Forging press, forging device, and forging method

Abstract

The invention relates to a forging press, in particular a free-form forging press, for forging, in particular free-form forging, a tubular workpiece, the forging press comprising: - a press frame, - a slide beam which can be moved in or on the press frame, - a mandrel (2) which is arranged in or on the press frame and on which the workpiece (1) to be deformed is positioned or is to be positioned, - wherein the mandrel (2) is conical at least in some regions and has at least one contact surface (3) inclined with respect to the mandrel axis (D) - a forging tool (4) which can be moved in a main pressing-force direction (R) towards the mandrel (2) and the workpiece (1) positioned on the mandrel (2) and by means of which a pressing force (FP) oriented in the main pressing-force direction (R) can be applied to the workpiece (1), wherein, due to the inclined contact surface (3) of the mandrel (2), the pressing force (FP) results in a transverse force (FQ) oriented transversely to the main pressing-force direction (R). The press is characterised in that the forging tool (4) is mounted on and guided on or in support brackets (6) along the main pressing-force direction in such a manner that the transverse force introduced into the forging tool (4) is transmitted into the support bracket(s) and absorbed thereby.

Description

[0001] Forging press, forging device and forging process

[0002] Description:

[0003] The invention relates to a forging press, in particular a free-form forging press, for forging a tubular workpiece, with

[0004] - a press frame,

[0005] - a movable running rail in or on the press frame,

[0006] - a dome arranged in or on the press frame, on which the workpiece to be formed is or will be arranged,

[0007] - wherein the mandrel is at least partially conical with at least one contact surface oriented obliquely to the dome axis,

[0008] - a forging tool (e.g. with the guide bar) that can be positioned in a main pressing force direction (e.g. along the vertical) against the dome and the workpiece arranged on the dome, with which a pressing force oriented in the main pressing force direction (as a stretching force) can be applied to the workpiece, wherein a transverse force oriented transversely (e.g. perpendicularly) to the main pressing force direction results from the pressing force due to the obliquely oriented contact surface of the dome or the obliquely oriented contact surface between the forging tool and the dome.

[0009] The tubular workpiece, which is generally made of metal, is a hollow body, e.g., a ring or a sleeve, which is formed in the forging press over a so-called die or forging die. The invention preferably relates to the forging of a hollow cylindrical workpiece or cylindrical hollow body in the course of manufacturing rings or sleeves. In any case, the method and the apparatus are intended for the production of hollow bodies with a shape deviating from the hollow cylindrical shape, preferably for the production of conical rings or sleeves. The starting workpiece can have a hollow cylindrical shape and consequently be designed as a honed cylindrical workpiece or cylindrical hollow body, which is modified by the forming process.

[0010] The forging press can be constructed in a column design, consisting of an upper beam and a lower beam, as well as multiple columns connecting the upper and lower beams. Additionally, a running beam, guided along the columns, can be provided, to which, for example, a forging saddle is attached as the upper saddle. Alternatively, the press can be constructed in a frame design with one or more (closed) press frames. The forging press can be designed for a surface-mounted or an underground drive. With a surface-mounted drive, the press frame is stationary, and the running beam forms the moving part of the press, with, for example, the forging saddle attached to the running beam. With an underground drive, the press frame is movable, and the running beam is fixed in place.

[0011] All designs of these forging presses, especially open-die forging presses, have in common that they have a primary pressing force direction in which the pressing force is applied to the workpiece via the forging tool. This primary pressing force direction, or primary force axis, is generally vertical. Eccentric and asymmetrical loads that deviate from the primary force axis always lead to high stresses on the mechanical press structure. For example, force resultants from the forming process that are asymmetrical to the center of the press cause displacements and tilting of the moving parts, resulting in bending stresses in the press structure. These bending stresses can lead to increased wear on the guides and, in the worst case, to damage to the mechanical structural components.

[0012] Particularly when forging rings or sleeves that deviate from a cylindrical shape, e.g., conical rings or sleeves on a mandrel with a cone, enormous transverse forces are generated, oriented perpendicular to the main pressing force direction. This results in a significant input of transverse forces into the press structure.

