Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives a sensing signal; and a control unit that preforms calculation for a temporal change in the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal, and controls transmission of a report on the result of the calculation.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Various sensing methods are being considered for future wireless communication systems. For example, a terminal (user terminal, User Equipment (UE)) / base station (e.g., gNB) may transmit sensing resources to the base station / UE via a target.

[0006] However, detailed methods for measuring and reporting sensing have not been clarified. If these are not thoroughly considered, there is a risk that sensing accuracy and communication quality will be reduced.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can appropriately perform measurements / reports for sensing.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives a sensing signal, and a control unit that calculates a time change in the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal and controls the transmission of a report of the results of the calculation.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, sensing measurements / reports can be performed appropriately.

[0010] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of monostatic sensing at a BS. FIG. 1B illustrates an example of monostatic sensing at a UE. FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate examples of bistatic / multistatic sensing. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of DL / UL TDOA-based positioning. FIG. 4 illustrates an example of DL AoD / UL AoA-based positioning. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of multi-RTT-based positioning. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of E-CID-based positioning. FIG. 7 illustrates an overview of CSI measurement / reporting for sensing in each embodiment. FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a power Doppler profile. FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate an example of a method for determining channel paths in the Doppler domain. FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate examples of other parameters related to the Doppler spectrum. FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate an example of a micro-Doppler pattern shape. FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a combined micro-Doppler pattern shape. Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0011] (CSI Reporting) In NR, a UE measures the channel state using a predetermined reference signal (or a resource for the reference signal) and feeds back (reports) channel state information (CSI) to the base station.

[0012] The UE may measure the channel state using a Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS), a Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block, a Synchronization Signal (SS), a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), etc.

[0013] The CSI-RS resource may include at least one of a non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS and a CSI-Interference Management (IM). An SS / PBCH block is a block including a synchronization signal (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)) and a PBCH (and corresponding DMRS), and may be referred to as an SS block (SSB). An SSB index may be assigned to the time position of the SSB within a half-frame.

[0014] The CSI may include at least one of a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), a Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), a CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), a SS / PBCH Block Resource Indicator (SS / PBCH Block Indicator (SSBRI), a Layer Indicator (LI), a Rank Indicator (RI), a Layer 1 (L1)-Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), a L1-Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), a L1-Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), a L1-Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and the like.

[0015] The CSI may have multiple parts. A first part of the CSI (CSI Part 1) may include information with a relatively small number of bits (e.g., RI). A second part of the CSI (CSI Part 2) may include information with a relatively large number of bits (e.g., CQI), such as information determined based on CSI Part 1.

[0016] Methods of CSI feedback under consideration include (1) periodic CSI (P-CSI) reporting, (2) aperiodic CSI (A(AP)-CSI) reporting, and (3) semi-persistent (semi-persistent, semi-persistent) CSI reporting (SP-CSI) reporting.

[0017] The UE may be notified of information related to CSI reporting (which may be referred to as CSI reporting configuration information) using higher layer signaling, physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI)), or a combination thereof. The CSI reporting configuration information may be configured, for example, using the RRC information element "CSI-ReportConfig."

[0018] The CSI reporting configuration information may include, for example, information regarding a reporting period, an offset, etc., which may be expressed in a predetermined time unit (slot unit, subframe unit, symbol unit, etc.). The CSI reporting configuration information may include a configuration ID (CSI-ReportConfigId). The configuration ID may identify parameters such as the type of CSI reporting method (whether it is SP-CSI, etc.), the reporting period, etc. The CSI reporting configuration information may include information (CSI-ResourceConfigId) indicating which signal (or which signal resource) is used to report the measured CSI.

[0019] (Wireless sensing technology) Sensing technologies that use radio waves (wireless sensing technology, object detection, etc.) are being studied. Wireless sensing technology is thought to have the following advantages over other sensing technologies: - Sensing that uses moving images or infrared rays is only applicable to specific directions, whereas wireless sensing technology is not limited to a specific direction and can make use of characteristics such as diffraction. - Wireless sensing technology can be implemented at a low cost compared to moving image capture functions.

[0020] With wireless sensing technology, sensing results can be collected at a base station (BS), and the collected information can be used to generate advanced cyberspace, or to provide feedback to the real world.

