Solar cell, power generation device and electric device

Abstract

The present application relates to a solar cell, a power generation device and an electric device. The solar cell comprises a hole transport layer and a light absorbing layer which are sequentially arranged in a stacked manner, wherein the side of the hole transport layer close to the light absorbing layer comprises a first hole transport sublayer; the first hole transport sublayer comprises a functionalized hole transport material; and the functionalized hole transport material comprises a polyaromatic compound having a structure as represented by formula (1).

Description

Solar cell, power generation device and power consumption device

[0001] Related Applications

[0002] The present application claims priority to the Chinese patent application No. CN2024108902394, filed on July 3, 2024, entitled "Solar cell, power generation device and power consumption device", the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, further relates to a solar cell, a power generation device and a power consumption device. BACKGROUND

[0004] The statements herein are provided only to complement the present application and do not necessarily constitute the prior art. A solar cell is a kind of battery that can convert light energy into electrical energy by using a light-absorbing layer. With the development of photovoltaic technology, solar cells are increasingly widely used in various electronic products such as smart phones, tablets, smart wear, power tools and electric vehicles. Among them, perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy by using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystal materials. They are the third generation of solar cells at present, and have many advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process and low production cost. In recent years, they have been extensively studied. How to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the important improvement directions. SUMMARY

[0005] According to various embodiments and various examples of the present application, the present application provides a solar cell, a power generation device and a power consumption device. The solar cell has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present application provides a solar cell, comprising a hole transport layer and a light-absorbing layer which are sequentially stacked; the side of the hole transport layer close to the light-absorbing layer comprises a first hole transport sub-layer, and the first hole transport sub-layer comprises a functionalized hole transport material, and the functionalized hole transport material comprises a polyaromatic compound with a structure as shown in formula (1); each Ar is independently a p+2-valent aromatic group; each p is independently 0 or a positive integer, and the sum of n p is a positive integer, and n is an integer selected from 3-10; each A is independently selected from an oxygen-containing acid group or an oxygen-containing acid salt; each m is independently an integer selected from 0-10; each L is independently a divalent linking group, each L independently provides a spacer atom or a spacer ring; S 01 and S 02 each independently is an end-capping group. Further, the two single bond sites of L are led from the spacer atom or the ring-forming atom of the spacer ring.

[0007] The polyaromatic compound having the structure shown in formula (1) includes an aromatic rigid chain formed by connecting aromatic groups Ar in series and an oxygen-containing acid group or a salt thereof at the end of the side chain; by arranging the polyaromatic compound having the structure shown in formula (1) on the light-absorbing layer side of a solar cell, the rigid chain formed by connecting Ar in series can provide a hole transport function, the group A (oxygen-containing acid group or salt thereof) at the end of the side chain can provide a passivation function for the interface with the light-absorbing layer, and in addition, the synergistic anchoring effect of the multiple groups A covalently connected to the side groups of the aromatic rigid chain can enhance the binding of the first hole transport sublayer to the lower interface (the interface on the side of the first hole transport sublayer away from the light-absorbing layer), which is conducive to optimizing the stability of the device. In the polyaromatic compound, the multiple aromatic groups Ar are connected in series as aromatic repeating units to form an aromatic rigid chain, which can improve the hole transport performance and is conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. On the other hand, by covalently connecting multiple functional groups A to the aromatic repeating units Ar in the same molecule, the change in the position of the functional groups A due to intermolecular body movement can be reduced, which is conducive to achieving better interface morphology stability, and can make the functional hole transport material more stable in the formation of adjacent interfaces, and can improve the stability of the material, structure and device of the solar cell at high temperatures. On the other hand, by controlling the number of aromatic repeating units Ar to have a suitable molecular size, the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules in the functional hole transport material can be easily and relatively accurately controlled, which is conducive to improving the repeatability between different production batches.

[0008] The solar cell can achieve improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, can improve interface morphology stability, and is also easy to achieve a high product yield, which is suitable for industrial production.

[0009] In some embodiments, a solar cell is provided, which includes a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a light-absorbing layer and a second electrode arranged in sequence; the side of the hole transport layer close to the light-absorbing layer includes a first hole transport sublayer, and the first hole transport sublayer includes a functional hole transport material, and the functional hole transport material includes a polyaromatic compound;

[0010] The polyaromatic compound has a structure shown in formula (1):

[0011] wherein each Ar is independently a p+2-valent aromatic group having a connection site P A , P B and P C ; and each A is independently an oxygen-containing acid group or a salt thereof. Ais connected to [- (L) m -A] p , the connecting site P B and P C are respectively connected to two of the adjacent Ar, S 01 and S 02 ;

[0012] each p is independently 0 or a positive integer, and the total of n ps is a positive integer, n being an integer selected from 3 to 10;

[0013] each A is independently selected from an oxacids group or an oxacids salt;

[0014] each m is independently an integer selected from 0 to 10; each L is independently a divalent linking group having two single bond sites, each L independently provides a spacer atom or a spacer ring, the two single bond sites of L being led from the spacer atom or from a ring-forming atom of the spacer ring;

[0015] S 01 and S 02 are each independently a capping group.

[0016] The polyaromatic compound of the structure shown in formula (1) includes an aromatic rigid chain formed by the series connection of aromatic groups Ar and oxacids groups or salts thereof located at the end of side chains; by arranging the polyaromatic compound of the structure shown in formula (1) on the light-absorbing layer side of a solar cell, the rigid chain formed by the series connection of Ar can provide a hole transport function, the groups A (oxacids groups or salts thereof) located at the end of the side chains can provide a passivation function for the interface with the light-absorbing layer, and the synergistic anchoring effect of the multiple groups A covalently connected to the side groups of the aromatic rigid chain can enhance the binding of the first hole transport sublayer to the lower interface (the interface on the side of the first hole transport sublayer away from the light-absorbing layer), which is conducive to optimizing the stability of the device. In the polyaromatic compound, the multiple aromatic groups Ar are connected in series as aromatic repeating units to form an aromatic rigid chain, which can improve the hole transport performance and is conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. On the other hand, by covalently connecting multiple functional groups A to the aromatic repeating units Ar in the same molecule, the change in the position of the functional groups A due to intermolecular body movement can be reduced, which is conducive to achieving better interface morphology stability, and can make the functional hole transport material more stable in the formation of the adjacent interface, and can improve the stability of the material, structure and device of the solar cell at high temperatures. On the other hand, by controlling the number of aromatic repeating units Ar, the polyaromatic compound can have a suitable molecular size, and the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules in the functional hole transport material can be easily and relatively accurately controlled, which is conducive to improving the repeatability between different production batches.

[0017] The solar cell can realize improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, can improve interface morphology stability, and is also easy to realize high product yield and suitable for industrial production.

[0018] The interface of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light-absorbing layer (i.e., the lower interface of the first hole transport sub-layer) can be another hole transport sub-layer or a first electrode. When the first hole transport sub-layer alone serves as a hole transport layer, the solar cell can have a larger open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor, and has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. When another hole transport sub-layer serves as the lower interface of the first hole transport sub-layer, the first hole transport sub-layer can also play a role in passivating surface defects of the other hole transport sub-layer.

[0019] In some embodiments, in the functionalized hole transport material, the polydispersity index PDI of the polyaromatic compound satisfies 1≤PDI≤1.15, which can be 1≤PDI≤1.08.

[0020] In some embodiments, in the functionalized hole transport material, the polydispersity index PDI of the polyaromatic compound is equal to 1.

[0021] By controlling the polydispersity index PDI of the polyaromatic compound in the functionalized hole transport material within the aforementioned range, the polyaromatic compound can have a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution, which is conducive to better control of the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules, and is conducive to achieving high repeatability between different production batches.

[0022] When the polydispersity index PDI of the polyaromatic compound in the functionalized hole transport material is controlled to be 1, the molecular weight distribution of the polyaromatic compound exhibits monodisperse characteristics, the molecular structure is highly defined, the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules can be very accurately controlled, and it is more conducive to achieving extremely high repeatability between different production batches.

[0023] In some embodiments, in formula (1), each m is independently an integer selected from 1-10; alternatively, each m is independently an integer selected from 2-6.

[0024] By controlling m in formula (1) within the aforementioned range, it is conducive to better balancing the steric hindrance between the functional groups A and the aromatic groups Ar while taking into account the synergistic effect therebetween, and it is more conducive to realizing better photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0025] In some embodiments, each Ar has one or two connection sites P B and P CP B and P C are located on the same or different aromatic monocyclic rings.

[0026] by controlling the connection sites P B and P C of each Ar, respectively, are led from the ring-forming atoms of the aromatic rings, so that the aromatic groups Ar in the aromatic rigid chain are directly linked by covalent bonds to the respective aromatic rings, which is conducive to enhancing the overall conjugation effect in the aromatic rigid chain and conducive to better hole transport performance.

[0027] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently a trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom or a p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring;

[0028] wherein,

[0029] the tertiary amine type N atom forms three covalent single bonds, of which two covalent single bonds are connected to one aromatic ring respectively, and the other covalent single bond is connected to -(L) m -A or to -(L) m -A through an arylene group;

[0030] the p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring includes C A1 monocyclic ring and C A2 monocyclic ring, and C A1 monocyclic ring, benzene ring and C A2 monocyclic ring together constitute a conjugated structure.

[0031] In some embodiments, in the trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom, the connection sites P B and P C are led from the ring-forming atoms of different aromatic rings connected to the tertiary amine type N atom.

[0032] In some embodiments, the structure of the p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring is shown in formula (CA9):

[0033] wherein,

[0034] C A1 and C A2 are each independently a five-membered ring or a six-membered ring;

[0035] q1 and q2 are each independently 2 or 3;

[0036] In Formula (CA9), each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; there are and only two R in each structure represented by Formula (CA9) that are single bonds, and the two single bonds are each connected to an adjacent Ar, an adjacent S 01 or an adjacent S 02 ;

[0037] each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen.

[0038] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently selected from one of Ar1-Ar9 and Ar19:

[0039] wherein,

[0040] each Y is independently -CR2-, -NR-, -O-, -SiR2-, -PR-, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR)-, or -C(=CR2)-;

[0041] each R in Ar1-Ar9 and Ar19 is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; there are and only two R in each Ar that are single bonds, and the two single bonds are each connected to an adjacent Ar, an adjacent S 01 or an adjacent S 02 ;

[0042] each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamido, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen;

[0043] k is an integer selected from 1 to 3.

[0044] By controlling the aromatic group Ar to have the aforementioned structure, the aromatic rigid chain is facilitated to exert a better hole transport effect.

[0045] In some embodiments, each A is independently -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), or -B(OH)2, or a salt form of any of the aforementioned oxoacidic groups;

[0046] Optionally, the salt form of the oxoacidic group is a metal salt, an ammonium salt, or an organic amine salt.

[0047] By controlling the functional group A to be the aforementioned kind, the effect of anchoring or passivating the lower interface of the first hole transport sublayer and passivating the interface of the light absorbing layer can be better achieved.

[0048] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )-, -C(=CR 21 R 22 )-, or -L C -, and -(L) m - is a suitable combination of m Ls; wherein L C is a divalent linking group containing a conjugated ring and L C has two single bond sites respectively leading from the same ring-forming atom of a conjugated monocyclic ring;

[0049] R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR’, -OC(=O)R’, -NHCOR’, -NR’2, R’, halogen-substituted R’, -SR’, or -PR’2;

[0050] each R’ is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5alkyl; wherein the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl and substituted C 1-5 phenyl, thienyl and C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen.

[0051] In some embodiments, -(L m is a single bond, -(L A ) m -, L B , -(L C ) m -, -(L A / C ) m -, L D or L E ;

[0052] each L A / C is independently L A or L C ;

[0053] L D is one or more L A / C in a suitable combination with one or more L B , and the sum of the number of L D and L A / C in L B is less than or equal to m;

[0054] L E is a suitable combination of a plurality of L B ;

[0055] each L A is independently -CR 21 R 22 -;

[0056] each L B is independently -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )- or -C(=CR 21 R 22 -;

[0057] L C is a divalent linking group containing a conjugated ring and LC two single bond sites respectively introduced from the same conjugated monocyclic ring;

[0058] R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2;

[0059] each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen.

[0060] In some embodiments, each L C is independently one of L1-L8:

[0061] wherein,

[0062] each Y is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )-, or -C(=CR 21 R 22 )-;

[0063] each Z is independently CR 4 , N, or P; R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2.

[0064] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11-O-, -C(=O)- or L C1 wherein L C1 is one of L9-L11;

[0065] In some embodiments, -(L) m is -(CR 21 R 22 ) m , and m is an integer selected from 1-10;

[0066] Optionally, m is an integer selected from 2-6.

[0067] By having L or -(L) m in formula (1) having the aforementioned structure, it is beneficial to better balance the steric hindrance effect between the functional group A and the aromatic group Ar while taking into account the synergistic effect therebetween, and it is more beneficial to achieve better photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0068] When -(L) m comprises a conjugated monocyclic ring, for example, when at least one L is L C , the molecular polarity can be adjusted, which is beneficial to enhance the hole transport performance of the aromatic group, and is beneficial to achieve more excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0069] In some embodiments, S 01 and S 02 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, or L F ; wherein the phenyl and thienyl in the substituted phenyl and substituted thienyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamido, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen;

[0070] L F is a monovalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom which forms three covalent single bonds and at least two of the covalent single bonds are each connected to an aromatic ring, or is Ar18, and the structure of Ar18 is

[0071] In Ar18, each Y is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11-0-, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=0)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )-, or -C(=CR 21 R 22 ); wherein R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; 1-5

[0072] In Ar18, each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; and only one R in Ar18 is a single bond;

[0073] Each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen.

[0074] In some embodiments, L F is -ArR 21 R 22 or is one of Ar10-Ar18:

[0075] In L F , each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; and only one R in L F is a single bond, and the single bond is connected to an adjacent Ar;

[0076] k is an integer selected from 1-3.

[0077] In some embodiments, in L F , each R is independently a single bond or hydrogen; and only one R in L F is a single bond, and the single bond is connected to an adjacent Ar.

[0078] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently Ar1or Ar7:

[0079] S can be selected flexibly 01 and S 02 structures endcap the aromatic rigid chain formed by aromatic groups Ar.

[0080] When S 01 and / or S 02 contains a conjugated ring, the hole transport performance of the aromatic rigid chain can be enhanced.

[0081] In some embodiments, p is 1, in which case the sum of p in formula (1) is equal to n;

[0082] Alternatively, the sum of p in formula (1) is less than n;

[0083] Alternatively, the sum of p in formula (1) is greater than n.

[0084] The number of aromatic groups Ar and functional groups A in formula (1) can be equal or different. When the sum of p is equal to n, the number of aromatic groups Ar and functional groups A is equal. When the sum of p is less than n, the number of aromatic groups Ar is greater than functional groups A. When the sum of p is greater than n, the number of aromatic groups Ar is less than functional groups A.

[0085] In some embodiments, -(L) m - is -(CR 21 R 22 ) m -, R 21 and R 22 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl, and m is an integer selected from 2-6.

[0086] In some embodiments, R 21 and R 22 are each independently hydrogen.

[0087] When -(L) m - is the aforementioned carbon chain structure, the carbon chain has a certain flexibility, allowing the spatial relative positions between Ar and A to be flexibly adjusted within a certain range, thereby better exerting the synergistic effect between the two, allowing the molecule to have better self-assembly performance, which is conducive to improving the film morphology and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device.

[0088] In some embodiments, A is PO(OH)2or a salt form thereof.

[0089] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 03 ) n S 02 , S 01 -U 03- U 05- U 03 -S 02 and S 01 (U 06 ) n S 02 ; wherein U 03 is U 05 is U 06 is m is an integer selected from 2-10;

[0090] Optionally, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: H(U SAM )3H, H(U SAM )4H, H(U SAM )5H, H(U SAM )6H, SAM5, SAM6, SAM12, SAM13, SAM14 and SAM18;

[0091] wherein U SAM has the structure

[0092] SAM5 has the structure:

[0093] SAM6 has the structure SAM12 has the structure

[0094] SAM13 has the structure SAM14 has the structure

[0095] SAM18 has the structure

[0096] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound satisfies one or both of the following characteristics:

[0097] n is 3, 4, 5 or 6;

[0098] the sum of n p is an integer selected from 3-12.

[0099] By controlling the sum of n and / or n p to the aforementioned values, it is beneficial to make the polyaromatic compound have a more suitable molecular size, and it is more beneficial to make the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules in the functionalized hole transport material more easily controlled accurately, and it is more beneficial to improve the repeatability between different production batches.

[0100] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer is 0.1 nm to 50 nm.

[0101] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer is 1 nm to 10 nm.

[0102] When the first hole transport sub-layer is a polyaromatic compound thin film, the aromatic group Ar and the functional group A can be in contact with the two side interfaces of the first hole transport sub-layer respectively, and the interfacial bonding stability of the two side interfaces is better, which is beneficial to make the first hole transport sub-layer play a better hole transport role and better interface stability, interface morphology stability, and achieve better photoelectric conversion efficiency and device performance stability.