[0013] In practice, therefore, when forging conical rings or sleeves on a die with a cone, significantly reduced pressing forces are often used. However, the production of large conical forgings, e.g., for power plant technology, which can weigh several hundred tons, requires very high forming forces, making a reduction in pressing forces practically impossible. Consequently, it is essential to prevent overloading or damage to the press due to transverse forces by other means.

[0014] One way to avoid lateral forces when forging conical rings is to forge the workpiece on a straight mandrel and to position the workpiece's axis of symmetry at an angle to the dome axis. Such methods are known, for example, from US 3740993 A and CN 101564750 A. Correction blocks (also called torsion blocks) are used to produce the desired cone shape by positioning the workpiece axis at the required angle. Possible embodiments of such methods and devices with correction blocks can be found, for example, in CN 115921759 A and CN 210614996 U.

[0015] Furthermore, a forming machine, in particular for cold or hot forming of metallic workpieces, is known from DE 10 2009 055 739 A1, which is preferably designed as a servo press.

[0016] Finally, CN 207806506 U describes a device with an upper tool and a lower tool for manufacturing conical components.

[0017] A disadvantage of the known methods is that, especially at the beginning of the forming process from a cylindrical workpiece to a conical ring, fixed workpiece axis introduces high eccentric forces into the press. Alternatively, the workpiece axis can be adjusted gradually to minimize these eccentric loads; however, this would significantly increase the complexity of the fixture and the already difficult-to-control process. Furthermore, adjusting the workpiece axis inevitably leads to torsion within the workpiece, which can result in undesirable material properties and high post-processing costs. Another disadvantage arises particularly when the contour of the ring to be formed deviates from that of a pure cone, as this again introduces enormous lateral forces into the press structure.

[0018] To avoid impermissible lateral force loading on the press while still enabling the production of large conical rings with more complex contours, the use of additional forging devices is known in practice. These additional forging devices can be integrated into a forging press and transfer the vertical pressing force into a horizontal pressing force via a kinematic mechanism. Embodiments are described, for example, in DE 10 2006 023 721 B3 and JPS5641042 A. Besides high additional costs, such forging devices also introduce further complexity into the forging process and the associated workpiece handling. In particular, the insertion of the ring blanks into such forging devices, as well as the general workpiece handling during forging, proves difficult with known forging devices.In practice, without such forging devices, the ring is rotated further during forging by rotating the manipulator tongs or by using chain drives on a crane track. Both a manipulator and a chain drive are standard equipment in a forging plant. However, neither is suitable for the previously described forging devices to rotate the ring further, so additional material handling equipment is required for this purpose. Furthermore, while these devices decouple the lateral forces from the press structure, they must then absorb these forces internally and transfer them to the foundation. This, in turn, necessitates additional work on the foundation or press table.

[0019] All previously known methods for forging conical rings have in common that they can either only very partially prevent the introduction of transverse forces into the press structure, or they are very complex in their design and entail high additional costs. This is where the invention comes in.

[0020] The invention is based on the objective of creating a forging press for forming a tubular workpiece which, with a simple design and economical operation, reliably avoids the introduction of transverse forces into the mechanical press structure, particularly when forging conical rings or sleeves. Furthermore, a method for forming or forging tubular workpieces such as conical rings or sleeves is to be specified. The device and the method are intended to be particularly suitable for the production of large components with high weight and, if necessary, complex structures.

[0021] To solve this problem, the invention teaches, in a forging press of the generic type described above, that the forging tool is mounted on support brackets along the main pressing force direction and guided on or in them, so that the transverse force introduced into the forging tool is introduced into the support bracket and absorbed by it. It is preferably provided that the guide rail or a forging saddle attached to the guide rail is not rigidly connected to the upper tool and only acts on the forging tool by means of frictional engagement during the pressing process.