[0021] Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) The motivation for ISAC is to achieve high sensing performance and new / extended services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and possible requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address different target industries / applications are considered, and some use cases may also include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, camera).

[0022] Use cases include, for example, intruder detection in smart home environments, sensing for railway (train) intrusion detection, flood sensing in smart cities, and sensing for traffic management in tourist destinations.

[0023] ISAC considers sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To achieve these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are considered. Furthermore, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC are considered, including higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing.

[0024] In ISAC, the challenges are unified waveforms that simultaneously meet the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously realizes communication (e.g., transmit signals, receive signals) and sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmit signals, reflected signals) through beamforming, and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI that uses AI / DL networks to extract sensing information from channel information for communication (e.g., UL transmit signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals).

[0025] Three types of radar and communication systems have been considered based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bandwidth. The three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). In the following, we focus on ISAC systems, in which hardware and bandwidth are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0026] Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BSs and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radars, in which one radar transmits a radar signal and receives echoes from a sensing target, and bistatic / multistatic radars, in which one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive echoes from a sensing target.

[0027] <Sensing Method> In the ISAC system, sensing may be achieved by, for example, the following six methods: In this disclosure, a target (sensing target) may be a person, an animal, or an object (e.g., a car, rain, other obstacles, etc.). The target may be different for each use case.

[0028] [Sensing method 1] Monostatic sensing at BS (gNB).

[0029] The example of Figure 1A is monostatic sensing at a BS. In this example, the sensing transceiver is a BS. The sensing transceiver transmits a sensing signal / ISAC signal (DL signal) and receives an echo signal (UL signal) from a target. The BS may also transmit a communication signal / ISAC signal to a UE. The UE may receive the communication signal / ISAC signal from the BS and feed back the reception result to the BS.

[0030] [Sensing Method 2] Monostatic sensing at the UE.

[0031] The example of Figure 1B is monostatic sensing in a UE. In this example, the sensing transceiver is the UE. The sensing transceiver transmits a sensing signal / ISAC signal (UL signal) and receives an echo signal (DL signal) from the target. The UE transmits a communication signal / ISAC signal to the BS. The BS receives the communication signal / ISAC signal from the UE and may feed back the reception result to the UE.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for Sensing Methods 1 and 2 include sensing targets close to the sensing transceiver (BS or UE), high or medium signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the echo signal, and sensing targets without communication capabilities. Capability requirements for Sensing Methods 1 and 2 include full duplex (a high requirement) at the BS or UE. Sensing performance of Sensing Methods 1 and 2 includes high accuracy due to no quantization, accuracy related to the SNR of the echo signal, and low latency.

[0033] The following sensing methods 3 to 6 relate to bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing in a BS / UE. A sensing transmitter transmits a communication signal, and a sensing receiver receives the signal affected by an object. In this example, the sensing transmitter is a BS or a UE, and the sensing receiver is an associated BS or an associated UE.

[0034] [Sensing method 3] Bistatic / multistatic sensing between gNBs.

[0035] The example in Figure 2A is bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing between BS (gNB) and BS (gNB). At the base station side, signal transmission (DL) is performed, and at another base station side, sensing of echo / reflection (UL) from the target is performed.

[0036] Scenarios suitable for Sensing Method 3 include very tight synchronization between multiple BSs or multiple UEs, and sensing targets without communication capabilities. The capability requirements for Sensing Method 3 include half-duplex (low requirement) and synchronization between multiple BSs or multiple UEs (high requirement). The sensing performance of Sensing Method 3 includes high accuracy without quantization, accuracy related to synchronization error, and medium latency.

[0037] [Sensing method 4] Bistatic / multistatic sensing between UE and gNB.

[0038] The example of Figure 2B is bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing between a UE and a BS (gNB). At the UE side, signal transmission (UL) is performed, and at the base station side, sensing of echoes / reflections (UL) from targets is performed. This signal / echo / reflection may be referred to as an UL sensing resource.

[0039] [Sensing method 5] Bistatic / multistatic sensing between gNB and UE.

[0040] The example of Figure 2C is bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing between BS (gNB) and UE. Signal transmission (DL) is performed on the base station side, and sensing of echo / reflection (DL) from the target is performed on the UE side. This signal / echo / reflection may be called a DL sensing resource.