[0103] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer further comprises a second hole transport sub-layer, and the second hole transport sub-layer is located on the side surface of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light-absorbing layer.

[0104] In some embodiments, the second hole transport sub-layer comprises a metal oxide.

[0105] In some embodiments, the second hole transport sub-layer comprises nickel oxide.

[0106] When the second hole transport sub-layer serves as the lower interface of the first hole transport sub-layer, the first hole transport sub-layer can also play a role of passivating the surface defects of the second hole transport sub-layer.

[0107] In some embodiments, the side surface of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light-absorbing layer is in contact with the first electrode.

[0108] When the first hole transport sub-layer alone serves as the hole transport layer, the solar cell can have a larger open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor, and has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0109] In some embodiments, the solar cell has a reverse structure.

[0110] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material.

[0111] When the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, the light-absorbing layer can be referred to as a perovskite layer, and such a solar cell can also be referred to as a perovskite cell.

[0112] In a second aspect of the present application, there is provided a power generation device comprising the solar cell described in the first aspect of the present application.

[0113] In a third aspect of the present application, there is provided a power consumption device comprising the solar cell described in the first aspect of the present application.

[0114] The details of one or more embodiments or examples of the present application are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present application will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0115] To better describe and illustrate the embodiments, examples or examples provided by the present application, one or more drawings can be referred to. The additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any one of the disclosed applications, the presently described embodiments, examples or examples, and the best mode of these applications currently understood. It should be noted that the drawings are all drawn in a simplified form, only for the convenience, clarity of the description of the present application. The various sizes of each component shown in the drawings are arbitrarily shown, which can be accurate or not drawn according to the actual proportion. For example, in order to make the drawing clearer, the size of the component is appropriately exaggerated in some places of the drawing. Unless otherwise specified, the components in the drawing are not drawn to scale. The drawings of the present application do not limit the size of each component. Moreover, the same reference numerals are used to represent the same components in all the drawings. In the drawings:

[0116] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of part of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application, the illustrated structure comprising a first hole transport sub-layer and a light absorbing layer;

[0117] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of part of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application, the illustrated structure comprising a first electrode, a first hole transport sub-layer and a light absorbing layer;

[0118] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of part of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application, the illustrated structure comprising a first electrode, a second hole transport sub-layer, a first hole transport sub-layer and a light absorbing layer;

[0119] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a photoelectric conversion structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application, the illustrated photoelectric conversion structure comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode.

[0120] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application, the illustrated solar cell comprising a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode.

[0121] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a power consuming device using a solar cell as a power generating device according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0122] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 100: solar cell; 110: base layer; 120: first electrode; 130: first charge transport layer; 140: light absorbing layer; 150: second charge transport layer; 160: second electrode; 230: hole transport layer; 2301: first hole transport sub-layer; 2302: second hole transport sub-layer; 6: power consuming device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0123] Hereinafter, some embodiments and examples of the solar cell, the power generating device, and the power consuming device according to the present application are described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there are cases where unnecessary detailed description is omitted. For example, there are cases where detailed description of matters known well, repeated description of substantially identical structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the present application, and are not intended to limit the subject matter recited in the claims.

[0124] The "ranges" disclosed herein can be defined with both a lower and an upper limit, and a given range is defined with a selected lower limit and a selected upper limit, the selected lower limit and the selected upper limit defining the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined by such limits can be either inclusive or exclusive of the end values, either end value can be independently inclusive or exclusive, and any combination thereof, i.e., any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also contemplated. Furthermore, if minimum range values of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values of 3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In the present application, unless otherwise stated, a numerical range "a-b" indicates a shorthand way of describing each and every intervening real number, a and b being real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed herein, "0-5" being a shorthand way of describing these numerical combinations. In addition, when it is stated that a parameter is an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing the parameter as, for example, integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For example, when it is stated that a parameter is an integer selected from "2-10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0125] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "about" means a range of reasonable magnitude around the number, and the fluctuation range can vary depending on the type and value of the number. For example, a range of ±10%, ±5%, ±2%, ±1%, etc. may be allowed. For example, taking "about 20°C" and its approximation ±1°C as an example, the approximation values of 19°C, 19.5°C, etc. within the range of "about 20°C" should also be included in the range indicated by "about 20°C".

[0126] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "a plurality of", "a plurality of", "a plurality of", "several", etc. means greater than 2 or equal to 2 in number. For example, "one or more" means one or ≥(greater than or equal to) two. It can be understood that when referring to "any number of" items, it means any suitable combination of a plurality of items, that is, the combination of "any number of" items is performed in a way that does not conflict and can implement the present application.

[0127] If not specifically stated, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0128] In the present application, the phrase "embodiment" means that the specific features, structures or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment or embodiment of the present application. The appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it an independent or alternative embodiment to other embodiments. Those skilled in the art understand explicitly and implicitly that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments. The phrase "embodiment" is similarly understood herein.

[0129] Those skilled in the art can understand that in the method of each embodiment or embodiment, the writing order of each step does not mean a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The detailed execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. If not specifically stated, all steps of the present application can be performed sequentially or randomly, and can be preferably performed sequentially. For example, method M includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method can include sequentially performed steps (a) and (b), or sequentially performed steps (b) and (a). For example, method M also includes step (c), which means that step (c) can be added to method M in any order, for example, method M can include steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0130] In the present application, the open technical features or technical solutions described by "containing", "including", "comprising" and the like, if no other description, do not exclude additional members outside the listed members, which can be regarded as providing both the closed features or solutions composed of the listed members, and the open features or solutions including additional members outside the listed members. For example, a includes a1, a2 and a3, if no other description, it can also include other members, or it can not include additional members, which can be regarded as providing both the features or solutions of "a is composed of a1, a2 and a3" or "a is selected from a1, a2 and a3", and the features or solutions of "a includes not only a1, a2 and a3, but also other members".

[0131] In the present application, M (such as m1) means that m1 is one non-limiting example of M, and it can be understood that M is not limited to m1.

[0132] In the present application, "optionally", "optional" and "optional" mean that it can or can not be, that is, it is selected from any one of the two parallel solutions of "yes" or "no". If there are multiple "options" in a technical solution, if there is no special description, and there is no contradictory relationship or mutual restriction, each "option" is independent. If there is no other description, "optionally includes", "optionally contains" and the like are described in the present application, for example, "optionally includes" means "may include or not include".

[0133] In the present application, if no other description, the "and / or" corresponding features or solutions include any one of two or more related listed items, and also include any and all combinations of related listed items, wherein any and all combinations include any two related listed items, any more related listed items, or all related listed items. For example, "M and / or N" means that M, N and "the combination of M and N" constitute a group. Among them, "including M and / or N" can mean "including M, including N, and including M and N", and also can mean "including M, including N, or including M and N", which can be understood according to the sentence.

[0134] The "combination thereof", "any combination thereof", "any combination thereof" and the like used herein include all suitable combinations of any two or more listed items.

[0135] In the present application, "suitable combination", "suitable manner", "any suitable manner" and the like "suitable" are subject to the implementation of the technical solutions of the present application.

[0136] In the present application, "preferably", "more preferably", "even more preferably", "suitably", "advantageously" only indicate that better effects or advantages can be obtained in some technical schemes or embodiments, and should not be understood as a limitation on the protective scope of the present application. If there are multiple "preferably" in a technical scheme, and there is no special description, no contradictory relationship or mutual restriction, each "preferably" is independent of each other.

[0137] In the present application, "further", "even further", "in particular", "for example", "such as", "for instance", "for example" and the like are used for description purposes, indicating differences in content, but should not be understood as a limitation on the protection scope of the present application.

[0138] In the present application, the terms "first", "second", "third" and the like in "first aspect", "second aspect", "third aspect" and the like are only used for description purposes, and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should it be understood as implying the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features. Moreover, "first", "second", "third" and the like only serve the purpose of non-exhaustive enumeration description, and should be understood as not constituting a closed limitation on the quantity.

[0139] In the present application, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the first feature is "on" or "under" the second feature, which can be direct contact between the first and second features, or indirect contact between the first and second features through an intermediate medium. In the present application, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the first feature is "on" or "under" the second feature, which can represent the mutual position relationship of horizontal height, or can only represent the existence of attachment relationship without limiting the mutual position relationship of horizontal height.

[0140] In the present application, the term "room temperature" generally refers to 4℃-35℃, which can refer to 20℃±5℃. In some embodiments or examples of the present application, room temperature refers to 20℃-30℃.

[0141] In the present application, the unit related to the data range, if only the right end point is followed by a unit, it means that the units of the left end point and the right end point are the same. For example, 3-5h or 3-5h means that the units of the left end point "3" and the right end point "5" are both h (hours), which have the same meaning as 3h-5h. In addition, similar descriptions of other parameters such as temperature, size, etc. are also understood in the same way.

[0142] The weight or mass of the relevant components mentioned in the embodiments or examples of the present application can refer to the content of each component, and can also represent the proportional relationship between the weight or mass of each component. Therefore, as long as the content of the relevant components in the embodiments or examples of the present application is proportionally enlarged or reduced, it is within the scope described in the present application. Further, the mass mentioned in the embodiments or examples of the present application can be micrograms (μg), milligrams (mg), grams (g), kilograms (kg), and other mass units known in the chemical field. Unless otherwise specified, the mass ratio is equal to the corresponding weight ratio. For example, the mass of substance A is m1, the weight is W1, the mass of substance B is m2, and the weight is W2. The mass ratio m1 / m2 is equal to the corresponding weight ratio W1 / W2 in value.

[0143] In the present application, wt% represents the weight percentage by weight, which is equal in value to the corresponding mass percentage by mass. In the present application, for the weight percentage, “0” has the same meaning as “0 wt%” and can be used interchangeably.

[0144] In the present application, “greater than or equal to”, “greater than or equal to” and “≥” have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; “less than or equal to”, “less than or equal to” and “≤” have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; “greater than” can be equivalent to “>”, and “less than” can be equivalent to “<”. In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “greater than or equal to” and “≥” can be considered to provide both “greater than” and “equal to” options. In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “less than or equal to” and “≤” can be considered to provide both “less than” and “equal to” options.

[0145] In the present application, the exemplary descriptions involving “in some embodiments (or examples)”, “in one embodiment (or example)” and the like can cover but are not limited to the following meanings: these options can be combined with other options in a suitable manner to form new technical solutions.

[0146] In the present application, for the group residues participating in the formation of covalent bonds, “valence” refers to the sum of the valences of the linking sites of the group participating in the formation of covalent bonds. For example, the valence of alkyl (-CH3) is univalent, and the valence of alkylene (-CH2-) is divalent. For example, the valence of -OH, -COOH, -CN, -NHNH2 and the like is univalent, and the valence of -NHNH- is divalent. Those skilled in the art can understand that the “valence” is different from the charge valence of ions.

[0147] In the present application, “the charge valence of ions” refers to the charge number of ions, which can carry positive or negative charges. For example, the trivalent iron ion (Fe 3+The positive charge valence of the ammonium ion (NH4 - ) is 1, and the negative charge valence of the iodide ion (I ) is 1.

[0148] In the present application, the number of atoms can be subscripted with Arabic numerals, for example, C 8-20 Hydrocarbyl represents a hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0149] In the present application, the meaning of "group" encompasses "radical" unless otherwise specified, and a "group" can be one atom or contain multiple atoms unless otherwise specified. Non-limiting examples of groups in the form of a single atom include hydrogen group (-H), halogen group, and the like.

[0150] In the present application, "radical" refers to a group having one or more covalent bondable sites, and "radical" can be classified into monovalent radical, divalent radical, trivalent radical, and the like according to the sum of the valence of the covalent bondable sites. Radicals having a valence greater than 1 can be collectively referred to as "polyvalent radical". When the valence of a "radical" is greater than 1, it can have one or more bonding sites, and the bonding mode of a single bonding site can be a single bond or an unsaturated bond. Non-limiting examples of unsaturated bonds include divalent oxygen radical (=O), divalent sulfur radical (=S), =NR 1a (wherein, R 1a is a monovalent radical such as H or alkyl, and the like), and non-limiting examples of radicals containing such unsaturated bonds include carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, amide (such as -CONH- or -NHCO-), ester (such as -C(=O)- or -OC(=O)-, and the like), phosphonate, amidine, -C(=NR 1a ), -C(=CR 2a R 2b ), and the like, wherein R 2a and R 2b are each independently a monovalent radical. When the number of bonding sites of a polyvalent radical is greater than 1, it can also be referred to as a "linking group", and can serve as a bridging group for two or more radicals; similarly, according to the valence of the "linking group", it can be classified into divalent linking group, trivalent linking group, tetravalent linking group, and the like. Non-limiting examples of divalent linking groups include ether (-O-), thioether (-S-), -CONH-, -NHCO-, -C(=O)- or -OC(=O)-, alkylene, arylene, and the like.

[0151] In the present application, the term "substituted" is not specifically written, which means "unsubstituted".

[0152] In this application, the term "hydrocarbon" refers to a compound composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbon compounds can be saturated (i.e., saturated hydrocarbons) or unsaturated (i.e., unsaturated hydrocarbons), can contain ring structures (i.e., cyclic hydrocarbons) or not (i.e., chain hydrocarbons), and can be aromatic (i.e., aromatic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons) or non-aromatic (i.e., aliphatic hydrocarbons). Saturated hydrocarbons, also known as saturated hydrocarbons, can be alkanes or cycloalkanes. Alkanes do not contain ring structures and can be straight-chain or branched. Cycloalkanes contain ring structures, and the number of ring structures can be one or more, for example, one, two, or three. Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing ring structures and are non-aromatic hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as aromatic hydrocarbons, contain aromatic ring structures. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can contain unsaturated bonds such as carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can contain ring structures or not.

[0153] Depending on whether a hydrocarbon compound is aromatic, it can include aliphatic compounds and aromatic compounds.

[0154] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "hydrocarbon group" refers to a monovalent or polyvalent group composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, meaning a group formed after a corresponding hydrocarbon loses one or more hydrogen atoms, with corresponding covalent bonding sites formed at the positions where hydrogen atoms are lost. Unless the valence state of "hydrocarbon group" is directly or indirectly specified, it generally refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group. For example, when referring to "alkyl," "cycloalkyl," "aryl," "heteroalkyl," "heterocycloalkyl," and "heteroaryl," unless the valence state is directly or indirectly specified, they generally refer to monovalent alkyl, monovalent cycloalkyl, monovalent aryl, monovalent heteroalkyl, monovalent heterocycloalkyl, and monovalent heteroaryl, respectively.

[0155] In this application, the term "alkyl" refers to a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon comprising a primary (normal) carbon atom, a secondary carbon atom, a tertiary carbon atom, a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. Phrases containing this term include, for example, "C1-9 alkyl" or "C 1-9"Alkyl" refers to an alkyl group containing from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, which can be Ci alkyl, C2alkyl, C3alkyl, C4alkyl, C5alkyl, C6alkyl, C7alkyl, C8alkyl, or C9alkyl, each occurrence of which can be independent of the other occurrences. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1 -propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1 -butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1 -propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1 -butyl (-CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1 -butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)C(CH3)3, and octyl (-(CH2)7CH3).

[0156] In the present application, the term "alkylene" refers to a hydrocarbon group having two monovalent radical centers derived from the removal of two hydrogen atoms from an alkane (or the removal of one hydrogen atom from an alkyl group), which can be a saturated branched structure or a saturated straight chain structure. For example, "C 1-9"Alkylene" refers to an alkyl moiety containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, which can be, independently at each occurrence, a C1 alkylene, C2 alkylene, C3 alkylene, C4 alkylene, C5 alkylene, C6 alkylene, C7 alkylene, C8 alkylene, or C9 alkylene. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH2-), 1,1-ethylidene (-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethylidene (-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propylidene (-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propylidene (-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propylidene (-CH2CH2CH2-), 1,4-butylidene (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-), and the like.

[0157] In the present application, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a basic aromatic hydrocarbon compound, i.e., a monovalent linking site directly at a ring, which can be a monocyclic aryl, or a fused ring aryl, or a polycyclic aryl, of which at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C 6-10 aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, which can be, independently at each occurrence, a C6 aryl, C8 aryl, C9 aryl, or C 10 aryl. Also for example, "C 6-20 aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, which can be, independently at each occurrence, but not limited to, a C6 aryl (e.g., phenyl), C6 aryl (e.g., benzocyclobutyl), C8 aryl (e.g., benzopropylcyclobutyl), C9 aryl (e.g., indenyl), C 10 aryl (e.g., naphthyl), C 12 aryl (e.g., acenaphthyl, biphenyl), C 13 aryl (e.g., fluorenyl), C 14 aryl (e.g., anthryl, phenanthryl), C 18 aryl (e.g., triphenylenyl), or C 20 aryl (e.g., perylenyl). Examples of suitable aromatic hydrocarbon compounds from which aryl groups can be derived include, but are not limited to: benzene, benzocyclobutene, biphenyl, indene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, perylene, and derivatives thereof.

