following: - SSBRI / CRI. - Number of beams to be reported X. - Selection method for the X beams. - L1-RSRP / SINR (absolute value / differential value) for each SSBRI / CRI. - If MAC CE is used, an indicator showing whether the following octets are included: - If MAC CE is used or UCI is used, serving cell ID, BWP ID (if the report requests activation of TCI state or beam switching).

[0216] <Beam Reporting for Mobility> Regarding event-triggered beam reporting for mobility in Rel. 19, it is necessary to clarify whether event-triggered beam reporting is utilized for reporting cell switches. For example, the following may apply:

[0217] MAC CE in semi-persistent / aperiodic PUSCH. UCI in periodic / semi-persistent PUCCH, UCI in semi-persistent / aperiodic PUSCH.

[0218] The report content may include, for example, at least one of the following: If the measurement report is used for cell switch reporting, in addition to the MIMO-related information: An indicator indicating whether a cell switch has occurred or TA-related information; Otherwise (if the measurement report is not used for cell switch reporting), The same content as the MIMO-related information (which may only differ in whether it is intra-cell / inter-cell).

[0219] The supported events may be similar to Conditional Hand-Over (CHO).

[0220] For example, since candidate cells are set based on L3 measurement reports, L1-RSRP / SINR may be used as the threshold.

[0221] If reporting is used for cell switch commands, specific domain filters (eg time / frequency / space) may be considered / applied to prevent frequent switches.

[0222] It may also be specified whether flexibility in triggering time (eg, 5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms) is required.

[0223] <Definition of Wording for Specific Events> In the existing events described above, the definitions of serving (cell) and neighbor (cell) may be rephrased / updated as follows in event-triggered beam reporting for Rel. 19:

[0224] For example, the serving cell, SpCell, and PCell in existing L3 events may be interchangeably referred to as the current beam (e.g., the RS ID associated with the indicated [joint / DL] TCI state) in event-triggered beam reporting for Rel. 19 MIMO.

[0225] Furthermore, the serving [cell], SpCell, and PCell in existing L3 events may be interchangeably read as the current beam (e.g., RS ID associated with the indicated [joint / DL] TCI state) or the beam of the serving cell (e.g., RS ID associated with the TCI state for the PCI of the serving cell) in event-triggered beam reporting for Rel. 19 mobility.

[0226] Neighbors in existing L3 events may be interchanged with other beams (e.g., RS IDs not associated with the indicated [joint / DL] TCI state but associated with RS IDs for L1 beam measurements) in event-triggered beam reporting for Rel. 19 MIMO (which may be mobility).

[0227] Additionally, the neighbor [cell] in the existing L3 event may be interchangeably read as the beam of a non-serving cell / target cell / candidate cell (e.g., RS ID associated with the TCI state for the PCI of the target cell / candidate cell) in event-triggered beam reporting for Rel. 19 mobility.

[0228] The measurement value for each reference signal (RS) may be RSRP / SINR, L3-RSRP / SINR, L1-RSRP / SINR, or an average of multiple L1-RSRP / SINRs.

[0229] For example, L1-RSRP / SINR may change dynamically, so by averaging multiple (X) L1-RSRP / SINR values ​​(e.g., X=5), control hunting (frequent switching of trigger states) in beam reporting triggering can be avoided.

[0230] (Event Prediction Using AI / ML Model) In future wireless communication systems, introduction of event prediction related to Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements using AI / ML models is being considered.

[0231] In this event prediction, the introduction of at least one of the following approaches 1 and 2 is being considered.

[0232] <Approach 1> The AI / ML model may predict the measurement results of the RRM (may output predicted values ​​of the measurement results), and then, based on the prediction, the AI / ML model may further predict the occurrence of measurement events.

[0233] Fig. 13 is a diagram showing an example of event prediction according to Approach 1. In the example shown in Fig. 13, measurement results at specific times (e.g., times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Fig. 13) are predicted using an AI / ML model from measurement results at certain times (e.g., times T-2, T-1, and T in Fig. 13). The AI / ML model predicts the occurrence (input condition) of an event (event A3 in Fig. 13) based on the predicted measurement results.

[0234] <Approach 2> The AI / ML model may directly predict the occurrence of measurement events based on the RRM measurement results.

[0235] For example, the AI / ML model may output a parameter related to the confidence / probability of the prediction.

[0236] For example, an output port [of an AI / ML model] may output a value (soft value) between 0 and 1 indicating the probability of occurrence of each event.

[0237] Also, for example, a certain threshold may be used to determine whether an event is predicted.

[0238] Fig. 14 is a diagram showing an example of event prediction according to Approach 2. In the example shown in Fig. 14, the occurrence (probability) of an event at a specific time (for example, times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Fig. 14) is predicted using an AI / ML model (output ports A1 to A6) from measurement results at a certain time (for example, times T-2, T-1, and T in Fig. 14) (event A3 at T+3 is predicted in Fig. 14).

[0239] (Measurement and Reporting) In NR, the NW may configure the UE for measurement and reporting. For example, the NW may configure the UE for measurement, including at least one of the following, by higher layer signaling, to perform measurement and reporting: Measurement object (e.g., measObject) Reporting configuration (e.g., reportConfig) Measurement identifier (e.g., measId) Measurement quantity (e.g., quantityConfig) Measurement gap (e.g., measGapConfig)

[0240] A measurement object indicates, for example, what the UE will measure on, and may include, for example, the type of measurement (intra-frequency, inter-frequency, inter-RAT) and details of the measurement object (e.g., frequency / time location, cell-specific offset, list of blacklisted cells, list of whitelisted cells, etc.).

[0241] The reporting configuration indicates, for example, how the UE reports measurements. The reporting configuration may include, for example, trigger criteria, RS type used for measurements, reporting format, etc.

[0242] A measurement identifier (ID) links, for example, a measurement object to a reporting configuration. Multiple measurement identifiers (IDs) may be linked to one reporting configuration.

[0243] The measurement quantity indicates, for example, the filtering applied to the measurements. The measurement gap indicates, for example, the period available for the UE to perform several measurements (inter-frequency or intra-frequency with different BWP).