[0041] [Sensing Method 6] Bistatic / multistatic sensing between UEs.

[0042] The example of Fig. 2D is UE-to-UE bistatic / multistatic sensing, where a UE transmits a signal (UL) and another UE senses echoes / reflections (DL) from a target.

[0043] Scenarios suitable for Sensing Methods 4 to 6 include UEs communicating around the sensing target. The performance requirements for Sensing Methods 4 to 6 are half-duplex (low requirement) and UEs with high computational resources (high requirement). The performance requirements for Sensing Methods 5 and 6 may further include UEs with high computational resources / detection of reflected signals (high requirement). The sensing performance of Sensing Methods 4 to 6 includes medium accuracy due to quantization of feedback values, accuracy related to deployed resources and UE location, and high latency.

[0044] The echo / reflection signal may be an echo / reflection signal of a communication signal or an echo / reflection signal of a radar signal.

[0045] (Feedback Types in IEEE 802.11bf) IEEE 802.11bf applies feedback types for sub-7 GHz. For example, feedback of a complete CSI matrix and a truncated channel impulse response (TCIR) are being considered. Other feedback types, such as partial CSI, a truncated power delay profile (TPDP), and frequency domain differential quantization, are also being considered.

[0046] Additionally, IEEE 802.11bf is considering the application of feedback types for 60 GHz, such as IEEE 802.11ad / ay channel measurements, Range-Doppler-Angular Maps (RDA maps) (e.g., 2D / 3D / 4D maps), and feedback of target-related parameters (signal processing by the receiver).

[0047] (UE positioning using AI technology) Fingerprinting localization, which estimates the location of wireless devices using the propagation characteristics of wireless signals, is widely used in both Line Of Site (LOS) and Non-Line Of Site (NLOS) scenarios.

[0048] In this disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and base station are in an environment where they can see each other (or there are no obstructions), and NLOS may mean that the UE and base station are not in an environment where they can see each other (or there are obstructions).

[0049] Fingerprinting location estimates the UE's location based on a database / AI model from the fingerprints of the UE's multiple transmission paths (multipath).

[0050] The multipath information may be, for example, information regarding the Angle of Arrival (AoA) / Angle of Departure (AoD) of the signal for optimal / candidate transmission paths.

[0051] In the present disclosure, the information on AoA may include, for example, information on at least one of azimuth angles of arrival and zenith angles of arrival, and the information on AoD may include, for example, information on at least one of azimuth angles of departure and zenith angles of departure.

[0052] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) based positioning, Angle (DL AoD / UL AoA) based positioning, Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT) based positioning, and Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) based positioning.

[0053] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of positioning based on DL / UL TDOA. For example, assume that multiple base stations (TRP#0-#2) are arranged around a UE. In this positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated (measured) using a measurement value of the Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD). For example, the RSTD (T ｉ -T ｊ ) is a certain value (k ｉ，ｊ ) to draw a hyperbola H ｉ，ｊ The intersection of multiple such hyperbolas (H ０，１、 H １，２、 H ２，０ The location of the UE may be estimated by using the RSRP of the reference signal.

[0054] 4 shows an example of DL AoD / UL AoA-based positioning. In this positioning method, the UE's location is estimated using DL AoD measurements (e.g., θ or φ) or UL AoA measurements (e.g., θ or φ). The UE's location may also be estimated using RSRP.

[0055] 5 is a diagram showing an example of multi-RTT-based positioning. In this positioning method, the location of a UE is estimated using multiple RTTs calculated from the Tx / Rx time difference of reference signals (and additionally RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). For example, geometric circles based on the RTTs can be drawn with each base station at its center. The intersection of these multiple circles may be estimated as the location of the UE.

[0056] Figure 6 shows an example of E-CID based positioning, in which the UE location is estimated based on the geometrical location of the serving cell / neighbor cells and additional measurements (Tx-Rx time difference, RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0057] The positioning in the above-mentioned DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) may be performed on the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate the UE position based on various measurement results of the UE and assistance information from the LMF. Also, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE position. The assistance information may be information for assisting in estimating the UE's position.