[0158] In the present application, the term "arylene" refers to a divalent residue having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring of an aryl group. The arylene group can be a monocyclic arylene, or a fused ring arylene, or a polycyclic arylene, of which at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C 5-10 arylene" refers to an arylene group containing 5 to 10 carbon atoms, which can be, independently at each occurrence, a C5 arylene, C6 arylene, C7 arylene, C8 arylene, C9 arylene, or C 10Arylene. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, arylene groups derived from the following aromatic rings: benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, rylenes, and derivatives thereof.

[0159] In the present application, the term "ring" structure, if not otherwise specified, can be a monocyclic ring or a polycyclic ring. The monocyclic ring can be a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring. Depending on whether the ring structure is aromatic or not, the ring structure can include aliphatic rings and aromatic rings.

[0160] In the present application, the term "ring-membering atom" refers to a non-hydrogen atom that constitutes a ring skeleton in a ring structure.

[0161] In the present application, the term "monocyclic ring" refers to a ring structure that does not share any ring-membering atom with other ring structures. Non-limiting examples of monocyclic rings include benzene ring, cyclohexane ring, pyridine ring, furan ring, thiophene ring, dihydrofuran ring, and the like. Depending on the number of ring-membering atoms in a monocyclic ring structure, a monocyclic ring structure can be defined as an "X-membered ring", where X represents the sum of the number of ring-membering atoms in the monocyclic ring structure. For example, benzene ring, cyclohexane ring, pyridine ring, and the like are six-membered rings, while furan ring, thiophene ring, dihydrofuran ring, and the like are five-membered rings.

[0162] In the present application, the term "non-hydrogen atom" refers to an atom other than hydrogen.

[0163] The term "aliphatic ring", if not otherwise specified, refers to a ring structure that is not aromatic, while the term "aromatic ring" refers to a ring structure that is aromatic.

[0164] The term "heterocyclic ring", if not otherwise specified, refers to a ring structure in which the ring-membering atoms include heteroatoms. The heterocyclic ring can be a heteromonocyclic ring or a heteropolycyclic ring.

[0165] In the present application, the term "alkoxy" refers to a monovalent radical formed by the attachment of an alkyl group to an -O- group. Phrases containing this term, such as "C 1-10 Alkoxy" refers to an alkoxy group comprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which can be, independently of each other, C1 alkoxy, C2 alkoxy, C3 alkoxy, C4 alkoxy, C5 alkoxy, C6 alkoxy, C7 alkoxy, C8 alkoxy, C9 alkoxy, or C 10 Alkoxy. Suitable examples can include, but are not limited to, methoxy (CH3O-), ethoxy (CH3CH2O-), and the like.

[0166] In the present application, the term "alkylthio" refers to a monovalent radical formed by the attachment of an alkyl group to an -S- group. Phrases containing this term, such as "C 1-10"Alkylthio" refers to an alkylthio group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which can be, independently of each other on each occurrence, a C1 alkylthio group, a C2 alkylthio group, a C3 alkylthio group, a C4 alkylthio group, a C5 alkylthio group, a C6 alkylthio group, a C7 alkylthio group, a C8 alkylthio group, a C9 alkylthio group, or a C10 alkylthio group. 10 "Alkylthio". Suitable examples can include, but are not limited to, methoxy (CH3S-), ethoxy (CH3CH2S-), and the like.

[0167] In the present application, the term "alkylamido" refers to a monovalent group formed by the attachment of an alkyl group to a carbon atom in -CONH-. Suitable examples can include, but are not limited to, CH3CONH-, CH3CH2CONH-, and the like.

[0168] In the present application, the term "alkylcarbonyloxy" refers to a monovalent group formed by the attachment of an alkyl group to a carbon atom in -C(=O)O-. Suitable examples can include, but are not limited to, CH3C(=O)O-, CH3CH2C(=O)O-, and the like.

[0169] In recent years, how to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability of solar cells is one of the important improvement directions. For example, the perovskite layer lower interface is prone to produce a large number of defects, and the defects affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency and device stability of the perovskite cell. The self-assembled molecular layer can be set on the lower interface of the perovskite layer by using self-assembled molecules including aromatic groups and anchor groups, which can act as a "passivation layer" to passivate the surface defects of the hole transport layer at the lower interface of the self-assembled molecular layer. In addition, the self-assembled molecular layer can also be used alone as a hole transport layer, so that the perovskite cell has a larger open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor, and has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. If a self-assembled small molecule is used, the self-assembled molecules can be connected to the adjacent structure layer at the lower interface by hydrogen bonds through the anchor group. However, the interlayer molecules mainly rely on van der Waals force and π-π interaction, and the morphology stability under high temperature and light conditions may not be ideal. If a self-assembled polymer is used, it may be beneficial to maintain good morphology under high temperature and light conditions, and to improve device stability. However, due to the synthesis method (such as polycondensation method) of the polymer, the properties of different batches of polymers often have large differences, and the batch repeatability is poor, which is not conducive to industrial production.

[0170] Based on this, the present application at least provides a solar cell, a power generation device and a power consumption device. The solar cell has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0171] In a first aspect, the present application provides a solar cell, comprising a hole transport layer and a light absorbing layer which are sequentially stacked; the side of the hole transport layer close to the light absorbing layer comprises a first hole transport sub-layer, the first hole transport sub-layer comprises a functionalized hole transport material, the functionalized hole transport material comprises a polyaromatic compound, the structure of the polyaromatic compound can be shown as formula (1).

[0172] In some embodiments, a solar cell is provided, comprising a hole transport layer and a light absorbing layer which are sequentially stacked; the side of the hole transport layer close to the light absorbing layer comprises a first hole transport sub-layer, the first hole transport sub-layer comprises a functionalized hole transport material, the functionalized hole transport material comprises a polyaromatic compound with a structure shown as formula (1); each Ar is independently a p+2 valent aromatic group; each p is independently 0 or a positive integer, and the total sum of n ps is a positive integer, n is an integer selected from 3-10; each A is independently selected from an oxygen-containing acid group or an oxygen-containing acid salt; each m is independently an integer selected from 0-10; each L is independently a divalent linking group, each L independently provides one spacing atom or one spacing ring; S 01 and S 02 are each independently a capping group. Further, two single bond sites of L are led out from the spacing atom or from the ring-forming atom of the spacing ring.

[0173] The polyaromatic compound with the structure shown in formula (1) includes an aromatic rigid chain formed by the tandem of aromatic groups Ar and an oxyacid group or its salt located at the end of the side chain. By setting the polyaromatic compound with the structure shown in formula (1) on one side of the light-absorbing layer of the solar cell, the rigid chain formed by the tandem of Ar can provide hole transport function, and the group A (oxyacid group or its salt) located at the end of the side chain can provide passivation function for the light-absorbing layer interface. In addition, the synergistic anchoring effect of multiple groups A covalently connected to the side chain of the aromatic rigid chain can be used to strengthen the binding of the first hole transport sublayer to its lower interface (the lower interface refers to the interface of the first hole transport sublayer away from the light-absorbing layer), which is beneficial to optimizing the stability of the device. In this polyaromatic compound, multiple aromatic groups Ar are linked together as aromatic repeating units to form an aromatic rigid chain, which can improve hole transport performance and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. Furthermore, by covalently linking multiple functional groups A to the aromatic repeating unit Ar within the same molecule, the molecular positional changes caused by intermolecular bulk movement of functional groups A can be reduced, which is beneficial for achieving better interfacial morphology stability. It also makes the bonding effect of the functionalized hole transport material on adjacent interfaces more stable and improves the stability of solar cell materials, structures, and devices at high temperatures. Moreover, by controlling the number of aromatic repeating units Ar to achieve a suitable molecular size, the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules in the functionalized hole transport material can be easily and precisely controlled, or relatively precisely controlled, which is beneficial for improving the reproducibility between different production batches.

[0174] This solar cell can achieve improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, enhance interface morphology stability, and easily achieve high product yield, making it suitable for industrial production.

[0175] In some embodiments, a solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked sequentially; the side of the hole transport layer near the light-absorbing layer includes a first hole transport sublayer, the first hole transport sublayer including a functionalized hole transport material, the functionalized hole transport material including a polyaromatic compound.

[0176] Polymeric aromatic compounds have the structure shown in formula (1):

[0177] Each Ar is independently associated with a connection site P. A P B and P C p+2 valent aromatic groups, linking site P A Connect to [-(L)] m -A] p Connecting site P Band P C two of Ar, S 01 and S 02 ;

[0178] each p is independently 0 or a positive integer, and the sum of n ps is a positive integer, n being an integer selected from 3-10;

[0179] each A is independently selected from an oxygen-containing acid radical or an oxygen-containing acid salt;

[0180] each m is independently an integer selected from 0-10; each L is independently a divalent linker having two single bond sites, each L independently providing a spacer atom or a spacer ring (further, the two single bond sites of L are drawn from the spacer atom or from a ring-forming atom of the spacer ring);

[0181] S 01 and S 02 each independently is an end-capping group.

[0182] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, a “solar cell” is a component, device, apparatus, or arrangement that converts solar energy into electrical energy using a photoelectric conversion mechanism. Unless otherwise specified, a solar cell provided in the present application includes a light-absorbing layer.

[0183] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, a “light-absorbing layer” is capable of generating electron-hole pairs under the excitation of incident photons, and generating an electric current through the flow of electrons and holes, thereby realizing the conversion from light energy to electrical energy. The light-absorbing layer can employ any suitable mechanism to convert solar energy into electrical energy, and accordingly, the light-absorbing layer can use any suitable semiconductor material. Without limitation, in a perovskite layer, the perovskite material can include a perovskite-type metal halide.

[0184] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, a “hole transport layer” is capable of extracting and transporting hole carriers, and can block the passage of free electrons.

[0185] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, a “functionalized hole transport material” refers to a material containing a polyaromatic compound. Unless otherwise specified, it refers to a material mainly containing a polyaromatic compound. The functionalized hole transport material can also contain unavoidable impurities. Without limitation, the weight percentage of the polyaromatic compound in the functionalized hole transport material can be greater than or equal to 90wt%, further such as 90wt%-100wt%, and can also be any one of the following percentages or selected from the following two percentages to form an interval: 90wt%, 92wt%, 95wt%, 96wt%, 97wt%, 98wt%, 99wt%, 99.9wt%, 99.99wt%, 100wt%, etc.

[0186] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "polyaromatic compound" refers to a class of compounds having aromatic groups Ar connected in series to form an aromatic polymeric chain, and an anchor group (e.g. an acidic group) at the end of the side chain. The polyaromatic compound has a hole-transporting function and can be used as a hole-transporting material. In addition, the polyaromatic compound can also have a self-assembly behavior based on the anchor group and can be used as a self-assembly molecule to form a self-assembly film. In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound has a structure represented by Formula (I).

[0187] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "stacked in sequence" is used to describe the sequential arrangement of multiple structures, allowing other structure layers to be further provided between the described structure layers. For example, for a first electrode, a hole-transporting layer, and a light-absorbing layer stacked in sequence, other applicable structure layers can be further provided between the hole-transporting layer and the light-absorbing layer. For another example, in some embodiments "comprising a first electrode, a hole-transporting layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence", an electron-transporting layer is provided between the light-absorbing layer and the second electrode.

[0188] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "connection site" refers to a site for covalently connecting adjacent groups, and the covalent connection can be, but is not limited to, a single bond connection. In Formula (1), Ar has a connection site connected to S 01 , S 02 , and [- (L) m -A] p , respectively. In Ar, the connection site connected to [- (L) m -A] p is denoted as P A . It can be understood that the valence of P A is p, and further, P A can be p single bond connection sites, but is not limited thereto. When p = 0, that is, [- (L) m -A] p is not present, in this case, Ar can be a divalent connecting group. When p = 1, Ar is a trivalent group, which can be referred to as Ar1 to Ar9 in the context. For another example, when p = 2, Ar is a tetravalent group, which can be referred to as Ar19. When p > 1 and P A provides p single bond connection sites, the p single bond connection sites can be led from the same or different positions, and further, can be led from the same or different atoms. As a non-limiting example, P A in Ar19 is two single bond connection sites led from the same carbon atom. In Ar, the connection sites connected to S 01 and S 02 are a combination of P B and P C . When the connection sites P Band P C are both single bond connection sites, S 01 and S 02 are both monovalent groups.

[0189] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “single bond site” refers to a site for forming a single bond connection.

[0190] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “divalent linker” refers to a group having a valence state of 2 and serving as a bridging structure.

[0191] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “aromatic group” refers to a group having aromatic properties.

[0192] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “acidic group” refers to a group capable of ionizing a hydrogen ion.

[0193] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “oxygen-containing acidic group” refers to an acidic group containing an oxygen atom to which a hydrogen ion capable of ionization is attached. Non-limiting examples of oxygen-containing acidic groups include -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), or -B(OH)2.

[0194] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, a non-limiting example of “oxygen-containing acidic salt” can be a metal salt, an ammonium salt, or an organic amine salt. The charge valence state of the cation in the oxygen-containing acidic salt is not particularly limited. Non-limiting examples of metal salts can include one or more of an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, and the like. It can be appreciated that the “oxygen-containing acidic salt” still has at least one of the functions of passivating the light-absorbing layer and anchoring the first hole-transporting sub-layer.

[0195] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “spacer atom” is a connecting group connecting different structures with a single non-hydrogen atom, from which 2 or more connection sites can be derived.

[0196] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “spacer ring” is a connecting group connecting different structures with a ring structure, from which 2 or more connection sites can be derived.

[0197] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, “capping group” refers to a group that, after connecting with the connection site of another group, converts the connection site to a zero-valent terminal end. The capping group serves to close the connection site.

[0198] The polyaromatic compound with the structure shown in formula (1) includes an aromatic rigid chain formed by the tandem of aromatic groups Ar and an oxyacid group or its salt located at the end of the side chain. By setting the polyaromatic compound with the structure shown in formula (1) on one side of the light-absorbing layer of the solar cell, the rigid chain formed by the tandem of Ar can provide hole transport function, and the group A (oxyacid group or its salt) located at the end of the side chain can provide passivation function for the light-absorbing layer interface. In addition, the synergistic anchoring effect of multiple groups A covalently connected to the side chain of the aromatic rigid chain can be used to strengthen the binding of the first hole transport sublayer to its lower interface (the lower interface refers to the interface of the first hole transport sublayer away from the light-absorbing layer), which is beneficial to optimizing the stability of the device. In this polyaromatic compound, multiple aromatic groups Ar are linked together as aromatic repeating units to form an aromatic rigid chain, which can improve hole transport performance and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. Furthermore, by covalently linking multiple functional groups A to the aromatic repeating unit Ar within the same molecule, the molecular positional changes caused by intermolecular bulk movement of functional groups A can be reduced, which is beneficial for achieving better interfacial morphology stability. It also makes the bonding effect of the functionalized hole transport material on adjacent interfaces more stable and improves the stability of solar cell materials, structures, and devices at high temperatures. Moreover, by controlling the number of aromatic repeating units Ar, the polyaromatic compound can have a suitable molecular size, making it easy or relatively easy to precisely control the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules in the functionalized hole transport material, which is beneficial for improving the repeatability between different production batches.

[0199] This solar cell can achieve improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, enhance interface morphology stability, and easily achieve high product yield, making it suitable for industrial production.

[0200] The interface of the first hole transport sublayer away from the light-absorbing layer (i.e., the lower interface of the first hole transport sublayer) can be other hole transport sublayers or the first electrode. When the first hole transport sublayer acts as the hole transport layer alone, it can enable the solar cell to have a larger open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor, resulting in higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. When other hole transport sublayers serve as the lower interface of the first hole transport sublayer, the first hole transport sublayer can also passivate surface defects in the other hole transport sublayers.

[0201] The structure of polyaromatic compounds can be analyzed and identified using one or more of the following known methods, including but not limited to: 1H NMR spectroscopy (…). 1 ¹H NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and ionization spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI) are among the technologies used.

[0202] Based on the analysis results of the structural identification of the polyaromatic compound, the values of m and n can be determined. For example, based on the structure of formula (1), the value of n can be estimated by 1 the test results of H NMR and other structural analysis methods, and then the value of n can be estimated by combining the molecular weight analysis method. Also, based on the test results of H NMR, the value of n can be estimated according to the integral ratio of the characteristic peaks of Ar in the repeating unit and the end-capping group S 1 and / or S 01 The above methods can be used in combination. 02

[0203] The molecular weight of the polyaromatic compound can be tested by one or more of the known methods, including but not limited to, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI), and the like.

[0204] It should be noted that the above-mentioned structural analysis methods and molecular weight testing methods can also be used for other types of compounds involved in the present application, such as synthetic raw materials, synthetic intermediates, etc.