[0244] FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an example of measurement configuration. In FIG. 15, an RRC information element MeasConfig is shown as an example of measurement configuration. MeasConfig may be configured, for example, by higher layer signaling. The following information elements may be associated in MeasConfig. Measurement object: MeasConfig may include measObjectToAddModList. In measObjectToAddModList, measObjectToAddMods that associate measurement object IDs (e.g., measObjectId) with measurement objects (e.g., measObject) are listed. The measurement object ID is, for example, an ID for managing / identifying the measurement object. Reporting configuration: MeasConfig may include reportConfigToAddModList. In reportConfigToAddModList, ReportConfigToAddMods that associate reporting configuration IDs (e.g., reportConfigId) with reporting configurations (e.g., reportConfig) are listed. The reporting configuration ID is, for example, an ID for managing / identifying the reporting configuration. Measurement identifier: MeasConfig may include measIdToAddModList. In measIdToAddModList, MeasIdToAddMod is listed, which associates a measurement identifier (e.g., measId), a measurement object ID (e.g., measObjectId), and a reporting configuration ID (e.g., reportConfigId). The measurement identifier (e.g., measId) is used, for example, to identify the configuration of the measurement (i.e., the link between the measurement object and the reporting configuration). The measurement identifier may be managed as a set with the measurement object ID and the reporting configuration ID. Measurement quantity: MeasConfig may include quantityConfig. The quantityConfig specifies, for example, the measurement quantity and filtering coefficient of the measurement between NR and RAT. Measurement gap: MeasConfig may include measGapConfig. The measGapConfig indicates, for example, the configuration of the measurement gap.

[0245] 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of an NR measurement configuration. As shown in FIG. 16, a measurement identifier (e.g., measId) links, for example, a measurement object ID (e.g., measObjectId) to a reporting configuration ID (e.g., reportConfigId), thereby linking a measurement object (e.g., measObject) to a reporting configuration (e.g., reportConfig).

[0246] The reportConfig may include or include links to the Report type, Report quantity, Report criteria, Report amount / Report interval.

[0247] The measurement object (measObject) may include or contain links to, for example, the target cell frequency, the target reference signal (Target RS), the time / frequency location, the measurement quantity, the measurement gap, the blacklist / whitelist of cells.

[0248] For example, as described above, related information elements can be linked by measurement configuration. Figures 17A and 17B are diagrams illustrating examples of linking information elements by NR measurement configuration. In Figure 17A, measurement identifiers: Meas. ID 1 and Meas. ID 2, measurement object: Meas. Object 1, and report configurations: Report Config 1 and Report Config 2 are linked.

[0249] 17B, ​​a measurement identifier (Meas. ID 3), a measurement object (Meas. Object 2), and a report configuration (Report Config 3) are linked together. Furthermore, the measurement object (Meas. Object 2) is linked to, for example, a measurement gap ID (Meas. Gap ID) and a quantity configuration index (Quantity Config Index).

[0250] The correspondence between the measurement identifier, measurement object ID, and reporting setting ID may be one-to-one-to-one, as shown in FIG. 17B, or may include a one-to-many relationship, as shown in FIG. 17A.

[0251] For example, multiple measurement identifiers may be associated with one measurement object as shown in Figure 17A. Also, for example, multiple reporting settings may be associated with one measurement object.

[0252] In another example, multiple measurement objects may be associated with one measurement identifier, and multiple measurement objects may be associated with one reporting configuration ID.

[0253] As described above, a measurement configuration for performing measurements and reporting can be set for the UE. The UE may perform measurements and reporting by referring to the measurement configuration.

[0254] (Prediction of communication failure using AI / ML model) In future wireless communication systems, introduction of prediction of communication failure using AI / ML model is being considered. Note that the communication failure may include, for example, at least one of Handover Failure (HoF) and Radio Link Failure (RLF), and these failures may be interpreted as interchangeable. For example, the UE may predict communication failure such as at least one of Handover Failure (HoF) and Radio Link Failure (RLF) using the AI / ML model.

[0255] Here, RLF may be a communication failure indicating that the connection / radio link (e.g., RRC connection) between the UE and the base station has been lost. In predicting RLF, the UE may predict events based on at least one of the following: (1) receiving a predetermined number of consecutive out of sync indications from the physical layer, (2) beam failure recovery failure, (3) an indication from the MAC layer about a random access problem, (4) reaching a maximum number of retransmissions, or (5) a Listen Before Talk (LBT) failure.

[0256] Also, HoF may be a communication failure indicating a failure in reconfiguration with sync of a connection / radio link (e.g., RRC connection) between a UE and a base station, and may also be called Reconfiguration with sync Failure. In predicting HoF, the UE may predict, for example, a predetermined event during handover (HO).

[0257] When the above-described communication failure is predicted, the UE may execute a procedure for re-establishing a connection / radio link with the base station (e.g., an L3 recovery procedure). Note that the communication failure is not limited to the above-described RLF / HoF, but may include an L1 failure such as a beam failure, and when an L1 failure is predicted, the UE may execute an L1 failure recovery procedure (e.g., a beam failure recovery).

[0258] The UE may input RRM measurement results into an AI / ML model and predict a communication failure event as its output. The measurement results input to the AI / ML model include, but are not limited to, at least one of received power information (e.g., RSRP, L1 / L3-RSRP), received quality information (e.g., RSRQ, L1 / L3-RSRQ), channel state information (e.g., CSI), connected cell, beam, timing advance (TA), and frequency information. The AI / ML model may be a UE-side AI / ML model or may be pre-trained based on an F dataset of previously collected measurement results and communication failure events corresponding to the measurement results. The AI / ML model implemented in the UE does not have to be the AI / ML model trained based on the dataset itself, but may be a distilled version.

[0259] For example, in predicting a communication outage, the UE may predict a communication outage event based on RRM measurement results (predicted measurement results) predicted by another AI / ML model.

[0260] Fig. 18 is a diagram showing an example of communication failure prediction. In the example shown in Fig. 18, measurement results at certain times (e.g., times T-2, T-1, and T in Fig. 18) can be predicted using another AI / ML model from measurement results at certain times (e.g., times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Fig. 18). The AI / ML model may predict the occurrence of a communication failure event (e.g., the occurrence of HoF / RLF) based on the predicted measurement results.

