Perovskite battery and preparation method therefor, power generation apparatus, and electrical apparatus

Abstract

The present application relates to a perovskite battery and a preparation method therefor, a power generation apparatus, and an electrical apparatus. The perovskite battery comprises a perovskite layer, and the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite material and a multi-charge substance. The multi-charge substance comprises multiple charged groups connected to a linear main chain, the multiple charged groups comprising at least one positively charged group and at least one negatively charged group. A hydrophobic group is connected to at least one main chain atom between at least one set of two adjacent charged groups in the multiple charged groups.

Description

Perovskite battery, preparation method thereof, power generation device and power utilization device

[0001] Related Applications

[0002] The present application claims priority to the Chinese patent application No. CN2024108773853, filed on July 2, 2024, and entitled “Perovskite battery, preparation method thereof, power generation device and power utilization device”, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and further relates to a perovskite battery, a preparation method thereof, a power generation device and a power utilization device. BACKGROUND

[0004] The statements herein are provided only to enhance understanding of the present application and are not necessarily intended to constitute the prior art. With the development of photovoltaic technology, solar cells are increasingly widely used in various electronic products such as smart phones, tablets, smart wear, power tools and electric vehicles. Among them, perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy by using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite-type crystal materials. They are the third generation of solar cells at present, and have many advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process and low production cost. In recent years, they have been extensively studied. How to improve the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the important improvement directions. SUMMARY

[0005] According to various embodiments and various examples of the present application, a perovskite battery, a preparation method thereof, a power generation device and a power utilization device are provided, which have excellent photoelectric conversion performance and device stability.

[0006] In a first aspect of the present application, a perovskite battery is provided.

[0007] In some embodiments, a perovskite battery is provided, which comprises a perovskite layer, the perovskite layer comprising a perovskite material and a multi-charge substance;

[0008] The multi-charge substance comprises a linear main chain, the linear main chain comprising a plurality of main chain atoms; the multi-charge substance further comprises a plurality of charged groups connected to the linear main chain, the plurality of charged groups being respectively connected to different main chain atoms on the linear main chain, and any two adjacent charged groups in the plurality of charged groups being spaced apart by a main chain atom along the linear main chain;

[0009] The plurality of charged groups comprises at least one positive electric group and at least one negative electric group;

[0010] at least one main chain atom between at least one pair of adjacent charged groups in the at least one group of adjacent charged groups is connected with a hydrophobic group.

[0011] A multi-charge substance with a linear main chain and a plurality of side groups, the plurality of side groups of the multi-charge substance including positive electric side groups, negative electric side groups, and a hydrophobic side group located between at least one pair of adjacent charged side groups, can be introduced into a perovskite layer of a perovskite cell, so that the plurality of side groups of the multi-charge substance carry positive electric groups, negative electric groups, and hydrophobic groups along the linear main chain. The multi-charge substance can passivate different types of charge defects through different types of charged groups; by spacing the hydrophobic side group carrying the hydrophobic group between at least one pair of adjacent charged side groups, it is beneficial to promote the dispersion between different types of charged groups in the multi-charge substance in a suitable manner, and also reduce the contact angle of the perovskite, increase the contact area, and more effectively passivate the effect; the combination of the three different groups is beneficial to reduce the contact angle of the perovskite, promote the layered growth of the perovskite, reduce the island growth, and further reduce the grain boundary spacing at at least one side interface of the perovskite layer, which is beneficial to promote the efficient transport of carriers, and can significantly improve the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cell, wherein multiple optimization effects such as improving photoelectric conversion efficiency, improving short-circuit current density, and improving open-circuit voltage can be achieved.

[0012] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0013] In the perovskite layer, the positive electric groups in the multi-charge substance include at least one of -NH2, -NHR1, -NH + , -NHC(=NH)NH2, and wherein R1 is a C 1-6 alkyl group;

[0014] In the perovskite layer, the negative electric groups in the multi-charge substance include at least one of -COOH, a cyano group, -CHO, a carbonyl group, a halogen atom, a halogenated C 1-6 alkyl group, a nitro group, and a sulfonic acid group;

[0015] Any one of the hydrophobic groups is independently a C 1-6 alkyl group, a C 1-3 alkylthio-substituted C 1-4 alkyl group, a C 6-10 aryl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl group, a C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring-substituted C 1-3 alkyl group, or a C 3-4 alkylene group;

[0016] The hydrophobic group is a non-polar hydrophobic group or a weakly polar group, which is less polar than at least one of the following groups: C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring-substituted C 1-3 alkyl and C 3-4 alkylene.

[0017] In some embodiments, any of the hydrophobic groups is independently C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl or 1,3-propylene.

[0018] In some embodiments, any of the hydrophobic groups is independently -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, CH3SCH2CH2-, benzyl, or 1,3-propylene, which forms a five-membered ring with two adjacent backbone atoms; the two adjacent backbone atoms forming a five-membered ring with 1,3-propylene are nitrogen and carbon, respectively.

[0019] By selecting the aforementioned positive electric group species in the multi-charge substance, it is more conducive to bind to anions in the perovskite layer, and thus more conducive to passivating negatively charged defects.

[0020] By selecting the aforementioned negative electric group species in the multi-charge substance, it is more conducive to bind to cations in the perovskite layer, and thus more conducive to passivating positively charged defects.

[0021] In some embodiments, at least one spacer group is provided between any two adjacent electric groups in the plurality of electric groups, and at least one hydrophobic group is connected to at least one backbone atom of at least one spacer group;

[0022] Optionally, at least one hydrophobic group is connected to at least one backbone atom between any two adjacent electric groups in the plurality of electric groups.

[0023] Further optionally, 1 or 2 hydrophobic groups are connected to 1 or 2 backbone atoms between any two adjacent electric groups in the plurality of electric groups.

[0024] By arranging the spacer groups between any adjacent charged groups, it is beneficial to disperse the charged groups in the multi-charge substance in a more suitable way. It can be appreciated that at this time, at least one main chain atom of at least one spacer group is connected with a hydrophobic group.

[0025] By adjusting the type and / or distribution position of the hydrophobic group, the aforementioned situation can be avoided as much as possible, the intramolecular positive and negative charge complex of the charged group can be better adjusted, the contact angle of the perovskite can be better adjusted, and better passivation effect and induction of perovskite layer growth can be achieved, and better photoelectric conversion performance and device stability can be achieved.

[0026] In some embodiments, at least one group of two adjacent charged groups is a combination of the positive electric group and the negative electric group.

[0027] By arranging adjacent charged groups to be charged groups of different types, the same type of charge repulsion can be reduced on the basis of being spaced by hydrophobic groups, so that different types of charged groups in the multi-charge substance are dispersed in a more suitable way, which is beneficial to promote perovskite layer growth and reduce the grain boundary spacing of the perovskite layer.

[0028] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0029] The number percentage of the main chain atoms connected with the positive electric group relative to the sum of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain is 5% to 12%, which can be selected as 7% to 10%;

[0030] The number percentage of the main chain atoms connected with the negative electric group relative to the sum of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain is 5% to 12%, which can be selected as 7% to 10%;

[0031] The number percentage of the main chain atoms connected with the hydrophobic group relative to the sum of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain is 11% to 19%, which can be selected as 16% to 17%.

[0032] By controlling the content of the positive electric group in the multi-charge substance in the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to exert the synergistic advantages of the positive electric group, the negative electric group and the hydrophobic group, and to better passivate the negative electric defects.

[0033] By controlling the content of the negative electric group in the multi-charge substance in the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to exert the synergistic advantages of the positive electric group, the negative electric group and the hydrophobic group, and to better passivate the positive electric defects.

[0034] By controlling the content of the hydrophobic group in the multi-charge substance within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to better exert the aforementioned advantages of the hydrophobic group while exerting the synergistic advantages of the positive electric group, the negative electric group and the hydrophobic group.

[0035] In some embodiments, the at least one hydrophobic group comprises a group with conjugated π bond;

[0036] Optionally, the at least one group with conjugated π bond is an aromatic group.

[0037] By introducing the group with conjugated π bond in the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the delocalized charge transport capability can be enhanced, which is beneficial to improve the short-circuit current density.

[0038] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0039] In the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the group with conjugated π bond is 50% to 100%, which is optionally 100%;

[0040] In the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the aromatic group is 50% to 100%, which is optionally 100%;

[0041] The group with conjugated π bond is one or more of C 6-15 aryl and C 5-10 heteroaryl; wherein C 6-15 aryl is optionally one or more of C 6-10 aryl; further optionally, the group with conjugated π bond is phenyl or indole group.

[0042] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0043] In the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the group with conjugated π bond is 100%;

[0044] In the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the aromatic group is 100%;

[0045] The group with conjugated π bond is phenyl or indole group.

[0046] In some embodiments, the at least one hydrophobic group is C 1-3 alkyl or C 1-3 alkyl substituted by phenyl; further optionally, the at least one hydrophobic group is benzyl or

[0047] By adjusting the content of the group with conjugated π bond in the multi-charge substance within the aforementioned range, the delocalized charge transport ability can be more effectively enhanced. By adjusting the type of the group with conjugated π bond in the multi-charge substance within the aforementioned range, the delocalized charge transport ability can also be more effectively enhanced. Both of the aforementioned adjustment methods can be simultaneously used.

[0048] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0049] The number of spacer atoms of any of the positive electric groups relative to the linear main chain is independently 1-4;

[0050] The number of spacer atoms of any of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain is independently 1-4, and optionally, the number of spacer atoms of any of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain is independently 1 or 2;

[0051] In any adjacent group of positive electric groups and negative electric groups, the number of spacer atoms of the positive electric groups relative to the linear main chain is not equal to the number of spacer atoms of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain; the number of spacer atoms of the positive electric groups relative to the linear main chain is greater than the number of spacer atoms of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain, or the number of spacer atoms of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain is greater than the number of spacer atoms of the positive electric groups relative to the linear main chain.

[0052] By adjusting the number of spacer atoms of any of the charged groups (which can be positive electric groups or negative electric groups) relative to the linear main chain, the length of the side group of the positive electric group relative to the linear main chain can be adjusted. By adjusting the number of spacer atoms within the aforementioned range, both the steric hindrance of the linear main chain can be reduced and the charged groups can have more suitable mobility and activity space.

[0053] When the number of spacer atoms of the positive electric groups relative to the linear main chain is not equal to the number of spacer atoms of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain, on the one hand, it is beneficial to reduce or avoid the complexation of positive and negative charges in the molecule, and on the other hand, it is also beneficial to better play the passivation effect of the charged groups farther away from the linear main chain. When the number of spacer atoms of the positive electric groups relative to the linear main chain is greater, it is more beneficial to passivate the negative electric defects; when the number of spacer atoms of the negative electric groups relative to the linear main chain is greater, it is more beneficial to passivate the positive electric defects.

[0054] In some embodiments, any of the charged groups is independently provided by an α-amino acid unit, and the structure of the α-amino acid unit is as shown in formula (U):

[0055] In formula (U), R0 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; L0 is an alkylene group; and F0 is the charged group.

[0056] In some embodiments, R0is a hydrogen atom.

[0057] In some embodiments, L0is -(CH2) q wherein q is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0058] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0059] In at least one of the α-amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte, R0is a hydrogen atom, -L0-F0is -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)4NH2or -(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2,

[0060] In at least one of the α-amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte, R0is a hydrogen atom, -L0-F0is -(CH2)2COOH or -CH2COOH.

[0061] In some embodiments, at least one set of two adjacent charged groups is provided by one positively charged amino acid unit and one negatively charged amino acid unit, respectively;

[0062] The positively charged amino acid unit has a structure as shown in formula (U1), and Z1is -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)4NH2, -(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2or

[0063] The negatively charged amino acid unit has a structure as shown in formula (U2), and Z2is -(CH2)2COOH or -CH2COOH.

[0064] The charged groups can be provided by the α-amino acid units shown in formula (U), and the corresponding starting materials are readily available or prepared. The positively charged amino acid can be derived from lysine, ornithine or arginine, and the negatively charged amino acid can be derived from glutamic acid or aspartic acid.

[0065] In some embodiments, the two nearest-neighbor backbone atoms between any one set of two adjacent positively charged amino acid units and negatively charged amino acid units are independently connected by a divalent spacer group; the divalent spacer group includes a divalent group shown in formula (U3);

[0066] wherein R3is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;

[0067] M3and Z3are in a combination as shown in mode (i) or mode (ii) below:

[0068] Manner (i): M3is a hydrogen atom; Z3is C 1-4 alkyl or -L3-F3; L3is methylene or ethylene, and F3is C 1-3 alkyl-S-, C 6-10 aryl or indolyl;

[0069] Manner (ii): M3and Z3together form 1,3-propylene.

[0070] In some embodiments, the divalent group of formula (U3) satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0071] R3is a hydrogen atom;

[0072] said C 1-4 alkyl is -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, or -CH(CH3)CH2CH3;

[0073] F3is CH3S-, phenyl, or optionally, -L3-F3is -CH2CH2SCH3, benzyl, or

[0074] The structure of the divalent spacer group is shown in formula (U4):

[0075] In some embodiments, the divalent group of formula (U3) is a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or methionine.

[0076] Any pair of adjacent charged groups can be separated by a hydrophobic amino acid unit such as alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, or a hydrophobic or non-polar derivative of any of the foregoing.

[0077] The main chain atoms corresponding to the hydrophobic side groups can be connected to the flanking charged side groups via amide bonds.

[0078] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte comprises at least one peptide segment of formula (U5); either end of the peptide segment of formula (U5) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus;

[0079] wherein,

[0080] AA1is a positively charged amino acid unit, optionally a divalent amino acid unit based on lysine, arginine, histidine, or ornithine, or a positively charged form of any of the foregoing amino acid units;

[0081] AA2 is a negatively charged amino acid unit, which can be selected from a divalent amino acid unit based on aspartic acid or glutamic acid or a negatively charged form of any of the aforementioned amino acid units;

[0082] q 31 is 1 or 2, and any of AA 31 is independently a hydrophobic amino acid unit, which can be selected from a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophan;

[0083] Any of “—” is independently a covalent bond or a glycine.

[0084] In some embodiments, any of AA 31 is independently a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan.

[0085] In some embodiments, AA1 is a divalent lysine unit, AA2 is a divalent glutamic acid unit, and any of AA 31 is independently a divalent phenylalanine unit or a divalent tryptophan unit.

[0086] At least one peptide segment represented by formula (U5) can be arranged in the multi-charge substance, and further, the aforementioned amino acid combination mode AA1-(AA 31 ) q31 -AA2 (such as KDF peptide segment or KDW peptide segment) introduces a positively charged side group, a hydrophobic side group and a negatively charged side group, wherein the positively charged side group is provided by the positively charged amino acid unit AA1, the negatively charged side group is provided by the negatively charged amino acid unit AA2, and the hydrophobic side group is provided by the hydrophobic amino acid unit AA 31 is provided, which is more conducive to exerting the aforementioned effects of the multi-charge substance and can better improve the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery: on the one hand, different types of charge defects can be passivated; on the other hand, it is conducive to reducing the contact angle of the perovskite, promoting the layered growth of the perovskite layer, reducing the island growth, thereby reducing the grain boundary spacing at the interface of at least one side of the perovskite layer, and promoting the efficient transport of charge carriers; further, a phenyl group or an indole group can be introduced into the hydrophobic group as a group with conjugated π bond, which can better enhance the delocalized charge transport capacity and better improve the short-circuit current density.

[0087] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance comprises at least one peptide segment represented by formula (U6a) or formula (U6b);

[0088] Any of the ends of the peptide segment represented by formula (U6a) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus.

[0089] Any of the ends of the peptide segment represented by formula (U6b) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus.

[0090] AA 32 is a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan;

[0091] AA 31 and AA 32 may be the same or different;

[0092] optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 are different;

[0093] optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 are each independently a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan; further optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 one is a divalent phenylalanine unit and the other is a divalent tryptophan unit;

[0094] either “—” is independently a covalent bond.

[0095] A peptide segment represented by Formula (U6a) or Formula (U6b) can be arranged in the polyelectrolyte, including a positively charged amino acid unit AA1, a negatively charged amino acid unit AA2, and a hydrophobic amino acid unit AA 31 , which separates AA1and AA2, and a hydrophobic amino acid unit AA 32 may be arranged on the other side of AA2. 31 and AA 32 may be the same or different. AA 31 and AA 32 are each independently a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan, which can better enhance the delocalized charge transport ability and better improve the short-circuit current density. As an example, AA 31 and AA 32 may be a combination of a divalent phenylalanine unit and a divalent tryptophan unit.

[0096] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0097] any two adjacent charged groups in the plurality of charged groups are separated by greater than or equal to 4 backbone atoms along the linear backbone;

[0098] the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone is 12-60, optionally 12-48;

[0099] The number of positive groups contained in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 1-5, optionally 1-4, further optionally 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0100] The number of negative groups contained in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 1-5, optionally 1-4, further optionally 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0101] The number of hydrophobic groups contained in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 2-10, optionally 2-8, further optionally 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

[0102] The molecular chain length of the multi-charge substance can be adjusted by adjusting the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone. By controlling the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to exert the aforementioned effects of the multi-charge substance while also making the perovskite layer have good film-forming processability and fewer void defects.

[0103] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance is a polypeptide; the polypeptide comprises a plurality of charged amino acid units; the plurality of charged amino acid units comprises at least one positive amino acid unit and at least one negative amino acid unit; any two adjacent charged amino acid units in the plurality of charged amino acid units are separated by k hydrophobic amino acid units, k being 1 or 2.

[0104] The multi-charge substance can be a polypeptide, and existing polypeptide synthesis methods can be used to accurately control the molecular structure, for example, the distribution and spacing of positive groups, negative groups and hydrophobic groups on the linear backbone can be accurately controlled.

[0105] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0106] Any one of the positive amino acid units is independently derived from lysine, arginine, histidine or ornithine;

[0107] Any one of the negative amino acid units is independently derived from aspartic acid or glutamic acid;

[0108] Any one of the hydrophobic amino acid units is independently derived from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophan;

[0109] Any two adjacent hydrophobic amino acid units are derived from the same or different amino acids;

[0110] The hydrophobic amino acid units in the multi-charge substance comprise a plurality of aromatic amino acid units, and any one of the aromatic amino acid units is independently phenylalanine or tryptophan.

[0111] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0112] Each of the positive electric amino acid units is independently derived from lysine;

[0113] Each of the negative electric amino acid units is independently derived from glutamic acid;

[0114] Each of the hydrophobic amino acid units is independently derived from phenylalanine or tryptophan;

[0115] In the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the number of the positive electric amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units is 15% to 36%, optionally 21% to 30%;

[0116] In the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the number of the negative electric amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units is 15% to 36%, optionally 21% to 30%;

[0117] In the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the number of the hydrophobic groups relative to the total number of amino acid units is 33% to 57%, optionally 48% to 51%;

[0118] In the multi-charge substance, the percentage of the number of the aromatic amino acid units relative to the number of the hydrophobic amino acid units is 50% to 100%, optionally 100%.