[0058] The above-mentioned UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) positioning may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0059] The above-mentioned positioning in DL and UL (multi-RTT, E-CID) may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0060] Furthermore, in 3GPP Rel. 17, a positioning method using assistance information is proposed for the purpose of further improving positioning accuracy. The assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, the base station, and the LMF as measurement information for the above-mentioned DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID.

[0061] The assistance information may include information regarding at least one of the following: Timing Error Group (TEG); RSRPP (path-specific RSRP); Expected angle; Adjacent beam information; TRP antenna / beam information; LOS / NLOS indicator; Additional path reports.

[0062] The TEG may indicate one or more Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) resources whose Rx / Tx timing errors are within a certain margin.

[0063] RSRPP may indicate the measurement result of RSRP on the first pass.

[0064] In UL positioning, the assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate an expected UL-AoA / ZoA. The assistance information may be transmitted to the base station from an LMF. The assistance information may support at least one of UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT positioning.

[0065] In DL positioning, assistance information regarding expected angles may include information regarding expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. The assistance information may be transmitted from an LMF to a UE. The assistance information may also support at least one of DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT positioning. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming of the UE or base station.

[0066] The assistance information regarding the predicted angles may include, in addition to the information on the values ​​of the AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0067] As additional beam information, the neighboring beam information may include information about a subset of DL-PRS resources for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AoD reports (Option 1) or the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2), allowing for optimization of UE Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0068] As additional beam information, the assistance information may also include PRS beam pattern information, which may include information regarding the relative power between DL-PRS resources for each angle for each TRP.

[0069] The LOS / NLOS indicator may indicate information regarding Line Of Site (LOS) / Non-Line Of Site (NLOS).

[0070] In addition, in order to improve the positioning delay of the UE, pre-configured measurement gaps (MG), activation of the MG via lower layers, MG-less location, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be configured for the UE (or may be used by the UE).

[0071] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, it is agreed that the UE measures / reports the RSRP of neighboring beams to improve the accuracy of UE location estimation. For example, in a UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF can indicate at least one of the following options 1 and 2 in the assistance information:

[0072] Option 1: A subset of PRS resources for DL-AoD reporting prioritization. The subset may be configured for each PRS resource depending on UE capabilities. The UE may include PRS measurements requested for a subset of PRSs in the DL-AoD additional measurements if required PRS measurements for the associated PRS are reported. The required PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. Note that the subset associated with a PRS resource may be in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource. Option 2: Information about the boresight direction configured for each PRS resource depending on UE capabilities.

[0073] In 3GPP Rel. 16 NR, it is agreed that the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range will be indicated from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, in Rel. 17, it is agreed that the expected angle and its uncertainty range will be indicated from the LMF to the UE in order to reduce errors and complexity in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0074] 3GPP Rel. 17 NR is considering the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for positioning. The PRU is being discussed as a reference (reference) device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of UEs / gNBs. The PRU may also be read as UE / gNB / TRP (transmission reception point) / TP (transmission point).

[0075] For example, the PRU may support at least one of the following: - Measuring DL PRS and reporting related measurements (e.g., RSTD / transmission time difference / RSRP) to the LMF; - Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report measurements related to the reference device (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival (RTOA) / transmission time difference, AOA) to the LMF; - Operation, measurements, various parameters (parameters related to transmission and reception timing delay, AoD and AOA enhancement, and measurement calibration); - Reporting location coordinate information of the reference device to the LMF if the LMF does not have the location coordinate information; - A reference device with a known location is a UE / gNB; - The accuracy with which the location of the reference device can be known.

[0076] Positioning using AI models has two use cases, for example: Direct AI / ML positioning, and AI / ML assisted positioning.

[0077] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning, while AI / ML-assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features, which may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0078] Examples of outputs of the AI / ML assisted positioning described above may include at least one of the following: - LOS / NLOS identification (probability of LOS / NLOS), - ToA (time of arrival of PRS / SRS), - Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference, - AoA / AoD, - Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (Rel. 18 phase measurement), - DL RSTD / UL TDOA, - DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPs, - Likelihood of the above values ​​(e.g., ToA probability).