[0261] In one example, the AI / ML model may output a parameter related to the confidence / probability of the prediction. For example, the output port may output a value (soft value) between 0 and 1 indicating the probability of occurrence of each event. Also, for example, a certain threshold may be used to determine whether an event is predicted.

[0262] It should be noted that the prediction of communication failure using predicted measurement results is not limited to the AI / ML model, and the UE may perform the prediction using an existing prediction method.

[0263] In another example, the AI / ML model may predict a communication failure event (occurrence of a communication failure) directly from measurement results. For example, in FIG. 18, the AI / ML model may output a confidence / probability regarding the prediction of a communication failure directly from measurement results at a certain time (e.g., times T-2, T-1, and T in FIG. 18).

[0264] Furthermore, the prediction of a communication failure may predict, for example, the occurrence of a communication failure event at a specific time or the occurrence of a communication failure event within a specific time range.

[0265] (Analysis) As mentioned above, future wireless communication systems are being considered to introduce measurement event prediction using AI / ML models.

[0266] The AI / ML model may be a UE-side AI / ML model.

[0267] In this case, the UE may predict measurement events based on measurement results and report on the predicted events.

[0268] Additionally, existing mobility events (e.g., events A1 to A6) triggered by RRM measurements may be defined, and the conditions for these events (including entry / exit conditions) may be defined based on measurements and corresponding timers.

[0269] The AI / ML model may also be used to predict communication failures. Communication failures may include, for example, handover failures (HoF) and radio link failures (RLF), and these failures may be interpreted as interchangeable. The UE may predict communication failures such as handover failures (HoF) and radio link failures (RLF) using the AI / ML model.

[0270] However, there has been insufficient research into the prediction of communication failures using AI / ML models.

[0271] Furthermore, there has been insufficient consideration as to how to utilize the prediction when a UE predicts a communication failure.

[0272] For example, the AI / ML model allows the UE to predict the occurrence of communication failure (e.g., HoF / RLF) when there is no HO / cell switch within a period or when there is HO / switch in some cells, and it is conceivable that such predictions could be used to support mobility, but specific methods for this have not been sufficiently studied.

[0273] Furthermore, it is unclear how to utilize the prediction of communication failures to improve mobility performance.Detailed procedures and information exchanges between the UE and the NW are also unclear.

[0274] If such considerations are not sufficient, it may not be possible to properly predict / utilize communication failure events, which may result in, for example, suppressing improvements in communication throughput / communication quality, or causing communication delays due to the execution of recovery procedures for predicted communication failures, and may result in the inability to provide appropriate control when introducing communication failure predictions.

[0275] Therefore, the present inventors came up with a method for solving the above problem.

[0276] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0277] (Various Reinterpretations) In the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the word in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding (ignoring) the word in the meaning of the entire sentence. Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than those mentioned above.

[0278] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0279] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0280] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0281] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0282] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0283] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0284] In the present disclosure, the terms drop, abort, cancel, puncture, rate match, postpone, do not transmit, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0285] In the present disclosure, the terms index, identifier (ID), indicator, resource ID, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0286] In the present disclosure, the terms panel, UE panel, panel group, beam, beam group, precoder, Uplink (UL) transmitting entity, Transmission / Reception Point (TRP), base station, Spatial Relation Information (SRI), spatial relation, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), Control Resource Set (CORESET), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), Reference Signal (RS), antenna port (e.g., Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port), antenna port group (e.g., DMRS port group), group (e.g., spatial relation group, Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, reference signal group, CORESET group, Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) group, PUCCH resource group), resource (e.g., reference signal resource, SRS resource), resource set (e.g., reference signal resource set), CORESET pool, downlink Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state) (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, Quasi-Co-Location (QCL), QCL assumption, etc. may be read as interchangeable.

[0287] In the present disclosure, functionality, model, module, entity, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0288] In the present disclosure, communication failure, HoF, RLF, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0289] In the present disclosure, a measurement result report, a measurement report (MR), a CSI report, and an L1-RSRP report may be read as interchangeable.

[0290] (Wireless Communication Method) The UE may, for example, predict a communication failure using functionality for predicting communication failure.

[0291] For example, the UE may predict a communication failure using an AI / ML model in a function for predicting a communication failure. The AI / ML model may predict a communication failure based on, for example, an RRM measurement result. The AI / ML model may also predict a communication failure based on an RRM measurement result (predicted measurement result) predicted by another AI / ML model.

[0292] Furthermore, for example, the UE may predict communication failures using other existing prediction methods based on RRM measurement results or based on RRM measurement results (predicted measurement results) predicted by another AI / ML model.

[0293] The UE may receive a configuration / instruction to activate / deactivate the function of predicting communication outages.

[0294] For example, the function of predicting communication failure may be activated / deactivated by configuration via higher layer signaling.

[0295] In addition, the function of predicting communication failure may be activated / deactivated by instructions from MAC CE / DCI.

[0296] In addition, the function of predicting communication failure may be activated / deactivated by a combination of higher layer signaling and MAC CE / DCI.

[0297] Note that activation / deactivation of the function for predicting communication failure may be configured / instructed separately from the function for predicting RRM measurement results. For example, the function for predicting communication failure may be configured by an RRC information element different from that of the function for predicting RRM measurement results.

[0298] Also, for example, the function for predicting communication failure may be indicated by a MAC CE / DCI different from that of the function for predicting RRM measurement results or by a different field / bit in the MAC CE / DCI. Also, activation / deactivation of the function for predicting communication failure may be configured / instructed in an integrated manner with the function for predicting RRM measurement results.

[0299] As described above, the UE can activate / deactivate the function of predicting communication failure.

[0300] For example, when the function for predicting communication failure is activated, the UE may perform / start predicting communication failure.

[0301] Furthermore, for example, when the function of predicting a communication failure is activated, the UE may execute / start predicting a communication failure when a specific condition is satisfied, and may report the prediction result of the communication failure to the NW.