[0119] By regulating the positive electric groups in the multi-charge substance to be the aforementioned types of amino acid units, the passivation effect of the polypeptide on the negatively charged defects can be improved.

[0120] By regulating the negative electric groups in the multi-charge substance to be the aforementioned types of amino acid units, the passivation effect of the polypeptide on the positively charged defects can be improved.

[0121] By regulating the hydrophobic groups in the multi-charge substance to be the aforementioned types of amino acid units, the different types of charged groups in the multi-charge substance can be dispersed in a more suitable manner, and the contact angle of the perovskite can be reduced, so that the passivation effect can be more effectively exerted.

[0122] By regulating the hydrophobic amino acid units in the multi-charge substance to include a plurality of aromatic amino acid units, which can be phenylalanine or tryptophan, the delocalized charge transport capability can be better enhanced, and the short-circuit current density can be better improved.

[0123] By regulating the percentage of the number of the aromatic amino acid units relative to the number of the hydrophobic amino acid units to be within the aforementioned range, the distribution of the positive electric groups and the negative electric groups along the linear main chain can be better regulated, the intramolecular positive and negative charge recombination can be better reduced or avoided, and the passivation effect can be better exerted.

[0124] In some embodiments, the number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide is 4-20, optionally 4-10.

[0125] By controlling the number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide to be within the aforementioned range, the perovskite layer has good film processing properties and fewer void defects while exerting the aforementioned effects of the polyelectrolyte.

[0126] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte comprises non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units; the side groups of the non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units contain or do not contain the hydrophobic group;

[0127] The non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units containing the hydrophobic group include one or more of the divalent amino acid units derived from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and proline;

[0128] The non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units not containing the hydrophobic group include the divalent amino acid unit derived from glycine.

[0129] In some embodiments, the number of non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0130] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polypeptide; in the polyelectrolyte, the number percentage of the sum of the number of non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units not containing the hydrophobic group with respect to the total number of amino acid units is less than 34%, further optionally 0-20%, and more further optionally 0%.

[0131] The non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units can be provided in the polyelectrolyte, which corresponds to a relatively small molecular size of the polyelectrolyte, and is more conducive to entering the bulk phase of the light-absorbing layer.

[0132] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0133] Both end atoms of the linear main chain are carbon atoms, and at least one of the end atoms is connected to one of the charged groups;

[0134] Both end atoms of the linear main chain are connected to one carboxyl group and one amino group, respectively, the carboxyl group is -COOH, and the amino group is -NH2, -NHCH3, or -NH-Fmoc, Fmoc is fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; optionally, the carboxyl group is -COOH, and the amino group is -NH2.

[0135] The end-capping mode of the end atoms of the linear main chain of the polyelectrolyte can be adjusted.

[0136] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance comprises one or more of the following polypeptide substances: FKWD tetrapeptide, WDFK tetrapeptide, FKWDWD hexapeptide, FKWDFK hexapeptide, FKWDFKWD octapeptide, AKLDAKLD octapeptide, FKLDFKLD octapeptide, FKGDFKWD octapeptide, FKWGDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWFDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWDFKWDFK decapeptide, and FKWDFKWDFKWDFKWD hexadecapeptide;

[0137] wherein either end of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is an N-terminus or a C-terminus, and the other end is a C-terminus or an N-terminus;

[0138] Optionally, the N-terminus of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is -NH2, -NHCH3, or -NH-Fmoc, and Fmoc is fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl;

[0139] Optionally, the C-terminus of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is -COOH.

[0140] By controlling the multi-charge substance to comprise the foregoing species, the foregoing effects of the multi-charge substance can be more favorably exerted, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cell can be better improved: on the one hand, different types of charge defects can be passivated; on the other hand, the contact angle of the perovskite can be reduced, the perovskite layer can be promoted to grow in a layered manner, island growth can be reduced, and in turn the grain boundary spacing at the interface of at least one side of the perovskite layer can be reduced, which is conducive to promoting efficient transport of charge carriers; further, by introducing a phenyl group or an indole group into the hydrophobic group, the delocalized charge transport capability can be better enhanced, and the short-circuit current density can be better improved.

[0141] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0142] The perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the positively charged group in the multi-charge substance to the monovalent anions is 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, and further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%;

[0143] The perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the negatively charged group in the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cations is 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, and further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%;

[0144] The perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance relative to the monovalent anions is 0.06 g / mol-0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol-0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol-0.4 g / mol.

[0145] The perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance relative to the divalent metal cations is 0.18 g / mol-2 g / mol, optionally 0.18 g / mol-1.2 g / mol, further optionally 0.6 g / mol-1.2 g / mol.

[0146] By adjusting the relative amount of the multi-charge substance relative to the perovskite material, the perovskite layer can be better promoted to grow in a layer shape, and the island growth can be reduced, thereby reducing the grain boundary spacing at the interface of at least one side of the perovskite layer, and more favorably promoting the efficient transport of carriers, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be more significantly improved.

[0147] In some embodiments, a perovskite battery is also provided, which comprises a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a second charge transport layer arranged in sequence, wherein one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0148] The perovskite layer has a first grain boundary, which refers to a grain boundary with a grain boundary spacing less than or equal to 10 nm.

[0149] By controlling the grain boundary spacing in the perovskite layer within the aforementioned range, the efficient transport of carriers can be effectively promoted, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be significantly improved, wherein multiple optimization effects such as improving photoelectric conversion efficiency, improving short-circuit current density, and improving open-circuit voltage can be achieved.

[0150] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0151] At least one cross section of the perovskite layer, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundary relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than 30%; optionally, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundary relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than or equal to 50%;

[0152] The grain boundary spacing of the first grain boundary is 0.5 nm-10 nm.

[0153] In some embodiments, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundary relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than or equal to 50%.

[0154] By controlling the proportion of the first grain boundary in the cross section of the perovskite layer within the aforementioned range, the efficient transport of carriers can be more effectively promoted, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be more significantly improved.

[0155] By controlling the grain boundary spacing of the first grain boundary within the aforementioned range, the efficient transport of carriers can be more effectively promoted, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be more significantly improved.

[0156] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery is the perovskite battery of any suitable embodiment described above.

[0157] The grain boundary spacing at the interface of the perovskite layer can be controlled within the aforementioned range by introducing the aforementioned multi-charge substance into the perovskite layer.

[0158] In a second aspect of the present application, a method for preparing a perovskite battery is provided, which comprises the following steps: sequentially arranging a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode; wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer;

[0159] The perovskite layer is prepared by a method comprising the following steps:

[0160] A perovskite precursor solution is coated on the surface of the first charge transport layer away from the first electrode, and the perovskite precursor solution comprises a perovskite precursor material and a multi-charge substance; wherein the multi-charge substance is as defined in the first aspect of the present application.

[0161] The perovskite precursor material is converted into a perovskite material by heat treatment, forming the perovskite layer.

[0162] The aforementioned multi-charge substance can be added to the perovskite precursor solution, and after coating and heat treatment, the contact angle of the perovskite can be adjusted, the layered growth of the perovskite layer can be promoted, the island growth can be reduced, and the grain boundary spacing at the interface of at least one side of the perovskite layer can be reduced, thereby promoting the efficient transport of carriers and significantly improving the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery.

[0163] In some embodiments, the perovskite precursor solution satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0164] The perovskite precursor material comprises monovalent anions; and the molar ratio of the multi-charge substance to the monovalent anions is 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, and further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%.

[0165] The perovskite precursor material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cations is 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%;

[0166] The perovskite precursor material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance to the monovalent anions is 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol;

[0167] The perovskite precursor material comprises divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cations is 0.18 g / mol to 2 g / mol, optionally 0.18 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, further optionally 0.6 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol.

[0168] The amount of the multi-charge substance in the perovskite layer relative to the perovskite material can be controlled by controlling the amount of the multi-charge substance in the perovskite precursor solution relative to the perovskite precursor material.

[0169] In some embodiments, the method of performing the heat treatment is a vacuum flash method, and the vacuum flash method comprises a vacuum flash treatment and an annealing treatment.

[0170] In some embodiments, in the step of performing the vacuum flash treatment, the vacuum condition is 10 -1 Pa to 10 -4 Pa, and the vacuum flash treatment is performed for 50 s to 200 s.

[0171] In the step of performing the annealing treatment, the annealing temperature is 100°C to 160°C, and the annealing time is 10 min to 20 min.

[0172] In a third aspect of the present application, a perovskite battery is provided, which is prepared by the method for preparing a perovskite battery described in the second aspect of the present application.

[0173] In a fourth aspect of the present application, a power generation device is provided, which comprises at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of the present application, the perovskite battery prepared by the method for preparing a perovskite battery described in the second aspect of the present application, and the perovskite battery described in the third aspect of the present application.

[0174] In a fifth aspect of the present application, there is provided a power consuming device comprising at least one of the perovskite cell described in the first aspect of the present application, the perovskite cell prepared by the method described in the second aspect of the present application, and the perovskite cell described in the third aspect of the present application.

[0175] The details of one or more embodiments or examples of the present application are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present application will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0176] To better describe and illustrate the embodiments, examples or examples provided by the present application, one or more drawings can be referred to. The additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosed application, the presently described embodiments, examples or examples, and any one of the best modes of these applications currently understood. It should be noted that the drawings are all drawn in a simplified form, only for the convenience, clarity of the description of the present application. The various sizes of each component shown in the drawings are arbitrarily shown, which can be accurate or not drawn according to the actual proportion. For example, in order to make the drawing clearer, the size of the component is appropriately exaggerated in some places of the drawing. Unless otherwise specified, the components in the drawing are not drawn to scale. The drawings of the present application do not limit the size of each component. Moreover, the same reference numerals are used to represent the same components in all the drawings. In the drawings:

[0177] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite cell of an embodiment of the present application, showing that the photoelectric conversion structure includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode.

[0178] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite cell of an embodiment of the present application, showing that the perovskite cell includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode.

[0179] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite cell of an embodiment of the present application, showing that the perovskite cell is provided with a first etching area, a second etching area and a third etching area.

[0180] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a power consuming device using a perovskite cell as a power generation device according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0181] Figure 5 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface of a perovskite layer during the preparation of a perovskite cell according to a comparative example, wherein no multi-charged substance is added to the perovskite precursor solution.

[0182] FIG. 6 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface of a perovskite layer in the process of preparing a perovskite cell according to an embodiment of the present application, in which 0.2 mg / mL of a multi-charged substance is added to the perovskite precursor solution.

[0183] FIG. 7 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface of a perovskite layer in the process of preparing a perovskite cell according to an embodiment of the present application, in which 2 mg / mL of a multi-charged substance is added to the perovskite precursor solution.

[0184] Reference numerals are explained as follows: 100 is a perovskite cell; 110 is a base layer; 120 is a first electrode; 130 is a first charge transport layer; 140 is a perovskite layer; 150 is a second charge transport layer; 160 is a second electrode; P1 is a first etching area; P2 is a second etching area; P3 is a third etching area; and 6 is an electric device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0185] Hereinafter, some embodiments of a perovskite cell, a method of preparing the same, an electricity generating device, and an electric device according to the present application are described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there can be cases where unnecessary detailed descriptions are omitted. For example, there can be cases where detailed descriptions of matters well known in the art, repetitive descriptions of substantially identical structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the present application, and are not intended to limit the subject matter recited in the claims.

[0186] The ranges disclosed herein can be limited by both a lower limit and an upper limit, to define a range by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined by such limits can be either inclusive or exclusive of the end values, either end value can be included or excluded independently, and can be combined in any manner, i.e., any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also contemplated. In addition, if minimum range values of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values of 3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise indicated, a numerical range "a-b" indicates a shorthand way of describing each and every intervening real number, integer or combination thereof between the upper and lower limits of that range, in which "a" and "b" are both real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed herein, "0-5" is merely a shorthand way of describing those numerical combinations. In addition, when a parameter is stated to be an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing the parameter as, for example, integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For example, when a parameter is stated to be an integer selected from "2-10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0187] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "about" means within a reasonable range, the fluctuation range can vary depending on the type and value of the number. For example, it can be allowed within the range of ±10%, ±5%, ±2%, ±1%, etc. For example, taking "about 20°C" and its approximation ±1°C as an example, the approximation values of 19°C, 19.5°C, etc. within the approximation range indicated by "about 20°C" should also be included in the range indicated by "about 20°C".

[0188] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "a plurality of", "a plurality of", "a plurality of", "several", etc. means more than 2 or equal to 2 in quantity. For example, "one or more" means one or ≥(greater than or equal to) two. It can be understood that when referring to "any number of" items, it means any suitable combination of a plurality of items, i.e., in a manner that does not conflict and can implement the present application.

[0189] If not specifically stated, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0190] Reference to "an embodiment" herein means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of the application. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are they necessarily all referring to a common embodiment, or an embodiment that is identical to other embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many embodiments of the application. It is expressly intended that any embodiment disclosed herein can be incorporated in another embodiment disclosed herein, and vice versa. It is also expressly intended that any embodiment disclosed herein can be substituted in any aspect by any other disclosed embodiment(s) and / or the parts thereof. Thus, for example, any embodiment disclosed herein is deemed to cover all embodiments that can be obtained by substituting any element or combination of elements disclosed herein for any other element(s) or combination of elements disclosed herein.

[0191] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in the methods of various embodiments or examples, the sequence of writing the steps does not mean a strict execution sequence and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process, and the detailed execution sequence of the steps should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. If not specifically stated, all steps of the application can be performed sequentially or randomly, and can be preferably performed sequentially. For example, method M includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method can include sequentially performed steps (a) and (b), or sequentially performed steps (b) and (a). For example, method M also includes step (c), which means that step (c) can be added to method M in any order, for example, method M can include steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0192] In this application, the open technical features or technical solutions described with "containing", "including", "comprising" and the like, if not otherwise stated, do not exclude additional members from the listed members, which can be regarded as providing both a closed feature or solution composed of the listed members, and an open feature or solution including additional members in addition to the listed members. For example, a includes a1, a2 and a3, if not otherwise stated, it can also include other members, or it can not include additional members, which can be regarded as providing the feature or solution of "a is composed of a1, a2 and a3" or "a is selected from a1, a2 and a3", and also providing the feature or solution of "a includes not only a1, a2 and a3, but also other members".

[0193] In this application, M (such as m1) means that m1 is a non-limiting example of M, and it can be understood that M is not limited to m1, if not otherwise stated.

[0194] In the present application, "optionally", "optional", "option" means optional, that is, optional from "have" or "no" two parallel schemes. If there are multiple "optional" in a technical solution, if there is no special description, and there is no contradiction or mutual restriction relationship, each "optional" is independent. If there is no other description, the present application "optionally includes", "optionally contains" and the like are described, for example, "optionally includes" means "may include or not include".

[0195] In the present application, "and / or" corresponds to the characteristics or schemes of any one of the two or more related listed items, and also includes any and all combinations of related listed items, wherein any and all combinations include any two related listed items, any more related listed items, or all related listed items. For example, "M and / or N" represents a group consisting of M, N and "a combination of M and N". Among them, "including M and / or N" can mean "including M, including N, and including M and N", and also can mean "including M, including N, or including M and N", which can be understood according to the sentence.

[0196] As used herein, "combinations thereof", "any combination thereof", "any combination thereof" and the like include all suitable combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0197] In this paper, "suitable combination", "suitable way", "any suitable way" and the like "suitable" can implement the technical solutions of the present application.

[0198] In this paper, "preferably", "better", "better", "preferably", "better", "better" are only to describe the better implementation or embodiment, and it should be understood that it does not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of the present application. If there are multiple "preferred" in a technical solution, if there is no special description, and there is no contradiction or mutual restriction relationship, each "preferred" is independent.

[0199] In the present application, "further", "more further", "particularly", "for example", "such as", "example", "for example" are used for description purposes, which means the difference in content, but should not be understood as a limitation on the scope of protection of the present application.

[0200] In the present application, the terms "first", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth" and the like in the "first aspect", "second aspect", "third aspect", "fourth aspect", "fifth aspect" and the like are only for descriptive purposes and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be construed as implicitly indicating or implying the importance or quantity of the technical features indicated. Moreover, "first", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth" and the like only serve the purpose of non-exhaustive enumeration and description, and should be understood as not constituting a closed limitation on the quantity.

[0201] In the present application, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the first feature is "on" or "under" the second feature, which can be direct contact between the first and second features, or indirect contact between the first and second features through an intermediate medium. In the present application, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the first feature is "on" or "under" the second feature, which can represent the mutual positional relationship of the horizontal height, or can only represent the existence of the attachment relationship without limiting the mutual positional relationship of the horizontal height.

[0202] In the present application, the term "room temperature" generally refers to 4℃-35℃, which can refer to 20℃±5℃. In some embodiments or examples of the present application, room temperature refers to 20℃-30℃.

[0203] In the present application, the units related to the data range, if only the right end point is followed by a unit, it means that the units of the left end point and the right end point are the same. For example, 3-5h or 3-5h both mean that the units of the left end point "3" and the right end point "5" are both h (hours), which have the same meaning as 3h-5h. In addition, similar descriptions of other parameters such as temperature, size, etc. are also understood in the same way.

[0204] The weight or mass of the related components mentioned in the embodiments or examples of the present application can not only refer to the content of each component, but also represent the proportional relationship between the weights or masses of each component, so as long as the content of the related components in the embodiments or examples of the present application is enlarged or reduced in proportion, it is within the scope described in the present application. Further, the mass involved in the embodiments or examples of the present application can be micrograms (μg), milligrams (mg), grams (g), kilograms (kg) and other mass units known in the chemical field. Unless otherwise specified, the mass ratio is equal to the corresponding weight ratio, for example, the mass of substance A is m1, the weight is W1, the mass of substance B is m2, and the weight is W2, then the mass ratio m1 / m2 is equal to the corresponding weight ratio W1 / W2 in numerical value.

[0205] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, wt% represents the weight percentage by weight, which is equal in numerical value to the corresponding mass percentage by mass. In the present application, for the weight percentage, "0" has the same meaning as "0wt%" and can be used interchangeably.

[0206] In this application, "greater than or equal to", "greater than or equal to", and "≥" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; "less than or equal to", "less than or equal to", and "≤" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; "greater than" can be equivalently represented as ">", and "less than" can be equivalently represented as "<". In this application, unless otherwise specified, "greater than or equal to" and "≥" can be considered as providing two additional solutions: "greater than" and "equal to". In this application, unless otherwise specified, "less than or equal to" and "≤" can be considered as providing two additional solutions: "less than" and "equal to".

[0207] In this application, the exemplary descriptions such as "in some implementations (or embodiments)" and "in one implementation (or embodiment)" may cover, but are not limited to, the following meanings: these solutions can be combined with other solutions in a suitable manner to form new technical solutions.