[0022] The invention is based on the understanding that the introduction of transverse forces into the press frame of a forging press during the production of, for example, conical rings or sleeves can be avoided or at least minimized by integrating an additional device or forging devices into the forging press, which absorb the transverse forces occurring during the forging process. For this purpose, the additional forging device comprises the forging tool (as a separate forging tool) and one or more support brackets on which the forging tool, e.g., the upper tool, is guided, so that the transverse force generated during forging can be introduced into at least one of the support brackets. Furthermore, the support brackets perform the function of providing defined guidance for the tool, e.g., the upper tool. This guidance and the resulting defined position between the forging tool, e.g., the upper tool, and the forging tool are crucial for the overall stability of the forging process.The upper tool and dome enable the precise manufacturing of the desired component contour and reduce the effort required for mechanical post-processing of the component. The forging tool, which can be adjusted against the mandrel, is preferably part of an additional forging unit that can be integrated into the forging press and, for example, also into a conventional forging press. This additional forging unit comprises the forging tool, the support brackets, and preferably also the described dome, so that at least these three components form an assembly or forging unit that is simple in design and can be easily integrated into a forging press, for example, into the press frame of a forging press. The design is particularly advantageous if the forging press or its carriage and the forging tool, for example,The upper tooling, as part of the (additional) forging devices integrated into the forging press, is not rigidly connected to each other, but rather only subject to frictional engagement during the pressing process. A further advantage is that the forging process and material handling can generally be carried out in the previously known manner and do not require any process changes or the acquisition of costly additional equipment on the part of the forging company.

[0023] The workpiece is formed between the upper tool and the mandrel, which is conical at least in some areas and has at least one contact surface oriented obliquely to the mandrel axis. Optionally, the forming surface of the forging tool can also be adapted to the contour of the mandrel or the workpiece to be produced and may therefore have an oblique forming surface that is oriented, for example, parallel or approximately parallel to the obliquely oriented contact surface of the mandrel. The workpiece is formed between the forging tool and its forming surface on the one hand, and the conical mandrel and consequently its contact surface on the other. The forging tool and mandrel, due to their contours, also define the contour of the component to be forged, e.g., the ring. Because of the conical contact surface between the mandrel and the forging tool, a transverse force results from the pressing force along the main pressing force direction.This is not directed into the press frame, but into the additional support brackets.

[0024] What is particularly interesting is that the forging press and, for example, its guide rail (e.g., upper guide rail) are not rigidly connected to the forging tool, but rather a frictional connection exists only during the pressing process. For reliable operation, this design provides that, after a pressing operation, the forging tool can be returned to its starting position independently of the retracted guide rail or forging saddle using force-generating means, e.g., spring elements. If the forging tool is designed, for example, as an upper tool, then the lifting of the upper tool after a forging stroke can be achieved using the force-generating means, e.g., spring elements. A rigid, positive-locking connection between the upper tool and the guide rail is therefore preferably omitted.

[0025] Of particular importance according to the invention are the (e.g., two) support brackets, which preferably have guides for the forging tool guided along the direction of the main pressing force. The guides can have first guide surfaces in or on which the forging tool, which itself has second guide surfaces, is guided, e.g., by sliding. The forging tool is guided on these guide surfaces in the direction of the main pressing force.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment, the first guide surfaces (on the support brackets) and / or the second guide surfaces (on the forging tool) are arranged on replaceable wear plates or are formed by replaceable wear plates or other wear elements. The particularly stressed contact surfaces between the forging tool and the support bracket are therefore preferably provided with additional wear plates or wear elements. Since relative movements with high surface pressure occur at these points due to the process, increased wear is to be expected there. The use of appropriate wear elements, e.g., wear plates, allows for easy replacement in case of wear, thus avoiding costly rework of the upper tool or support brackets. This ensures particularly economical operation of the forging press according to the invention with a simple design.

[0027] In a further preferred embodiment, optional measures are implemented to prevent the forging tool from tilting when entering the support brackets and simultaneously ensure secure positioning of the guides relative to each other. For this purpose, one or more (first) guide chamfers can be arranged on the support brackets in the area of ​​the first guide surfaces. Optionally or additionally, one or more (second) guide chamfers are arranged on the upper tool in the area of ​​the second guide surfaces. These guide chamfers, acting as insertion chamfers, ensure proper guidance and, in particular, prevent tilting when entering the support brackets.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment, the dome (e.g., with its bearing ends) is held in or on the support brackets. The support brackets thus preferably serve both to guide the forging tool and to receive and support the dome. Particularly preferably, the dome is held in or on the guides in or on which the forging tool is also guided. For example, the support brackets can have fork-like or pocket-like guide recesses in which, on the one hand, the mandrel is supported and, on the other hand, the forging tool is guided.