[0302] In addition, activating the function for predicting communication failure may indicate starting to use / report the prediction result of communication failure. For example, the UE may perform prediction of communication failure based on specifications / settings / instructions, and may start to use / report the prediction result when the function for predicting communication failure is activated.

[0303] First Embodiment The first embodiment relates to reporting a prediction result of a communication failure. A UE may report a prediction result of a communication failure based on specifications / settings / instructions.

[0304] For example, the UE may report the predicted result of communication failure according to the provisions of the specification, or may report the predicted result of communication failure according to the configuration / instruction by RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI.

[0305] The UE may report the predicted communication failure result together with a measurement result report, which may be, for example, at least one of a Measurement Report (MR), a CSI report, and an L1-RSRP report.

[0306] For example, the UE may report the predicted result of communication failure as the content of a measurement report or a CSI report. Note that the measurement report or the CSI report may include an L1-RSRP report.

[0307] The UE may also report the predicted communication failure result as the content of an L1-RSRP report, which may be performed, for example, in the case of L1L2-triggered mobility (LTM).

[0308] In addition, the reporting of the predicted communication failure result may be performed when the occurrence of a communication failure is predicted as a result of the prediction, for example. Furthermore, the prediction of a communication failure may be performed using the measurement result to be reported, for example.

[0309] <<Report Contents of Prediction Result>> The prediction result may include at least one of the following: a predicted occurrence time of the communication failure (HoF / RLF), a prediction reliability / prediction probability, a corresponding cell ID, and a reason for the communication failure (HoF / RLF). Note that the UE may perform a prediction of the communication failure (HoF / RLF) for, for example, a serving cell / candidate cell.

[0310] The corresponding cell ID may be, for example, at least one of the following: ID of a serving cell / special cell (SpCell) in which an RLF is predicted to occur ID of a serving cell / SpCell in which an HoF is predicted ID of a candidate cell / target cell in which an RLF / HoF is predicted to occur

[0311] In the present disclosure, an SpCell may include at least one of a PCell and a PSCell.

[0312] Note that the case where an RLF occurrence is predicted in the serving cell / SpCell may correspond to, for example, the case of RLF before HO (for example, when HO is too late).

[0313] Furthermore, the case where the occurrence of HoF is predicted in the serving cell / SpCell may correspond to, for example, the case where HO is too late.

[0314] The cases where RLF / HoF occurrence is predicted in the candidate / target cell may correspond to, for example, a case where HO is performed too early and / or a case where HO is performed to a wrong target.

[0315] The reasons for communication failure (HoF / RLF) may include, for example, at least one of the following: - Too late (HO in serving / SpCell / candidate / target cell), - Wrong (HO in serving / SpCell / candidate / target cell), - Too early (HO in serving / SpCell / candidate / target cell), - RLF in serving / SpCell / candidate / target cell, - HO command fail (in target / candidate cells), - Random Access (RA) fail (in target / candidate cells), - RLF (in target / candidate cells), - HO complete failure (in target / candidate cells).

[0316] In one example, "Too late" may indicate that the timing of handover is too late. In one example, "Wrong" may indicate that HO is being performed to the wrong target. In one example, "Too early" may indicate that the timing of handover is too early. In one example, the reason for the communication failure (HoF / RLF) may be included in the report of the prediction result, if it can be determined.

[0317] 19 is a diagram illustrating a report of a prediction result of a communication failure according to the first embodiment. In the example of FIG. 19, a network (e.g., a base station) transmits a setting / instruction to a UE to activate a function for predicting a communication failure. When the function for predicting a communication failure is activated, the UE performs a prediction of a communication failure. The UE transmits the prediction result of the communication failure together with a report of the measurement result. The prediction result of the communication failure may include at least one piece of information related to, for example, a predicted occurrence time, reliability / probability, a corresponding cell ID, and a reason.

[0318] As described above, according to the first embodiment, the UE can report the predicted result of the communication failure. Therefore, the NW can control communication with the UE based on the reported predicted result of the communication failure, thereby improving the communication throughput / communication quality. For example, the NW (e.g., a base station) may control the handover of the UE based on the reported predicted result of the communication failure.

[0319] Furthermore, for example, by reporting detailed information of the prediction to the NW as the report content of the prediction result, the NW can execute more appropriate control for the predicted communication failure. For example, by receiving a report of a cell ID corresponding to a cell in which the occurrence of a communication failure is predicted, the NW can deal with the communication failure appropriately according to the cell in which the communication failure is predicted.

[0320] Furthermore, for example, by receiving a report of the reason for the communication failure, the NW can deal with the communication failure appropriately depending on the reason. For example, even if a communication failure is predicted for the same cell, the NW can take different measures when the reasons for the communication failure are different.

[0321] Therefore, according to the first embodiment, it is possible to perform control that is suitable for the case where prediction of communication failure is introduced.

[0322] In the above example, the measurement result report includes the prediction result of a communication failure, but the embodiment is not limited to this. For example, the UE may report the prediction result of a communication failure separately from the measurement result report. Furthermore, for example, the UE may report the prediction result of a communication failure at a timing different from the timing at which the measurement result is reported. For example, the report of the prediction result of a communication failure may be executed when the occurrence of a communication failure is predicted. For example, even in this case, the prediction result of a communication failure may include at least one of the predicted occurrence time of the communication failure (HoF / RLF), the prediction reliability / prediction probability, the corresponding cell ID, and the reason for the communication failure (HoF / RLF).

[0323] Second Embodiment The second embodiment relates to the use of the results of the prediction of a communication failure.

[0324] The UE may use, for example, the predicted results of communication failure as a condition for making the decision.

[0325] The UE may also use, for example, the predicted results of communication failure for filtering purposes.

[0326] For example, the UE may control the reporting operation of the measurement results obtained by measuring the reference signal based on the prediction of communication failure.

[0327] <2-1: Use of predicted results of communication failure in filtering> The UE may filter measurement result reports (for example, measurement reports or CSI reports) based on the predicted results of communication failure.

[0328] The UE may filter measurement result reports (e.g., measurement reports or CSI reports) using defined / configured / instructed filters and / or filtering parameters.

[0329] Note that the filter may be defined in a specification, for example, or may be set / indicated by RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI, for example.