[0208] The improvement described in any part of the context of this application is not intended to be limited to any theory.

[0209] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "cyano" is -CN, "hydroxyl" is -OH, "nitro" is -NO2, "carboxyl" is -COOH, "carbonyl" is -C(=O)- with carbon atoms attached to both ends, "methylthio" is -SCH3, and "1,3-propylidene" is -CH2CH2CH2-.

[0210] In this document, unless otherwise specified, "alkyl" refers to a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, or a secondary carbon atom, or a tertiary carbon atom, or a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. Phrases containing this term, such as "C", are also included. 1-6"Alkyl" refers to an alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which can independently of each other at each occurrence be a Ci alkyl, C2alkyl, C3alkyl, C4alkyl, C5alkyl, or C6alkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1 -propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1 -butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1 -propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1 -butyl (-CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1 -butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3).

[0211] Herein, "C 1-6 "Alkyl" can be a C 1-4 "Alkyl", further can be a C 1-3 "Alkyl", as non-limiting examples, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g. n-propyl), or butyl (e.g. n-butyl).

[0212] Herein, "Aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a basal aromatic hydrocarbon compound, i.e. a monovalent linking site directly on the ring, which can be a monocyclic aryl, or a fused ring aryl, or a polycyclic aryl, with at least one of the rings being an aromatic ring system. For example, "C 6-10 "Aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, which can independently of each other at each occurrence be a C6aryl, C8aryl, C9aryl, or C 10 "Aryl". Also for example, "C 6-10Aryl" each occurrence can be, independently of each other, but not limited to, C6 aryl (such as phenyl), C6 aryl (such as benzocyclobutyl), C8 aryl (such as phenylpropylcyclobutyl), C9 aryl (such as indenyl) or C 10 Aryl" each occurrence can be, independently of each other, but not limited to, C6 aryl (such as phenyl), C6 aryl (such as benzocyclobutyl), C8 aryl (such as phenylpropylcyclobutyl), C9 aryl (such as indenyl) or C

[0213] Herein, unless otherwise specified, "heteroaromatic ring" refers to a heterocycle with aromaticity. Non-carbon atoms in the heteroaromatic ring can be, but are not limited to, N atoms, O atoms, S atoms, etc. For example, "C5-C10 heteroaromatic ring" can be, but is not limited to, a C5 heteroaromatic ring (such as a pyridine ring, etc.), a C6 heteroaromatic ring, a C7 heteroaromatic ring (such as a benzimidazole ring, etc.), a C8 heteroaromatic ring (such as an indole ring, etc.), a C9 heteroaromatic ring (such as a quinoline ring, etc.) or a C 10 Heteroaromatic ring" refers to a heteroaromatic ring containing 5 to 10 carbon atoms, each occurrence can be, independently of each other, C5 heteroaromatic ring (such as pyridine ring, etc.), C6 heteroaromatic ring, C7 heteroaromatic ring (such as benzimidazole ring, etc.), C8 heteroaromatic ring (such as indole ring, etc.), C9 heteroaromatic ring (such as quinoline ring, etc.) or C 10 Heteroaromatic ring" refers to a heteroaromatic ring containing 5 to 10 carbon atoms, each occurrence can be, independently of each other, C5 heteroaromatic ring (such as pyridine ring, etc.), C6 heteroaromatic ring, C7 heteroaromatic ring (such as benzimidazole ring, etc.), C8 heteroaromatic ring (such as indole ring, etc.), C9 heteroaromatic ring (such as quinoline ring, etc.) or C

[0214] Herein, unless otherwise specified, C 3-4 Alkylene is C3 alkylene or C4 alkylene. As an example, C 3-4 Alkylene can be 1,3-propylene (-CH2CH2CH2-) or 1,4-butylene (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-).

[0215] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, in relation to the amino acid sequence, it can be N-terminal to C-terminal, or C-terminal to N-terminal. Taking FKWD as an example, F can provide the N-terminal, or D can provide the N-terminal. Among them, the "N-terminal" of the amino acid corresponds to the amino terminal, and the "C-terminal" corresponds to the carboxyl terminal.

[0216] At present, the efficiency of perovskite battery is still not ideal, one of the main reasons is the Schottky contact between perovskite interface. For perovskite battery, there are often a large number of defects in the grain boundary, surface and surface of perovskite layer, which leads to decomposition of perovskite material and non-radiative charge recombination, seriously affecting the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of perovskite battery.

[0217] According to various embodiments and various examples of the present application, a perovskite battery with excellent photoelectric conversion performance and device stability, a preparation method thereof, a power generation device and an electric device are provided.

[0218] In the first aspect of the present application, a perovskite battery is provided.

[0219] In some embodiments, a perovskite cell is provided, comprising a perovskite layer, the perovskite layer comprising a perovskite material and a multi-charge species; the multi-charge species comprises a plurality of charged groups attached to a linear backbone, the plurality of charged groups comprising at least one positively charged group and at least one negatively charged group; at least one backbone atom between at least one pair of adjacent charged groups in the plurality of charged groups is attached to a hydrophobic group.

[0220] In some embodiments, a perovskite cell is provided, comprising a perovskite layer, the perovskite layer comprising a perovskite material and a multi-charge species;

[0221] wherein the multi-charge species comprises a linear backbone, the linear backbone comprising a plurality of backbone atoms; the multi-charge species further comprises a plurality of charged groups attached to the linear backbone, the plurality of charged groups being attached to different backbone atoms of the linear backbone, respectively, and any pair of adjacent charged groups in the plurality of charged groups is separated by a backbone atom along the linear backbone;

[0222] the plurality of charged groups comprises at least one positively charged group and at least one negatively charged group;

[0223] at least one backbone atom between at least one pair of adjacent charged groups in the plurality of charged groups is attached to a hydrophobic group.

[0224] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite cell" refers to a solar cell comprising a perovskite layer. The perovskite layer refers to a light-absorbing layer comprising a perovskite material.

[0225] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite cell" comprises a photoelectric conversion structure, the photoelectric conversion structure comprising a light-absorbing layer and a charge transport layer, and in further embodiments, the charge transport layer comprises a first charge transport layer and a second charge transport layer.

[0226] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "charge transport layer" refers to a transport layer capable of transporting electrons or holes.

[0227] In some embodiments, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0228] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite material" refers to a material comprising a perovskite-type compound. The perovskite material comprises cation sites and anion sites. Some exemplary perovskite materials comprise a monovalent cation A, a divalent cation B, and a monovalent anion X.

[0229] For example, in a perovskite cell including an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, when the perovskite cell is in operation, after the light absorption layer is irradiated with light, the internal electrons obtain energy and break away from the light absorption layer to form negatively charged electron carriers, and at the same time, positively charged hole carriers are formed, thereby obtaining electron-hole pairs. The free electrons and the free holes pass through the corresponding transport layers to move in opposite directions, so that the electrons and the holes flow to form an external current, thereby realizing the conversion of light energy into electrical energy. Further, after the perovskite layer absorbs photons, electron-hole pairs are generated by excitation, and the electron-hole pairs are further dissociated to form free carriers with opposite charges. The free electrons pass through the electron transport layer to the positive electrode, and the free holes pass through the hole transport layer to the negative electrode. The two kinds of free carriers are collected by the corresponding electrodes, and further form a photocurrent in the circuit of the perovskite cell.

[0230] The electron transport layer is capable of extracting and transporting electron carriers, and can block the passage of free holes.

[0231] The hole transport layer is capable of extracting and transporting hole carriers, and can block the passage of free electrons.

[0232] It can be understood that the perovskite cell further includes two electrodes. One of the two electrodes serves as a positive electrode and can collect electron carriers transported through the electron transport layer, and the other electrode serves as a negative electrode and can collect hole carriers transported through the hole transport layer.

[0233] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "linear main chain" refers to a chain formed by sequentially connecting a plurality of non-carbon atoms, and the non-carbon atoms constituting the linear main chain can be referred to as "main chain atoms". It should be noted that if different main chain atoms are connected into a ring by a divalent group (such as the five-membered ring of proline), the main chain including the ring structure is still within the scope of "linear main chain".

[0234] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "positively charged group" refers to a group having a binding ability to anions in a perovskite material. Without limitation, the positively charged group can be combined with the anions in the perovskite material by coordination. The positively charged group can play a role of passivating negatively charged defects in the perovskite layer by binding to the anions in the perovskite material. As a non-limiting example, the positively charged group can be -NH2, -NHR1, -NH + , -NHC(=NH)NH2, or a derivative form of any of the foregoing positively charged groups, wherein R1 is a C 1-6 alkyl group; the positively charged group can also be a group having a binding ability to anions in a perovskite material equal to or higher than any of the foregoing positively charged groups.

[0235] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "derivatives of the electropositive group" still belong to the category of the electropositive group, and have the ability to bind to the anions in the perovskite material, and can play the role of passivating the negatively charged defects.

[0236] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "electronegative group" refers to a group having the ability to bind to the cations in the perovskite material. Non-limitingly, the electronegative group can bind to the cations in the perovskite material through coordination. The electronegative group can play the role of passivating the positively charged defects in the perovskite layer by binding to the cations in the perovskite material. As a non-limiting example, the electronegative group can be -COOH, cyano, -CHO, carbonyl, halogen, halogenated C 1-6 alkyl, nitro, sulfonic acid group, or a derivative of any of the foregoing electronegative groups. The electronegative group can also be a group having the ability to bind to the cations in the perovskite material equal to or higher than any of the foregoing electronegative groups.

[0237] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "derivatives of the electronegative group" still belong to the category of the electronegative group, and have the ability to bind to the cations in the perovskite material, and can play the role of passivating the positively charged defects.

[0238] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "hydrophobic group" is a non-polar group or a weakly polar group. Unless otherwise specified, the hydrophobic group contains carbon atoms. Those skilled in the art can understand the difference between the hydrophobic group and the hydrophilic group, wherein the hydrophilic group is easy to be hydrophilic with water and is usually soluble in water. The hydrophobic group has no or low affinity for water and is usually insoluble in water or has low water solubility. In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the group having hydrophobicity equal to or higher than (or having affinity for water equal to or lower than) at least one of the following hydrophobic groups can be included in the "hydrophobic group": C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkylthio-substituted C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring-substituted C 1-3 alkyl and C 3-4 alkylene.

[0239] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "non-polar group" refers to a group having a dipole moment equal to 0, and the "weakly polar group" refers to a group having a dipole moment close to 0 and having similar properties to the non-polar group or the non-polar molecule. Non-limiting examples of the "non-polar group or weakly polar group" are phenyl, benzyl, indolyl, etc. In the present application, unless otherwise specified, a group with polarity equal to or weaker than at least one of the following hydrophobic groups can be included in the scope of "non-polar or weakly polar groups": C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1- alkyl, C 6-10 aryl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring, C 1-3 alkyl, C 3-4 alkylene, or a derivative form of any of the foregoing hydrophobic groups.

[0240] As non-limiting examples, the hydrophobic group can be C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring, C 1-3 alkyl, or C 3-4 alkylene, or a derivative form of any of the foregoing hydrophobic groups.

[0241] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the "derivative form of the hydrophobic group" still falls within the scope of the negatively charged group.

[0242] A multi-charge substance with a linear backbone and a plurality of side groups can be introduced into a perovskite layer of a perovskite battery, the plurality of side groups of the multi-charge substance including positively charged side groups, negatively charged side groups, and hydrophobic side groups located between at least one set of adjacent charged side groups, so that the plurality of side groups of the multi-charge substance carry positively charged groups, negatively charged groups, and hydrophobic groups along the linear backbone. The multi-charge substance can passivate different types of charge defects by different types of charged groups; by spacing the hydrophobic side groups carrying the hydrophobic groups between at least one set of adjacent charged side groups, it is beneficial to promote the dispersion between different types of charged groups in the multi-charge substance in a suitable manner, and also reduce the contact angle of the perovskite, increase the contact area, and more effectively passivate the effect; the combination of the three different groups is beneficial to reduce the contact angle of the perovskite, promote the layer growth of the perovskite, reduce the island growth, and further reduce the grain boundary spacing at least one side interface of the perovskite layer, which is beneficial to promote the efficient transport of charge carriers, and can significantly improve the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery, wherein multiple optimization effects such as improving photoelectric conversion efficiency, improving short-circuit current density, and improving open-circuit voltage can be achieved.

[0243] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "positively charged defects" in the perovskite layer refer to defects caused by local rich cations. As non-limiting examples, when there is a vacancy at the anion site in the perovskite material, it will cause rich cations, thereby forming positively charged defects.

[0244] In the present application, “negatively charged defects” in the perovskite layer refer to defects caused by local excess of anions, unless otherwise specified. As a non-limiting example, when a vacancy exists at a cation site in the perovskite material, it can cause excess of anions, thereby forming negatively charged defects.

[0245] In the present application, “multi-charged species” in the perovskite layer can be detected and analyzed for composition by one or more of the following methods: Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, etc., unless otherwise specified. 1 H NMR) method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, mass spectrometry, etc.

[0246] In the present application, the perovskite material in the perovskite layer can be detected and analyzed for composition by conventional means in the art, such as, but not limited to, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc., unless otherwise specified.

[0247] As a non-limiting example, the perovskite material and the multi-charged species can be separated from the components of the perovskite layer using a solvent that is opposite in solubility to the perovskite material and the multi-charged species. As a non-limiting example, isopropyl alcohol can be used as the solvent for separation. Typically, isopropyl alcohol has poor solubility for the perovskite material and good solubility for the multi-charged species.

[0248] In some embodiments, the multi-charged species satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0249] In the perovskite layer, the positively charged group in the multi-charged species includes at least one of -NH2, -NHR1, -NH + , -NHC(=NH)NH2, and wherein R1 is C 1-6 alkyl, wherein R1 is C 1-6 alkyl;

[0250] In the perovskite layer, the negatively charged group in the multi-charged species includes at least one of -COOH, cyano, -CHO, carbonyl, halogen, halogenated C 1-6 alkyl, nitro, and sulfonic acid group;

[0251] Each hydrophobic group is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkylthio-substituted C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, or C 3-4alkylene; optionally, each hydrophobic group is independently C 1-4 alkyl, methylthio-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, phenyl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, indolyl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl or 1,3-propylene; further optionally, each hydrophobic group is independently -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, CH3SCH2CH2-, benzyl, or 1,3-propylene, the 1,3-propylene together with two adjacent backbone atoms forms a five-membered ring; still further optionally, the two adjacent backbone atoms together with the 1,3-propylene form a five-membered ring, respectively a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom;

[0252] the hydrophobic group is a non-polar hydrophobic group or a weakly polar group, the weakly polar group is weaker in polarity than at least one of the following groups: C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring-substituted C 1-3 alkyl and C 3-4 alkylene; optionally, the weakly polar group is weaker in polarity than at least one of the following groups: C 1-4 alkyl, methylthio-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, phenyl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, indolyl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl or 1,3-propylene; further optionally, the weakly polar group is weaker in polarity than at least one of the following groups: -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, CH3SCH2CH2-, benzyl, or 1,3-propylene, the 1,3-propylene together with two adjacent backbone atoms forms a five-membered ring (the two adjacent backbone atoms together with the 1,3-propylene form a five-membered ring, respectively a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom, but are not limited thereto).

[0253] In some embodiments, one or two backbone atoms between any two adjacent charged groups in the plurality of charged groups are linked with a hydrophobic group.

[0254] In some embodiments, at least one set of two adjacent charged groups is a combination of a positively charged group and a negatively charged group.

[0255] In some embodiments, each positively charged group can be independently -NH2, -NHR1, -NH +-NHC(=NH)NH2or or a group having a binding ability to cations in a perovskite material equal to or stronger than any of the foregoing positive electric groups.

[0256] In some embodiments, any of the positive electric groups can independently be -NH2, -NHR1, -NH + -NHC(=NH)NH2or wherein R1is C 1-6 alkyl.

[0257] Without limitation, in the positive electric groups, R1may be C 1-6 alkyl, optionally C 1-4 alkyl, further optionally C 1-3 alkyl, further optionally methyl.

[0258] By selecting the foregoing kinds of positive electric groups in the multi-charge substance, it is more advantageous to bind to anions in the perovskite layer, and thus it is more advantageous to passivate negatively-charged defects.

[0259] In some embodiments, any of the negative electric groups can independently be -COOH, cyano, -CHO, carbonyl, halogen atom, halogenated C 1-6 alkyl, nitro, or sulfonic acid group or a group having a binding ability to cations in a perovskite material equal to or stronger than any of the foregoing negative electric groups.

[0260] In some embodiments, any of the negative electric groups independently is -COOH, cyano, -CHO, carbonyl, halogen atom, halogenated C 1-6 alkyl, nitro, or sulfonic acid group.

[0261] By selecting the foregoing kinds of negative electric groups in the multi-charge substance, it is more advantageous to bind to cations in the perovskite layer, and thus it is more advantageous to passivate positively-charged defects.

[0262] In some embodiments, the positive electric group is a polar group.

[0263] In some embodiments, the negative electric group is a hydrophilic group.

[0264] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is a non-polar hydrophobic group.

[0265] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance includes a non-polar hydrophobic group, a polar positive electric group, and a hydrophilic negative electric group.

[0266] In some embodiments, any of the hydrophobic groups independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkylthio-substituted C1-4 Alkyl, C 6-10 aryl-substituted C 1-3 Alkyl, C 5-10 C-substituted heterocyclic rings 1-3 Alkyl or C 3-4 Alkylene; optionally, each hydrophobic group is independently C 1-4 alkyl and methylthio-substituted C 1-3 alkyl and phenyl substituted C 1-3 alkyl and indole-substituted C 1-3 Alkyl or 1,3-propylidene; further optionally, any hydrophobic group is independently -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, CH3SCH2CH2-, benzyl, Alternatively, 1,3-propylidene, where the 1,3-propylidene and two adjacent main chain atoms together form a five-membered ring; more preferably, the two adjacent main chain atoms that together form the five-membered ring with the 1,3-propylidene are a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom, respectively.

[0267] By adjusting the type and / or distribution of hydrophobic groups to the aforementioned conditions, the recombination of positive and negative charges within the molecule can be avoided as much as possible. This allows for better adjustment of the contact angle of the perovskite, which is beneficial for achieving better passivation effects and inducing layered growth of the perovskite, thus contributing to better photoelectric conversion performance and device stability.

[0268] In some embodiments, a spacer group is disposed between any two adjacent charged groups among the plurality of charged groups, and at least one main chain atom of at least one spacer group is attached to a hydrophobic group.

[0269] By placing spacer groups between any adjacent charged groups, it is beneficial to disperse the charged groups in a more suitable manner in a multi-charged substance. It can be understood that, in this case, at least one main chain atom of at least one spacer group is attached to a hydrophobic group.

[0270] In some embodiments, at least one main chain atom between any two adjacent charged groups of the plurality of charged groups is attached to a hydrophobic group.