[0029] The described forging device, which can be easily integrated into the forging press or its press frame, is also protected independently. This forging device comprises, as a separate unit, at least the forging tool and one or more support brackets, and preferably also the head. Within this forging device, the forging tool is preferably guided on or in the support brackets as described, with the interposition of spring elements. The forging device can optionally be used in a conventional forging press, for example, by being inserted into the press from the press table of a conventional forging press.

[0030] The invention also relates to a method for open-die forging of a tubular workpiece over a mandrel, wherein the method is preferably carried out with the described forging press. In this method, the workpiece to be formed is arranged on a mandrel which is at least partially conical with at least one contact surface oriented obliquely to the dome axis. A forging tool is positioned against the mandrel and the workpiece arranged on the dome in a main pressing force direction (e.g., vertically), thereby applying a pressing force (e.g., stretching force) oriented in the main pressing force direction to the workpiece and forming it. Due to the obliquely oriented contact surface of the dome or the obliquely oriented contact surface between the forging tool and the dome, a transverse force oriented perpendicular to the main pressing force direction and, for example, parallel to the dome axis, results.

[0031] The method is characterized in that the forging tool is mounted on support brackets along the main pressing force direction and guided on or within them, such that the transverse force introduced into the forging tool, e.g., the upper tool, is introduced into one (or the) of the support brackets and absorbed by it / them. The guide bar or a forging saddle attached to the guide bar is / are not rigidly connected to the upper tool, but merely exerts a force-fit on the forging tool during the pressing process. It is preferably provided that, after a pressing operation, the forging tool is returned to a starting position, e.g., lifted, by force-generating means, e.g., spring elements, independently of the retracted (e.g., raised) guide bar or forging saddle.

[0032] The design of the forging press is such that the process is carried out in such a way that during the forging process the workpiece axis is oriented parallel to the dome axis or coincides with the dome axis.

[0033] The design of the process can draw upon the aspects and options described in connection with the forging press. Similarly, the design of the described (separate) forging device can also draw upon the aspects and options described in connection with the forging press. The process, the forging press, and the forging device are intended for the production of hollow bodies with a shape deviating from a hollow cylindrical shape, preferably for the production of conical rings or sleeves.

[0034] The forging press, the additional forging device, and the process should be particularly suitable for the production of large components with high weight and, if necessary, complex structures. The components can weigh more than 1 ton, preferably more than 10 tons, e.g., 20 tons or more.

[0035] The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the drawings, which merely illustrate exemplary embodiments. They show

[0036] Figure 1 is a highly simplified schematic representation of a forging press known from the prior art.

[0037] Figures 2a and 2b show another embodiment known from the prior art.

[0038] Figure 3 schematically simplifies an embodiment of a forging press or a forging device for a forging press according to the invention.

[0039] Figure 4 shows a perspective view of the object according to Fig. 3.

[0040] Figure 5 shows a modified embodiment of the invention. The figures depict a forging press in the embodiment of an open-die forging press for the open-die forging of a tubular workpiece 1 over a die 2, wherein the forging press is intended in particular for the production of a hollow body that is at least partially conical, e.g., a conical ring or a conical sleeve. The forging press has a press frame (only indicated) and the die 2 arranged in or on the press frame, with the workpiece 1 to be formed being arranged on the die 2. The die 2 is at least partially conical with at least one contact surface 3 oriented obliquely to the die axis D. Furthermore, the device has a forging saddle 4, which in the exemplary embodiment forms an upper saddle or an upper tool and can be adjusted in a main pressing force direction R against the die 2 and the workpiece 1 arranged on the die 2.The forging saddle 4 applies a pressing force Fp or stretching force oriented in the main pressing force direction R to the workpiece 1, thereby forming the workpiece and adapting it to the contour of the dome 2. The press frame of the forging press is shown in Fig. 1 only as an example and in a highly simplified manner. It is, by way of example, a column-type press frame with an upper beam 17 and a lower beam (not shown), as well as several press columns 18. A guide rail 19 is guided on the press columns 18, to which, in the exemplary embodiment, the forging tool 4 is attached as the upper tool. The guide rail 19 is acted upon by at least one (hydraulic) press cylinder 20 to form the workpiece 1; this cylinder may, for example, be supported on the upper beam 17.