[0330] For example, the UE may filter reporting of measurement results for cells / beams where communication failure is predicted to occur.

[0331] The UE may also be specified / configured / instructed not to report measurement results for cells / beams where communication failure is predicted to occur.

[0332] For example, the specification may stipulate that the UE should not report measurement results of cells / beams where communication failure is predicted. Also, the UE may be configured / instructed by RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI to not report measurement results of cells / beams where communication failure is predicted.

[0333] Also, for example, filtering may be performed on measurement objects, for example, the UE may filter (not report) measurement objects associated with cells / beams where communication failure is predicted to occur.

[0334] The prediction of communication failure may be performed based on, for example, a specified / configured / indicated threshold for the confidence / probability output from the AI / ML model, which may be set by, for example, RRC signaling / MAC CE, indicated by MAC CE / DCI, or a combination thereof.

[0335] For example, a higher confidence / probability may indicate a more likely prediction, in which case the UE may predict that a communication failure will occur if the confidence / probability is higher than a threshold.

[0336] In addition, when the AI / ML model outputs, for example, the reliability / probability for each of HoF and RLF as a communication failure, a threshold may be set for each of HoF and RLF individually or may be set commonly.

[0337] Fig. 20 is a diagram illustrating filtering based on a prediction result of a communication failure according to the second embodiment. For example, the UE performs RRM measurements on multiple cells to be measured and obtains the measurement results. In the example of Fig. 20, the UE performs measurements on the serving cell and candidate cells 1 to 3 and obtains measurement results a to d. The UE may also perform prediction of a communication failure on multiple cells to be measured.

[0338] In the example of Figure 20, the UE predicts communication failure in the serving cell and candidate cells 1 to 3, and as a result, a communication failure is predicted in candidate cell 2. Furthermore, a communication failure is not predicted in the serving cell, candidate cell 1, and candidate cell 3 (it is predicted that no communication failure will occur). In reporting the measurement results, the UE may filter (not report) the measurement result c of candidate cell 2, in which a communication failure is predicted to occur. Furthermore, the UE may include the predicted result of the communication failure predicted in candidate cell 2 in reporting the measurement results.

[0339] Figure 21 illustrates an exemplary L1-measurement reporting filtering. Figure 21 illustrates a cell switch procedure in LTM. The UE predicts RLF / HoF before step 4, e.g., using an AI / ML model. The UE may then perform L1-measurement reporting by filtering reports related to cells where RLF / HoF is predicted to occur.

[0340] In another example, if a communication failure is predicted to occur in a certain cell / beam, the UE may filter the reporting of measurement results for cells / beams where a communication failure is not predicted to occur.

[0341] As described above, by filtering the measurement results, it is possible to reduce the overhead of reporting the measurement results. As an example, when a communication failure is predicted to occur in a certain cell, it is possible to know from the predicted communication failure result that the cell is in a communication situation where a communication failure may occur. Therefore, by notifying the predicted result, it may be possible to omit the measurement results of the cell. For example, in such a case, it is possible to reduce the overhead of reporting the measurement results by filtering the measurement results.

[0342] Furthermore, for example, by filtering the measurement results of cells where communication failure is predicted to occur, it is possible to avoid HO to cells where communication failure is predicted to occur.

[0343] <2-2: Use of Communication Failure Prediction Results in Measurement Event Input Condition / Leave Condition> The UE may apply a condition related to the prediction of communication failure to the measurement event / mobility event input condition / leave condition.

[0344] For example, the UE may apply a filter based on the predicted communication failure result to the entry / exit conditions of the measurement event / mobility event, which may include, for example, at least one of the above-mentioned events (e.g., Event A2, Event A3, Event A5).

[0345] A filter based on the predicted result may be defined / set as part of the entry / exit conditions of an event, for example.

[0346] For example, entry / exit conditions for events including filters based on predicted results, and filters based on predicted results may be defined in the specification.

[0347] In addition, the entry conditions / exit conditions of an event including a filter based on the predicted result of a communication failure, and the filter based on the predicted result may be set by RRC signaling.

[0348] As an example, a case where a withdrawal condition based on the predicted result of a communication failure is added to the withdrawal conditions of an event will be described below.

[0349] <<Using the results of communication failure predictions in input conditions / leave conditions for specific events>> As described above, the occurrence of event A2 is determined based on the following input conditions and leave conditions: Input condition: Ms+Hys<Thres Leave condition: Ms-Hys>Thres

[0350] For example, a departure condition based on the predicted result of a communication failure (for example, the following departure condition 2) may be added to the departure condition of a specific event (for example, event A2). - Leave condition 2: If the AI / ML model that predicts a communication failure predicts the occurrence of a communication failure, the departure condition of the specific event (for example, event A2) is considered to be satisfied.

[0351] Furthermore, for the purpose of determining the above-mentioned condition 2 of leaving, or instead of determining the condition 2 of leaving, the following conditions may be added / defined.

[0352] For example, the UE may determine whether a communication failure is predicted based on the following input condition and release condition: Input condition: Fs=1 or Fs-HysFailure>ThresFailure Release condition: Fs=0 or Fs+HysFailure<ThresFailure

[0353] Here, Fs may be a prediction result of a communication failure of the serving cell (e.g., a value of 1 if a communication failure is predicted, and a value of 0 if a communication failure is not predicted). Alternatively, Fs may be a confidence / probability in predicting a communication failure of the serving cell. HysFailure is a hysteresis parameter of Fs. ThresFailure is a threshold value of Fs.

[0354] If the input condition is satisfied, the UE may determine that a communication failure is predicted to occur in the serving cell, and if the disengagement condition is satisfied, the UE may determine that a communication failure is not predicted to occur in the serving cell.

[0355] Then, if the input condition is satisfied, the UE may determine that the withdrawal condition for the above event A2 is satisfied.

[0356] Similarly, a departure condition based on the predicted result of a communication failure (e.g., the above-mentioned departure condition 2) may be added to the departure conditions of other events (e.g., event A3 and event A5). Also, a departure condition based on the predicted result of a communication failure (e.g., the above-mentioned departure condition 2) may be added to the departure conditions of other measurement events. In this case, the above-mentioned specific event (event A2) may be read as another event (e.g., event A3 / A5).