[0271] In some embodiments, a hydrophobic group is attached to one or two main chain atoms between any two adjacent charged groups. In some other embodiments, a hydrophobic group is attached to one main chain atom between any two adjacent charged groups. In still other embodiments, a hydrophobic group is attached to two main chain atoms between at least one set of two adjacent charged groups.

[0272] In some embodiments, the at least one set of two adjacent charged groups is a combination of a positively charged group and a negatively charged group.

[0273] By setting the adjacent charged groups as charged groups of different kinds of charges, the repulsion of the same kind of charges can be reduced on the basis of being spaced by the hydrophobic groups, so that the different kinds of charged groups in the multi-charge substance are dispersed in a more appropriate manner, which is conducive to promoting the perovskite layer growth and reducing the grain boundary spacing of the perovskite layer.

[0274] In some embodiments, the percentage of the number of the main chain atoms connected with the positively charged groups with respect to the total number of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain is 5% to 12%, which can be selected as 7% to 10%. The percentage of the number of the main chain atoms connected with the positively charged groups with respect to the total number of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain can also be any one of the following percentages or selected from the interval formed by any two of the following percentages: 5%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 6%, 6.5%, 6.7%, 7%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.3%, 8.5%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 11.1%, 11.2%, 11.5%, 12%, etc., which can be selected from any one of the following ranges, for example, 5.5% to 11.2%, 5.6% to 11.1%, etc.

[0275] By controlling the content of the positively charged groups in the multi-charge substance in the above-mentioned range, it is conducive to better passivating the negatively charged defects while exerting the synergistic advantages of the positively charged groups, the negatively charged groups and the hydrophobic groups.

[0276] In some embodiments, the percentage of the number of the main chain atoms connected with the negatively charged groups with respect to the total number of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain is 5% to 12%, which can be selected as 7% to 10%. The percentage of the number of the main chain atoms connected with the negatively charged groups with respect to the total number of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain can also be any one of the following percentages or selected from the interval formed by any two of the following percentages: 5%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 6%, 6.5%, 6.7%, 7%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.3%, 8.5%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 11.1%, 11.2%, 11.5%, 12%, etc., which can be selected from any one of the following ranges, for example, 5.5% to 11.2%, 5.6% to 11.1%, etc.

[0277] By controlling the content of the negatively charged groups in the multi-charge substance in the above-mentioned range, it is conducive to better passivating the positively charged defects while exerting the synergistic advantages of the positively charged groups, the negatively charged groups and the hydrophobic groups.

[0278] In some embodiments, the number percentage of the main chain atoms connected with the hydrophobic group relative to the sum of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain is 11% to 19%, which can be optionally 16% to 17%. The number percentage of the main chain atoms connected with the hydrophobic group relative to the sum of the main chain atoms in the linear main chain can also be any one of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 11%, 12%, 12.5%, 13%, 14%, 14.5%, 14.8%, 15%, 16%, 16.5%, 16.6%, 16.7%, 17%, 18%, 18.5%, 19%, etc., which can be optionally selected from any one of the following ranges: 12.5% to 18.5%, etc.

[0279] By controlling the content of the hydrophobic group in the multi-charge substance within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to better exert the aforementioned advantages of the hydrophobic group while exerting the synergistic advantages of the positive electric group, the negative electric group and the hydrophobic group.

[0280] In some embodiments, the at least one hydrophobic group comprises a group with conjugated π bond. In some of the embodiments, the at least one group with conjugated π bond is an aromatic group.

[0281] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “conjugated π bond” refers to a π bond capable of forming a conjugation effect with adjacent atoms or atom groups.

[0282] By introducing a group with conjugated π bond in the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the delocalized charge transport capability can be enhanced. It is beneficial to improve the short-circuit current density.

[0283] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics (any numerical parameter in the following characteristics can also be selected from any suitable numerical value or range in the context):

[0284] In the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the number percentage of the group with conjugated π bond is 50% to 100%, which can be optionally 80% to 100%, and further can be optionally 100%;

[0285] In the hydrophobic group of the multi-charge substance, the number percentage of the aromatic group is 50% to 100%, which can be optionally 80% to 100%, and further can be optionally 100%;

[0286] The group with conjugated π bond is one or more of C 6-15 one or more of aryl and C 5-10 heteroaryl; wherein C 6-15 The aryl can be one or more of C 6-10 aryl; further optionally, the group with conjugated π bond is phenyl or indole group.

[0287] Non-limitingly, the percentage by number of groups with conjugated pi bonds in the hydrophobic group of the polyelectrolyte can be 50% to 100%, optionally 80% to 100%, further optionally 100%; it can also be any of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc.

[0288] Non-limitingly, the percentage by number of aromatic groups in the hydrophobic group of the polyelectrolyte can be 50% to 100%, optionally 80% to 100%, further optionally 100%; it can also be any of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc.

[0289] Non-limitingly, the group with conjugated pi bonds is one or more of C 6-15 aryl (optionally C 6-10 aryl) and C 5-10 heteroaryl; further optionally, the group with conjugated pi bonds is phenyl or indolyl. In some embodiments, at least one hydrophobic group comprises phenyl or comprises indolyl.

[0290] In some embodiments, at least one hydrophobic group is C 1-3 alkyl or indolyl; further optionally at least one hydrophobic group is benzyl or 1-3 alkyl; further optionally at least one hydrophobic group is benzyl or

[0291] Non-limitingly, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte can comprise at least one of C 6-15 aryl (optionally C 6-10 aryl) and C 5-10 heteroaryl.

[0292] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte comprises at least one of phenyl and indolyl.

[0293] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte comprises phenyl and indolyl.

[0294] Non-limitingly, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte can comprise at least one of C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkyl.

[0295] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte comprises at least one of benzyl and In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte comprises at least one of benzyl and

[0296] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte material comprises a benzyl group and

[0297] By adjusting the content of the group with conjugated π bond in the polyelectrolyte material within the aforementioned range, it is more advantageous to enhance the delocalized charge transport ability. By adjusting the group with conjugated π bond in the polyelectrolyte material to be the aforementioned kind, it is also advantageous to better enhance the delocalized charge transport ability. Both of the aforementioned two adjustment methods can be introduced simultaneously.

[0298] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte material satisfies one or more of the following characteristics (any numerical parameter in the following characteristics can also be selected from any suitable numerical value or range in the context):

[0299] The number of spacer atoms of any one positive electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is independently 1-4 (optionally 1, 2, 3, or 4, further optionally 2, 3, or 4);

[0300] The number of spacer atoms of any one negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is independently 1-4 (optionally 1, 2, 3, or 4), optionally, the number of spacer atoms of any one negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is independently 1 or 2;

[0301] In any one adjacent group of positive electrostatic group and negative electrostatic group, the number of spacer atoms of the positive electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is not equal to the number of spacer atoms of the negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone. Further, the number of spacer atoms of the positive electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is greater than the number of spacer atoms of the negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone, or the number of spacer atoms of the negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is greater than the number of spacer atoms of the positive electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone.

[0302] In some embodiments, the number of spacer atoms of any one positive electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone can be independently 1-4 (optionally 1, 2, 3, or 4, further optionally 2, 3, or 4).

[0303] In some embodiments, the number of spacer atoms of any one negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is independently 1-4 (optionally 1, 2, 3, or 4). In some of the embodiments, the number of spacer atoms of any one negative electrostatic group relative to the linear backbone is independently 1 or 2.

[0304] In the present application, the "number of spacer atoms of a charged group relative to a linear backbone" refers to the shortest atomic length between the charged group and its corresponding backbone atom, for example, the number of spacer atoms between the side amino group and the corresponding backbone carbon atom in lysine is 4, the number of spacer atoms between the side amino group and the corresponding backbone carbon atom in ornithine is 3, the number of spacer atoms between the side carboxyl group and the corresponding backbone carbon atom in aspartic acid is 1, the number of spacer atoms between the side carboxyl group and the corresponding backbone carbon atom in glutamic acid is 2, the number of spacer atoms between the phenyl group and the corresponding backbone carbon atom in phenylalanine is 1, and the number of spacer atoms between the indole group and the corresponding backbone carbon atom in tryptophan is 1.

[0305] By adjusting the number of spacer atoms of any charged group (which can be a positively charged group or a negatively charged group) relative to a linear backbone, the side group length of the positively charged group from the linear backbone can be adjusted. By controlling the number of spacer atoms within the aforementioned range, both the steric hindrance of the linear backbone and the more suitable mobility and activity space of the charged group can be facilitated.

[0306] In some embodiments, the number of spacer atoms of a positively charged group relative to a linear backbone is not equal to the number of spacer atoms of a negatively charged group relative to the linear backbone in any adjacent group of positively charged groups and negatively charged groups. In some of these embodiments, the number of spacer atoms of a positively charged group relative to a linear backbone is greater than the number of spacer atoms of a negatively charged group relative to the linear backbone. In other of these embodiments, the number of spacer atoms of a negatively charged group relative to a linear backbone is greater than the number of spacer atoms of a positively charged group relative to the linear backbone.

[0307] When the number of spacer atoms of a positively charged group relative to a linear backbone is controlled to be not equal to the number of spacer atoms of a negatively charged group relative to the linear backbone, on the one hand, it is beneficial to reduce or avoid the complexation of positive and negative charges within the molecule, and on the other hand, it is also beneficial to better exert the passivation effect of the charged group farther from the linear backbone. Among them, when the number of spacer atoms of a positively charged group relative to a linear backbone is greater, it is more beneficial to passivate a negatively charged defect; and when the number of spacer atoms of a negatively charged group relative to a linear backbone is greater, it is more beneficial to passivate a positively charged defect.

[0308] In some embodiments, any charged group is independently provided by an a-amino acid unit, and the structure of the a-amino acid unit is shown in formula (U);

[0309] wherein, R0 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; L0 is an alkylene group (which can be a C 1-6 alkylene group, which can further be a C 1-4 alkylene group); F0 is a charged group. Further, F0 can be a positively charged group or a negatively charged group.

[0310] In some embodiments, in formula (U), R0is a hydrogen atom.

[0311] In some embodiments, in formula (U), L0is -(CH2) q wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0312] In some embodiments, in formula (U), q is 3 or 4, optionally 4.

[0313] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0314] In at least one of the alpha-amino acid units in the multi-charge substance, R0is a hydrogen atom, -L0-F0is -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)4NH2, -(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2, or

[0315] In at least one of the alpha-amino acid units in the multi-charge substance, R0is a hydrogen atom, -L0-F0is -(CH2)2COOH or -CH2COOH. In some embodiments, at least one set of two adjacent charged groups is provided by one positively charged amino acid unit and one negatively charged amino acid unit, respectively; in some embodiments,

[0316] The positively charged amino acid unit has a structure as shown in formula (U1), Z1is -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)4NH2, -(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2, or

[0317] The negatively charged amino acid unit has a structure as shown in formula (U2), Z2is -(CH2)2COOH or -CH2COOH.

[0318] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "amino acid" refers to a class of compounds that contain both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (the amino group can be a primary amino group or a secondary amino group). The carboxyl group and the amino group can be attached to the same carbon atom, but are not limited thereto.

[0319] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "alpha-amino acid" refers to an amino acid that includes a carboxyl group and an amino group attached to the same carbon atom.

[0320] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "positively charged amino acid" refers to an amino acid that contains a positively charged group in the side group.

[0321] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "negatively charged amino acid" refers to an amino acid that contains a negatively charged group in the side group.

[0322] In the present application, "hydrophobic amino acid" means an amino acid having a hydrophobic group in the side group, unless otherwise specified. The charged group can be provided by an a-amino acid unit represented by formula (U), and the corresponding raw material is readily available or prepared. Among them, the positively charged amino acid can come from lysine, ornithine or arginine, and the negatively charged amino acid can come from glutamic acid or aspartic acid.

[0323] In some embodiments, the two nearest-neighbor main chain atoms between any one set of adjacent positively charged amino acid units and negatively charged amino acid units are independently connected by a divalent spacer group; the divalent spacer group comprises a divalent group represented by formula (U3);

[0324] wherein R3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group (optionally, R3 is a hydrogen atom);

[0325] M3 and Z3 are in the following combination (i) or (ii):

[0326] (i): M3 is a hydrogen atom; Z3 is C 1-4 alkyl or -L3-F3; L3 is a methylene or ethylene group, and F3 is C 1-3 alkyl-S-, C 6-10 aryl or indole;

[0327] (ii): M3 and Z3 form a 1,3-propylene group.

[0328] In some embodiments, the divalent group represented by formula (U3) satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0329] R3 is a hydrogen atom;

[0330] C 1-4 alkyl is -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, or -CH(CH3)CH2CH3;

[0331] F3 is CH3S-, phenyl, or optionally, -L3-F3 is -CH2CH2SCH3, benzyl, or

[0332] The structure of the divalent spacer group is represented by formula (U4):

[0333] In some embodiments, in formula (U3), L3 is -CH2- or -CH2CH2-.

[0334] In some embodiments, the divalent group represented by formula (U3) is a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or methionine.

[0335] Any one set of two adjacent charged groups can be separated by a hydrophobic amino acid unit, such as alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, or a hydrophobically or non-polarly derivatized version of any of the foregoing.

[0336] The main chain atoms corresponding to the hydrophobic side groups can be connected to the flanking charged side groups by amide bonds.

[0337] In some embodiments, the multi-charge species comprises at least one peptide segment of formula (U5); either end of the peptide segment of formula (U5) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus;

[0338] wherein,

[0339] AA1is a positively charged amino acid unit, which can optionally be a divalent amino acid unit based on lysine, arginine, histidine, or ornithine;

[0340] AA2is a negatively charged amino acid unit, which can optionally be a divalent amino acid unit based on aspartic acid or glutamic acid;

[0341] q 31 is 1 or 2, and any AA 31 is independently a hydrophobic amino acid unit, which can optionally be a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan, and further, any AA 31 is independently a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan;

[0342] Any “—” is independently a covalent bond or glycine (optionally, any “—” is independently a covalent bond).

[0343] In some embodiments, in formula (U5), AA1is a divalent lysine unit, AA2is a divalent glutamic acid unit, and any AA 31 is independently a divalent phenylalanine unit or a divalent tryptophan unit.

[0344] In some embodiments, q 31 is 1, in which case the multi-charge species comprises at least one peptide segment of formula (U5-1); either end of the peptide segment of formula (U5-1) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus;

[0345] wherein, AA1is a positively charged amino acid unit, which can optionally be a divalent amino acid unit based on lysine, arginine, histidine, or ornithine;

[0346] AA2 is a negatively charged amino acid unit, which can be a divalent amino acid unit based on aspartic acid or glutamic acid;

[0347] AA 31 is a hydrophobic amino acid unit, which can be a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophan;

[0348] AA 31 is a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan.

[0349] In some embodiments, in formula (U5-1), AA1 is a divalent lysine unit, AA2 is a divalent glutamic acid unit, and AA 31 is a divalent phenylalanine unit or a divalent tryptophan unit.

[0350] At least one peptide segment represented by formula (U5) can be arranged in the multi-charge substance, and further, the aforementioned amino acid combination mode AA1-(AA 31 q31 -AA2 (such as KDF peptide segment or KDW peptide segment) introduces a positively charged side group, a hydrophobic side group and a negatively charged side group, wherein the positively charged side group is provided by the positively charged amino acid unit AA1, the negatively charged side group is provided by the negatively charged amino acid unit AA2, and the hydrophobic side group is provided by the hydrophobic amino acid unit AA 31 is provided, at this time, it is more conducive to exert the aforementioned effects of the multi-charge substance, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be better improved: on the one hand, different types of charge defects can be passivated; on the other hand, it is conducive to reducing the contact angle of the perovskite, promoting the layered growth of the perovskite layer, reducing the island growth, thereby reducing the grain boundary spacing at least one side interface of the perovskite layer, and promoting the efficient transport of charge carriers; further, a phenyl group or an indole group can be introduced into the hydrophobic group as a group with conjugated π bond, which can better enhance the delocalized charge transport capacity and better improve the short-circuit current density.

[0351] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance comprises at least one peptide segment represented by formula (U6a) or formula (U6b);

[0352] Either end of the peptide segment represented by formula (U6a) is the N-terminal or the C-terminal, and the other end is the C-terminal or the N-terminal;

[0353] Either end of the peptide segment represented by formula (U6b) is the N-terminal or the C-terminal, and the other end is the C-terminal or the N-terminal;

[0354] AA 32 is a hydrophobic amino acid unit, which can be a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophan;​

[0355] AA 31 and AA 32 They can be the same or different;

[0356] Each "—" represents a covalent bond or glycine (optionally, each "—" represents a covalent bond independently).

[0357] In some of these implementations, AA 31 and AA 32 different.

[0358] In some of these implementations, AA 31 and AA 32 Each is independently a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan; further optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 One of them is a divalent phenylalanine unit, and the other is a divalent tryptophan unit.

[0359] The peptide segment shown in formula (U6a) or (U6b) can be incorporated into the multi-charged material, including a positively charged amino acid unit AA1, a negatively charged amino acid unit AA2, and a hydrophobic amino acid unit AA separating AA1 and AA2. 31 Furthermore, hydrophobic amino acid units AA can be placed on the other side of AA2. 32 AA 31 and AA 32 They can be the same or different. You can choose AA. 31 and AA 32 Each amino acid is independently a divalent amino acid unit based on phenylalanine or tryptophan. In this case, the delocalized charge transport capability can be better enhanced, and the short-circuit current density can be improved. As an example, AA... 31 and AA 32 It can be a combination of divalent phenylalanine units and divalent tryptophan units.

[0360] In some embodiments, the multicharged material further comprises multiple charged groups attached to a linear backbone, each charged group being connected to a different backbone atom on the linear backbone, and any two adjacent charged groups are separated by a backbone atom along the linear backbone. Non-limitingly, the number of backbone atoms separating any two adjacent charged groups along the linear backbone is greater than or equal to 4. Non-limitingly, the number of backbone atoms separating any two adjacent charged groups along the linear backbone can be any of the following values ​​or a range selected from any two of the following values: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc. Non-limitingly, the number of backbone atoms separating any two adjacent charged groups along the linear backbone can be greater than or equal to 5.

[0361] In some embodiments, the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone can be, but is not limited to, 12-60, and can be optionally 12-48. Without limitation, the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone can also be any of the following values or a range selected from any two of the following values: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, etc.

[0362] The molecular chain length of the multi-charge substance can be adjusted by adjusting the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone. By controlling the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to not only exert the aforementioned effects of the multi-charge substance, but also to make the perovskite layer have good film-forming processability and fewer void defects.

[0363] In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups contained in one molecule of the multi-charge substance can be, but is not limited to, 1-5, and can be optionally 1-4, and can be further optionally 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 2, 3, or 4.

[0364] In some embodiments, the number of negative electric groups contained in one molecule of the multi-charge substance can be, but is not limited to, 1-5, and can be optionally 1-4, and can be further optionally 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 2, 3, or 4.