[0079] Rel. 18 positioning introduces sidelink positioning based on the Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP). For example, SL-RTT, SL-AoA, SL-TDOA, and SL-TOA are introduced. For example, the sidelink reference signal used for position calculation is called SL-PRS. Measurements based on SL-PRS may include at least one of the following: SL PRS-RSRP, SL PRS-RSRPPP, SL RTOA, SL AoA, sidelink receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference, SL RSTD, SL PRS-RSSI, SL PRS-channel occupancy ratio (CR), and SL PRS-channel busy ratio (CBR). Furthermore, at least one of UL / DL reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) and DL reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) may be used as a measurement related to the carrier phase positioning method.

[0080] (MIMO CSI Related Design) In Rel. 15, spatial domain (SD) compression using a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) codebook (e.g., Type I codebook, Type II codebook) is applied.

[0081] In Rel. 16 / 17, frequency domain (FD) compression using a DFT codebook (e.g., an extended type II (e-type II) codebook) is applied.

[0082] Rel. 18 specifies CSI-RS-based channel correlation in time-domain measurement and feedback. For example, it specifies an extended Type II (eType II) codebook for predicted Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI). The eType II codebook defines Doppler CSI (spatial domain compression (DFT codebook) + frequency domain compression (DFT codebook) + time domain compression (DFT codebook)). It also defines CSI-RS burst-based measurement and CSI feedback for UCI.

[0083] Rel. 18 also specifies a Time Domain Correlation Profile / Time Domain Channel Properties (TDCP). For example, TRS-based measurements, wideband-only TDCP reports, and standalone reports (independent UCI) may be applied.

[0084] Rel. 19 is considering specifying multi-TRP extensions for coherent joint transmission, such as feedback on time / frequency / phase offsets between TRPs.

[0085] (Sub-7 GHz CSI Quantization and Compression) Content reported using Sub-7 GHz CSI Quantization and Compression will now be described.

[0086] <Truncated channel impulse response (TCIR)> The UE only performs a simple IFFT and feeds back a few time-domain samples for CSI reporting. The UE may use multipaths from reflecting objects for CSI reporting. However, the signal obtained by the simple IFFT may differ from the actual multipaths, so it may not be possible to identify the target reflecting object.

[0087] <Partial CSI> Partial CSI refers to CSI that includes either amplitude or phase. For example, there are use cases that use only amplitude and use cases that use only phase, but there are limited use cases that use both amplitude and phase simultaneously. Therefore, by using partial CSI, it is possible to reduce processing load and communication overhead. Amplitude information is information based on, for example, detecting the presence or absence of people, counting the number of people, estimating humidity, detecting gestures, etc. Phase information is information based on motion detection, fall detection, etc.

[0088] <Truncated Power-Delay Profile (TPDP)> As the TPDP, the first few measurements of the time-domain PDP (corresponding to the range of interest) may be reported.

[0089] (60 GHz CSI Quantization and Compression) For 60 GHz CSI quantization and compression, the following three types may be applied:

[0090] <Type 1> IEEE 802.11ad / ay channel measurement may be performed as Type 1. Similar to TCIR, IEEE 802.11ad / ay channel measurement returns a CIR corresponding to each TRN (training) subfield.

[0091] <Type 2> A Range-Doppler-Angular (RDA) map (also called a sensing image in IEEE 802.11bf) may be used as Type 2. As an RDA map, for example, up to four-dimensional image data composed of range, Doppler, azimuth angle, and elevation angle is provided. By combining some or all of the four-dimensional data, the sensing image becomes a two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or up to four-dimensional image.

[0092] By detecting areas of high energy on the RDA map, the UE / gNB can determine where reflectors or targets are located and can perform subsequent sensing based on the RDA map / detection results.

[0093] <Type 3> Target-related parameters may be used as Type 3. When target-related parameters are reported, the feedback overhead can be reduced compared to when the RDA map is directly reported. It is preferable that the UE / gNB directly reports target-related parameters such as the target position and Doppler after the target detection process of the RDA map.

[0094] (CSI Extension) <Doppler CSI> In Doppler CSI, transformation / compression is performed from the frequency-time-space domain to the delay-Doppler-angle domain. Doppler CSI is used for CSI reporting of high / medium speed UEs. Due to CSI dispersion caused by the Doppler effect, the operation of conventional Type II CSI may be impaired. Therefore, it is preferable to introduce Doppler domain compensation into PMI reporting. It is also preferable to introduce CSI-RS bursts as CSI-RS resources.