[0357] As described above, for example, when a communication failure is predicted, the number of reports can be reduced by leaving the measurement event.

[0358] Note that a determination based on the predicted result of a communication failure may be added to the input condition of the event. In one example, the input condition / withdrawal condition based on the predicted result of a communication failure may include a determination using the reliability / probability (e.g., Fs) of the prediction output from the AI / ML model.

[0359] In addition, although the above example describes an example of predicting the occurrence of a communication failure in a serving cell, the present invention may also be applied to predicting the occurrence of a communication failure in a candidate cell. For example, the occurrence of a communication failure in a candidate cell may be predicted by using, as Fs, a prediction result of the communication failure in the candidate cell (for example, a value of 1 when the occurrence of a communication failure is predicted, and a value of 0 when the occurrence of a communication failure is not predicted) or a reliability / probability in the prediction of the occurrence of a communication failure in the candidate cell.

[0360] 2-3: Triggering Measurement Report Based on Prediction of Communication Outage The UE may trigger a measurement report based on a prediction of communication outage. The measurement report includes, for example, an MR or a CSI report (L1-RSRP result).

[0361] For example, the UE may report measurement events (e.g., events P1, P2, ...) having entry and exit conditions based on a prediction of communication failure. The measurement events based on the prediction of communication failure may include, for example, events that trigger at least one of MR, CSI reporting, and L1-RSRP reporting.

[0362] The measurement event based on the prediction of a communication failure may be defined in a specification, for example, or may be configured / instructed by RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI, for example.

[0363] The input condition may be, for example, a positive prediction of a communication failure (eg, a communication failure is predicted to occur) or the prediction confidence / prediction probability being more significant than a first threshold.

[0364] The condition for leaving may also be, for example, a negative prediction of a communication failure (for example, it is predicted that a communication failure will not occur) or the prediction reliability / prediction probability being lower than a second threshold.

[0365] The first threshold value and the second threshold value may be defined in the specifications, for example.

[0366] The first and second thresholds may also be set / indicated by, for example, RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI.

[0367] The UE may be specified / configured / instructed to perform configured / instructed measurement result reporting (e.g., CSI reporting) when a positive prediction or prediction reliability / prediction probability of communication failure is more significant than a threshold (e.g., a first threshold).

[0368] It should be noted that the measurements to be reported (e.g. CSI reporting) and / or the execution of reporting may be configured / instructed by e.g. RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI.

[0369] In addition to the prediction of communication outages, a restriction on reporting to a specific cell may be set as a trigger for reporting. For example, the UE may trigger a measurement result report (e.g., an MR or CSI report) based on a prediction of communication outages for a specific cell (or multiple cells) that is configured / instructed.

[0370] For example, the specific cell may be at least one of a serving cell (e.g., a serving cell / SpCell) and a neighboring cell, and may be configured / indicated by, for example, RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI.

[0371] As described above, for example, it is possible to trigger a report of a measurement result based on the predicted result of a communication failure. Also, for example, it is possible to select / set a target for reporting based on the predicted result of a communication failure.

[0372] As described above, according to the second embodiment, it is possible to control the reporting operation of the measurement result based on the predicted result of the communication failure. For example, according to the second embodiment, it is possible to define a new event for reporting the measurement result based on the predicted communication failure. Furthermore, according to the second embodiment, it is possible to quickly trigger, for example, HO / cell switching by reporting the measurement result based on the predicted communication failure.

[0373] Therefore, according to the second embodiment, it is possible to realize control that is suitable for the case where prediction of communication failure is introduced.

[0374] The second embodiment may be combined with the first embodiment. Furthermore, aspects 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3 of the second embodiment may be implemented alone or in combination.

[0375] <Third Embodiment> The third embodiment relates to control of measurement result reporting based on multiple TTTs. For example, a UE may use prediction of communication failure in measurement result reporting to improve performance. However, there is a possibility that the prediction of communication failure may fail. Therefore, the UE may be controlled to trigger measurement result reporting even when the prediction fails. The following describes control of measurement result reporting based on multiple TTTs.

[0376] The UE may specify / configure / instruct multiple time-to-trigger (eg, timeToTrigger (TTT), e.g., TTT1, TTT2) periods for a measurement object / event.

[0377] Each TTT may be, for example, specified in a specification, configured / indicated by, for example, RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI, or determined based on UE capability reporting.

[0378] The UE may control reporting of measurement results using multiple TTTs. For example, controlling reporting of measurement results using multiple TTTs may include at least one of the following actions: - The UE starts timers for all configured TTTs when the entry condition of the configured measurement object / event is met. - The UE stops timers for all configured TTTs when the release condition of the configured measurement object / event is met. - The UE reports measurement results using a filter based on a prediction of communication failure when the timer for TTT1 expires. - The UE reports measurement results [without a filter based on a prediction of communication failure] when the timer for TTT2 expires. - The UE stops running multiple timers for multiple TTTs after any reporting. For example, the UE may stop running all timers configured for measurement objects / events.

[0379] As described above, for example, when the input condition of the measurement object / event is satisfied, the UE can execute the reporting of the measurement result using the filter based on the prediction of the communication failure by the expiration of the timer for TTT1. Also, for example, even when the prediction of the communication failure fails, the UE can trigger the reporting of the measurement result by the expiration of the timer for TTT2. Therefore, it can be guaranteed that the UE can trigger the reporting of the measurement result even when the prediction of the communication failure fails.

[0380] The filter based on the prediction of communication failure may be, for example, the filter described in the second embodiment, or another filter. For example, if a communication failure is predicted in a cell corresponding to a measurement object / event, the UE may filter the reporting of the measurement result of that cell.

[0381] 22 is a diagram illustrating triggers for reporting measurement results when prediction of a communication failure according to the third embodiment fails. When the entry condition of an event is satisfied, the event is entered (Entering) and all timers (e.g., the timer for TTT1 and the timer for TTT2) are started, as shown in FIG. 22 .