[0365] In some embodiments, the number of hydrophobic groups contained in one molecule of the multi-charge substance can be, but is not limited to, 2-10, and can be optionally 2-8, and can be further optionally 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 4. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 2. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 3. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 5. In some embodiments, the number of positive electric groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 8.

[0366] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polypeptide; the polypeptide comprises a plurality of charged amino acid units; the plurality of charged amino acid units comprises at least one positively charged amino acid unit and at least one negatively charged amino acid unit; any two adjacent charged amino acid units in the plurality of charged amino acid units are separated by k hydrophobic amino acid units, where k can be 1 or 2.

[0367] The polyelectrolyte can be a polypeptide, and the molecular structure can be precisely controlled using existing polypeptide synthesis methods, for example, the distribution and spacing of positively charged groups, negatively charged groups, and hydrophobic groups along the linear backbone can be precisely controlled.

[0368] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more (any suitable number) of the following characteristics:

[0369] Each positively charged amino acid unit is independently derived from lysine, arginine, histidine, or ornithine;

[0370] Each negatively charged amino acid unit is independently derived from aspartic acid or glutamic acid;

[0371] Each hydrophobic amino acid unit is independently derived from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan;

[0372] Any two adjacent hydrophobic amino acid units are derived from the same or different amino acid;

[0373] The hydrophobic amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte comprise a plurality of aromatic amino acid units, and each aromatic amino acid unit is independently phenylalanine or tryptophan.

[0374] In some embodiments, any two adjacent hydrophobic amino acid units are derived from different amino acids.

[0375] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more (any suitable number) of the following characteristics:

[0376] Each positively charged amino acid unit is independently derived from lysine;

[0377] Each negatively charged amino acid unit is independently derived from glutamic acid;

[0378] Each hydrophobic amino acid unit is independently derived from phenylalanine or tryptophan; optionally, any two adjacent hydrophobic amino acid units are derived from different amino acids, i.e., phenylalanine and tryptophan are sequentially and separately distributed along the linear backbone;

[0379] In the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of positively charged amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units is 15% to 36%, optionally 21% to 30%.

[0380] In the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of negatively charged amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units is 15% to 36%, optionally 21% to 30%.

[0381] In the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of hydrophobic groups relative to the total number of amino acid units is 33% to 57%, optionally 48% to 51%.

[0382] In the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of aromatic amino acid units relative to the number of hydrophobic amino acid units is 50% to 100%, optionally 80% to 100%, further optionally 100%.

[0383] Non-limitingly, in the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of positively charged amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units can be 15% to 36%, optionally 21% to 30%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 15%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 35%, 36%, and the like.

[0384] Non-limitingly, in the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of negatively charged amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units can be 15% to 36%, optionally 21% to 30%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 15%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 35%, 36%, and the like.

[0385] Non-limitingly, in the polyelectrolyte, the percentage of the number of hydrophobic groups relative to the total number of amino acid units can be 33% to 57%, optionally 48% to 51%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 38%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 48%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, and the like.

[0386] Non-limitingly, the percentage of the number of aromatic amino acid units relative to the number of hydrophobic amino acid units can also be any one of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 66%, 66.7%, 67%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, and the like.

[0387] By regulating the positive groups in the polyelectrolyte to be the aforementioned amino acid units, the passivation effect of the polypeptide on the negatively charged defects can be improved.

[0388] By regulating the negative groups in the polyelectrolyte to be the aforementioned amino acid units, the passivation effect of the polypeptide on the positively charged defects can be improved.

[0389] By regulating the hydrophobic groups in the polyelectrolyte to be the aforementioned amino acid units, the different types of charged groups in the polyelectrolyte can be dispersed in a more suitable manner, and the contact angle of the perovskite can be reduced, so that the passivation effect can be more effectively exerted.

[0390] By regulating the hydrophobic amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte to include a plurality of aromatic amino acid units, such as phenylalanine or tryptophan, the delocalized charge transport capability can be better enhanced, and the short-circuit current density can be better improved.

[0391] By regulating the number percentage of the aromatic amino acid units relative to the hydrophobic amino acid units to be within the aforementioned range, the distribution of the positive groups and the negative groups along the linear main chain can be better regulated, the intramolecular positive-negative charge recombination can be better reduced or avoided, and the passivation effect can be better exerted.

[0392] In some embodiments, the number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide can be, but is not limited to, 4-20, and can be optionally 4-10. Non-limitingly, the number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide can also be any of the following values or selected from the interval consisting of any two of the following values: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Non-limitingly, the number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide can also be selected from any of the following ranges: 4-8, 4-16, 4-12, 6-20, 6-16, 6-12, 6-10, etc.

[0393] By controlling the number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide polyelectrolyte to be within the aforementioned range, the perovskite layer can have good film processing properties and fewer void defects while the aforementioned effects of the polyelectrolyte are exerted.

[0394] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte includes a non-conjugated π-bond amino acid unit. The side group of the non-conjugated π-bond amino acid unit can contain or not contain the hydrophobic group.

[0395] The non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid unit containing a hydrophobic group can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the divalent amino acid units derived from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and proline. In some embodiments, the non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid unit containing a hydrophobic group can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the divalent amino acid units derived from alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine.

[0396] The non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid unit not containing a hydrophobic group can include, but is not limited to, the divalent amino acid unit derived from glycine, which can be -NH-CH2-C(=O)- or -C(=O)-CH2-NH-. In some embodiments, the non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid unit not containing a hydrophobic group is the divalent amino acid unit derived from glycine.

[0397] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polypeptide; the sum of the number of non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte can be 0% to 50% of the total number of amino acid units, further alternatively 0% to 25%, more further alternatively 0% to 12.5%, and more further alternatively 0%. Non- limitingly, the sum of the number of non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte can be any one of the following percentages or selected from the interval consisting of any two of the following percentages: 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 11%, 11.1%, 12%, 12.5%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc.

[0398] In some embodiments, the number of non-conjugated pi-bond amino acid units in the polyelectrolyte is 0 to 4, further alternatively 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. More further, for example, 0.

[0399] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polypeptide; and the sum of the number of non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units containing a hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte is less than 34% of the total number of amino acid units, further optionally 0-20%, and more further 0%. Non- limitingly, the sum of the number of non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units containing a hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte can be any of the following percentages or selected from the following interval consisting of any two of the following percentages: 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 33%, etc.

[0400] In some embodiments, the number of non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units containing a hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte is 0-4, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and further for example 0.

[0401] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polypeptide; and the sum of the number of non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units containing a hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte is less than 34% of the total number of amino acid units, further optionally 0-20%, and more further 0%. Non- limitingly, the sum of the number of non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units containing a hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte can be any of the following percentages or selected from the following interval consisting of any two of the following percentages: 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 33%, etc.

[0402] In some embodiments, the number of non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units containing a hydrophobic group in the polyelectrolyte is 0-4, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and further for example 0.

[0403] The polyelectrolyte can be provided with non-conjugated π-bonded amino acid units, which can correspond to a relatively small molecular size of the polyelectrolyte, and is more conducive to entering the light-absorbing layer.

[0404] In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0405] Both end atoms of the linear main chain are carbon atoms, and at least one end atom is connected to a charged group;

[0406] The two end atoms of the linear main chain are respectively connected with a carboxyl group and an amino group, the carboxyl group is -COOH, and the amino group is -NH2, -NHCH3 or -NH-Fmoc, Fmoc is fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; optionally, the carboxyl group is -COOH, and the amino group is -NH2.

[0407] The end-capping mode of the linear main chain of the multi-charge substance can be adjusted.

[0408] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance comprises one or more of the following polypeptide substances: FKWD tetrapeptide, WDFK tetrapeptide, FKWDWD hexapeptide, FKWDFK hexapeptide, FKWDFKWD octapeptide, AKLDAKLD octapeptide, FKLDFKLD octapeptide, FKGDFKWD octapeptide, FKWGDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWFDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWDFKWDFK decapeptide, and FKWDFKWDFKWDFKWD hexadecapeptide.

[0409] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance comprises one or more of the following polypeptide substances: FKWD tetrapeptide, WDFK tetrapeptide, FKWDWD hexapeptide, FKWDFK hexapeptide, FKWDFKWD octapeptide, AKLDAKLD octapeptide, FKLDFKLD octapeptide, FKGDFKWD octapeptide, FKWGDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWFDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWDFKWDFK decapeptide, and FKWDFKWDFKWDFKWD hexadecapeptide.

[0410] In some embodiments, the multi-charge substance comprises one or more of the following polypeptide substances: FKWD tetrapeptide, WDFK tetrapeptide, FKWDWD hexapeptide, FKWDFK hexapeptide, FKWDFKWD octapeptide, AKLDAKLD octapeptide, FKLDFKLD octapeptide, FKGDFKWD octapeptide, FKWGDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWFDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWDFKWDFK decapeptide, and FKWDFKWDFKWDFKWD hexadecapeptide.

[0411] In some embodiments, the N-terminus of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is -NH2, -NHCH3 or -NH-Fmoc, Fmoc is fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl.

[0412] In some embodiments, the C-terminus of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is -COOH.

[0413] By controlling the multi-charge substance to comprise the foregoing kinds, the foregoing effects of the multi-charge substance can be better exerted, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be better improved: on the one hand, different kinds of charge defects can be passivated; on the other hand, the contact angle of the perovskite can be reduced, the perovskite layer can be promoted to grow in a layered manner, island growth can be reduced, and in turn the grain boundary spacing at the interface of at least one side of the perovskite layer can be reduced, which is conducive to promoting the efficient transport of charge carriers; further, by introducing a phenyl or indole group into the hydrophobic group, the delocalized charge transport capability can be better enhanced, and the short-circuit current density can be better improved.

[0414] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery satisfies one or more of the following characteristics (any numerical parameter in the following characteristics can also be selected from any suitable numerical value or range in the context):

[0415] The perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the positively charged groups in the polyelectrolyte to the monovalent anions is 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%;

[0416] The perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the negatively charged groups in the polyelectrolyte to the divalent metal cations is 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%;

[0417] The perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the polyelectrolyte to the monovalent anions is 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol;

[0418] The perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the polyelectrolyte to the divalent metal cations is 0.18 g / mol to 2 g / mol, optionally 0.18 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, further optionally 0.6 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol.

[0419] Non-limitingly, the perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the positively charged groups in the polyelectrolyte to the monovalent anions can be, but is not limited to, 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or a range consisting of any two of the following percentages: 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.011%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%, 0.03%, 0.035%, 0.037%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.055%, 0.056%, 0.057%, 0.06%, 0.064%, 0.065%, 0.069%, 0.07%, 0.075%, 0.076%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.111%, 0.112%, 0.113%, etc.

[0420] Non-limitingly, the perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the negatively charged groups in the multi-charge species relative to the divalent metal cations can be, but is not limited to, 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or a range consisting of any two of the following percentages: 0.009%, 0.024%, 0.025%, 0.027%, 0.03%, 0.033%, 0.034%, 0.035%, 0.036%, 0.04%, 0.042%, 0.045%, 0.048%, 0.05%, 0.054%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.114%, 0.115%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.137%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.151%, 0.155%, 0.16%, 0.162%, 0.165%, 0.167%, 0.17%, 0.171%, 0.175%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.191%, 0.194%, 0.195%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.222%, 0.227%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.27%, 0.3%, 0.33%, 0.333%, 0.336%, 0.339%, etc.

[0421] Non-limitingly, the perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multi-charge species relative to the monovalent anions can be, but is not limited to, 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, and can also be any one of the following content ratios or a range consisting of any two of the following content ratios: 0.06 g / mol, 0.07 g / mol, 0.08 g / mol, 0.1 g / mol, 0.15 g / mol, 0.2 g / mol, 0.25 g / mol, 0.3 g / mol, 0.33 g / mol, 0.35 g / mol, 0.4 g / mol, 0.45 g / mol, 0.5 g / mol, 0.54 g / mol, 0.55 g / mol, 0.6 g / mol, 0.65 g / mol, 0.66 g / mol, 0.67 g / mol, etc.

[0422] Non-limitingly, the perovskite material includes divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cation can be, but is not limited to, 0.18 g / mol to 2 g / mol, optionally 0.18 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, further optionally 0.6 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, and can also be any one of the following content ratios or selected from the interval consisting of any two of the following content ratios: 0.18 g / mol, 0.2 g / mol, 0.25 g / mol, 0.3 g / mol, 0.4 g / mol, 0.5 g / mol, 0.6 g / mol, 0.7 g / mol, 0.8 g / mol, 0.9 g / mol, 1 g / mol, 1.0 g / mol, 1.2 g / mol, 1.4 g / mol, 1.5 g / mol, 1.6 g / mol, 1.62 g / mol, 1.65 g / mol, 1.8 g / mol, 1.9 g / mol, 2 g / mol, etc.

[0423] By adjusting the relative amount of the multi-charge substance to the perovskite material, the perovskite layer can be better promoted to grow in a layered manner, the island growth can be reduced, and the grain boundary spacing at the interface of at least one side of the perovskite layer can be reduced, which is more conducive to promoting the efficient transport of carriers and can more significantly improve the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery.

[0424] In some embodiments, a perovskite battery is provided, which includes a first electrode, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode arranged in sequence, wherein one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a positive electrode, and the other is a negative electrode; the perovskite layer has a first grain boundary, which refers to a grain boundary with a grain boundary spacing of less than or equal to 10 nm. Further, any suitable embodiment in the first aspect of the present application can be combined.

[0425] In some embodiments, a perovskite battery is provided, which includes a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a second charge transport layer arranged in sequence, wherein one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0426] The perovskite layer has a first grain boundary, which refers to a grain boundary with a grain boundary spacing of less than or equal to 10 nm. Further, any suitable embodiment in the first aspect of the present application can be combined.

[0427] By controlling the grain boundary spacing in the perovskite layer within the aforementioned range, the efficient transport of carriers can be effectively promoted, and the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite battery can be significantly improved, wherein multiple optimization effects such as improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency, improving the short-circuit current density, and improving the open-circuit voltage can be achieved.

[0428] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics (any numerical parameter in the following characteristics can also be selected from any suitable numerical value or range in the context):

[0429] At at least one cross section of the perovskite layer, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundaries relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than 30%; optionally, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundaries relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than or equal to 50%.

[0430] The grain boundary spacing of the first grain boundaries is 0.5 nm to 10 nm.

[0431] Non-limitingly, the grain boundary spacing of the first grain boundaries can be any one of the following or selected from the interval consisting of any two of the following: 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, etc.

[0432] In the present application, non-limitingly, the grain boundary morphology of the perovskite layer can be observed by methods including but not limited to the following: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method, etc. The perovskite layer in the perovskite cell can be obtained by disassembling in the following manner and then tested and analyzed for grain boundary characteristics: taking the electron transport layer as C60 / BCP and the second electrode as a Cu electrode on the surface of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite layer as an example, the perovskite cell can be disassembled, the second electrode (such as the Cu electrode) can be removed, and the electron transport layer (such as C60 / BCP) can be washed away with the anti-solvent (such as chlorobenzene) of the corresponding perovskite layer. The second electrode can be removed by, for example, adhesive tape.

[0433] By controlling the percentage of the first grain boundaries in the cross section of the perovskite layer to be within the aforementioned range, the efficient transport of charge carriers can be more effectively promoted, and thus the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cell can be more significantly improved.

[0434] By controlling the grain boundary spacing of the first grain boundaries to be within the aforementioned range, the efficient transport of charge carriers can also be more effectively promoted, and thus the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cell can be more significantly improved.

[0435] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell is the perovskite cell of any suitable embodiment described above.

[0436] The grain boundary spacing at the interface of the perovskite layer can be controlled to be within the aforementioned range by introducing the aforementioned multi-charge substance into the perovskite layer.

[0437] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, and the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, or the first electrode is a transparent electrode, and the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0438] Some other descriptions about the perovskite layer are as follows.

[0439] The perovskite layer includes a perovskite material. Without limitation, in the perovskite material of the perovskite layer, the perovskite-type compound can include a perovskite-type metal halide.

[0440] As a non-limiting example, the perovskite-type metal halide can include ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

[0441] In some embodiments, A is a monovalent cation with a larger radius; without limitation, A can be an organic cation, an inorganic cation, or an organic-inorganic hybrid cation, A can include but is not limited to one or more of the following materials: methylamine ion (CH3NH3 + ), formamidinium ion (HC(NH2)2 + ), cesium ion (Cs+) and rubidium (Rb+); B is a divalent metal cation with a smaller radius, without limitation, B can include but is not limited to one or more of the following materials: divalent metal cations such as Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , etc.; X is a monovalent anion, without limitation, X can include but is not limited to one or more of the following materials: chloride ion (Cl - ), bromide ion (Br - ), iodide ion (I - ), etc.

[0442] Without limitation, the band gap of the perovskite layer can be between 1.20 eV and 2.30 eV.

[0443] Without limitation, the thickness of the perovskite layer can be between 400 nm and 1000 nm.

[0444] In some embodiments, A is an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or an organic-inorganic hybrid cation, which can be at least one of methylamine ion (MA + ), formamidinium ion (FA + ), and cesium ion (Cs + ); B is at least one of lead ion (Pb 2+ ) and tin ion (Sn 2+ ).

[0445] In some embodiments, A includes one or more of Cs + , K + , Rb + , Li + , organic amine cations, etc. The organic amine cation can include one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amidine cations.

[0446] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations are (NR 21 R 22 R 23 R 24 ) + , (R 21 R 22 N = CR 23 R 24 ) + , (R 21R22 N - C(R 25 ) = NR 23 R 24 ) + or (R 21 R 22 N - C(NR 25 R 26 ) = R 23 R 24 ) + wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 are each independently selected from H, C 1-20 alkyl, aryl, substituted C 1-20 alkyl or substituted aryl; wherein "C 1-20 alkyl" in C 1-20 alkyl and substituted C 1- alkyl is each independently optionally C 20 alkyl, further optionally C 1-15 alkyl, more further optionally C 1-10 alkyl, more further optionally C 1-8 alkyl, more further optionally C 1-6 alkyl, more further optionally C 1-4 alkyl, more further optionally C 1-3 alkyl, more further optionally methyl. "Aryl" in aryl and substituted aryl is each independently optionally C 6-20 aryl, further optionally C 6-12 aryl, more further optionally C 6- 10 aryl, more further optionally phenyl or naphthyl, more further optionally phenyl. The substituents in substituted C 1-20 alkyl and substituted aryl are each independently C 1-10 hydrocarbyl, further optionally C 1-6 alkyl or C 6-10 aryl, more further optionally methyl or phenyl.

[0447] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations are CH3NH3+ (methylamine, MA + ), ammonium (NH4 + ). A non-limiting example of a monovalent amidinium cation is NH2CH=NH2 + (formamidine, which can be denoted as FA + ).

[0448] As a non-limiting example, B in the perovskite metal halide can include one or more of Pb 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , and Ni 2+ .

[0449] In some embodiments, B in the perovskite metal halide can include, but is not limited to, a divalent cation of one or more of the following elements: lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and europium, among others.