[0041] Figure 1 shows an arrangement known in principle from the prior art, in which the initially cylindrical workpiece 1 is already adapted to the contour of the dome 2 in this illustration, i.e., the workpiece 1 is shown in its formed state. It can be seen that, due to the obliquely oriented contact surface 3 of the dome 2 or the obliquely oriented contact surface between the forging saddle 4 and the dome 2, a transverse force FQ oriented perpendicular to the main pressing force direction R results, which is introduced into the press structure or the press frame and absorbed by it. Depending on the embodiment, the absorption of the transverse force FQ can occur at various structural parts of the press and lead to high stresses there. Possible resulting stresses FR of the press mechanism are shown by way of example in Fig. 1. For example, the transverse force loads can be...The lateral forces are absorbed by the guide rails, which in turn are supported by the press columns 18. Depending on the magnitude of the lateral forces, this can result in increased guide wear and even damage to the press columns 18. Such lateral forces could also be absorbed by the press cylinder 20 itself or its guide system, leading to damage there. In practice, the arrangement shown in Figure 1 is therefore limited to production with significantly reduced pressing forces.

[0042] To produce large forged parts, e.g., for power plant technology, high forming forces and thus also high pressing forces are unavoidable. Figures 2a and 2b show an embodiment, also known from the prior art, designed to avoid the introduction of high transverse forces into the press structure. In contrast to Figure 1, the embodiment according to Figures 2a and 2b is provided with a straight mandrel 2' (without conical structures). To forge conical rings, the workpiece is forged on this straight mandrel 2', and the axis of symmetry S of the workpiece 1 is formed at an angle to the dome axis D. Correction blocks 5 are used to produce the desired cone, which position the workpiece axis S at the required angle.A disadvantage of this prior art method is that, when the workpiece axis S is fixed, high eccentric forces are introduced into the press, especially at the beginning of the forming process from a cylindrical workpiece to a conical ring (see Figure 2a). Furthermore, setting the workpiece axis inevitably leads to torsion within the body, which in turn can result in undesirable material properties and high post-processing costs. Another disadvantage arises particularly when the contour of the ring to be formed deviates from that of a pure cone, as enormous transverse forces are then introduced into the press structure. This is not shown in detail in the figures.

[0043] The disadvantages described in connection with Figs. 1 and 2 are avoided by the inventive design according to Figures 3 to 5.

[0044] According to the invention, the forging tool 4 is mounted on (e.g., two) support brackets 6 along the main pressing force direction R and guided on or in them, so that the transverse force FQ introduced into the forging tool 4 (e.g., upper tool) is introduced into the support brackets 6 or into one of the support brackets 6 and absorbed by it / them. The forging tool 4, the support brackets 6, and the mandrel 2 form a (separate) forging device that is integrated into, or will be integrated into, the press frame of the forging press. The essential component of this forging device is the support brackets 6, in which the forging tool 4 is guided.

[0045] In addition to absorbing lateral forces, the support brackets 6 also ensure defined guidance of the forging tool 4. This guidance and the resulting defined position between the forging tool 4 and the mandrel 2 enables precise manufacturing of the desired component contour and reduces the mechanical post-processing effort of the component.

[0046] It is provided that the guide bar 19 (not shown in Fig. 3), which in the exemplary embodiment is subjected to the pressure cylinder 20 during forming, is not rigidly connected to the upper tool 4, but only acts on the forging tool 4 by means of a frictional connection (in the exemplary embodiment from above) during the pressing process. Guide bar 19 and forging tool 4 are therefore decoupled from each other. Since the guide bar 19 and the upper tool 4 or forging tool are not rigidly connected, but only have a frictional connection during the pressing process, the return of the forging tool, for example, the lifting of the forging tool 4 after a forging stroke, is effected by additional force-generating elements, which in the exemplary embodiment are designed as spring elements 7. These generate a return force acting opposite to the direction of the main pressing force.In the illustrated embodiment with upper tool 4, the guide bar 19 consequently presses down on the upper tool 4 during pressing from above. The return and consequently the lifting of the upper tool 4 takes place independently of the press cylinder 20 by means of the spring elements 7.