[0382] Here, suppose that a failure occurs in the prediction of a communication failure. In this case, a report using TTT1, which uses the predicted result of the communication failure in the report of the measurement result, may not be executed. For example, even in this case, a report using TTT2, which does not use the predicted result of the communication failure in the report of the measurement result, is triggered when the timer for TTT2 expires, so that the report of the measurement result can be executed.

[0383] As described above, according to the third embodiment, the UE can report the measurement results even if the prediction of a communication failure fails.

[0384] <<Variation 1>> The UE may be specified / configured / instructed to report multiple measurement results corresponding to the same / single measurement object / event, but with different parameters.

[0385] It should be noted that the reporting of multiple measurement results corresponding to the same / single measurement object / event may be defined, for example, in a specification. Furthermore, the reporting of multiple measurement results corresponding to the same / single measurement object / event may be configured / indicated, for example, by RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI. The reporting of multiple measurement results may have, for example, different parameters. For example, multiple reporting configurations may be associated with the same / single measurement object / event. The parameters of the multiple reporting configurations for the same / single measurement object / event may be different from each other.

[0386] In this case, when a measurement result report is triggered for one of the multiple measurement result reports specified / configured / instructed, the UE may stop running the timers for all configured measurements (or measurement result reports) corresponding to the same measurement object / event.

[0387] For example, the UE may use different parameters for reporting measurements with and without a filter based on predicted outages.

[0388] For example, different parameters may be used for multiple MRs or multiple CSI reports. The parameters may be, for example, at least one of a specific offset (e.g., A3 offset), a hysteresis parameter, a measurement object specific offset, a cell specific offset, and a specific threshold (e.g., A5 threshold). The parameters may be set / indicated by, for example, RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI.

[0389] As described above, for example, for the same / single measurement object / event, a measurement result report when a filter based on a prediction of a communication failure is used and a measurement result report when the filter is not used may be used. As a result, even if a prediction of a communication failure fails, the measurement result can be reported by reporting the measurement result when the filter based on a prediction of a communication failure is not used.

[0390] <<Modification 2>> The UE may autonomously determine / change the TTT(s) and other parameters based on a prediction of a communication failure. Alternatively, the UE may autonomously select the TTT(s) and other parameters from set candidates (e.g., TTT candidates and other parameter candidates) based on a prediction of a communication failure.

[0391] The conditions for the UE to autonomously determine / change / select may be specified in a specification, or may be configured / indicated by RRC signaling / MAC CE / DCI.

[0392] For example, in a specific case (e.g., an emergency in which the UE needs to quickly HO to another cell), a specific value of TTT (e.g., TTT=0 or a TTT shorter than the original TTT) may be used. For example, the UE may use a specific value of TTT (e.g., TTT=0 or a TTT shorter than the original TTT) in a specific event (e.g., A3 / A5 event) when RLF is predicted in the serving cell / SpCell.

[0393] The UE may also use a larger cell-specific offset for the RSRP of neighboring cells in certain events (e.g., A3 / A5 events) if RLF is predicted in the serving cell / SpCell.

[0394] For example, in this way, in certain cases (e.g., emergency situations where the UE needs to HO quickly to another cell), the TTT(s) and other parameters can be determined / modified / selected autonomously by the UE, allowing for fast HO.

[0395] As described above, according to the third embodiment, it is possible to realize control that is suitable for the case where prediction of communication failure is introduced.

[0396] At least one of the third embodiment, the first modification, and the second modification may be combined with at least one of the first embodiment and the second embodiment. Furthermore, the third embodiment, the first modification, and the second modification may be implemented independently or in combination.

[0397] <Supplementary Information> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information to the UE [from a Network (NW) (e.g., a Base Station (BS))] (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0398] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0399] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0400] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0401] <<Notification of Information from UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE [to the NW] (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0402] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0403] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0404] Furthermore, any information in the above-described embodiments may be notified from the UE periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0405] <<Regarding Application of Each Embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met: - a higher layer parameter indicating the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is configured; - the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on related higher layer parameters; - the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is specified / activated / triggered by a MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; - a specific UE capability indicating (or related to) the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is reported or supported; - the application of the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0406] The specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following: Supporting specific processing / operations / control / assumptions / information for at least one of the above embodiments; Supporting prediction of events; Supporting event-triggered beam reporting; Supporting MIMO / mobility for Rel. 19 and later; Supporting event combinations.

[0407] The specific UE capabilities may also indicate at least one of the following: - Supporting the function of predicting communication outages. - Supporting the function of including the predicted results of communication outages in measurement result reports. - Supporting the function of applying filters based on the predicted communication outages in measurement reports. - Supporting measurement result reporting events based on the predicted communication outages. - Supporting the setting / indication of multiple TTTs corresponding to measurement objects / events. - Supporting the setting / indication of the reporting of multiple measurement results corresponding to the same / single measurement object / event. - Supporting the [autonomous] determination / modification of TTT(s) and other parameters based on the predicted communication outages.

[0408] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0409] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0410] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0411] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes with respect to an embodiment (e.g., the first embodiment) of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a control unit that predicts at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure, based on a measurement result of a reference signal; and a transmission unit that transmits the prediction result of the communication failure. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the transmission unit transmits the prediction result of the communication failure together with the measurement result. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the prediction result of the communication failure includes at least one of a predicted occurrence time of the communication failure, a prediction reliability, a prediction probability, an identifier (ID) of a corresponding cell, and a reason for the communication failure. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3, wherein the prediction result of the communication failure includes at least one of a predicted occurrence time of the communication failure, a prediction reliability, a prediction probability, an identifier (ID) of a corresponding cell, and a reason for the communication failure, and wherein the ID of the corresponding cell is an ID indicating at least one of a serving cell, a special cell (SpCell), a candidate cell, and a target cell in which the occurrence of the communication failure is predicted.

[0412] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes regarding an embodiment (e.g., a second embodiment) of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal comprising: a control unit that controls a reporting operation of measurement results that measure a reference signal based on a prediction of at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure; and a transmission unit that reports the measurement results. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the control unit filters out, from the measurement results, measurement results that correspond to a cell or beam in which a communication failure is predicted to occur based on the prediction of the communication failure. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the control unit determines, based on the prediction of the communication failure, an input condition and a release condition for a measurement event that triggers reporting of the measurement results. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3, wherein the control unit triggers reporting of the measurement results when a communication failure is predicted to occur based on the prediction of the communication failure.