[0450] In some embodiments, X includes one or more of I - , Br - , Cl - , and F - .

[0451] In some embodiments, X includes one or more of I - , Br - , and Cl - .

[0452] In some embodiments, X includes one or more of I - , Br - . X can be I - , Br - , or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, X is I - .

[0453] In some embodiments, B in the perovskite metal halide includes Pb 2+ , and further, B can be Pb 2+ .

[0454] In some embodiments, X in the perovskite metal halide can include one or more of Br - and I - .

[0455] In some embodiments, the perovskite metal halide has a chemical formula of ABX3, where A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent metal cation, and X is a monovalent anion; further, X in the perovskite metal halide can include Br - and I - or both.

[0456] The following are some descriptions about the electron transport layer.

[0457] The electron transport layer includes an electron transport material. Without limitation, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials, electron transport derivatives of the following materials, electron transport materials formed by doping and / or passivation of the following materials: [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene and its derivatives, and tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and the like.

[0458] In some embodiments, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and electron transport derivatives thereof: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerene and its derivatives, metal oxides, and the like. In the electron transport material, the metal element in the metal oxide can include one or more of Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr.

[0459] In this application, unless otherwise specified, a “charge transport derivative of compound M” has similar charge transport performance to compound M, for example, a fullerene derivative as an electron transport material has similar electron transport effect to fullerene.

[0460] In this application, unless otherwise specified, an “electron transport derivative of compound M” has similar electron transport performance to compound M.

[0461] In this application, unless otherwise specified, a “hole transport derivative of compound M” has similar hole transport performance to compound M.

[0462] The following are some descriptions about the hole transport layer.

[0463] The hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. Without limitation, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer can include, but is not limited to, one or more of hole transport derivatives of the following materials, hole transport materials formed by doping and / or passivation of the following materials: nickel oxide, poly "bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and the like.

[0464] In some embodiments, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and hole transport derivatives thereof: 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriazolamine (PTAA), nickel oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), WO3, and the like materials that can transport holes, block electrons.

[0465] Methods of making the hole transport layer can include, but are not limited to, magnetron sputtering, atomic deposition, spin coating, and the like.

[0466] Some descriptions regarding the first electrode and the second electrode are provided below.

[0467] In the perovskite cell, one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a positive electrode, and the other is a negative electrode.

[0468] In the perovskite cell, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode. Either transparent electrode can be used for light incidence.

[0469] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, one of the "first electrode" and the "second electrode" is a transparent electrode, which is used for light incidence. In some of these embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0470] In some embodiments, the conductive material can include, but is not limited to, at least one of the following materials: Ag, Cu, graphite electrode, Au, Al, indium tin oxide (ITO), azo compound (AZO), peroxyformic acid (BZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and the like.

[0471] Without limitation, each of the first electrode and the second electrode independently comprises an electrically conductive material. The electrically conductive material in the first electrode and the electrically conductive material in the second electrode can each independently comprise an organic electrically conductive material, an inorganic electrically conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid electrically conductive material. As an example, the organic-inorganic hybrid electrically conductive material comprises both an organic electrically conductive component and an inorganic electrically conductive component. As non-limiting examples, the organic electrically conductive material can comprise a conductive polymer, wherein non-limiting examples of the conductive polymer can comprise one or more of PEDOT, polythiophene, polyacetylene, and the like. As non-limiting examples, the inorganic electrically conductive material can comprise one or more of a transparent conductive oxide, a metallic electrically conductive material, a carbon electrically conductive material, and the like, wherein non-limiting examples of the transparent conductive oxide can comprise one or more of FTO, ITO, IWO, AZO, and the like. In some embodiments, a non-limiting example of the inorganic electrically conductive material is a metallic electrically conductive material, further, the metallic electrically conductive material can comprise any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), and the like, or any suitable mixture of the foregoing elements thereof.

[0472] The transparent electrode comprises a transparent conductive material. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material contained in the transparent electrode can comprise a conductive oxide. Without limitation, the conductive oxide in the transparent electrode can comprise one or more of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material in the transparent electrode can comprise, by way of example and without limitation, one or more of FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), and the like.

[0473] In some embodiments, one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a metallic electrode. The metallic electrode can comprise one or more of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and the like.

[0474] Based on any suitable embodiment herein, in some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0475] Based on any suitable embodiment herein, in some embodiments, the second electrode is a metallic electrode.

[0476] Based on any suitable embodiment herein, in some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the second electrode is a metallic electrode.

[0477] The following is some description about the substrate layer.

[0478] The substrate layer involved in the embodiments or examples of the present application can be, but is not limited to, a glass substrate or a flexible substrate. Non-limitingly, the flexible substrate can include one or more materials of polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene naphthalate, etc. Optionally, the first electrode is a transparent electrode for light incidence.

[0479] In some embodiments, the substrate layer is provided by a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), a non-limiting example of which is ITO, FTO, etc.

[0480] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the substrate layer is a flexible substrate layer. Further, the material of the substrate layer can be exemplified as (but not limited to) an organic polymer material, further, which can be mixed in different proportions by one or more of the following materials including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate glycol (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0481] The following is some description about the perovskite cell structure.

[0482] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, one of the "first charge transport layer" and "second charge transport layer" is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer. In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer. In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0483] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the hole transport layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, and the electron transport layer is located between the second electrode and the perovskite. In other embodiments, the electron transport layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, and the hole transport layer is located between the second electrode and the perovskite.

[0484] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell includes the photoelectric conversion structure shown in FIG. 1, at this time, the perovskite cell includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a perovskite layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160. Further, the illustrated structure layers are sequentially stacked. Optionally, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, and further optionally, the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0485] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode which are sequentially arranged.

[0486] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell is a trans-p-i-n structure.

[0487] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the perovskite cell comprises a transparent electrode (as the first electrode) and a hole transport layer (as the first charge transport layer), a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer (as the second charge transport layer) and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is used for light incidence.

[0488] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the perovskite cell comprises the following structure sequentially arranged: a substrate layer (which can be a glass substrate or a flexible substrate), a first electrode, a hole transport layer (as the first charge transport layer), a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer (as the second charge transport layer) and a second electrode.

[0489] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the perovskite cell 100 comprises the structure shown in FIG. 2, and the perovskite cell 100 comprises a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a perovskite layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150 and a second electrode 160, which are sequentially arranged. Further, the structure layers are sequentially stacked.

[0490] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell is provided with three types of etching regions P1, P2 and P3 arranged across layers, and a group of etching regions formed by the P1 etching region, the P2 etching region and the P3 etching region divides the perovskite cell into a plurality of series-connected sub-cells, each of which comprises a P1 etching region, a P2 etching region and a P3 etching region arranged in sequence, and the P2 etching region is located between the P1 etching region and the P3 etching region. The P1 etching region, the P2 etching region and the P3 etching region can be connected to the structure layers arranged separately, so that the structure layers between the first electrode and the second electrode form a loop. P1, P2 and P3 can each independently be a linear etching region, also known as an etching line. P1, P2 and P3 can each independently be a laser etching region. The number of P1, P2 and P3 corresponds to the number of sub-cells. Without limitation, P1, P2 and P3 can be arranged as follows: P1 is used to divide the first electrode, and the two ends are connected to the first charge transport layer and the substrate layer, respectively; P2 is used to penetrate the second charge transport layer, the perovskite layer and the first charge transport layer, and the two ends of the P2 etching region are connected to the second electrode and the first electrode, respectively; P3 is used to penetrate the second electrode, the second charge transport layer, the perovskite layer and the first charge transport layer, and one end of P3 is connected to the surface of the first electrode, and the other end penetrates out of the outer surface of the second electrode.

[0491] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell comprises a structure shown in FIG. 3 (a vertical cross-sectional view of the device), which comprises a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a perovskite layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160, which are sequentially stacked, and P1, P2, and P3 three etching regions for dividing the perovskite cell into a plurality of series-connected sub-cells, wherein P1 is used for dividing the first electrode, P2 is used for penetratingly dividing the second charge transport layer, the perovskite layer, and the first charge transport layer, and P3 is used for penetratingly dividing the second electrode, the second charge transport layer, the perovskite layer, and the first charge transport layer.

[0492] In some embodiments, the substrate layer 110 in the structure shown in FIG. 3 is a light-entering glass substrate.

[0493] In some embodiments, the filling material in the P1 etching region in the perovskite cell can be consistent with the first charge transport layer.

[0494] In some embodiments, the filling material in the P2 etching region in the perovskite cell can be consistent with the second electrode.

[0495] In some embodiments, the width of P1 is 10 μm to 50 μm, for example, 30 μm.

[0496] In some embodiments, the width of P2 is 10 μm to 200 μm, for example, 150 μm. Further, the interval between P2 and P1 can be 20 μm to 80 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0497] In some embodiments, the width of P3 is 10 μm to 50 μm, for example, 15 μm. Further, the interval between P3 and P2 can be 20 μm to 40 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0498] The size of the perovskite cell is not particularly limited, and can be, but is not limited to, 300 mm x 300 mm.

[0499] Each structural layer in the perovskite cell except the perovskite layer can be prepared by one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: a chemical bath deposition method, an electrochemical deposition method, a chemical vapor deposition method, a thermal evaporation co-evaporation method, an atomic layer deposition method, a magnetron sputtering method, a precursor solution spin coating method, a precursor solution slot coating method, a precursor solution doctor blade coating method, a mechanical pressing method, etc. A suitable method can be selected according to the material properties of each structural layer to stack with the adjacent structural layer. In some embodiments, each structural layer in the perovskite cell can be prepared by one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: a thermal evaporation method, a precursor solution coating method, etc., wherein the precursor solution coating method can be a precursor solution spin coating method.

[0500] It can be understood that the structure of the perovskite cell involved in the present application can not be limited to the structure layers listed in the foregoing. Other functional layers such as buffer layers, intercalation layers can also be introduced according to needs. In some embodiments, the perovskite cell can be provided with a buffer layer with a suitable energy level, which can play one or more of the following roles: reducing the energy level barrier, promoting energy level matching, improving carrier extraction efficiency, while also playing the roles of passivating interface defect states, protecting the light absorption layer, inhibiting the oxidative decomposition of water molecules and oxygen on the cell, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and improving the stability of the perovskite cell. According to the different positions of the buffer layer, the types of the buffer layer can include four types of buffer layers between the hole transport layer and the anode, the buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode, the buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the absorption layer, and the buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the absorption layer. The materials that can be used for the buffer layer in the perovskite cell can include but are not limited to Cu2O, NiO, AZO, TiO2, etc. In some embodiments, an intercalation layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the second electrode, and the material of the intercalation layer is exemplified by bathocuproin (BCP).

[0501] In some embodiments, a first passivation layer is provided between the first charge transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0502] In some embodiments, a second passivation layer is provided between the second charge transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0503] In some embodiments, a third passivation layer is provided between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0504] In some embodiments, a third passivation layer is provided between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0505] In some embodiments, the perovskite structure comprises, in sequence: a transparent conductive glass substrate, a hole transport layer, a lower passivation layer (optional), a perovskite layer, an upper passivation layer (optional), an electron transport layer, a blocking layer (optional), a metal electrode or a transparent conductive electrode.

[0506] Non-limitingly, a lower passivation layer can be provided between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer. Non-limitingly, the lower passivation layer can include self-assembled molecules with Π-Π conjugation and molecules with one end anchored to the perovskite substrate. The self-assembled molecules with Π-Π conjugation can include one or more of 3-triethoxysilylpropionitrile, 2-aminothiazole-4-acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-4-carbonylbenzene, etc.

[0507] Non-limitingly, an upper passivation layer can be provided between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer. Non-limitingly, the upper passivation layer can include one or more of small molecule additives such as piperazine, N-methyl-1,3-propanediammonium diiodide, 3-aminopyridine, ferrocene, etc.

[0508] Non-limitingly, a blocking layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the corresponding electrode. Non-limitingly, the blocking layer can include one or more of indium tungsten oxide (IWO), indium tin oxide (ITO), bathocuproin (BCP), zirconium acetylacetonate, etc. The blocking layer can be obtained by deposition, such as evaporation or reactive ion plating.

[0509] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "small molecule" refers to a molecule with a molecular weight less than 1000 Da.

[0510] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "molecular weight" refers to the molecular mass measured in units of Daltons (Da), 1 Dalton is equal to 12 twelfth of the mass of a carbon atom.

[0511] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell comprises the following structure in sequence: transparent conductive glass substrate, nickel oxide hole transport layer, perovskite layer (PVSK), electron transport layer, metal electrode or transparent conductive electrode. In some of these embodiments, the perovskite cell comprises the following structure in sequence: FTO / NiOx / PVSK / C60 / BCP / Cu. Wherein, NiOx represents nickel oxide.

[0512] In the second aspect of the present application, a method for preparing a perovskite cell is provided, comprising the following steps: sequentially arranging a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode; wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer;

[0513] Wherein, the perovskite layer is prepared by a method comprising the following steps:

[0514] A perovskite precursor solution is coated on the surface of the first charge transport layer away from the first electrode, the perovskite precursor solution comprising perovskite precursor materials and multi-charge substances; wherein the multi-charge substances are as defined in the first aspect of the present application;

[0515] The heat treatment converts the perovskite precursor materials into perovskite materials, forming the perovskite layer.

[0516] The aforementioned multi-charge substances can be added to the perovskite precursor solution, after coating and heat treatment, in the process of perovskite growth, the contact angle of the perovskite is adjusted, the perovskite layer grows in a layered manner, the island growth is reduced, and the grain boundary spacing at least one side of the perovskite layer is reduced, thereby promoting the efficient transport of carriers and significantly improving the photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cell.

[0517] In some embodiments, the perovskite precursor solution satisfies one or more of the following characteristics (any numerical parameter in the following characteristics can also be selected from any suitable numerical value or range in the context):

[0518] The perovskite precursor material includes monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the multicharge species to the monovalent anions is 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%;

[0519] The perovskite precursor material includes divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the multicharge species to the divalent metal cations is 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%;

[0520] The perovskite precursor material includes monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multicharge species to the monovalent anions is 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol;

[0521] The perovskite precursor material includes divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multicharge species to the divalent metal cations is 0.18 g / mol to 2 g / mol, optionally 0.18 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, further optionally 0.6 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol.

[0522] Without limitation, the perovskite precursor material includes monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the multicharge species to the monovalent anions can be, but is not limited to, 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%, and can also be any of the following percentages or a range formed by any two of the following percentages: 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.011%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%, 0.03%, 0.035%, 0.037%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.055%, 0.056%, 0.057%, 0.06%, 0.064%, 0.065%, 0.069%, 0.07%, 0.075%, 0.076%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.111%, 0.112%, 0.113%, etc.

[0523] Non-limitingly, the perovskite precursor material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the multi-charged species relative to the divalent metal cations can be, but is not limited to, 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or an interval formed by any two of the following percentages: 0.024%, 0.025%, 0.027%, 0.03%, 0.033%, 0.034%, 0.035%, 0.036%, 0.04%, 0.042%, 0.045%, 0.048%, 0.05%, 0.054%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.114%, 0.115%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.137%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.151%, 0.155%, 0.16%, 0.162%, 0.165%, 0.167%, 0.17%, 0.171%, 0.175%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.191%, 0.194%, 0.195%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.222%, 0.227%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.27%, 0.3%, 0.33%, 0.333%, 0.336%, 0.339%, etc.

[0524] Non-limitingly, the perovskite precursor material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multi-charged species relative to the monovalent anions can be, but is not limited to, 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, and can also be any one of the following content ratios or an interval formed by any two of the following content ratios: 0.06 g / mol, 0.07 g / mol, 0.08 g / mol, 0.1 g / mol, 0.15 g / mol, 0.2 g / mol, 0.25 g / mol, 0.3 g / mol, 0.33 g / mol, 0.35 g / mol, 0.4 g / mol, 0.45 g / mol, 0.5 g / mol, 0.54 g / mol, 0.55 g / mol, 0.6 g / mol, 0.65 g / mol, 0.66 g / mol, 0.67 g / mol, etc.

[0525] Non-limitingly, the perovskite precursor material comprises divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cations can be, but is not limited to, 0.008% to 0.113%, can be optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, can be further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%, and can also be any one of the following content ratios or be selected from the interval formed by any two of the following content ratios: 0.18 g / mol, 0.2 g / mol, 0.25 g / mol, 0.3 g / mol, 0.4 g / mol, 0.5 g / mol, 0.6 g / mol, 0.7 g / mol, 0.8 g / mol, 0.9 g / mol, 1 g / mol, 1.0 g / mol, 1.2 g / mol, 1.4 g / mol, 1.5 g / mol, 1.6 g / mol, 1.62 g / mol, 1.65 g / mol, 1.8 g / mol, 1.9 g / mol, 2 g / mol, etc.

[0526] The amount of the multi-charge substance in the perovskite layer relative to the perovskite material can be controlled by controlling the amount of the multi-charge substance in the perovskite precursor solution relative to the perovskite precursor material.

[0527] In some embodiments, the method of heat treatment is a vacuum flash method, which comprises a vacuum flash treatment and an annealing treatment.

[0528] In some embodiments, in the step of performing the vacuum flash treatment, the vacuum condition is 10 -1 Pa to 10 -4 Pa, and the vacuum flash treatment is performed for 50 s to 200 s.

[0529] In some embodiments, in the step of performing the annealing treatment, the annealing temperature is 100°C to 160°C, and the annealing time is 10 min to 20 min.

[0530] In the second aspect of the present application, a method for preparing a perovskite battery is also provided, which comprises the following steps:

[0531] S10: etching and cleaning a transparent conductive glass substrate, and blowing dry for standby;

[0532] S20: preparing a hole transport layer on the transparent conductive glass electrode, and standby;

[0533] S30: preparing an electron transport layer on the perovskite layer, and standby;

[0534] S40: preparing an electrode on the electron transport layer, and cleaning the edges for testing.

[0535] In the present application, for the selected structure of the multi-charge substance, the skilled in the art can be prepared by using the common synthetic method in the chemical field. For example, the polypeptide can be prepared by using the condensation reaction between the amino acid raw materials, for example, the liquid phase synthesis method or the solid phase synthesis method can be used. The amino acid raw materials corresponding to the amino acid units can be used. When the amino acid unit with the side group containing the charged group is introduced, the amino acid raw materials in the form that the charged group in the corresponding side group is protected can be used, and then the protecting group is removed in the subsequent appropriate step.

[0536] As a non-limiting example, the amino acid raw materials shown in Table 1 can be used, but not limited to, for example, the C-terminal -COOH activated amino acid raw materials can be activated as carboxylic acid ester groups.

[0537] Table 1.

[0538] In Table 1, the -NH2 at the N-terminal of each amino acid raw material is protected by Fmoc, and the -COOH at the C-terminal is exposed. Fmoc refers to fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, trt refers to triphenylmethyl, pbf refers to 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl dihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl, Boc refers to tert-butyloxycarbonyl, tBu refers to tert-butyl, and -OtBu refers to tert-butoxy.