[0205] Non-limitingly, Ar, L, A, n, m, p, S 01 and S 02 in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0206] Non-limitingly, Ar, L, A, m and p in Ar[-(L) m -A] in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner. p

[0207] Non-limitingly, Ar, L, m and p in Ar[-(L) m -] in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner. p

[0208] Non-limitingly, L, m and p in [- (L) m -] in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner. p

[0209] Non-limitingly, L and m in -(L) m - in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0210] Non-limitingly, n and m in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0211] Non-limitingly, n and p in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0212] ​​​​Without limitation, n, p and m in equation (1) can be combined in any suitable way.

[0213] Without limitation, Ar and n in equation (1) can be combined in any suitable way.

[0214] Without limitation, Ar and p in equation (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0215] Without restriction, S in equation (1) 01 and S 02 They can be combined in any suitable way.

[0216] The Ar in equation (1) can be the same or different. In some implementations, each Ar in equation (1) is the same.

[0217] The L in equation (1) can be the same or different. In some implementations, each L in equation (1) is the same.

[0218] The A in equation (1) can be the same or different. In some implementations, each A in equation (1) is the same.

[0219] -(L) in equation (1) m -A can be the same or different. In some implementations, each -(L) in equation (1) m -A is the same.

[0220] In equation (1), [-(L)] m -A] p Whether the values ​​are the same or different. In some implementations, each of the [-(L)] in equation (1) m -A] p same.

[0221] Ar[-(L) in equation (1) m -A] p They can be the same or different. In some implementations, Ar[-(L)] in equation (1) m -A] p They are all the same.

[0222] The p in equation (1) can be the same or different. In some implementations, each p in equation (1) is equal.

[0223] In equation (1), when [-(L)] m -A] p When p>1, [-(L)] m -A] p The 'm' in these cases can be the same or different. In some implementations, [-(L)] m -A] p The m values ​​in all cases are equal.

[0224] m in formula (1) can be the same or different. In some embodiments, each m in formula (1) is equal.

[0225] In formula (1), each p is independently 0 or a positive integer, and the sum of n ps is a positive integer, which can be defined in the context, for example, n can be an integer selected from 3-12. When p = 0, [- (L) m -A] p is absent, and Ar is a divalent linking group. When p = 1, [- (L) m -A] p is [- (L) m -A, in which Ar is a trivalent group.

[0226] In some embodiments, the sum of n ps is an integer selected from 3-12, for example, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12, and further, the sum of n ps can also be selected from an interval formed by any two of the above integers, for example, the sum of n ps can be an integer selected from the range of 3-10, 3-8, 3-6, etc.

[0227] In some embodiments, in the functionalized hole transport material, the polydispersity index (PDI) of the polyaromatic compound satisfies 1≤PDI≤1.15, which can be optionally 1≤PDI≤1.08.

[0228] In some embodiments, in the functionalized hole transport material, the polydispersity index (PDI) of the polyaromatic compound is equal to 1.

[0229] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the “polydispersity index (PDI)” is a parameter used to characterize the width of the molecular weight distribution of a group of molecules having the same structure or having the same general structure. When the PDI is equal to 1, it indicates that the molecular weight distribution presents a single molecular weight, i.e., has a monodisperse nature, corresponding to a monodisperse substance. The larger the PDI, the wider the molecular weight distribution. Generally, the PDI can be calculated using the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight: PDI = M w / M n , where M w represents the weight average molecular weight, and M n represents the number average molecular weight.

[0230] The PDI of a substance can be detected and analyzed using one or more of the known methods including but not limited to: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), electrospray ion source mass spectrometry (ESI), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), etc.

[0231] When the polydispersity index PDI of the polyaromatic compound in the functionalized hole transport material is controlled within the aforementioned range, the polyaromatic compound has a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution, which is conducive to better control of the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules, and is more conducive to achieving high repeatability between different production batches.

[0232] When the polydispersity index PDI of the polyaromatic compound in the functionalized hole transport material is controlled to be 1, the molecular weight distribution of the polyaromatic compound exhibits monodisperse characteristics, the molecular structure is highly defined, and the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules can be very accurately controlled, which is more conducive to achieving extremely high repeatability between different production batches.

[0233] In some embodiments, each m in formula (1) is independently an integer selected from 0-10, which can be 0 or an integer selected from 1-10. Without limitation, m can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, and can also be selected from an interval formed by any two of the aforementioned integers, for example, can be selected from any of the following suitable ranges: 2-10, 3-10, 0-8, 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 1-8, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 2-8, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 3-8, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, etc.

[0234] In some embodiments, each m in formula (1) is independently an integer selected from 1-10, which can refer to the aforementioned definition. For example, each m can be independently an integer selected from 2-6 (e.g., each m can be independently 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6), further can be independently an integer selected from 2-5, and still further can be independently an integer selected from 2-4. Also for example, each m can be independently 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0235] By controlling m in formula (1) within the aforementioned range, it is conducive to better balancing the steric hindrance between the functional groups A and the aromatic groups Ar while taking into account the synergistic effect therebetween, and is more conducive to achieving better photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0236] In some embodiments, the linking sites P B and P C are respectively derived from the ring-forming atoms of the aromatic rings, and the linking sites P B and P C are located on the same or different aromatic monocyclic rings.

[0237] By controlling the linking sites P B and P CEach Ar is independently a trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom (in this case, p = 1) or a p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring;

[0238] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently a trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom (in this case, p = 1) or a p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring;

[0239] wherein,

[0240] The tertiary amine type N atom forms three covalent single bonds, wherein two covalent single bonds are connected to two aromatic rings, respectively, and the other covalent single bond is connected to -(L) m -A or to -(L) m -A;

[0241] The p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring includes C A1 monocyclic ring and C A2 monocyclic ring, and C A1 monocyclic ring, benzene ring and C A2 monocyclic ring together form a conjugated structure.

[0242] For the case that the tertiary amine type N atom forms three covalent single bonds, when connected to -(L) m -A via an arylene group, that is, one covalent single bond of the tertiary amine type N atom is connected to “-arylene-(L) m -A”.

[0243] In some embodiments, the p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring is a trivalent aromatic group, a non-limiting example of which is shown in the structure of formula (CA9), further shown in Ar9.

[0244] In some embodiments, in the trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom, the connection sites P B and P C are derived from the ring-forming atoms of different aromatic rings connected to the tertiary amine type N atom.

[0245] In some embodiments, in the trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom, a non-limiting example is Ar1 to Ar8.

[0246] In some embodiments, the structure of the p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring is shown in formula (CA9) (in this case, p = 1, the p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring is a trivalent aromatic group):

[0247] wherein,

[0248] CA1 and C A2 each independently is a five-membered ring or a six-membered ring;

[0249] q1and q2each independently is 2 or 3;

[0250] In formula (CA9), each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; in each structure represented by formula (CA9), there are and only two R's are single bonds, and the two single bonds are respectively connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 ;

[0251] each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are respectively substituted by 1 or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen.

[0252] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "tertiary amine type N atom" refers to an N atom leading to three covalent single bonds.

[0253] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "single bond" refers to a single valence connected by covalence.

[0254] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "covalent single bond" refers to a single bond connected by covalence.

[0255] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "fused aromatic ring" refers to a fused ring having aromatic property.

[0256] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "fused ring" refers to a ring having multiple single rings, and each single ring shares two ring-forming atoms with at least one adjacent single ring.

[0257] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "conjugated structure" refers to a structure capable of forming conjugation effect.

[0258] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "C A1 single ring, benzene ring, and C A2 single ring together constitute a conjugated structure" refers to the C A1Conjugative effect can exist between the single rings, and between the benzene ring and C A2 Conjugative effect can exist between the single rings.

[0259] In the present application, "halogen" means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, unless otherwise specified.

[0260] In the present application, "phenyl" means the residue formed by removing hydrogen atom from benzene molecule. "Phenyl" is monovalent radical, unless otherwise specified.

[0261] In the present application, "thienyl" means the residue formed by removing hydrogen atom from thienyl molecule. "Thienyl" is monovalent radical, unless otherwise specified.

[0262] In the present application, the dotted line in the structural formula is used to indicate the position of the leading connection site. The position of the leading connection site of single bond is indicated, unless otherwise specified.

[0263] In the present application, the wavy line in the structural formula indicates the connection site of covalent bond.

[0264] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), C A1 and C A2 are each independently five-membered ring.

[0265] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R is independently single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR' or -PR'2; there are and only two R in each structure represented by formula (CA9) are single bond, and the two single bonds are connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 respectively.

[0266] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R is independently single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R' or -SR'; there are and only two R in each structure represented by formula (CA9) are single bond, and the two single bonds are connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 respectively.

[0267] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R is independently single bond or hydrogen; there are and only two R in each structure represented by formula (CA9) are single bond, and the two single bonds are connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 respectively.

[0268] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl and C 1-5 alkyl in substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl (optionally methyl or ethyl, further optionally methyl), C 1-5 alkoxy (optionally methoxy or ethoxy, further optionally methoxy), C 1-5 alkylthio (optionally methylthio or ethylthio, further optionally methylthio), phenyl, thienyl and halogen.

[0269] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R' is independently phenyl, thienyl or C 1-5 alkyl.

[0270] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R' is independently phenyl, thienyl or methyl.

[0271] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R' is independently phenyl or thienyl.

[0272] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R' is independently phenyl.

[0273] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), each R' is independently thienyl.

[0274] In some embodiments, in formula (CA9), q1 and q2 are both 2.

[0275] In some embodiments, formula (CA9) is Ar9 may be R, Y can be defined in context.

[0276] In the present application, non-limitingly, "C 1-5 alkyl" can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl. In some embodiments, "C 1-5 alkyl" is further optionally C 1-4 alkyl, can be methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. In some embodiments, C 1-5 alkyl is further optionally methyl or ethyl, and more further optionally methyl.

[0277] In the present application, non-limitingly, "C 1-5 alkoxy" can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy or pentoxy. In some embodiments, "C1-5 Alkoxy" can further be selected from methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octyloxy, nonoxy, decyloxy, undecyloxy, dodecyloxy, and the like. In some embodiments, "C 1-4 Alkoxy" can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, C 1-5 Alkoxy" can further be selected from methoxy or ethoxy, and even further selected from methoxy. "C 1-5 Alkoxy" can also be denoted as C 1-5 Alkyl-O-.

[0278] In the present application, non-limitingly, "C 1-5 Alkylthio" can be methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, or pentylthio. In some embodiments, "C 1-5 Alkylthio" can further be selected from methylthio or ethylthio, and even further selected from methylthio. "C 1-4 Alkylthio" can be methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, or butylthio. In some embodiments, C 1-5 Alkylthio" can further be selected from methylthio or ethylthio, and even further selected from methylthio. "C 1-5 Alkylthio" can also be denoted as C 1-5 Alkyl-S-.

[0279] In the present application, non-limitingly, "C 1-5 Alkylamido" can be methylamido (CH3CONH-), ethylamido (CH3CH2CONH-), propylamido, butylamido, pentylamido, and the like. In some embodiments, "C 1-5 Alkylamido" can further be selected from methylamido or ethylamido, and even further selected from methylamido. "C 1-4 Alkylamido" can be methylamido, ethylamido, propylamido, or butylamido. In some embodiments, C 1-5 Alkylamido" can further be selected from methylamido. "C 1-5 Alkylamido" can also be denoted as C 1-5 Alkyl-CONH-.

[0280] In the present application, non-limitingly, "C 1-5 Alkylcarbonyloxy" can be methylcarbonyloxy (CH3C(=O)O-), ethylcarbonyloxy (CH3CH2C(=O)O-), propylcarbonyloxy, butylcarbonyloxy, pentylcarbonyloxy, and the like. In some embodiments, "C 1-5 Alkylcarbonyloxy" can further be selected from methylcarbonyloxy or ethylcarbonyloxy, and even further selected from methylcarbonyloxy. "C 1-4 Alkylcarbonyloxy" can be methylcarbonyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, propylcarbonyloxy, or butylcarbonyloxy. In some embodiments, C 1-5 Alkylcarbonyloxy" can further be selected from methylcarbonyloxy. "C 1-5 Alkylcarbonyloxy" can also be denoted as C 1-5 Alkyl-C(=O)O-.

[0281] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently selected from one of Ar1-Ar9, and Ar19:

[0282] wherein,

[0283] each Y is independently -CR2-, -NR-, -O-, -SiR2-, -PR-, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR)-, or -C(=CR2)-;

[0284] each R in Ar1-Ar9, and Ar19 is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; there are and only there are two single bonds in each Ar, and the two single bonds are respectively connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 ; R' can be defined as consistent with the aforementioned formula (CA9); k can be an integer selected from 1-3, further, k can be 1.

[0285] In some embodiments, each Y in Ar1-Ar9, and Ar19 is independently -CR2-, -NR- (optionally -NH-), -O-, -S-, -C(=O)-, or -C(=S)-.

[0286] In some embodiments, each Y in Ar1-Ar9, and Ar19 is independently -NR- (optionally -NH-), -O-, or -S-.

[0287] In some embodiments, in Ar7, k = 1, and Y is O.

[0288] In some embodiments, in Ar8, Y is N.

[0289] In some embodiments, in Ar9, Y is N.

[0290] In some embodiments, each R in Ar1-Ar9, and Ar19 is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; there are and only there are two single bonds in any of Ar1-Ar9, and Ar19, and the two single bonds are respectively connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 .

[0291] In some embodiments, in Ar1-Ar9and Ar19, each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', or -SR'; there are and only two R in any of the structures of Ar1-Ar9and Ar19are single bonds, and the two single bonds are respectively connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 .

[0292] In some embodiments, in Ar1-Ar9and Ar19, each R is independently a single bond or hydrogen; there are and only two R in any of the structures of Ar1-Ar9and Ar19are single bonds, and the two single bonds are respectively connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 .

[0293] In some embodiments, in Ar1-Ar9and Ar19, each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl (optionally methyl or ethyl, further optionally methyl), C 1-5 alkoxy (optionally methoxy or ethoxy, further optionally methoxy), C 1-5 alkylthio (optionally methylthio or ethylthio, further optionally methylthio), phenyl, thienyl, and halogen.

[0294] In some embodiments, in Ar1-Ar9and Ar19, k can be an integer selected from 1-3, further, k can be 1.

[0295] In some embodiments, in Ar1-Ar9and Ar19, each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 alkyl in substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen.

[0296] Further, k is an integer selected from 1-3, which can be 1.

[0297] By controlling the aromatic group Ar to have the aforementioned structure, the aromatic rigid chain can better play a hole transport effect.

[0298] In some embodiments, each A is independently -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), or -B(OH)2, or a salt form of any of the aforementioned oxoacidic groups. It can be appreciated that the "salt form of any of the aforementioned oxoacidic groups" can be an oxoacidic salt corresponding to any of the aforementioned oxoacidic groups. In some embodiments, the salt form of the oxoacidic group is a metal salt, an ammonium salt, or an organic amine salt.

[0299] It can be appreciated that the "salt form of any of the aforementioned oxoacidic groups" belongs to an oxoacidic salt. The "salt form of the oxoacidic group" referred to in the description of A can refer to the definition of the oxoacidic salt. For example, the salt form of the oxoacidic group can be, but is not limited to, a metal salt form, an ammonium salt form, or an organic amine salt form. The charge valence of the cation in the salt form of the oxoacidic group is not particularly limited.

[0300] By controlling the functional group A to be the aforementioned kind, the effects of anchoring or passivating the lower interface of the first hole transport sublayer and passivating the interface of the light absorbing layer can be better achieved.

[0301] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )-, -C(=CR 21 R 22 )- or -L C -, and -(L) m - is a suitable combination of m Ls; wherein L C is a divalent linking group containing a conjugated ring and L C has two single bond sites respectively leading from the same ring-forming atom of the conjugated monocyclic ring;

[0302] R 11 , R 21 , and R 22each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; R' can be defined as in the preceding formula (CA9).

[0303] In some embodiments, R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-5 alkyl, further each independently optionally hydrogen or methyl.

[0304] In some embodiments, R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen.

[0305] In some embodiments, in -(L m -), each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1- 5alkyl, or substituted C 1-5 5alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl, and C 1-5 5alkyl in substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl, and substituted C 1- 5alkyl, respectively, is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkylester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen. In -(L m -), each R' can also be defined as in formula (CA9).

[0306] In some embodiments, -(L m - is a single bond, -(L A ) m -, L B -, -(L C ) m -, -(L A / C ) m -, L D , or L E .

[0307] each L A / C is independently L A or L C .