[0047] The guidance of the forging tool 4 on or in the support brackets 6 is of particular importance according to the invention. This guidance is especially evident in the perspective view shown in Figure 4. The support brackets 6 have guides 9 and are, for example, U-shaped in the area of ​​the guides 9, so that pocket-like guide areas are formed between each pair of U-legs 21 as guides 9. Preferably, the guides 9 of the support brackets 6 can be designed with (first) guide surfaces 10 in or on which the forging tool 4 is guided, wherein the forging tool 4 itself preferably has (second) guide surfaces 11. The guidance is preferably sliding, so that sliding bearings are formed. In the illustrated embodiment, the support brackets 6 are fork-shaped with pocket-like guide recesses for the guides 9. It is interesting that these pocket-like orThe fork-like guides not only serve to guide the forging tool 4 in the support brackets 6, but also to support and hold the mandrel 2. For example, it can be seen in Fig. 4 that the dome 2 with its bearing ends is supported in the pocket-like or fork-like receptacles, and the forging tool 4 is also guided.

[0048] To prevent the forging tool 4 from tilting on the support brackets 6 when the forging tool 4 is inserted into the support brackets and to ensure secure positioning of the guides relative to each other, guide chamfers 15a, 15b can be provided in a further embodiment. The figures show that one or more first guide chamfers 15a are arranged on the support brackets 6 in the area of ​​the first guide surfaces 10 and that one or more second guide chamfers 15b are arranged on the forging tool 4 in the area of ​​the second guide surfaces 11.

[0049] Another option is shown in Figure 5. In this preferred embodiment, the highly stressed contact surfaces between the forging tool 4 and the support bracket 6 are provided with additional wear plates 13, 14, specifically replaceable wear plates. The first guide surfaces 10 and / or the second guide surfaces 11 are therefore arranged on, or formed by, replaceable wear plates 13, 14. Since relative movements with high surface pressure occur at these points due to the process, increased wear is to be expected. The use of the illustrated wear plates 13, 14 ensures easy replacement in case of wear, thus avoiding costly rework.

[0050] Figures 3 to 5 also make it clear that, according to the invention - as in the prior art according to Fig. 1 and in contrast to the prior art according to Fig. 2 - the workpiece axis S is oriented parallel to the mandrel axis D or coincides with the dome axis D during the entire forging process.

[0051] While Figure 1 shows a simplified representation of a press frame based on a prior art example, the other figures omit the representation of the press frame. It is understood, however, that in the other embodiments, and particularly in the embodiments according to the invention as shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5, the arrangement shown is integrated into a press frame, for example, in the same way as shown in Figure 1. The press frame used according to the invention can be designed for above-ground operation with a movable beam, as shown in Figure 1. Alternatively, the press frame can also be designed for below-ground operation, in which the press frame is movable and the beam is fixed in place. Details are not shown in the figures.Furthermore, according to the invention, the press frame can also be implemented in a frame construction with one or more (closed) press frames. This is also not shown.

Claims

Patent claims:

1. Forging press, in particular open-die forging press, for forging, in particular open-die forging, of a tubular workpiece, with - a press frame, - a running rail (19) movable in or on the press frame - a dome (2) arranged in or on the press frame on which the workpiece (1) to be formed is or will be arranged, - wherein the dome (2) is at least partially conical with at least one contact surface (3) oriented obliquely to the dome axis (D), - a forging tool (4) that can be positioned in a main pressing force direction (R) against the dome (2) and the workpiece (1) arranged on the dome (2), with which a pressing force (Fp) oriented in the main pressing force direction (R) can be applied to the workpiece (1), wherein a transverse force (FQ) oriented transverse to the main pressing force direction (R) results from the pressing force (Fp) due to the obliquely oriented contact surface (3) of the dome (2), characterized in that the forging tool (4) is mounted on one or more support brackets (6) along the main pressing force direction (R) and guided thereon or in it, so that the transverse force (FQ) introduced into the forging tool (4) is in at least one of the support brackets (6) is introduced and is received by this or these.

2. Press according to claim 1, characterized in that the running beam (19) or a forging saddle attached to the running beam (19) is not firmly connected to the forging tool (4) and only acts on the forging tool (4) by means of force transmission during the pressing process.