[0539] In the third aspect of the present application, a perovskite battery is provided, which is prepared by the preparation method of the perovskite battery described in the second aspect of the present application.

[0540] In the fourth aspect of the present application, a power generation device is provided, which includes at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of the present application, the perovskite battery prepared by the preparation method of the perovskite battery described in the second aspect of the present application, and the perovskite battery described in the third aspect of the present application.

[0541] In the fifth aspect of the present application, an electric device is provided, which includes at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of the present application, the perovskite battery prepared by the preparation method of the perovskite battery described in the second aspect of the present application, and the perovskite battery described in the third aspect of the present application.

[0542] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned perovskite battery can be used as a power generation device of an electric device. The type of power generation device can include but is not limited to integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device can include but is not limited to the roof, backboard and other locations of the car.

[0543] Further, the above-mentioned electric device can include a mobile device such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer and the like, an electric vehicle, an electric train, a ship and a satellite, a power generation system and the like, but not limited to.

[0544] Fig. 4 is an example of a power consuming device. The power consuming device 6 is a car, which can be further a pure electric car, a hybrid electric car, or a plug-in hybrid electric car, etc.

[0545] The power consuming device as another example can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a calculator, etc.

[0546] The power consuming device as another example can be a wearable device, such as a watch, etc.

[0547] Hereinafter, some embodiments of the present application are described. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain the present application, and cannot be understood as a limitation of the present application. The technology or condition not noted in the embodiments is carried out according to the description in the foregoing, or according to the technology or condition described in the literature in the art, or according to the product instruction. The reagent or instrument not noted by the manufacturer is a conventional product that can be obtained by market purchase, or can be synthesized by a conventional method from a market product.

[0548] In the following examples, room temperature refers to 20-30°C.

[0549] I. Preparation and characterization of multi-charge substances

[0550] 1. Preparation method and characterization

[0551] The polypeptide substances involved in the following examples and comparative examples are synthesized by Suzhou Modiver Biotech Co., Ltd. and synthesized by using the amino acid raw materials shown in Table 1, and the solid phase method including the following steps is used to synthesize the multi-charge substances:

[0552] S110, calculate the weight of each raw material according to the weight of the target polypeptide (all raw materials are protected amino acids, and the corresponding amino acid raw material is at the end).

[0553] S120, put the dichloromethane resin (amidated polypeptide is RINK resin) into the polypeptide solid phase synthesis tube, and add appropriate DCM (dichloromethane) for 2 hours.

[0554] S130, wash the resin with DMF (dimethylformamide), then dry, repeat four times, and dry the resin.

[0555] S140, weigh the amino acid raw material of the first amino acid unit at the C-terminus + DCM + DIEA and add it to the reactor, then put the reactor in a 30°C shaker for 2 hours. Wherein, DIEA is N,N-diisopropylethylamine. Taking FKWDFKWD as an example, the first amino acid unit at the C-terminus is D, and the amino acid raw material used is Fmoc-Asp(OtBU)-OH.

[0556] S150, seal the resin with methanol solution (methanol: DIEA: DCM = 1:1:2) for half an hour, then wash with DMF four times, and dry.

[0557] S160, add 20% piperidine solution to the reactor, react for 20 min to remove the Fmoc protecting group. After deprotection, wash with DMF four times, and then dry.

[0558] S170, take a small amount of resin for ninhydrin detection. If the resin has color, it means that the deprotection is successful. If there is no color, repeat step S160.

[0559] S210, weigh the C-terminal second amino acid (molar mass is 3 times that of the first amino acid) + HOBT + DIC and add to the reactor for 1 hour. HOBT is 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, and DIC is N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide.

[0560] S220, take a small amount of resin for detection. If the resin has color, it means that the condensation is not complete, and the reaction time needs to be extended. If the resin is colorless, it means that the reaction is complete; after the reaction is complete, wash the resin with DMF four times, and then dry.

[0561] S230, add a certain amount of 20% piperidine (piperidine / DMF = 1:4) to the reactor, react for 20 min to remove the Fmoc protecting group on the resin. After deprotection, wash with DMF four times, and then dry to detect whether the protection is removed.

[0562] S240, take a small amount of resin for ninhydrin detection. If the resin has color, it means that the deprotection is successful. If there is no color, repeat step 6.

[0563] S300, sequentially connect the remaining amino acid units according to steps S210, S220, S230, and S240.

[0564] S410, use cleavage reagent (different sequences select corresponding reagent) to remove all the protecting groups of the polypeptide and the resin, and send for purification.

[0565] S420, separate the target peptide segment from impurities by high performance liquid chromatography instrument (HPLC, instrument model Shimadzu LC-20AT), and send for lyophilization.

[0566] S430, lyophilize the target peptide segment into powder, which can be identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument and mass spectrometry (MS) instrument.

[0567] 2. Characterization method of FKWDFKWD: HPLC and MS.

[0568] According to the quality inspection report provided by Suzhou Modiver Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0569] (1) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection

[0570] An analytical column: Phenomenex 5μm C18(2) (4.6mm x 250mm x 5μm) was used. The detection wavelength was 214nm.

[0571] Pump A (corresponding to mobile phase A) was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution, and pump B (corresponding to mobile phase B) was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid acetonitrile solution, with a total flow rate of 1mL / min.

[0572] The solvent was water. The injection volume was 5μL.

[0573] (2) Mass spectrometry (MS) detection

[0574] Mass spectrometry detection used an electrospray ion source (ESI), with a Pre-rod bias of +4.5kV, a detector voltage of -0.2kV, an atomizing gas flow rate of 1.5L / min, a curved desolvation device (CDL) temperature of 250℃, a CDL voltage of 0V, a heating block temperature of 200℃, a total flow rate of 0.2mL / min, and an injection volume of 0.2μL.

[0575] Solvent: acetonitrile (ACN) and water in a volume ratio of 15%:85%;

[0576] Pump B: water and methanol in a volume ratio of 50%:50%.

[0577] II. Preparation of perovskite cells

[0578] Example 1.

[0579] Device structure: FTO / NiOx / PVSK / C60 / BCP / Cu.

[0580] (1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass electrode: FTO glass with a size of 2.0 x 2.0 cm 2 was used. The FTO at both ends was removed by laser etching to a length of 0.35 cm, exposing the glass substrate. The etched FTO conductive glass was then cleaned with water, acetone, and isopropanol several times, and then dried with nitrogen for standby.

[0581] (2) Preparation of hole transport layer (first charge transport layer): The FTO was subjected to ultraviolet ozone treatment, and then a thickness of about 20nm-50nm of NiOx was magnetron sputtered and annealed at 300℃ for 60min to obtain the hole transport layer (nickel oxide layer).

[0582] (3) Preparation of perovskite layer, modified with polypeptide multi-charge substance: perovskite precursor solution is prepared: composed of solvent, perovskite precursor material and multi-charge substance; wherein the solvent is DMF (dimethylformamide), the composition of the perovskite precursor material is FAPbI3, and FA is formamidinium ion; wherein the molar concentration of divalent cation B (lead ion) in ABX3 is 1.0 mol / L; the multi-charge substance is polypeptide FKWDFKWD, and the concentration in the perovskite precursor solution is 0.2 mg / mL.

[0583] The perovskite precursor solution is slot-coated on the prepared nickel oxide layer at a solution injection speed of 20 μL / s to 200 μL / s and a moving speed of 10 mm / s to 50 mm / s, and then the substrate is placed in a vacuum flash evaporation device, and vacuumized at a vacuum pressure of 10 -1 Pa to 10 -4 Pa, and vacuumized for 50 s to 200 s, and then the film is placed on a hot stage or an oven, and annealed at 100 ℃ to 160 ℃ for 10 min to 20 min, to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm.

[0584] (4) Preparation of electron transport layer: the film prepared with the perovskite layer is placed in an evaporation instrument, and the evaporation vacuum degree is reduced to 5 × 10 -4 Pa or less, and an electron transport layer C60 is evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s to a thickness of 30 nm.

[0585] (5) Preparation of hole blocking layer: the film prepared with the perovskite layer is placed in an evaporation instrument, and the evaporation vacuum degree is reduced to 5 × 10 -4 Pa or less, and a hole blocking layer BCP (bathocuproin) is evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s to a thickness of 8 nm.

[0586] (6) Preparation of metal counter electrode: the film prepared with the electron transport layer is placed in an evaporation instrument, and the evaporation vacuum degree is reduced to 5 × 10 -4 Pa or less, and a metal back electrode Cu is evaporated at a rate of 0.1 A / s to a thickness of 80 nm.

[0587] Example 2. Change the concentration of multi-charge substance in the perovskite precursor solution.

[0588] The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that step (3) is different, and the remaining steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0589] (3) Preparation of perovskite layer, modified with polypeptide multi-charge substance: perovskite precursor solution is prepared, which is composed of solvent, perovskite precursor material and multi-charge substance; wherein, the solvent is DMF (dimethylformamide), the composition of perovskite precursor material can be referred to Table 2, wherein, the molar concentration of divalent cation B (lead ion) in ABX3 is 1.0 mol / L; the multi-charge substance is polypeptide FKWDFK, the concentration in perovskite precursor solution is 2 mg / mL.

[0590] The perovskite precursor solution is slot-coated on the prepared nickel oxide layer at an injection speed of 20 μL / s-200 μL / s and a moving speed of 10 mm / s-50 mm / s, then the substrate is placed in a vacuum flash device, and vacuum is drawn at a vacuum pressure of 10 -1 Pa-10 -4 Pa, and vacuum is drawn for 50 s-200 s, then the film is placed on a hot stage or an oven, and annealed at 100℃-160℃ for 10 min-20 min to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm.

[0591] Example 3. The method is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (3), the concentration of multi-charge substance in perovskite precursor solution is changed to 1 mg / mL.

[0592] Examples 4-14. The method is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (3), the type of multi-charge substance is different, which can be referred to Table 2.

[0593] Comparative Example 1. No multi-charge substance is added.

[0594] The method is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that step (3) is different, and the other steps are the same as those in Example 1.

[0595] (3) Preparation of perovskite layer: perovskite precursor solution is prepared, which is composed of solvent and perovskite precursor material; wherein, the solvent is DMF (dimethylformamide), the composition of perovskite precursor material is FAPbI3, wherein, the molar concentration of divalent cation B (lead ion) in ABX3 is 1.0 mol / L.

[0596] The perovskite precursor solution is slot-coated on the prepared nickel oxide layer at an injection speed of 20 μL / s-200 μL / s and a moving speed of 10 mm / s-50 mm / s, then the substrate is placed in a vacuum flash device, and vacuum is drawn at a vacuum pressure of 10 -1 Pa-10 -4 Pa, and vacuum is drawn for 50 s-200 s, then the film is placed on a hot stage or an oven, and annealed at 100℃-160℃ for 10 min-20 min to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm.

[0597] Comparative Example 2. First, a polypeptide layer of a polycation was coated alone, and then a perovskite layer was deposited.

[0598] Device structure: FTO / NiOx / PVSK / C60 / BCP / Cu.

[0599] (1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass electrode: The specification of FTO glass was 2.0x2.0cm 2 , and 0.35cm of FTO was removed from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was cleaned with water, acetone, and isopropanol several times, and then dried with nitrogen for standby.

[0600] (2) Preparation of hole transport layer (first charge transport layer): The FTO was subjected to ultraviolet ozone treatment, and then a NiOx layer with a thickness of about 20nm-50nm was prepared by magnetron sputtering and annealed at 300°C for 60min to obtain a hole transport layer (nickel oxide layer).

[0601] (3) Preparation of polypeptide layer and perovskite layer.

[0602] Preparation of polypeptide layer: The polypeptide solution was slot-coated onto the hole transport layer at a solution injection speed of 20μL / s-200μL / s and a moving speed of 10mm / s-50mm / s, and heated at 100°C for 5min to form a polypeptide layer on the hole transport layer.

[0603] In the polypeptide solution, the polycation was a polypeptide FKWDFKWD, and the concentration of the polycation in the polypeptide solution was 1mg / mL.

[0604] Preparation of perovskite layer: A perovskite precursor solution was prepared, which was composed of a solvent and perovskite precursor materials; the solvent was DMF, and the composition of the perovskite precursor materials was FAPbI3; in ABX3, the molar concentration of divalent cation B (lead ion) was 1.0mol / L.

[0605] The perovskite precursor solution was slot-coated onto the prepared nickel oxide layer at a solution injection speed of 20μL / s-200μL / s and a moving speed of 10mm / s-50mm / s, and then the substrate was placed in a vacuum flash evaporation device, and vacuum was drawn at a vacuum pressure of 10 -1 Pa-10 -4 Pa for 50s-200s, and then the film was placed on a hot stage or oven and annealed at 100°C-160°C for 10min-20min to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500nm.

[0606] (4) Preparation of electron transport layer: The film with the prepared perovskite layer was placed in an evaporation instrument, and the evaporation vacuum was drawn to 5x10 -4Pa below, 30 nm electron transport layer C60 was evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s.

[0607] (5) Preparation of hole blocking layer: the thin film prepared with perovskite layer was put into the evaporation instrument, and the evaporation vacuum degree was maintained at 5 x 10 -4 Pa below, 8 nm hole blocking layer BCP (bathocuproine) was evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s.

[0608] (6) Preparation of metal counter electrode: the thin film prepared with electron transport layer was put into the evaporation instrument, and the evaporation vacuum degree was maintained at 5 x 10 -4 Pa below, 80 nm metal back electrode Cu was evaporated at a rate of 0.1 A / s.

[0609] Comparative Example 3. The positive charge group was omitted.

[0610] The method was basically the same as that of Example 3, except that the type of polycationic substance was different in step (3), which can be seen from Table 2, and the polycationic substance was WDWDWD.

[0611] Comparative Example 4. The negative charge group was omitted.

[0612] The method was basically the same as that of Example 3, except that the type of polycationic substance was different in step (3), which can be seen from Table 2, and the polycationic substance was FKFKFK.

[0613] Comparative Example 5. The hydrophobic group (F and W were both replaced with Gly)

[0614] The method was basically the same as that of Example 1, except that the type of polycationic substance was different in step (3), which can be seen from Table 2, and the polycationic substance was GKGDGKGD.

[0615] Comparative Example 6. Replaced with physical mixing of dipeptide FK and WD.

[0616] The method was basically the same as that of Example 3, except that the polycationic substance was replaced with a combination of FK dipeptide and WD dipeptide at a molar ratio of 1:1 in step (3), which can be seen from Table 2. Among them, the concentrations of F, K, W and D in the perovskite precursor solution were the same as those of the corresponding amino acids in Example 3.

[0617] Comparative Example 7. Replaced with physical mixing of amino acids F, K, W and D.

[0618] The method was basically the same as that of Example 3, except that the polycationic substance was replaced with a combination of FK dipeptide and WD dipeptide at a molar ratio of 1:1 in step (3), which can be seen from Table 2; among them, the concentrations of F, K, W and D in the perovskite precursor solution were the same as those of the corresponding amino acids in Example 3.

[0619] Table 2.

[0620] The amino acid sequences in Table 2 are from N-terminus to C-terminus, unless otherwise specified. In the column of "Grain Boundary Size", "Yes" means that there is a first grain boundary less than 10 nm, and "No" means that there is no first grain boundary less than 10 nm.

[0621] II. Test and Analysis

[0622] (I) Performance Test and Analysis

[0623] 1. Grain Boundary Morphology Test

[0624] Sample Preparation: Take the prepared perovskite layer, and the sample without the prepared electron transport layer, and test the surface of the perovskite layer side.

[0625] Test Instrument: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), instrument model Gemini SEM 300.

[0626] Test Parameters: Accelerating voltage (EHT) 3.00 kV, probe InLens, working distance (WD) about 5.0 mm, magnification (Mag) 30 kX, probe current (IProbe) 294 pA.

[0627] 2. Cell Performance Test

[0628] (1) Initial Performance Test

[0629] The cell performance was tested by using Keithley 2400 SMU, AM 1.5G solar irradiation under the light source of 100 mW / cm 2 .

[0630] Under atmospheric environment, the solar light simulation light source uses AM1.5G standard light source, and the four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) is used to measure the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the cell under the irradiation of the light source, so as to obtain the open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF, Fill Factor) of the cell, and thus calculate the energy conversion efficiency (Eff, Efficiency) of the cell.

[0631] The energy conversion efficiency is calculated as follows: Eff = Pout / Pin = Voc x Jsc x [(Vmpp x Jmpp) / (Voc x Jsc)] / Pin = Voc x Jsc x FF / Pin

[0632] Pout= PinFFVmppJmpp(1) wherein Pout, Pin, Voc, Jsc, Vmpp, Jmpp and FF are the cell working output power, incident light power, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, cell maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current and fill factor, respectively. The incident light power is 100 mW / cm2 2 .

[0633] The test results can be seen in Table 3, the section of “cell performance, initial performance”.

[0634] (2) Stability test

[0635] After storage for 10 days under the condition of temperature 25℃, humidity 10% RH and normal light, the Jsc, Voc, FF and Eff were tested by the method described in “cell performance test”.

[0636] Let the initial Eff be Eff1, and the Eff measured after storage for 10 days be Eff2, then the Eff retention rate = (Eff2-Eff1) / Eff1x100%.

[0637] The test results of some embodiments are summarized in Table 4, the section of “cell performance, stability test (storage for 10 days)” and “Eff retention rate”.

[0638] (II) Analysis of test results

[0639] The perovskite cells of each of embodiments 1-14 all have excellent photoelectric conversion performance and device stability. Compared with comparative examples 1-7, the energy conversion efficiency Eff and the Eff retention rate of each of embodiments 1-14 after storage for 10 days are all better. In addition, the short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, impact factor and other performances of the perovskite cells of each of embodiments 1-14 are all good, and even better than comparative examples 11-14. Please refer to Table 3 and Table 4.

[0640] Each of embodiments 1-14 has a relatively tight junction of the perovskite layer grain boundary while passivating the charge defects, and the size of the perovskite layer grain boundary is similar or lower than that in comparative example 1. As an example, please refer to FIG. 6 (embodiment 1, the concentration of the multi-charge substance in the perovskite precursor solution in step (3) of the preparation method is 0.2 mg / mL) and FIG. 7 (embodiment 2, the concentration of the multi-charge substance in the perovskite precursor solution in step (3) of the preparation method is 2 mg / mL).

[0641] Comparative example 1, the multi-charge substance is not added in the perovskite precursor solution, and the junction of the perovskite layer grain boundary is tight, please refer to FIG. 5, there is a little PbI2 precipitation at the grain boundary. Compared with comparative example 1, the perovskite cells of each of embodiments 1-14 also have good or better short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, fill factor, etc.