[0308] L D is a suitable combination of one or more L A / C and one or more L B , and LD the sum of the number of L A / C and L B is less than or equal to m;

[0309] L E is a suitable combination of a plurality of L B ;

[0310] each L A is independently -CR 21 R 22 -;

[0311] each L B is independently -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )- or -C(=CR 21 R 22 )-;

[0312] L C is a divalent linking group containing a conjugated ring and L C has two single bond sites respectively leading from the same ring-forming atom of the conjugated monocyclic ring;

[0313] R 11 , R 21 and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR' or -PR'2; R' can be defined as in the foregoing formula (CA9).

[0314] In some embodiments, in L C , each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl and C 1-5 5alkyl in the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl and substituted C 1- 5alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamido, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen. In L C , R' can also be defined as in formula (CA9).

[0315] In the present application, the term "suitable combination" as used in describing a combination of groups, if not otherwise specified, means a combination in a manner that is consistent with the valence theory and can be obtained by chemical synthesis.

[0316] In the present application, the term "conjugated ring" means a cyclic structure in which conjugation effect can be formed between ring-forming atoms; in the present application, "conjugated monocyclic ring" can be an independent monocyclic ring or one ring in a fused ring.

[0317] In the present application, the term "two single bond sites respectively introduced from different ring-forming atoms in a conjugated monocyclic ring" means two single bond sites respectively introduced from different ring-forming atoms in a conjugated monocyclic ring; the conjugated monocyclic ring can be an independent monocyclic ring or one ring in a fused ring. In some embodiments, the conjugated monocyclic ring is a six-membered ring, and further, the two single bond sites are para to each other.

[0318] In some embodiments, each L C is independently one of L1-L8:

[0319] wherein,

[0320] each Y is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )- or -C(=CR 21 R 22 ); Y in L7 can refer to the definition above;

[0321] each Z is independently CR 4 (alt. CH) or N. 4 R is hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR' or -PR'2. The definition of R' can refer to the description in the context, for example, it can be consistent with the definition in the aforementioned formula (CA9).

[0322] In some embodiments, each Z is independently -CR 4 (alt. CH) or N.

[0323] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11-O-, -C(=O)- or L C1 wherein L C1 is one of L9to L11.

[0324] In the present application, L C1 is one of L9to L11.

[0325] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR C1 ; further, the definition of m can be found above, for example, m can be an integer selected from 1 to 10, further can be an integer selected from 2 to 6.

[0326] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 , -NR C1 , -O- or -C(=O)-.

[0327] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 , -NR 11 , -O- or -C(=O)-.

[0328] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 , -NR 21 R 22 , -O- or -S-; further, the definition of m can be found above, for example, m can be an integer selected from 1 to 10, further can be an integer selected from 2 to 6.

[0329] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 , -NR 21 R 22 , -O- or -S-; further, the definition of m can be found above, for example, m can be an integer selected from 1 to 10, further can be an integer selected from 2 to 6.

[0330] In some embodiments, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 , -NR m R 21 R 22 m ​, and m is defined as above, for example, m can be an integer selected from 1 to 10, and further can be an integer selected from 2 to 6.

[0331] In some embodiments, each L is independently methylene, and thus, -(L) m - is -(CH2) m , and m is defined as above, for example, m can be an integer selected from 1 to 10, and further can be an integer selected from 2 to 6.

[0332] In some embodiments, -(L) m , the backbone atoms include heteroatoms, and the bonding atoms of the two attachment sites are both carbon atoms.

[0333] In some embodiments, -(L) m , the backbone atoms include heteroatoms, and the bonding atoms of the two attachment sites are both carbon atoms.

[0334] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "heteroatom" refers to an atom other than carbon and hydrogen.

[0335] By having L or -(L) m in formula (1) having the aforementioned structure, it is beneficial to balance the steric hindrance effect between the functional group A and the aromatic group Ar while taking into account the synergistic effect therebetween, and is more beneficial to achieve better photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0336] When -(L) m includes a conjugated monocyclic ring, for example, when at least one L is L C , the molecular polarity can be adjusted, which is beneficial to enhance the hole transport performance of the aromatic group, and is beneficial to achieve more excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0337] S 01 and S 02 in formula (1) can be the same or different. In some embodiments, S 01 and S 02 have the same structure.

[0338] In some embodiments, S 01 and S 02 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, or L F ; wherein the phenyl and thienyl in the substituted phenyl and substituted thienyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamido, C 1-5Alkyl esters, phenyl, thiophene groups, and halogens;

[0339] L F It is a monovalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine nitrogen atom or is Ar18, wherein the tertiary amine nitrogen atom forms three covalent single bonds, with at least two of the covalent single bonds each attached to an aromatic ring; the structure of Ar18 is...

[0340] In Ar18, each Y is independently -CR 21 R 22 -、-NR 11 -、-O-、-SiR 21 R 22 -、-PR 11 -, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 - or -C (=CR) 21 R 22 )-; where R 11 R 21 and R 22 The definition can be found in the previous text, for example, R 11 R 21 and R 22 It can be hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR' or -PR'2, respectively;

[0341] In Ar18, each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; there is one and only one R in Ar18 that is a single bond; the definition of R' can be consistent with the definition in the aforementioned formula (CA9).

[0342] In some embodiments, in Ar18, the definition of each R' can be found above (including but not limited to the definition in formula (CA9)). For example, each R' can independently be phenyl, substituted phenyl, thiophene, substituted thiophene, C 1-5 Alkyl or substituted C 1-5 Alkyl groups; wherein substituted phenyl groups, substituted thiophene groups, and substituted C groups are present. 1-5 alkyl groups including phenyl, thiophene, and C 1-5 The alkyl groups are each substituted by one or more substituents selected from the following group: C 1-5 Alkyl, C 1-5 Alkoxy, C 1-5 Alkylthio, C 1-5 Alkylamide group, C 1-5 Alkyl esters, phenyl, thiophene, and halogens.

[0343] In some embodiments, L F is -ArR 21 R 22 or is one of Ar10-Ar18:

[0344] L F each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; R' is as defined above, e.g., consistent with the foregoing formula (CA9); L F only one R is a single bond, and the single bond is connected to an adjacent Ar;

[0345] k is an integer selected from 1-3, optionally 1.

[0346] In some embodiments, k can be 1, 2, or 3, further optionally 1.

[0347] In some embodiments, L F each R is independently a single bond or hydrogen; L F only one R is a single bond, and the single bond is connected to an adjacent Ar.

[0348] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently Ar1, Ar7, or Ar19:

[0349] In some embodiments, each Ar is independently Ar1or Ar7.

[0350] In some embodiments, Ar is Ar1.

[0351] In some embodiments, Ar1is where p = 1, where "*" indicates the single bond site of -(L) m -A. Further, Ar1is

[0352] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the indicates that it can be drawn from any suitable site on the corresponding ring structure. For example, may be, but is not limited to and the like.

[0353] In some embodiments, Ar7is Further, Ar7may be

[0354] In some embodiments, Ar7is At this time, p = 1, wherein "*" represents the single bond site of -(L) m -A. Further, Ar7may be In some embodiments, Ar7may be Further, Ar7may be

[0355] S can be flexibly selected 01 and S 02 The structure of S 01 and / or S 02 comprises a conjugated ring, which can enhance the hole transport performance of the aromatic rigid chain.

[0356] When S 01 and / or S 02 comprises a conjugated ring, which can enhance the hole transport performance of the aromatic rigid chain.

[0357] In some embodiments, p is 1, at which time the sum of p in formula (1) is equal to n.

[0358] In some embodiments, the sum of p in formula (1) is less than n.

[0359] In some embodiments, the sum of p in formula (1) is greater than n.

[0360] In some embodiments, p > 1. In some embodiments, p = 2.

[0361] The number of aromatic groups Ar and functional groups A in formula (1) can be equal or different. When the sum of p is equal to n, the number of aromatic groups Ar and functional groups A is equal. When the sum of p is less than n, the number of aromatic groups Ar is greater than functional groups A. When the sum of p is greater than n, the number of aromatic groups Ar is less than functional groups A.

[0362] In some embodiments, Ar is Ar19.

[0363] In some embodiments, Ar19is Further, Ar19may be wherein each "*" represents the single bond site of -(L) m -A.

[0364] In some embodiments, Ar in (Ar) n is a combination of Ar1and Ar7.

[0365] In some embodiments, (Ar) n is Ar1-Ar7-Ar1, at which time n is 3.

[0366] In some embodiments, -(L) m-for-(CR) 21 R 22 ) m -, R 21 and R 22 Each is independently hydrogen or C 1-3 Alkyl group, m, can be referred to the foregoing definition. For example, m can be an integer selected from 2 to 6 (such as 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), further can be an integer selected from 2 to 5, and even further can be an integer selected from 2 to 4. Also, for example, m can be 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[0367] In some implementations, R 21 and R 22 Each is hydrogen independently.

[0368] When -(L) m When the carbon chain structure is as described above, the carbon chain has a certain degree of flexibility, allowing Ar and A to flexibly adjust their spatial relative positions within a certain range, thereby better leveraging their synergistic effect, giving the molecule better self-assembly properties, which is beneficial for improving the morphology of the thin film and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device.

[0369] In some embodiments, A is -PO(OH)2 or its salt form.

[0370] In some implementations, A is -PO(OH)2.

[0371] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of the following compounds: SAM1, SAM2, SAM3, SAM4, SAM5, SAM6, SAM12, SAM13, SAM14 and SAM18, as can be seen in the structures described in the Examples section below.

[0372] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 (U 01 ) n S 02 , among which, U 01 for Optional The definitions of m and A can be found above; optionally, A is a phosphate group (-PO(OH)2) or a carboxyl group -COOH, and further optionally, A is a phosphate group.

[0373] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 (U 03 ) n S 02 , among which, U 03 for Optional m is an integer selected from 2 to 10, and can be an integer selected from 2 to 6, and can further be 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -、-O- or -S-; R 21 R 22 The definitions of A and M are given in the context. Without limitation, m can be an integer selected from 3 to 10, further can be an integer selected from 3 to 6, and even further can be 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, each L is independently -CH2- or -O-. In some embodiments, -(L) m - It has one and only one ether bond (-O-).

[0374] In some implementations, -CR 21 R 22 - represents methylene.

[0375] In some implementations, in equation (1), each Ar is independently Ar1, Ar7, or Ar19, and each L is independently -CR. 21 R 22 -(where -CR) 21 R 22 - can be methylene), -O-, or -S-; A is -PO(OH)2 or a salt thereof, optionally A is -PO(OH)2. Ar, L, and A may also be defined in the context. In some embodiments, each Ar is independently Ar1 or Ar7, optionally (Ar) n Ar is a combination of Ar1 and Ar7. In some other embodiments, Ar is Ar1. In some other embodiments, Ar is Ar19. n and m in equation (1) can be referred to the definitions in the context, and n and m in equation (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0376] In some implementations, in equation (1), each Ar is independently Ar1, Ar7, or Ar19, -(L) m - is -CH2-(L) m-2 -CH2-, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -(where -CR) 21 R 22-CH2-, -O-, or -S-; m is an integer selected from 2 to 10 (alternatively, m is an integer selected from 2 to 6, further alternatively, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6); A is -PO(OH)2or a salt form thereof, alternatively, A is -PO(OH)2. Ar, L, and A can each be as defined elsewhere herein. Ar, L, and A can each be as defined elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, each Ar is independently Ar1or Ar7, alternatively, (Ar) n is a combination of Ar1and Ar7. In other embodiments, Ar is Ar1. In other embodiments, Ar is Ar19. n and m in formula (1) can be as defined elsewhere herein. n and m in formula (1) can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0377] In some embodiments, in formula (1), in formula (1), -(L) m is -CH2-. m-2 -CH2-, each L is independently -CH2- or -O-, m is an integer selected from 3 to 10, further selected from 3 to 6, and still further 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, -(L) m -CH2- has and only has one ether linkage (-O-). Ar can be as defined elsewhere herein, for example, each Ar in formula (1) can be independently Ar1or Ar19. In some embodiments, Ar is Ar1. In some embodiments, Ar is Ar19. A can be as defined elsewhere herein, for example, each A in formula (1) can be independently -PO(OH)2or a salt form thereof, further, A can be -PO(OH)2.

[0378] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the “-O-” in “ether linkage” and “ether group” is connected to carbon atoms at both ends.

[0379] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the “-S-” in “thioether linkage” and “thioether group” is connected to carbon atoms at both ends.

[0380] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 (U 02 ) n S 02 , wherein U 02 is , alternatively The definition of m can be as defined elsewhere herein.

[0381] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 (U 04 ) n S 02 , wherein U04 For Optionally m is an integer selected from 2 to 10, optionally an integer selected from 2 to 6, further can be 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -O- or -S-. R 21 and R 22 are defined in context. Without limitation, m can be an integer selected from 3 to 10, further can be an integer selected from 3 to 6, further can be 3, 4, 5 or 6. In some embodiments, each L is independently -CH2- or -O-. In some embodiments, -(L) m - there is only one ether bond (-O-).

[0382] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 (U 05 ) n S 02 wherein U 05 is Optionally m is an integer selected from 2 to 10, optionally an integer selected from 2 to 6, further can be 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -O- or -S-; R 21 , R 22 and A are defined in context. Without limitation, m can be an integer selected from 3 to 10, further can be an integer selected from 3 to 6, further can be 3, 4, 5 or 6. In some embodiments, each L is independently -CH2- or -O-. In some embodiments, -(L) m - there is only one ether bond (-O-).

[0383] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 (U 06 ) n S 02 wherein U 06 is Optionally each m is independently an integer selected from 2 to 10, can be independently an integer selected from 2 to 6, further can be independently 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -O- or -S-; R 21 , R 22and the definitions of A can be found in the context. Without limitation, each m can independently be an integer selected from 3 to 10, further can independently be an integer selected from 3 to 6, and still further can independently be 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, each L is independently -CH2- or -O-. In some embodiments, each -(L) m - has and only has one ether linkage (-O-).

[0384] In some embodiments, U 06 -CH2-(L) m -CH2-A is the same.

[0385] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is S 01 -U 03- U 06- U 03 -S 02 .

[0386] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 01 ) n S 02 , SAM5, SAM6, and SAM18.

[0387] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 01 ) n S 02 , SAM5, SAM6, SAM12, and SAM18.

[0388] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 02 ) n S 02 , SAM5, SAM6, SAM12, and SAM18.

[0389] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 03 ) n S 02 , SAM5, and SAM18.

[0390] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 04) n S 02 , SAM5, SAM12 and SAM18.

[0391] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is H(U 01 ) n H, optionally H(U 02 ) n H.

[0392] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is H(U 03 ) n H, optionally H(U 04 ) n H.

[0393] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following or a combination of a plurality of the following: H(U 01 (U 03 ) n S 02 , S 01 -U 03- U 05- U 03 -S 02 and S 01 (U 06 ) n S 02 .

[0394] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following or a combination of a plurality of the following: H(U SAM ) n H.

[0395] In some embodiments, the polyaromatic compound is any one of the following or a combination of a plurality of the following: H(U SAM )3H, H(U SAM )4H, H(U SAM )5H, H(U SAM )6H, SAM5, etc.

[0396] U SAM The structure of H(U

[0397] H(U SAM )3H, H(U SAM )4H, H(U SAM )5H, H(U SAM )6H respectively correspond to SAM1, SAM2, SAM3 and SAM4, and the structures are as follows:

[0398] The structure of SAM5 is as follows:

[0399] SAM5 can be considered as a non-limiting example of the following case: (Ar) n is Ar1-Ar7-Ar1, n = 3, each of p is 1, each of m is 4, each of L is methylene, each of A is phosphonic acid group, S 01 and S 02 are each N,N-diphenylaminophenyl, in which case, -(L) m - is butylene.

[0400] In some embodiments, n is 3, 4, 5, or 6. Reference can also be made to the contextual definition.

[0401] In some embodiments, the sum of n p is an integer selected from 3 to 12. Reference can also be made to the contextual definition.

[0402] By controlling n and / or the sum of n p to be the aforementioned values, it is advantageous to make the polyaromatic compound have a more suitable molecular size, and it is more advantageous to make the structure, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and purity of the polyaromatic compound molecules in the functionalized hole transport material more easily controllable, and it is more advantageous to improve the repeatability between different production batches.

[0403] In some embodiments, the first hole transport sub-layer is a thin film formed by a polyaromatic compound.

[0404] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer is less than or equal to 50 nm, further optionally less than 50 nm, and more further optionally less than or equal to 5 nm.

[0405] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer is greater than or equal to 0.1 nm, further optionally greater than or equal to 0.2 nm, and more further optionally greater than or equal to 1 nm.

[0406] Non-limitingly, the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer can be any one of the following thicknesses, or a range consisting of any two of the following thicknesses: 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 8 nm, 10 nm, 12 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 18 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, etc. Non-limitingly, the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer can be any one of the following ranges: 0.1 nm to 50 nm, 0.1 nm to 10 nm, 1 nm to 10 nm, 1 nm to 50 nm, etc.

[0407] ​In some embodiments, the first hole transport sub-layer has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 50 nm, optionally 0.1 nm to 10 nm, further optionally 0.1 nm to 5 nm.