[0413] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes regarding one embodiment (e.g., the third embodiment) of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a control unit that predicts at least one communication failure of a handover failure and a radio link failure based on a measurement result of a reference signal; and a transmission unit that transmits at least one of a first measurement result report that reports the measurement result and a second measurement result report based on the prediction of the communication failure. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the control unit starts a first timer and a second timer when an input condition is satisfied, and the transmission unit transmits the first measurement result report when the first timer expires, and transmits the second measurement result report when the second timer expires. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein a parameter set in the first measurement result report is different from a parameter set in the second measurement result report. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit changes at least one of a timer and a parameter for reporting the second measurement result based on the prediction of the communication failure.

[0414] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0415] 23 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0416] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0417] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0418] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0419] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as the base station 10.

[0420] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize multi-input multi-output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a supercell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, subcells). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell with a quasi-static / dynamically variable physical range. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0421] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0422] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0423] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0424] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0425] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0426] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0427] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0428] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0429] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0430] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0431] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0432] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0433] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0434] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0435] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0436] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0437] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0438] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0439] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0440] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0441] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0442] 24 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0443] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0444] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0445] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0446] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0447] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0448] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0449] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0450] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0451] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0452] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0453] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0454] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0455] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0456] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0457] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0458] The transmitter and receiver of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitter / receiver 120, the transmitter / receiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0459] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level functions of the physical layer (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement the functions of the PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer.

[0460] In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include a single device that realizes all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each realize some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be interchangeably read as RU / DU / CU.

[0461] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may receive a predicted result of at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure, which is transmitted from the terminal based on a prediction of a communication failure by the communication failure prediction function.

[0462] The control unit 110 may control activation of a communication failure prediction function in the terminal.

[0463] Furthermore, the transceiver 120 may receive from the terminal the measurement results of the reference signal that are reported by a reporting operation controlled based on a prediction of a communication failure.

[0464] The transceiver 120 may receive at least one of a report of a first measurement result obtained by measuring a reference signal and a report of a second measurement result based on a prediction of a communication failure.

[0465] The control unit 110 may control activation of a prediction function in the terminal that predicts at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure.

[0466] (User terminal) Fig. 25 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0467] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0468] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0469] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0470] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0471] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0472] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0473] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0474] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0475] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0476] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0477] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0478] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0479] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0480] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0481] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0482] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0483] Note that the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0484] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may transmit the predicted results of the communication failure. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the predicted results of the communication failure together with the measurement results.

[0485] The control unit 210 may predict at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure based on the measurement result of the reference signal.

[0486] The transceiver 220 may also report the measurement results.

[0487] The control unit 210 may control the reporting operation of measurement results obtained by measuring the reference signal based on a prediction of at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure. The control unit 210 may filter the measurement results corresponding to cells or beams for which a communication failure is predicted to occur based on the prediction of the communication failure. The control unit 210 may determine an entry condition and a departure condition for a measurement event that triggers the reporting of the measurement results based on the prediction of the communication failure. The control unit 210 may trigger the reporting of the measurement results when the occurrence of a communication failure is predicted based on the prediction of the communication failure.

[0488] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may transmit at least one of a first measurement result report that reports a measurement result and a second measurement result report based on a prediction of a communication failure. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may transmit the first measurement result report when a first timer expires, and may transmit the second measurement result report when a second timer expires.

[0489] The control unit 210 may predict at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure based on the reference signal measurement result. The control unit 210 may start a first timer and a second timer when an input condition is satisfied. The control unit 210 may change at least one of the timer and a parameter for reporting the second measurement result based on the prediction of the communication failure.

[0490] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0491] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0492] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 26 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0493] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0494] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0495] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0496] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0497] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0498] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0499] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0500] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0501] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0502] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0503] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0504] In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be realized by the above-mentioned functional block / hardware configuration.

[0505] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0506] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0507] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0508] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0509] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0510] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0511] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0512] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0513] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0514] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0515] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0516] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0517] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0518] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0519] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0520] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0521] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0522] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0523] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0524] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0525] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0526] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0527] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0528] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0529] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0530] With respect to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in the present disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE / base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station / UE) of information indicating / specifying (or relating to) the value of the any information.

[0531] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0532] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0533] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0534] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0535] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0536] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), then these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0537] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0538] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0539] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0540] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0541] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0542] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0543] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0544] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0545] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0546] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0547] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0548] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0549] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0550] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0551] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0552] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0553] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0554] 27 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0555] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0556] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0557] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0558] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0559] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0560] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0561] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0562] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0563] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0564] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0565] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0566] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0567] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0568] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0569] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0570] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0571] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0572] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0573] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0574] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0575] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0576] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0577] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ..." or "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ..." or "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0578] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0579] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0580] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0581] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0582] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0583] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0584] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0585] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0586] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0587] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0588] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A terminal having: a control unit that predicts at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure based on a measurement result of a reference signal; and a transmission unit that transmits the predicted result of the communication failure.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting unit transmits the predicted results of the communication failure together with the measurement results.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the predicted result of the communication failure includes at least one of a predicted occurrence time of the communication failure, a predicted reliability, a predicted probability, an identifier (ID) of the corresponding cell, and a reason for the communication failure.

4. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the predicted result of the communication failure includes at least one of a predicted occurrence time of the communication failure, a predicted reliability, a predicted probability, an identifier (ID) of the corresponding cell, and a reason for the communication failure, and the ID of the corresponding cell is an ID indicating at least one of a serving cell, a special cell (SpCell), a candidate cell, and a target cell in which the occurrence of the communication failure is predicted.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising: a step of predicting at least one of a handover failure and a wireless link failure based on a measurement result of a reference signal; and a step of transmitting the predicted result of the communication failure.

6. A base station having: a control unit that controls activation of a communication failure prediction function in a terminal; and a receiving unit that receives a prediction result of at least one of a handover failure and a radio link failure transmitted from the terminal based on a prediction of a communication failure by the communication failure prediction function.

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