[0642] The polypeptide layer is arranged between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer in Comparative Example 2, the polyelectrolyte is not provided with a positive group in Comparative Example 3, the polyelectrolyte is not provided with a negative group in Comparative Example 4, and the polyelectrolyte is not provided with a hydrophobic group in Comparative Example 5. The photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cells prepared in Comparative Examples 2-5 are all poor, and the energy conversion efficiency Eff and the Eff retention rate after the device is stored for 10 days are obviously deteriorated.

[0643] In Comparative Example 6, the polyelectrolyte is replaced by a mixture of a dipeptide containing a positive group and a dipeptide containing a negative group; and in Comparative Example 7, the polyelectrolyte is replaced by a mixture of amino acids. The concentration of each amino acid unit in the perovskite precursor solution in Comparative Examples 6 and 7 is consistent with that in Example 3. The photoelectric conversion performance and device stability of the perovskite cells prepared in Comparative Examples 6-7 are obviously deteriorated, and the energy conversion efficiency Eff and the Eff retention rate after the device is stored for 10 days are obviously deteriorated.

[0644] In addition, based on the structure of the polypeptide polyelectrolyte in each example and the composition and concentration of the perovskite material in the perovskite precursor solution, some related parameters are summarized in Tables 5-9.

[0645] Table 3.

[0646] Table 4.

[0647] Table 5.

[0648] Table 6. Structure information of polyelectrolyte

[0649] Table 7. Structure information of polyelectrolyte

[0650] Table 8. Structure information of polyelectrolyte

[0651] Table 9.

[0652] The above description of the various embodiments and examples tends to emphasize differences between the various embodiments and examples, and the same or similar parts or features thereof can be referred to each other, and will not be described herein for the sake of brevity. The technical features of the above-described embodiments and examples can be combined in any manner, and for the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-described examples are not described, but as long as the combinations of the technical features do not contradict each other, they should be considered within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0653] Note that the present application is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples. The above-described embodiments and examples are merely examples, and embodiments and examples having substantially the same configuration and exerting the same effects as the technical idea within the scope of the technical solutions of the present application are included in the technical scope of the present application. The above-described embodiments and examples merely express several embodiments and examples of the present application, and the description is relatively detailed, but it should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent. Furthermore, within the scope of the gist of the present application, various modifications that can be thought of by those skilled in the art, other modes constructed by combining part of the elements of the embodiments or examples are also included in the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A perovskite cell comprising a perovskite layer, the perovskite layer comprising a perovskite material and a polyelectrolyte; wherein, the polyelectrolyte comprises a linear backbone comprising a plurality of backbone atoms; the polyelectrolyte further comprises a plurality of charged groups attached to the linear backbone, each of the plurality of charged groups being attached to a different backbone atom on the linear backbone, and any two adjacent charged groups of the plurality of charged groups being separated by a backbone atom along the linear backbone; the plurality of charged groups comprises at least one positively charged group and at least one negatively charged group; at least one backbone atom between at least one pair of adjacent charged groups of the plurality of charged groups is attached with a hydrophobic group.

2. The perovskite cell of claim 1, wherein, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: In the perovskite layer, the positive electric group in the multi-charge substance includes -NH2, -NHR1, -NH + , -NHC(=NH)NH2 and at least one of R1and R2is C1-C6alkyl; and 1-6 C1-C6alkyl; In the perovskite layer, the negative group in the multi-charge substance includes at least one of -COOH, cyano, -CHO, carbonyl, halogen atom, halogenated C 1-6 alkyl, nitro, and sulfonic acid group. each said hydrophobic group is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaryl, C 1-3 alkyl or C 3-4 alkylene; The hydrophobic group is a non-polar hydrophobic group or a weakly polar group, which is less polar than at least one of the following groups: C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl, C 1-3 alkyl, C 5-10 heteroaromatic ring-substituted C 1-3 alkyl and C 3-4 alkylene.

3. The perovskite cell of claim 2, wherein, each said hydrophobic group is independently C 1-4 alkyl, methylthio-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, phenyl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl, indolyl-substituted C 1-3 alkyl or 1,3-propylidene; Optionally, each of said hydrophobic groups is independently -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, CH3SCH2CH2-, benzyl, or 1,3-propylene, the 1,3-propylene together with two adjacent backbone atoms forms a five-membered ring; the two adjacent backbone atoms together with the 1,3-propylene to form a five-membered ring are nitrogen atom and carbon atom, respectively.

4. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, at least one spacer group is provided between any two adjacent charged groups of the plurality of charged groups, at least one backbone atom of at least one spacer group is attached with a hydrophobic group; optionally, at least one backbone atom between any two adjacent charged groups of the plurality of charged groups is attached with a hydrophobic group; further optionally, 1 or 2 backbone atoms between any two adjacent charged groups of the plurality of charged groups are attached with the hydrophobic group.

5. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, at least one pair of adjacent charged groups is a combination of the positively charged group and the negatively charged group.

6. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: the number percentage of the backbone atom attached with the positively charged group with respect to the sum of the backbone atoms in the linear backbone is 5%-12%, optionally 7%-10%; the number percentage of the backbone atom attached with the negatively charged group with respect to the sum of the backbone atoms in the linear backbone is 5%-12%, optionally 7%-10%; the number percentage of the backbone atom attached with the hydrophobic group with respect to the sum of the backbone atoms in the linear backbone is 11%-19%, optionally 16%-17%.

7. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, at least one of the hydrophobic groups comprises a group with conjugated π bond.

8. The perovskite cell of claim 7, wherein, at least one of the groups with conjugated π bond is an aromatic group.

9. The perovskite cell according to claim 7 or 8, wherein, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: in the hydrophobic groups of the polyelectrolyte, the number percentage of the groups with conjugated π bond is 50%-100%; in the hydrophobic groups of the polyelectrolyte, the number percentage of the aromatic groups is 50%-100%; The group with conjugated π bonds is C 6-15 one or more of aryl and C 5-10 one or more of heteroaryl; wherein C 6-15 The aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more of C 6-10 one or more of aryl.

10. The perovskite cell of claim 9, wherein, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: in the hydrophobic groups of the polyelectrolyte, the number percentage of the groups with conjugated π bond is 100%; in the hydrophobic groups of the polyelectrolyte, the number percentage of the aromatic groups is 100%; the group with conjugated π bond is phenyl or indole group.

11. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein, at least one of said hydrophobic groups is a phenyl substituted C 1-3 alkyl or indolyl substituted C 1-3 alkyl.

12. The perovskite cell of claim 11, wherein, at least one of said hydrophobic groups is a benzyl group or 13. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein, the polyelectrolyte satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: each of the positive charge groups independently has 1 to 4 spacer atoms relative to the linear backbone; each of the negative charge groups independently has 1 to 4 spacer atoms relative to the linear backbone, optionally, each of the negative charge groups independently has 1 or 2 spacer atoms relative to the linear backbone; in any adjacent set of the positive charge group and the negative charge group, the number of spacer atoms of the positive charge group relative to the linear backbone is not equal to the number of spacer atoms of the negative charge group relative to the linear backbone; optionally, the number of spacer atoms of the positive charge group relative to the linear backbone is greater than the number of spacer atoms of the negative charge group relative to the linear backbone, or, the number of spacer atoms of the negative charge group relative to the linear backbone is greater than the number of spacer atoms of the positive charge group relative to the linear backbone.

14. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein, each of said charged groups is independently provided by an alpha-amino acid unit, the structure of said alpha-amino acid unit being as shown in formula (U); wherein, R0 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; L0 is an alkylene group; F0 is the charged group.

15. The perovskite cell of claim 14, wherein, R0 is a hydrogen atom.

16. The perovskite cell according to claim 14 or 15, wherein, L0is -(CH2) q - wherein q is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

17. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein, the multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: In at least one of the alpha-amino acid units of the polycationic substance, R0is a hydrogen atom, -L0-F0is -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)4NH2, -(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2, or in at least one of the alpha-amino acid units in the multi-charge substance, R0 is a hydrogen atom, and -L0-F0 is -(CH2)2COOH or -CH2COOH.

18. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-17, wherein, at least one set of two adjacent charged groups is provided by one positively charged amino acid unit and one negatively charged amino acid unit, respectively; The structure of the positive amino acid unit is shown in formula (U1), Z1is -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)4NH2, -(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2or the negative charge amino acid unit has a structure as shown in formula (U2), and Z2 is -(CH2)2COOH or -CH2COOH.

19. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-18, wherein, each of the two nearest-neighbor main-chain atoms between any set of adjacent positively charged amino acid units and negatively charged amino acid units is independently connected by a divalent spacer group; the divalent spacer group comprises a divalent group represented by formula (U3); wherein, R3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; M3 and Z3 are in a combination as shown in the following mode (i) or mode (ii): (i) M3is a hydrogen atom; Z3is C 1-4 alkyl-S-, C 1-3 alkyl-S-, C 6-10 aryl or indolyl; mode (ii): M3 and Z3 form a 1,3-propylene group.

20. The perovskite cell of claim 19, wherein, the divalent group as shown in formula (U3) satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: R3 is a hydrogen atom; The C 1-4 alkyl is -CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)2, or -CH(CH3)CH2CH3; F3 is CH3S-, phenyl or Optionally, -L3-F3is -CH2CH2SCH3, benzyl or The structure of the divalent spacer group is shown in formula (U4):

21. The perovskite cell of claim 19 or 20, wherein, the divalent group as shown in formula (U3) is a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan or methionine.

22. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-21, wherein, The multi-charged substance comprises at least one peptide segment represented by formula (U5); either end of the peptide segment represented by formula (U5) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus; wherein, AA1 is a positive charge amino acid unit, which is optionally a divalent amino acid unit based on lysine, arginine, histidine or ornithine; AA2 is a negative charge amino acid unit, which is optionally a divalent amino acid unit based on aspartic acid or glutamic acid; q 31 is 1 or 2, either of which AA 31 is independently a hydrophobic amino acid unit, optionally a bivalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan; each of the "--" is independently a covalent bond or a glycine.

23. The perovskite cell of claim 22, wherein, Any AA 31 independently are a phenylalanine- or tryptophan-based divalent amino acid unit.

24. The perovskite cell of claim 22 or 23, wherein, AA1is a divalent lysine unit, AA2is a divalent glutamic acid unit, either AA 31 independently a divalent phenylalanine unit or a divalent tryptophan unit.

25. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 22-24, wherein, the multi-charge substance comprises at least one peptide segment as shown in formula (U6a) or formula (U6b); each of the peptide segments as shown in formula (U6a) has one end as N-terminus or C-terminus, and the other end as C-terminus or N-terminus; either end of the peptide segment represented by formula (U6b) is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus; AA 32 a divalent amino acid unit based on alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophan; AA 31 and AA 32 may be the same or different; Optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 are different; Optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 each independently is a phenylalanine- or tryptophan-based divalent amino acid unit; further optionally, AA 31 and AA 32 one of AA and AA is a divalent phenylalanine unit and the other is a divalent tryptophan unit; each of the "--" is independently a covalent bond.

26. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 25, which satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: any two adjacent charge groups in the plurality of charge groups are separated by 4 or more backbone atoms along the linear backbone; the number of backbone atoms in the linear backbone is 12 to 60, optionally 12 to 48; the number of positive charge groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 1 to 5, optionally 1 to 4, further optionally 1, 2, 3 or 4; the number of negative charge groups in one molecule of the multi-charge substance is 1 to 5, optionally 1 to 4, further optionally 1, 2, 3 or 4; The number of hydrophobic groups contained in one molecule of the polycationic substance is 2-10, optionally 2-8, further optionally 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

27. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-26, wherein, The polycationic substance is a polypeptide; the polypeptide comprises a plurality of charged amino acid units; the plurality of charged amino acid units comprises at least one positively charged amino acid unit and at least one negatively charged amino acid unit; any two adjacent charged amino acid units in the plurality of charged amino acid units are separated by k hydrophobic amino acid units, k being 1 or 2.

28. The perovskite cell of claim 27, wherein, The polycationic substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: any one of the positively charged amino acid units is independently derived from lysine, arginine, histidine or ornithine; any one of the negatively charged amino acid units is independently derived from aspartic acid or glutamic acid; any one of the hydrophobic amino acid units is independently derived from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophan; any two adjacent hydrophobic amino acid units are derived from the same or different amino acid; the hydrophobic amino acid units in the polycationic substance comprise a plurality of aromatic amino acid units, any one of the aromatic amino acid units being independently phenylalanine or tryptophan.

29. The perovskite cell of claim 27 or 28, wherein, The polycationic substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: any one of the positively charged amino acid units is independently derived from lysine; any one of the negatively charged amino acid units is independently derived from glutamic acid; any one of the hydrophobic amino acid units is independently derived from phenylalanine or tryptophan; in the polycationic substance, the percentage of the number of positively charged amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units is 15%-36%, optionally 21%-30%; in the polycationic substance, the percentage of the number of negatively charged amino acid units relative to the total number of amino acid units is 15%-36%, optionally 21%-30%; in the polycationic substance, the percentage of the number of hydrophobic groups relative to the total number of amino acid units is 33%-57%, optionally 48%-51%; in the polycationic substance, the percentage of aromatic amino acid units relative to the number of hydrophobic amino acid units is 50%-100%, optionally 100%.

30. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 27-29, wherein, The number of amino acid units contained in the polypeptide is 4-20, optionally 4-10.

31. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-30, wherein, The polycationic substance comprises non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units; the side groups of the non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units contain or do not contain the hydrophobic groups; the non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units containing the hydrophobic groups comprise one or more of divalent amino acid units derived from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine and proline; the non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units not containing the hydrophobic groups comprise divalent amino acid units derived from glycine.

32. The perovskite cell of claim 31, wherein, The number of non-conjugated π-bond amino acid units in the polycationic substance is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

33. The perovskite cell of claim 31 or 32, wherein, The polycationic substance is a polypeptide; In the multi-charge substance, the number percentage of the sum of the number of the non-conjugated π bond amino acid units without the hydrophobic group in the multi-charge substance relative to the total number of the amino acid units is less than 34%, further alternatively 0% to 20%, and more further 0%.

34. The perovskite cell of any one of claims 1-33, wherein, The multi-charge substance satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: The two end atoms of the linear main chain are a carboxyl group and an amino group, respectively, the carboxyl group is -COOH, and the amino group is -NH2, -NHCH3 or -NH-Fmoc, Fmoc is fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl; alternatively, the carboxyl group is -COOH, and the amino group is -NH2.

35. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-34, wherein, The multi-charge substance comprises one or more of the following polypeptide substances: FKWD tetrapeptide, WDFK tetrapeptide, FKWDWD hexapeptide, FKWDFK hexapeptide, FKWDFKWD octapeptide, AKLDAKLD octapeptide, FKLDFKLD octapeptide, FKGDFKWD octapeptide, FKWGDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWFDFKWD nonapeptide, FKWDFKWDFK decapeptide, and FKWDFKWDFKWDFKWD hexadecapeptide; Wherein, either end of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is the N-terminus or the C-terminus, and the other end is the C-terminus or the N-terminus; Alternatively, the N-terminus of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is -NH2, -NHCH3 or -NH-Fmoc, Fmoc is fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl; Alternatively, the C-terminus of any of the foregoing polypeptide substances is -COOH.

36. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-35, wherein, The perovskite battery satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: The perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the positive electric group in the multi-charge substance to the monovalent anions is 0.008% to 0.113%, alternatively 0.008% to 0.08%, and further alternatively 0.03% to 0.08%; The perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the negative electric group in the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cations is 0.024% to 0.339%, alternatively 0.024% to 0.24%, and further alternatively 0.09% to 0.24%; The perovskite material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance to the monovalent anions is 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, alternatively 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, and further alternatively 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol; The perovskite material comprises divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance to the divalent metal cations is 0.18 g / mol to 2 g / mol, alternatively 0.18 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, and further alternatively 0.6 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol.

37. A perovskite cell comprising a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a second charge transport layer disposed in that order, wherein, One of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer; The perovskite layer has a first grain boundary, which refers to a grain boundary with a grain boundary spacing of less than or equal to 10 nm.

38. The perovskite cell of claim 37, which satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: at least one cross-section of the perovskite layer, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundaries relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than 30%; the first grain boundaries have a grain boundary spacing of 0.5 nm to 10 nm.

39. The perovskite cell of claim 37 or 38, wherein, the percentage of the total length of the first grain boundaries relative to the total length of all grain boundaries is greater than or equal to 50%.

40. The perovskite cell of any one of claims 37-39, wherein, the perovskite cell is the perovskite cell of any one of claims 1 to 36.

41. A method for preparing a perovskite cell, comprising the steps of: sequentially disposing a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode; wherein, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer; wherein the perovskite layer is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: applying a perovskite precursor solution to a surface of the first charge transport layer away from the first electrode, the perovskite precursor solution comprising a perovskite precursor material and a multi-charge substance; wherein the multi-charge substance is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 35; heat treating to convert the perovskite precursor material to a perovskite material to form the perovskite layer.

42. The method of producing a perovskite cell according to claim 41, wherein, the perovskite precursor solution satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: the perovskite precursor material comprises monovalent anions; the molar ratio of the multi-charge substance relative to the monovalent anions is 0.008% to 0.113%, optionally 0.008% to 0.08%, further optionally 0.03% to 0.08%; the perovskite precursor material comprises divalent metal cations; the molar ratio of the multi-charge substance relative to the divalent metal cations is 0.024% to 0.339%, optionally 0.024% to 0.24%, further optionally 0.09% to 0.24%; the perovskite precursor material comprises monovalent anions; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance relative to the monovalent anions is 0.06 g / mol to 0.67 g / mol, optionally 0.06 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol, further optionally 0.2 g / mol to 0.4 g / mol; the perovskite precursor material comprises divalent metal cations; the content ratio of the multi-charge substance relative to the divalent metal cations is 0.18 g / mol to 2 g / mol, optionally 0.18 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol, further optionally 0.6 g / mol to 1.2 g / mol.

43. The method of producing a perovskite cell according to claim 41 or 42, wherein, the method of performing the heat treating is a vacuum flash method, the vacuum flash method comprising a vacuum flash treatment and an annealing treatment.

44. The method of producing a perovskite cell according to claim 43, wherein, The vacuum flash treatment is performed under a vacuum condition of 10 -1 Pa ~ 10 -4 Pa, and the time of the vacuum flash treatment is 50 s ~ 200 s. in the step of performing the annealing treatment, the annealing temperature is 100 °C to 160 °C, and the annealing time is 10 min to 20 min.

45. A perovskite cell, wherein, prepared by the method of preparing a perovskite cell of any one of claims 41 to 44.

46. A power generation device comprising at least one of the perovskite cell of any one of claims 1 to 40, the perovskite cell prepared by the method of preparing a perovskite cell of any one of claims 41 to 44, and the perovskite cell of claim 45.

47. An electrical device comprising at least one of the perovskite cell of any one of claims 1-40, the perovskite cell prepared by the method of any one of claims 41-44, and the perovskite cell of claim 45.

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