[0408] In some embodiments, the first hole transport sub-layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 10 nm.

[0409] When the first hole transport sub-layer is a thin film formed by a polyaromatic compound, the aromatic groups Ar and the functional groups A can be in contact with the two side interfaces of the first hole transport sub-layer respectively, and the interfacial bonding stability of the two side interfaces is better, which is conducive to making the first hole transport sub-layer play a better hole transport role and better interfacial stability and interfacial morphology stability, and achieve better photoelectric conversion efficiency and device performance stability.

[0410] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer further comprises a second hole transport sub-layer, and the second hole transport sub-layer is located on the side surface of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer.

[0411] In some embodiments, the second hole transport sub-layer comprises a metal oxide.

[0412] In some embodiments, the second hole transport sub-layer comprises nickel oxide.

[0413] When the second hole transport sub-layer or the electron transport layer is used as a forming base to form the first hole transport sub-layer, the forming base can be activated first. The treatment method can include but is not limited to ultraviolet, ozone and other treatment methods. After the activation treatment, the surface of the forming base can become a lively surface, which is conducive to the formation of hydrogen bonds of the polyaromatic compound at the interface when the first hole transport sub-layer is formed, thereby strengthening the anchoring effect of the polyaromatic compound on the first hole transport sub-layer.

[0414] When the nano-oxide thin film prepared by the solution method is used as a forming base to form the first hole transport sub-layer, the forming base is relatively lively, and additional activation treatment can not be required.

[0415] When the second hole transport sub-layer serves as the lower interface of the first hole transport sub-layer, the first hole transport sub-layer can also play a role of passivating the surface defects of the second hole transport sub-layer.

[0416] In some embodiments, the side surface of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer is in contact with the first electrode.

[0417] When the first hole transport sub-layer alone serves as the hole transport layer, the solar cell can have a larger open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor, and has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0418] In some embodiments, the solar cell has an inverted structure.

[0419] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises, in sequence, a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode.

[0420] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises, in sequence, a transparent electrode, a hole transport layer, a light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a back electrode.

[0421] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises, in sequence, a transparent electrode, a hole transport layer, a light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a metal electrode.

[0422] In some embodiments, the light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material.

[0423] When the light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, the light absorbing layer can be referred to as a perovskite layer, and the solar cell of this type can also be referred to simply as a perovskite solar cell.

[0424] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite solar cell" refers to a solar cell comprising a perovskite layer. The perovskite layer refers to a light absorbing layer comprising a perovskite material.

[0425] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite solar cell" comprises a photoelectric conversion structure comprising a light absorbing layer and a charge transport layer, and further, the charge transport layer comprises at least a hole transport layer.

[0426] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion structure comprises a light absorbing layer and, on both sides of the light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. Taking the case where the light absorbing layer is a perovskite layer, when the perovskite solar cell is in operation, after the perovskite layer is irradiated with light, the electrons in the perovskite layer gain energy and break free from the perovskite layer to form negatively charged electron carriers, and at the same time, positively charged hole carriers are formed, thereby obtaining electron-hole pairs. The free electrons and free holes pass through the corresponding transport layers in opposite directions, so that the electrons and holes flow to form an external current, thereby achieving the conversion of light energy to electrical energy. Further, after the perovskite layer absorbs photons, electron-hole pairs are generated and further dissociate to form free carriers with opposite charges. The free electrons pass through the electron transport layer to the positive electrode, and the free holes pass through the hole transport layer to the negative electrode. The two types of free carriers are collected by the corresponding electrodes, and further form a photocurrent in the circuit of the perovskite solar cell.

[0427] In the perovskite solar cell, the electron transport layer can extract and transport electron carriers, and can block the passage of free holes.

[0428] In the perovskite solar cell, the hole transport layer can extract and transport hole carriers, and can block the passage of free electrons.

[0429] It can be appreciated that the perovskite cell further includes two electrodes. One of the two electrodes serves as a positive electrode, which can collect electron carriers transported via the electron transport layer, and the other serves as a negative electrode, which can collect hole carriers transported via the hole transport layer.

[0430] In the present application, “perovskite material” refers to a material having a perovskite-type crystal structure.

[0431] Without limitation, in the perovskite layer, the perovskite material can include a perovskite-type metal halide.

[0432] In some embodiments, the perovskite-type metal halide can include ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

[0433] Without limitation, A in the perovskite-type metal halide can include one or more of Cs + , K + , Rb + , Li + , an organic amine cation, and the like. The organic amine cation can include one or more of a monovalent amine cation and a monovalent amidine cation.

[0434] Non-limiting examples of the monovalent amine cation include (NR 31 R 32 R 33 R 34 ) + , (R 31 R 32 N = CR 33 R 34 ) + , (R 31 R 32 N - C (R 35 ) = NR 33 R 34 ) + or (R 31 R 32 N - C (NR 35 R 36 ) = R 33 R 34 ) + , wherein R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 and R 36 are each independently selected from H, C 1-20 alkyl, aryl, substituted C 1-20 alkyl, or substituted aryl; wherein C 1-20 alkyl and substituted C1-20 "C 1- 20 "alkyl" each independently can be C 1-15 "alkyl", further optionally C 1-10 "alkyl", further optionally C 1-8 "alkyl", further optionally C 1-6 "alkyl", further optionally C 1-4 "alkyl", further optionally C 1-3 "alkyl", further optionally methyl. "aryl" and "substituted aryl" each independently can be C 6-20 "aryl", further optionally C 6-12 "aryl", further optionally C 6- 10 "aryl", further optionally phenyl or naphthyl, further optionally phenyl. "substituted C 1-20 "alkyl" and "substituted aryl" each independently is C 1-10 "alkyl", further optionally C 1-6 "alkyl" or C 6-10 "aryl", further optionally methyl or phenyl.

[0435] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations are CH3NH3 + (methylamine, MA + ), ammonium (NH4 + ). Non-limiting examples of monovalent amidine cations are NH2CH=NH2 + (methylamidine, FA + ).

[0436] Non-limiting, B in the perovskite metal halide can include one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ , and Sb 2+ .

[0437] Non-limiting, X in the perovskite metal halide can include one or more of I - , Br - , and Cl - .

[0438] Non-limiting, X in the perovskite metal halide can include one or both of I - , Br - . X can be I - , Br -or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, X is I - .

[0439] Non-limitingly, the band gap of the perovskite layer can be 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV. Non-limitingly, the band gap of the perovskite layer can be any of the following values or a range selected from any two of the following values: 1.20 eV, 1.2 eV, 1.3 eV, 1.4 eV, 1.5 eV, 1.6 eV, 1.7 eV, 1.8 eV, 1.9 eV, 2 eV, 2.0 eV, 2.1 eV, 2.2 eV, 2.3 eV, 2.30 eV, etc.

[0440] Non-limitingly, the thickness of the perovskite layer can be 200 nm to 1000 nm, optionally between 400 nm and 1000 nm. Non-limitingly, the thickness of the perovskite layer can be any of the following thicknesses or a range selected from any two of the following thicknesses: 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, etc.

[0441] The following are some descriptions about the structure of the solar cell.

[0442] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises the structure shown in FIG. 1, and the structure comprises a first hole transport sub-layer 2301 and a light absorbing layer 140.

[0443] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises the structure shown in FIG. 2, and the structure comprises a first electrode 120, a first hole transport sub-layer 2301 and a light absorbing layer 140.

[0444] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises the structure shown in FIG. 3, and the structure comprises a first electrode 120, a second hole transport sub-layer 2302, a first hole transport sub-layer 2301 and a light absorbing layer 140.

[0445] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises the photoelectric conversion structure shown in FIG. 4, and the solar cell comprises a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150 and a second electrode 160. Further, the structure layers are sequentially stacked. Optionally, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, and further optionally, the second electrode is a metal electrode, the first charge transport layer 130 is one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, and the second charge transport layer 150 is the other of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer.

[0446] In some embodiments, the solar cell is a reverse p-i-n structure.

[0447] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the solar cell comprises a transparent electrode (as the first electrode) and a hole transport layer (as the first charge transport layer), a light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer (as the second charge transport layer) and a second electrode which are sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is used for light incidence.

[0448] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the solar cell 100 comprises the structure shown in FIG. 5, and the solar cell 100 comprises a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150 and a second electrode 160 which are sequentially arranged. Further, the illustrated structure layers are sequentially stacked.

[0449] The size of the solar cell is not particularly limited, and can be, but is not limited to, 300 mm x 300 mm.

[0450] It can be understood that the structure of the solar cell involved in the present application can not be limited to the structure layers listed above. Other functional layers such as buffer layers, intercalation layers can also be introduced according to requirements. In some embodiments, the solar cell can be provided with a buffer layer with a suitable energy level, which can play one or more of the following roles: reducing the energy level barrier, promoting energy level matching, improving carrier extraction efficiency, at the same time also playing the roles of passivating interface defect states, protecting the light absorbing layer, inhibiting the oxidation and decomposition of water molecules and oxygen on the cell, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and improving the stability of the solar cell. According to the different positions of the buffer layer, the types of the buffer layer can include four types: a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the anode, a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode, a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the absorbing layer, and a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the absorbing layer. The materials that can be used in the buffer layer of the solar cell can include, but are not limited to: Cu2O, NiO, AZO, TiO2, etc. In some embodiments, an intercalation layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the second electrode, and the material of the intercalation layer is exemplified by bathocuproine (BCP).

[0451] Each structure layer in the solar cell except the first hole transport sub-layer can be prepared by one or more of the following methods including but not limited to: chemical bath deposition method, electrochemical deposition method, chemical vapor deposition method, thermal evaporation co-evaporation method, atomic layer deposition method, magnetron sputtering method, precursor liquid spin coating method, precursor liquid slot coating method, precursor liquid doctor blade coating method, mechanical pressing method, etc. The appropriate method can be selected according to the material properties of each structure layer and the adjacent structure layer to be stacked together. In some embodiments, each structure layer in the solar cell can be prepared by one or more of the following methods including but not limited to: thermal evaporation method, precursor liquid coating method, etc., wherein the precursor liquid coating method can be a precursor liquid spin coating method.

[0452] The following is a description of the hole transport layer.

[0453] The hole transport layer is capable of extracting and transporting hole carriers and can block free electrons.

[0454] The hole transport layer includes at least a first hole transport sub-layer, which is disposed on the side of the hole transport layer close to the light absorbing layer.

[0455] In some embodiments, a second hole transport sub-layer can also be disposed on the side of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer.

[0456] In other embodiments, no other hole transport sub-layer is disposed on the side of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer.

[0457] In some embodiments, a first electrode is disposed on the side of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer. In some of these embodiments, the surface of the side of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer is in contact with the first electrode.

[0458] It can be understood that the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. The hole transport material can include, but is not limited to, one or more of hole transport derivatives of the following materials, hole transport materials formed by doping and / or passivation of the following materials: nickel oxide, poly "bis (4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine (PTAA), polyethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), etc. In some embodiments, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and hole transport derivatives thereof: 2,2',7,7'-tetra[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriazole amine (PTAA), nickel oxide, poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), WO3, etc. materials that can transport holes, block electrons.

[0459] The aforementioned polyaromatic compound contained in the first hole transport sub-layer can be used as a hole transport material. The first hole transport sub-layer can be formed on a predetermined surface by a spin coating method, but is not limited thereto. The first hole transport sub-layer can be formed by a self-assembly mechanism using the self-assembly properties of the polyaromatic compound. See the following examples.

[0460] Without limitation, the second hole transport sub-layer can include the aforementioned hole transport material. The method of preparing the second hole transport sub-layer can include, but is not limited to, magnetron sputtering, atomic deposition, spin coating, etc.

[0461] In some embodiments, the second hole transport sub-layer comprises a metal oxide. Without limitation, the metal oxide can comprise one or more of the following materials: nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, etc. Without limitation, the thickness of the metal oxide can be 10-100 nm, and can also be any of the following thicknesses or a range selected from any two of the following thicknesses: 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, etc.

[0462] Some descriptions about the electron transport layer are as follows.

[0463] The solar cell can be provided with an electron transport layer on the side of the hole transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer. The electron transport layer can extract and transport electron carriers, and can block free holes.

[0464] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer material comprises at least one of the following materials and derivatives thereof and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof: [6,6]-phenyl C 61 methyl butyrate (PC 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 methyl butyrate (PC 71 BM), fullerene C 60 (C 60 ), fullerene C 70 (C 70 ), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), perylene imide (PDI) type material, naphthalene imide (NDI) type material, etc.

[0465] Without limitation, the thickness of the electron transport layer can be 5-100 nm, and can also be any of the following thicknesses or a range selected from any two of the following thicknesses: 5 nm, 6 nm, 8 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, etc.

[0466] Some descriptions about the first electrode and the second electrode are as follows.

[0467] The solar cell is provided with a first electrode on the side of the hole transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer. A second electrode is also provided on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the hole transport layer, and one of the first electrode and the second electrode is the positive electrode and the other is the negative electrode.

[0468] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode. Either transparent electrode can be used for light incidence.

[0469] Based on any suitable embodiment of the present application, in some embodiments, one of the "first electrode" and the "second electrode" is a transparent electrode for light incidence. In some of these embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0470] The transparent electrode comprises a transparent conductive material. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material contained in the transparent electrode can include a conductive oxide. Without limitation, the conductive oxide in the transparent electrode can include one or more of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material in the transparent electrode can include, by way of example and without limitation, one or more of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), and the like.

[0471] Without limitation, the thickness of the transparent electrode can be 10 nm to 1000 nm, and can also be any one of the following thicknesses or a range selected from any two of the following thicknesses: 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, and the like.

[0472] In some embodiments, the second electrode is a metal electrode. The metal electrode can include one or more of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and the like; further, the second electrode can also be other conductive materials, such as conductive oxides or graphene, and the like.

[0473] Without limitation, the thickness of the metal electrode can be 10 nm to 1000 nm, and can also be any one of the following thicknesses or a range selected from any two of the following thicknesses: 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, and the like.

[0474] In some embodiments, a barrier layer can be present between the electron transport layer and the metal electrode. The barrier layer has a low valence band and can effectively block the transmission of holes, reducing energy loss caused by charge recombination. The barrier layer includes, but is not limited to, the following materials: 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), SnO2, ZnO, CeO x , etc.

[0475] Non-limitingly, the thickness of the barrier layer can be 0.5 nm to 20 nm, and can also be any of the following thicknesses or a range formed by any two of the following thicknesses: 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 12 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 18 nm, 20 nm, etc.

[0476] The following is some description of the base layer.

[0477] The base layer involved in the embodiments or examples of the present application can be, but is not limited to, a glass substrate or a flexible substrate. In some embodiments, the base layer is provided by a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), non-limiting examples of which include ITO, FTO, etc.

[0478] Based on any suitable embodiment in the present application, in some embodiments, the material of the flexible substrate layer can be, for example, but not limited to, an organic polymer material, and further, one or more of the following materials can be mixed in different proportions: including, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate glycol (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0479] In another aspect of the present application, a method for preparing the polyaromatic compound described in the first aspect of the present application is also provided.

[0480] Those skilled in the art can synthesize the selected polyaromatic compound according to the molecular structure of the polyaromatic compound using known methods in the field of chemical synthesis, including the field of organic chemical synthesis, and can use reaction methods including, but not limited to, the following:

[0481] (1) using a coupling reaction between aromatic rings, such as a compound containing a brominated aryl group, between the bromine atoms on the aromatic rings. The reaction mechanism can be a Suzuki reaction. This reaction can be used to form an aromatic rigid chain in series. This reaction can also be used to introduce end-capping groups, such as S 01 and S 02 .

[0482] (2) Based on the halogen group on the aromatic ring, coupling reaction between aromatic rings can be realized. For example, the reaction can be carried out using raw materials containing halogenated aryl groups, and reagents such as Pd(dppf)Cl2 and pinacol diboronic acid ester can be used.

[0483] (3) Alkylation reactions, such as substitution reactions between the N atom in the carbazole group and alkyl halides, can introduce (L) m Or a part thereof.

[0484] (4) Modification reaction based on alkyl-terminal halogen atom, for example, functional group A can be introduced using a raw material containing a haloalkyl group.

[0485] (5) Halogenation reactions of aromatic ring hydrogen atoms (such as bromination reactions), for example, can be carried out using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) reagents; see the reaction for preparing compound 8 from compound 3. This reaction can be used for coupling reactions between aromatic rings, and can also be used to introduce end-capping groups S. 01 and S 02 .

[0486] (6) Other methods that can be implemented by those skilled in the art.

[0487] The structures of intermediate compounds and reaction products of polyaromatic compounds can be confirmed using one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1 Methods include 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.

[0488] In another aspect of this application, a method for forming a first hole transport sublayer is also provided, which can be based on a polyaromatic compound with self-assembly properties using a self-assembly method. The first hole transport sublayer can be prepared using a polyaromatic compound as a self-assembling molecule.