3. Press according to claim 2, characterized in that the forging tool (4) can be returned to a starting position after a pressing operation independently of the retracted guide rail (19) or forging saddle by means of force generating means, e.g. spring elements (7), wherein the force generating means act e.g. between forging tool (4) and the support brackets (6).

4. Press according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the support brackets (6) have guides (9) with first guide surfaces (10) in or on which the forging tool (4) is guided with second guide surfaces (11), e.g. slidably guided.

5. Press according to claim 4, characterized in that the first guide surfaces (10) and / or the second guide surfaces (11) are arranged on replaceable wear plates (13, 14) or are formed by replaceable wear plates (13, 14).

6. Press according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that one or more (first) guide chamfers (15a) are arranged on the support brackets (6), e.g., in the area of ​​the first guide surfaces (10), and / or that on the Forging tool (4) e.g. in the area of ​​the second guide surfaces (11) one or more (second) guide chamfers (15b) are arranged.

7. Press according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the forging tool (4) has an obliquely oriented forming surface (8) which is preferably arranged parallel or approximately parallel to the obliquely oriented contact surface (3) of the dome (2).

8. Press according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the press frame in column construction has an upper beam (17), a lower beam and several press columns (18), wherein the running beam (19) is movably guided along the main pressing force direction (R) preferably on the press columns (18).

9. Press according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the press frame in frame construction has one or more, e.g., closed press frames.

10. Press according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the dome (2), e.g. with its bearing ends, is held in or on the support brackets (6), e.g. in or on the guides (9) in or on which the forging tool (4) is guided.

11. Press according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the forging tool (4) and the support brackets (6) and preferably the dome (2) form a (separate) forging device which is integrated into the forging press, e.g. into the press frame.

12. Forging devices for a forging press according to one of claims 1 to 11, comprising at least one forging tool (4), one or more support brackets (6) and preferably a mandrel (2) which is at least partially conical with at least one contact surface (3) oriented obliquely to the dome axis (D), wherein the forging tool (4) is mounted on the support brackets (6) and guided thereon or in them, wherein the forging devices can be inserted into the forging press, e.g. on a press table into the forging press or into the press frame of the forging press.

13. Forging devices according to claim 12, characterized in that the forging device can be inserted into the forging press in such a way that the forging tool (4) is not firmly connected to the running beam (19) or a forging saddle of the forging press.

14. Forging devices according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the forging tool (4) is guided on or in the support brackets (6) by means of force generating means, e.g. spring elements (7).

15. Method for forging, in particular open-die forging, a tubular workpiece (1 ) over a mandrel (2), in particular with a forging press according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the workpiece (1 ) to be formed is arranged on the dome (2), which is at least partially conical with at least one contact surface (3) oriented obliquely to the dome axis (D), wherein a forging tool (4) is positioned in a main pressing force direction (R) against the dome (2) and the workpiece (1 ) arranged on the dome (2), thereby applying a pressing force (Fp) oriented in the main pressing force direction (R) to the workpiece (1 ) and thereby forming it, wherein, due to the obliquely oriented contact surface (3) of the dome (2), a transverse force (FQ) oriented transversely to the main pressing force direction (R) results, characterized in that the forging tool (4) is supported on one or more support brackets (6) along the main pressing force direction (R) and guided on or in them, so that the transverse force (FQ) introduced into the forging tool (4) is introduced into the support bracket (6) and absorbed by it.

16. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the running arm (19) or a forging saddle attached to the running arm (19) is not firmly connected to the forging tool (4) and only acts on the forging tool (4) by means of force transmission during the pressing process.

17. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that the forging tool (4) is returned to a starting position, e.g. raised, after a pressing operation, independently of the retracted, e.g. raised, upper beam or forging saddle with force generating means, e.g. spring elements (7).

18. Method according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the forging tool (4) has an inclined forming surface (8) which is preferably arranged parallel or approximately parallel to the inclined contact surface (3) of the mandrel (2), wherein the transverse force (FQ) results from the inclined contact surface (3) between the forging tool (4) and the mandrel (2).

19. Method according to one of claims 15 to 18, characterized in that during the forging process the workpiece axis (S) is parallel to the is oriented towards the dome axis (D) or coincides with the dome axis (D).

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