[0489] In some embodiments, the first hole transport sub-layer can be prepared by the following method: dissolving the self-assembled molecules directly in an organic solvent, and coating the coating surface (which can be the surface of a transparent electrode or metal oxide) in the form of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating, slot coating, or roll-to-roll printing; or immersing the coating surface (which can be the surface of a transparent electrode or metal oxide) in a precursor solution of the self-assembled molecules, so that the solute molecules form a nanoscale film on the coating surface through self-assembly. The solvent used to dissolve the self-assembled molecules (which can be small molecules) can be methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene, etc., and the concentration of the self-assembled molecules can be 0.1 mg / mL to 10 mg / mL. The thickness of the nanoscale film formed can be 1 nm to 10 nm, but is not limited thereto, and can also refer to the thickness of the first hole transport sub-layer described above. After the self-assembled small molecules are loaded on the coating surface (which can be the surface of a transparent electrode or metal oxide), the solvent can be removed by annealing, vacuum, etc.

[0490] In still another aspect of the present application, a method for preparing the solar cell described in the first aspect of the present application is also provided.

[0491] In some embodiments, the method for preparing a solar cell based on a polyaromatic compound (which can be a self-assembled molecule) can include the following steps:

[0492] Step S10: etching and cleaning the transparent electrode substrate, and drying for standby;

[0493] Step S20: coating the above-mentioned polyaromatic compound (which can be a self-assembled molecule) on the clean transparent electrode substrate, and removing the solvent by annealing or vacuum to obtain the first hole transport sub-layer;

[0494] Step S30: preparing an light-absorbing layer (which can be a perovskite layer) on the first hole transport sub-layer for standby;

[0495] Step S40: preparing a passivation layer and an electron transport layer on the light-absorbing layer for standby;

[0496] Step S50: preparing an electrode layer on the electron transport layer, and cleaning the edges for testing.

[0497] Based on the attachment of the above-mentioned polyaromatic compound (used to form the first hole transport sub-layer) on the metal oxide (such as nickel oxide NiOx), the first hole transport sub-layer and the metal oxide layer can be used together as a hole transport layer.

[0498] In some embodiments, a method for preparing a solar cell described in the first aspect of the present application is provided, which includes the following steps:

[0499] Step S10: etching and cleaning the transparent electrode substrate, and drying for standby;

[0500] Step S22: Covering NiOx on the clean transparent electrode substrate to obtain a NiOx thin film;

[0501] Step S24: Covering the above-mentioned polyaromatic compound (which can be a self-assembled molecule) on the NiOx substrate, removing the solvent by annealing or vacuum to obtain a first hole transport sublayer;

[0502] Step S30: Preparing an light-absorbing layer (which can be a perovskite layer) on the first hole transport sublayer, standby;

[0503] Step S40: Preparing a passivation layer and an electron transport layer on the light-absorbing layer, standby.

[0504] Step S50: Preparing an electrode layer on the electron transport layer, edge testing.

[0505] In the second aspect of the present application, a power generation device is provided, which comprises the solar cell described in the first aspect of the present application.

[0506] In the third aspect of the present application, an electric device is provided, which comprises the solar cell described in the first aspect of the present application.

[0507] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned solar cell can be used as a power generation device of an electric device. The type of the power generation device can include but is not limited to integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device can include but is not limited to the roof of a car, a backboard, and the like.

[0508] Further, the above-mentioned electric device can include a mobile device such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer, and the like, an electric vehicle, an electric train, a ship and a satellite, a power generation system, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

[0509] FIG. 6 is an electric device as an example. The electric device 6 is a car, which can further be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, and the like.

[0510] The electric device as another example can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a calculator, and the like.

[0511] The electric device as another example can be a wearable device such as a watch, and the like.

[0512] Hereinafter, some embodiments of the present application will be described. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are for the purpose of explanation only, and are not to be understood as limiting the present application. In the embodiments, unless otherwise noted, the techniques or conditions are as described above, or as described in the literature in the art, or as described in the product manual. The reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise noted, are all conventional products available on the market, or can be synthesized from conventional products available on the market.

[0513] In the following examples, room temperature refers to 20°C to 30°C.

[0514] In the following examples, unless otherwise noted, DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide, and KOAc is potassium acetate.

[0515] In the present application, the "molecular weight", "average molecular weight", "relative atomic mass", or "relative molecular mass" of a compound, unless otherwise noted, is measured in units of Daltons (Da), 1 Dalton is equal to 12 one-twelfth of the atomic mass of a carbon atom.

[0516] I. Preparation and characterization of polyaromatic compounds

[0517] Preparation Example 1: Preparation method of material SAM1.

[0518] Process 1: Compound 1 (1 mmol), compound 2 (2.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (10% mmol), toluene (10 mL), and aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2 M, 10 mL) were mixed and heated at 110°C for 48 hours under nitrogen protection, and then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 3, with a yield of about 68%, and the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 11.75 (s, 3H), 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 8H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H).

[0519] Process 2: Compound 3 (1 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (8 mL), 50% mass fraction aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (KOH(aq), 5 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 5% mmol) were mixed and heated at 70°C for 20 hours under nitrogen protection, and then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 4, with a yield of about 83%, and the measured 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 8H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 6H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 6H), 1.82-1.76 (m, 12H).

[0520] Process 3: Compound 4 (1 mmol), triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3, 10 mL) were blended, heated at 180 degrees Celsius for 12 hours under nitrogen protection, then triethyl phosphite was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, the crude product was blended with tributyl silyl bromide (TMSBr, 2.4 mL), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), stirred at room temperature for 20 hours under nitrogen protection, then the solvent was removed, methanol (MeOH, 5 mL) was added and stirred for 12 hours, then deionized water (1 mL) was added, a solid powder was precipitated, filtered and washed to obtain SAM1, the yield was about 45%, the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 8H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.88 (s, 6H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 6H), 1.73-1.66 (m, 12H), 1.28-1.24 (m, 6H).

[0521] Preparation Example 2: Preparation of SAM2.

[0522] Process 1: Compound 5 (1 mmol), compound 2 (2.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (10% mmol), toluene (10 mL) and aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2M, 10 mL) were blended, heated at 110 degrees Celsius for 48 hours under nitrogen protection, then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 6, the yield was about 52%, the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 8H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 6H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 6H), 1.82-1.76 (m, 12H).

[0523] Process 2: Compound 6 (1 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (8 mL), 50% mass fraction potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (KOH(aq), 5 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 5% mmol) were blended, heated at 70 degrees Celsius under nitrogen protection for 20 hours, and then separated by a silica gel chromatographic column to obtain compound 7, with a yield of about 88%, and the measured value was 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 12H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 8H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 8H), 1.82-1.76 (m, 16H).

[0524] Process 3: Compound 7 (1 mmol), triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3, 10 mL) were blended, heated at 180 degrees Celsius under nitrogen protection for 12 hours, and then triethyl phosphite was removed by reduced pressure distillation. Compound 7 was blended with tributylsilyl bromide (TMSBr, 2.7 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), stirred at room temperature under nitrogen protection for 20 hours, and then the solvent was removed. Methanol (MeOH, 5 mL) was added and stirred for 12 hours, deionized water (1 mL) was added, and a solid powder was precipitated. After filtration and washing, SAM2 was obtained, with a yield of about 41%, and the measured value was 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 12H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 8H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 8H), 1.73-1.66 (m, 16H), 1.28-1.24 (m, 8H).

[0525] Preparation Example 3: Preparation of SAM3.

[0526] Process 1 : Compound 3 (1 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (30 mL), after cooling to 0 °C under nitrogen protection, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 2 mmol) solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 5 mL) was slowly added dropwise, after reaction at room temperature for 12 hours, compound 8 was obtained by silica gel chromatography column separation, the yield was about 96%, measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 11.78 (s, 3H), 8.07 (s, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 8H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.47-7.42 (m, 4H).

[0527] Process 2: Compound 8 (1 mmol), pinacol diboron (2.4 mmol), 1,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (Pd(dppf)Cl 2， 10% mmol), potassium acetate (KOAc, 4 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) were blended, after heating at 85 °C for 12 hours under nitrogen protection, the filtrate was obtained by diatomite, after removing the solvent, the crude product and compound 2 (2.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh3)4, 10% mmol), toluene (10 mL) and potassium carbonate aqueous solution (2M, 10 mL) were blended, after heating at 110 °C for 48 hours under nitrogen protection, compound 9 was obtained by silica gel chromatography column separation, the yield was about 57%, measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 11.69 (s, 5H), 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 16H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 8H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H).

[0528] Process 3: Compound 9 (1 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (8 mL), 50% mass fraction potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (KOH(aq), 5 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 5% mmol) were blended, after heating at 70 °C for 20 hours under nitrogen protection, compound 10 was obtained by silica gel chromatography column separation, the yield was about 63%, measured 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98 - 7.88 (m, 16H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 8H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51 - 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21 - 7.18 (m, 2H), 4.18 - 4.14 (m, 10H), 3.53 - 3.50 (m, 10H), 1.82 - 1.76 (m, 20H).

[0529] Process 4: Compound 10 (1 mmol), triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3, 10 mL) were blended, heated at 180 degree Celsius under nitrogen protection for 12 hours, then removed triethyl phosphite by distillation under reduced pressure, the crude product was blended with tributyl silyl bromide (TMSBr, 3.0 ml), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), stirred at room temperature under nitrogen protection for 20 hours, then removed the solvent, added methanol (MeOH, 5 mL), stirred for 12 hours, then added deionized water (1 mL), precipitated solid powder, filtered and washed to obtain SAM3, the yield was about 41%, measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98 - 7.88 (m, 16H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 8H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51 - 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21 - 7.18 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 10H), 4.18 - 4.14 (m, 10H), 1.73 - 1.66 (m, 20H), 1.28 - 1.24 (m, 10H).

[0530] Preparation Example 4: Preparation of SAM4.

[0531] Process 1: Compound 6 (1 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (30 mL), then N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 2 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 5 mL) was slowly added dropwise under nitrogen protection at 0 degree Celsius, then stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 11, the yield was about 97%, measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 11.78 (s, 4H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.98 - 7.88 (m, 12H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 7.47 - 7.42 (m, 4H).

[0532] Process 2: Compound 11 (1 mmol), pinacol diboronic acid (2.4 mmol), 1,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (Pd(dppf)Cl 2， 10% mmol), potassium acetate (KOAc, 4 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) were blended, and after heating at 85°C for 12 hours under nitrogen protection, the filtrate was obtained by diatomite, and after removal of the solvent, the crude product was blended with compound 2 (2.1 mmol), palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (Pd(PPh3)4, 10% mmol), toluene (10 mL), and aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2M, 10 mL), and after heating at 110°C for 48 hours under nitrogen protection, compound 12 was obtained by silica gel chromatography column separation, with a yield of about 51%, and the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 11.65 (s, 6H), 8.17 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 20H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 10H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H).

[0533] Process 3: Compound 12 (1 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (8 mL), 50% mass fraction potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (KOH(aq), 5 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 5% mmol) were blended, and after heating at 70°C for 20 hours under nitrogen protection, compound 13 was obtained by silica gel chromatography column separation, with a yield of about 42%, and the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 20H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 10H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 12H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 12H), 1.82-1.76 (m, 24H).

[0534] Process 4: Compound 13 (1 mmol), triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3, 10 mL) were blended, heated at 180 degree Celsius for 12 hours under nitrogen protection, then triethyl phosphite was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, the crude product was blended with tributylsilyl bromide (TMSBr, 3.3 ml), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), stirred at room temperature for 20 hours under nitrogen protection, then the solvent was removed, methanol (5 mL) was added and stirred for 12 hours, then deionized water (1 mL) was added, a solid powder was precipitated, filtered and washed to obtain SAM4, the yield was about 37%, the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 20H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 10H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 12H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 12H), 1.73-1.66 (m, 24H), 1.28-1.24 (m, 12H).

[0535] Preparation Example 5: Preparation method of material SAM5.

[0536] Process 1: Compound 14 (1 mmol), compound 15 (2.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (10% mmol), toluene (10 mL) and potassium carbonate aqueous solution (2M, 10 mL) were blended, heated at 110°C for 48 hours under nitrogen protection, then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 16, the yield was about 68%, the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 20H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 10H), 7.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 12H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 12H), 1.73-1.66 (m, 24H), 1.28-1.24 (m, 12H).

[0537] Process 2: Compound 16 (1 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (30 mL), cooled to 0 degree Celsius under nitrogen protection, then N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 2 mmol) solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 5 mL) was slowly added dropwise, reacted at room temperature for 12 hours, then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 17, the yield was about 94%, the measured 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d (ppm): 11.06 (s, 2H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.77-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 8H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 1.68 (s, 6H).

[0538] Process 3: Compound 17 (1 mmol), compound 18 (2.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (10% mmol), toluene (10 mL) and aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2 M, 10 mL) were blended under the condition of nitrogen protection, heated at 110 °C for 48 hours, and then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 19, with a yield of about 66%, measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d (ppm): 11.06 (s, 2H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.77-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 8H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 1.68 (s, 6H).

[0539] Process 4: Compound 19 (1 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (16 mL), 50% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (KOH(aq), 5 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 5% mmol) were blended, heated at 70 °C for 20 hours under the condition of nitrogen protection, and then separated by silica gel chromatography column to obtain compound 20, with a yield of about 28%, measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d (ppm): 11.06 (s, 2H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.77-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 8H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 1.68 (s, 6H).

[0540] Process 4: Compound 20 (1 mmol), triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3, 15 mL) were mixed, heated at 180 °C for 12 hours under nitrogen protection, then triethyl phosphite was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, the crude product was mixed with tributylsilyl bromide (TMSBr, 2.1 mL), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), stirred at room temperature for 20 hours under nitrogen protection, then the solvent was removed, methanol (5 mL) was added and stirred for 12 hours, then deionized water (1 mL) was added, a solid powder was precipitated, filtered and washed to obtain SAM5, the yield was about 15%, and the measured 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 8.39 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.91-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.77-7.74 (m, 4H), 7.55 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.34 (m, 6H), 7.27-7.22 (m, 8H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 12H), 4.83 (s, 6H) 4.18-4.15 (m, 6H), 1.75-1.67 (m, 18H), 1.27-1.23 (m, 6H).

[0541] Preparation Example 6: The target compound SAM6 is prepared by replacing the dihalide of the raw material in Preparation Example 1

[0542] with the corresponding ether dihalide

[0543] Preparation Examples 7-13: Two or three compounds of SAM1, SAM2, SAM3 and SAM4 are mixed in a specific molar ratio, and the PDI in the mixture can be calculated according to PDI = (M w / M n , which can be referred to Table 2 below.

[0544] Preparation Example 7: SAM1: SAM2 = 1:1 molar ratio.

[0545] The weight average molecular weight is 1077, the number average molecular weight is 1056 Da, and the PDI is 1.020.

[0546] Preparation Example 8: SAM1: SAM3 = 84:16 molar ratio.

[0547] The weight average molecular weight is 1050, the number average molecular weight is 1001 Da, and the PDI is 1.049, about 1.05. ​

[0548] Preparation Example 9: SAM1 : SAM4 = 33 : 67 molar ratio.

[0549] Weight average molecular weight 1629, number average molecular weight 1510 Da, PDI 1.079, about 1.08.

[0550] Preparation Example 10: SAM1 : SAM4 = 43 : 57 molar ratio.

[0551] Weight average molecular weight 1560, number average molecular weight 1420 Da, PDI 1.099, about 1.10.

[0552] Preparation Example 11 : SAM1 : SAM4 = 70 : 30 molar ratio.

[0553] Weight average molecular weight 1322, number average molecular weight 1176 Da, PDI 1.124.

[0554] Preparation Example 12: SAM1 : SAM3 : SAM4 = 5 : 2 : 3 molar ratio.

[0555] Weight average molecular weight 1406, number average molecular weight 1282 Da, PDI 1.097, about 1.10.

[0556] Preparation Example 13: SAM1 : SAM3 : SAM4 = 60 : 5 : 35 molar ratio.

[0557] Weight average molecular weight 1398, number average molecular weight 1251 Da, PDI 1.117.

[0558] Preparation Example 14: Synthesis of SAM12, replacing the phosphate group in SAM1 with a carboxyl group.

[0559] Using substantially the same method as in Preparation Example 1, the raw material Br(CH2)4Br in Preparation Example 1 is replaced with Br(CH2)6Br. The corresponding ester compound Since the ester group is hydrolyzed in strong base, SAM12 can be obtained after the reaction is completed.

[0560] Preparation Example 15, synthesis of SAM13.

[0561] Using substantially the same method as in Preparation Example 1, the raw material Br(CH2)4Br in Preparation Example 1 is replaced with Br(CH2)6Br.

[0562] Preparation Example 16, synthesis of SAM14.

[0563] Using substantially the same method as in Preparation Example 1, the raw material Br(CH2)4Br in Preparation Example 1 is replaced with Br(CH2)2Br.

[0564] Preparation Example 17, synthesis of SAM18, corresponds to formula (1) where p = 2 (p > 1).

[0565] Using a method similar to Preparation Example 1, compound 1 in Preparation Example 1 is replaced by compound 21 and compound 22 II. Method for preparing a solar cell

[0566] The following examples 1-19, with p-i-n type perovskite solar cells as non-limiting examples, from the light-in glass substrate by the following in order: transparent electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer and metal electrode, the hole transport layer includes at least a first hole transport sub-layer.

[0567] (1) Take 20 pieces of FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm, a thickness of about 500 nm, and remove 0.35 cm of FTO from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate.

[0568] (2) The etched FTO conductive glass is ultrasonically cleaned with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol several times.

[0569] (3) The FTO conductive glass is blown dry with a nitrogen gun, and further cleaned in a UV ozone machine.

[0570] (4) The methanol solution of nano-nickel oxide is spin-coated on the surface of the FTO conductive glass at 2000 rpm, and the solvent is removed by vacuum or annealing to form a nickel oxide film with a thickness of 5 nm (as a second hole transport sub-layer).

[0571] (5) Compound SAM1 is dissolved in methanol (0.3 mg / mL) to obtain a solution of polyaromatic compound; the polyaromatic compound is spin-coated on the surface of the nickel oxide film at 3000 rpm, and the first hole transport sub-layer (thickness of 5 nm) is obtained by vacuum or annealing.

[0572] (6) Iodine lead (726 mg), iodine methyl amidine (240 mg), cesium iodide (19 mg), and lead bromide (11 mg) are dissolved in 1 mL of a mixed solvent of dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (volume ratio of 4:1), stirred for 3 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the obtained first hole transport sub-layer at 3000 rpm, anneal at 100°C for 30 min, cool to room temperature, to form a perovskite layer with a thickness of about 800 nm, wherein the perovskite absorption layer active substance is CsFA system.

[0573] (7) Spin-coat electron transport layer PC on perovskite layer at 1500 rpm 61 BM (35 nm thick), annealed at 100 °C for 10 min, followed by spin-coating of its passivation layer BCP (about 15 nm thick) at 5000 rpm.

[0574] (8) Put the obtained chip into an evaporation machine to evaporate metal electrode Cu (80 nm thick) to obtain perovskite battery device. Different labels are given to the batteries obtained in different experiments.

[0575] Example 2.

[0576] The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that SAM2 is used instead of SAM1 in step (5).

[0577] Example 3.

[0578] The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that SAM3 is used instead of SAM1 in step (5).

[0579] Example 4.

[0580] The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that SAM4 is used instead of SAM1 in step (5).

[0581] Example 5.

[0582] The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that SAM5 is used instead of SAM1 in step (5).

[0583] Example 6. The second hole transport sublayer is omitted.

[0584] The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that step (4) is omitted, i.e. SAM1 is directly spread on the FTO surface.

[0585] Example 7.

[0586] The same method as in Example 2 is used, except that step (4) is omitted, i.e. SAM2 is directly spread on the FTO surface.

[0587] In Examples 1-7, the PDI of the functionalized hole transport material is 1.

[0588] Examples 8-19. The same method as in Example 1 is used, except that the polyaromatic compound prepared in Preparation Examples 6-17 is used instead of SAM1 in Example 1 in step (5), respectively.

[0589] Comparative Example 1. No first hole transport sublayer.

[0590] The same method as in Example 1 was used, except that in step (5) SAM1 was not spin-coated.

[0591] Comparative Example 2.

[0592] The same method as in Example 1 was used, except that in step (5) compound DS1 (commercially available) was used instead of SAM1.

[0593] Comparative Example 3

[0594] The same method as in Example 1 was used, except that in step (5) compound DS2 (number average molecular weight M n of 1788 Da; weight average molecular weight M w of 2208 Da; PDI of 1.23, commercially available) was used. The battery device was labeled as battery 10. According to the M n n average was about 6. According to the mass spectrometry analysis results, there were molecules with n3 greater than 10 in compound DS2, and some molecules had n3 up to 13.

[0595] The relevant parameters of Examples 1-19 and Comparative Examples 1-3 can also be referred to Table 1-2.

[0596] Table 1.

[0597] Table 2.

[0598] III. Characterization Methods

[0599] 1. Characterization method of self-assembled molecules

[0600] (1) Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum analysis

[0601] Instrument: Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz. The scanning frequency was 400 MHz.

[0602] (2) Mass spectrometry analysis.

[0603] Instrument: Shimadzu MALDI TOF 7090.

[0604] Test parameters: reflection mode, positive ion detection mode, molecular weight scanning range: 400 Da-5000 Da.

[0605] (3) PDI test

[0606] Instrument: EcoSEC HLC-8320 GPC. Tetrahydrofuran was used as the solvent.

[0607] 2. Battery performance test

[0608] (1) Photoelectric conversion efficiency: initial efficiency

[0609] The test (I-V test) on the perovskite solar cell was performed by using a solar simulator of Xe lamp, which met the national standard IEC61215, and the intensity of the light was calibrated by using a crystalline silicon solar cell to reach a solar intensity of AM 1.5. The battery was connected with a digital source meter, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency was measured under light irradiation.

[0610] The energy conversion efficiency was calculated as follows: Eff = Pout / Pin = Voc x Jsc x [(Vmpp x Jmpp) / (Voc x Jsc)] / Pin = Voc x Jsc x FF / Pin

[0611] Wherein, Pout, Pin, Voc, Jsc, Vmpp, Jmpp and FF are the working output power of the battery, the incident light power, the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, the maximum power point voltage of the battery, the maximum power point current and the fill factor, respectively. The incident light power is 100 mW / cm 2 .

[0612] The test results can be seen in Table 3.

[0613] (2) Efficiency after heating at 85°C for 1000h

[0614] The perovskite battery device was placed on a heating table at 85°C in a glove box, and after heating in the dark for 1000h, the photoelectric conversion efficiency obtained by I-V test.

[0615] The test results can be seen in Table 3.

[0616] Four, test results

[0617] The perovskite batteries obtained by using the polyaromatic compound provided in the present application to prepare the first hole transport sublayer in Examples 1-19 all have excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability. Among them, Examples 1-5, 8-19 are provided with a second hole transport sublayer, and the second hole transport sublayer is used as the lower interface layer of the first hole transport sublayer; Examples 6-7 are not provided with a second hole transport sublayer, and the corresponding electrode (transparent electrode in Examples 6-7) is used as the lower interface layer of the first hole transport sublayer.

[0618] In Comparative Example 1, the first hole transport sublayer is not provided, and compared with Examples 1-19, the perovskite battery prepared in Comparative Example 1 is significantly deteriorated in photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0619] The compound used in Comparative Example 2 is a traditional self-assembled small molecule (only one structural unit is provided), which is different from the multi-aromatic compound provided in the present application; compared with Examples 1-19, the perovskite battery prepared in Comparative Example 2 has different degrees of degradation in photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0620] Comparative Example 3 uses a traditional self-assembled polymer (which covers molecules with more than 10 repeating units), which is different from the multi-aromatic compound provided in the present application; compared with Examples 1-19, the perovskite battery prepared in Comparative Example 3 has obvious degradation in photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance stability.

[0621] Table 3.

[0622] The above description of various embodiments and examples tends to emphasize the differences between various embodiments and examples, and the same or similar parts can be referred to each other, and for the sake of brevity, will not be described herein. Each technical feature of the above-described embodiments and examples can be combined arbitrarily, and for the sake of brevity, each technical feature of the above-described embodiments is not described in all possible combinations, however, as long as the combination of technical features does not exist contradictory, it should be considered as the scope of the present application.

[0623] It should be noted that the present application is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples. The above-described embodiments and examples are only examples, and embodiments and examples having substantially the same configuration and playing the same role and effect as the technical idea within the scope of the technical solution of the present application are all included in the technical scope of the present application. The above-described embodiments and examples only express several embodiments and examples of the present application, and the description is more detailed, but it should not be understood as a limitation on the scope of the patent. In addition, within the scope of the present application, various modifications that can be thought of by those skilled in the art, combinations of part of the elements of the embodiments or examples to construct other ways are also included in the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell comprising a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a light absorbing layer, and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked; the hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport sub-layer on a side close to the light absorbing layer, the first hole transport sub-layer comprises a functionalized hole transport material, and the functionalized hole transport material comprises a polyaromatic compound; each p is independently 0 or a positive integer, and the total of n ps is a positive integer, n being an integer selected from 3 to 10; each A is independently selected from an oxoacidic group or an oxoacidic salt; each m is independently an integer selected from 0 to 10; each L is independently a divalent linking group having two single bond sites, each L independently provides one spacer atom or one spacer ring, the two single bond sites of L being led from the spacer atom or from a ring-forming atom of the spacer ring; in the functionalized hole transport material, a polydispersity index (PDI) of the polyaromatic compound satisfies 1≤PDI≤1.15; and optionally, 1≤PDI≤1.

08. The polyaromatic compound has a structure represented by formula (1): wherein, Each Ar is independently associated with a connection site P. A P B and P C p+2 valent aromatic groups, linking site P A Connect to [-(L)] m -A] p Connecting site P B and P C Connected to adjacent Ar and S respectively 01 and S 02 Two of them; In the functionalized hole transport material, a polydispersity index (PDI) of the polyaromatic compound is equal to 1. In formula (1), each m is independently an integer selected from 1 to 10. Optionally, each m is independently an integer selected from 2 to 6. S 01 and S 02 each independently is an endcap group.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, Each Ar is independently a trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom or a p+2 valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring. wherein, 3. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, wherein, 4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein q1 and q2 are each independently 2 or 3. wherein, 5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the point of attachment P of each Ar B and P C each independently being located on the same or different aromatic monocyclic ring B and P C each independently being located on the same or different aromatic monocyclic ring 6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein Each Y is independently -CR2-, -NR-, -O-, -SiR2-, -PR-, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR)-, or -C(=CR2)-. k is an integer selected from 1 to 3. said tertiary aminic N atom forms three covalent single bonds, wherein 2 of said covalent single bonds are connected to one aromatic ring each, and one of said covalent single bonds is connected to -(L) m -A or is connected to -(L) via an arylene group m -A; The p+2-valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring includes a C A1 monocyclic and C A2 monocyclic, and C A1 monocyclic, benzene ring, and C A2 monocyclic collectively form a conjugated structure.

7. The solar cell of claim 6, wherein, In the trivalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom, the connection site P B and P C from the ring-forming atom of a different aromatic ring to which the tertiary amine type N atom is attached.

8. The solar cell according to claim 6 or 7, wherein The structure of the p+2-valent aromatic group containing a fused aromatic ring is shown as formula (CA9): Each A is independently -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), or -B(OH)2, or a salt form of any of the foregoing oxoacidic groups; and optionally, the salt form of the oxoacidic group is a metal salt, an ammonium salt, or an organic amine salt. C A1 and C A2 each independently is a five- or six-membered ring; wherein, In formula (CA9), each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; there are and only two R in each structure represented by formula (CA9) are single bonds, and the two single bonds are respectively connected to adjacent Ar, adjacent S 01 or adjacent S 02 . each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, each Ar is independently selected from one of Ar1-Ar9 and Ar19: Optionally, m is an integer selected from 2 to 6. In Ar18, each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; and in Ar18, there is only one R which is a single bond; In each of Ar1-Ar9and Ar19, each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; in each Ar, only two R are single bonds, and the two single bonds are each to an adjacent Ar, an adjacent S 01 or an adjacent S 02 to which they are attached; each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl and C 1-5 alkyl groups are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen; k is an integer selected from 1 to 3.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, p is 1, in which case the total of ps in formula (1) is equal to n; 11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )-, -C(=CR 21 R 22 )- or -L C -, and -(L) m - is a suitable combination of m Ls; wherein L C is a divalent linker containing a conjugated ring and L C has two single bond sites respectively leading from the same ring-forming atom of a conjugated monocyclic ring; R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl and substituted C 1-5 alkyl are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein, -(L) m - is a single bond, -(L A ) m -, L B , -(L C ) m -, -(L A / C ) m -, L D or L E ; each L A / C independently L A or L C ; L D For one or more L A / C With one or more L B A suitable combination, and L D L A / C and L B The sum of the quantities is less than or equal to m; L E Suitable combinations are, for example, L B L each L is independently -CR A independently -CR 21 R 22 -; each L is independently -NR B is independently -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )- or -C(=CR 21 R 22 )-; L C is a divalent linker containing a conjugated ring and L C has two single bond sites respectively leading from the same ring-forming atom of the conjugated monocyclic ring; R 11 , R 21 , and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen-substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl and C 1-5 alkyl groups are each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen.

13. The solar cell according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, each L C independently one of L1-L8: or the total of ps in formula (1) is less than n; each Y is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )- or -C(=CR 21 R 22 )- ; each Z is independently CR 4 , N or P; R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2.

14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein, each L is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -C(=O)- or L C1 wherein L C1 is one of L9 to L11; 15. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein, -(L) m - is -(CR 21 R 22 ) m -, m is an integer selected from 1 to 10; R 21 and R 22 are as defined in claim 11 ; or the total of ps in formula (1) is greater than n.

16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein S 01 and S 02 each independently is hydrogen, halogen, phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, or L F ; wherein the phenyl and thienyl in substituted phenyl and substituted thienyl, respectively, are substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamide, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl, and halogen; L F is a monovalent aromatic group containing a tertiary amine type N atom which forms three covalent single bonds and at least 2 of the covalent single bonds are each connected to an aromatic ring; or is Ar18, the structure of Ar18 being In Ar18, each Y is independently -CR 21 R 22 -, -NR 11 -, -O-, -SiR 21 R 22 -, -PR 11 -, -S-, -As-, -Se-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -C(=NR 11 )- or -C(=CR 21 R 22 )- ; wherein R 11 , R 21 and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=O)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen substituted R', -SR' or -PR'2; A is -PO(OH)2 or a salt form thereof. each R' is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, C 1-5 alkyl or substituted C 1-5 alkyl; wherein the phenyl, thienyl and C 1-5 alkyl groups in the substituted phenyl, substituted thienyl and substituted C 1-5 alkyl groups are each substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-5 alkoxy, C 1-5 alkylthio, C 1-5 alkylamido, C 1-5 alkyl ester, phenyl, thienyl and halogen.

17. The solar cell of claim 16, wherein, L F is -ArR 21 R 22 or is one of Ar10 to Ar18: L F each R is independently a single bond, hydrogen, halogen, -OR', -OC(=0)R', -NHCOR', -NR'2, R', halogen substituted R', -SR', or -PR'2; L F one and only one R is a single bond, and the single bond is attached to an adjacent Ar; The polyaromatic compound satisfies one or both of the following characteristics:

18. The solar cell of claim 16 or 17, wherein, L F In some embodiments, each R is independently a single bond or hydrogen; L F In some embodiments, only one R is a single bond, and the single bond is connected to an adjacent Ar.

19. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein, each Ar is independently Ar1or Ar7:

20. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein, n is 3, 4, 5, or 6; the total of n ps is an integer selected from 3 to 12. The first hole transport sub-layer has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 50 nm.

21. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein, -(L) m - is -(CR 21 R 22 ) m - is -(CR 21 and R 22 each independently is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl, m is an integer selected from 2 to 6.

22. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein, The first hole transport sub-layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 10 nm.

23. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein, The polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of a plurality of the following compounds: S 01 (U 03 ) n S 02 , S 01 -U 03- U 05- U 03 -S 02 and S 01 (U 06 ) n S 02 ; wherein U 03 is U 05 is U 06 is m is an integer selected from 2 to 10.

24. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The polyaromatic compound is any one of the following compounds or a combination of the following compounds: H(U SAM )3H, H(U SAM )4H, H(U SAM )5H, H(U SAM )6H, SAM5, SAM6, SAM12, SAM13, SAM14, and SAM18. wherein U SAM the structure of The structure of SAM5 is: The structure of SAM6 is The structure of SAM12 is The structure of SAM13 is The structure of SAM14 is The structure of SAM18 is 25. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein, The hole transport layer further comprises a second hole transport sub-layer, which is on a side surface of the first hole transport sub-layer away from the light absorbing layer. ​ ​ 26. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein, ​ 27. The solar cell of claim 26, wherein, ​ 28. The solar cell of any of claims 1-27, wherein, ​ 29. The solar cell of claim 28, wherein, The second hole transport sub-layer includes a metal oxide.

30. The solar cell of claim 28 or 29, wherein, The second hole transport sub-layer includes nickel oxide.

31. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein The solar cell has an inverted structure.

32. The solar cell of any of claims 1-31, wherein, The light absorbing layer includes a perovskite material.

33. A power generating device comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 32.

34. An electric consuming device comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 33.

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