[0095] <TDCP Report> Time Domain Correlation Profile (TDCP) reporting applies to high / medium speed UEs. Without feedback to TRS, the gNB may lack information about the UE speed. Therefore, it is preferable to introduce reporting. For example, conventional TRS resources may be reused. Also, only wideband reports may be defined as standalone reports (i.e., independent UCI). TDCP reporting (amplitude and phase) with a delay of Y may be applied, with a delay D and a delay threshold Dbasic=1 slot.

[0096] <Release 19 Multi-TRP Extension> In Release 19, CSI extensions for multi-TRP are being considered. The target is coherent joint transmission of multi-TRP. Since the time / frequency / phase differs between multi-TRPs, it is preferable to provide feedback on the time / frequency / phase offsets between TRPs.

[0097] (Analysis) As mentioned above, IEEE 802.11bf supports sensing in two frequency bands (Sub-7 GHz and 60 GHz) using two different standards. The sensing procedures, measurements, and reporting designs are significantly different for the two frequency bands. On the other hand, 3GPP supports measurement reporting related to UE positioning and MIMO CSI feedback, but does not take into account the characteristics of different frequency bands.

[0098] For the standardization of sensing in 3GPP, it is considered to apply some of the measurement and reporting solutions of IEEE 802.11bf. In addition, 3GPP Rel. 18 also introduced several technologies to enhance the existing CSI, such as Doppler CSI and TDCP reporting, to include more detailed and accurate CSI information. However, the current design is for communication, and CSI for sensing is not specified.

[0099] Therefore, it is conceivable to consider measurement / reporting for sensing in consideration of methods such as the IEEE 802.11bf standard, 3GPP Doppler CSI, and TDCP reporting. However, detailed methods for measurement / reporting for sensing have not been clarified. If measurement / reporting for sensing is not performed appropriately, there is a risk that sensing accuracy / communication quality may be degraded.

[0100] Therefore, the present inventors have conceived a method that can appropriately perform measurement / reporting for sensing.

[0101] Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0102] (Various Reinterpretations) In the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the word in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding (ignoring) the word in the meaning of the entire sentence. Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than those mentioned above.

[0103] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0104] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0105] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0106] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0107] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0108] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0109] In the present disclosure, transmission and report may be interchangeable. eType I and extended type 1 may be interchangeable. eType II and extended type 2 may be interchangeable. Channel matrix, CSI matrix, CSI, and CSI report may be interchangeable. CSI in the present disclosure may refer to CSI for sensing. In the present disclosure, dimension, domain, axis, and resource may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, codeword, precoder, vector, basis, beam, DFT codeword, DFT precoder, DFT vector, DFT basis, and DFT beam may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, coefficient, channel coefficient, complex channel coefficient, amplitude and phase, combination coefficient, and linear combination coefficient may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, reflection, echo, and scattering may be interchangeable.

[0110] In the present disclosure, the wireless communication method, the sensing method, and the measurement method may be read interchangeably.

[0111] In the present disclosure, the terms sensing transmitter, transmitter, sensing station, wireless communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms sensing receiver, receiver, sensing station, wireless communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms NW, BS, gNB, eNB, SMF, LMF, and SF may be interchangeable.

[0112] In the present disclosure, BS, gNB, eNB, 6G BS, TRP, IAB node, mobile IAD node, repeater, drone, and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) may be read interchangeably.

[0113] In the present disclosure, the terms "sensing mode" and "sensing method" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "use case," "sensing use case," "service," "sensing service," "sensing service type," and "sensing type" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "type," "report type," "CSI measurement report type," "measurement type," "CSI measurement type," "CSI type," "map type," "sensing CSI map type," "report amount," and "report parameter" may be interchangeable.

[0114] In the present disclosure, measurement, detection, estimation, calculation, processing, conversion, Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, and correlation operation may be read interchangeably.

[0115] In this disclosure, the terms measurement, received signal, measurement result, reported quantity, and channel path / channel information may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms profile, response, spectrum, map, distribution, signal transformed into one or more dimensions, signal transformed into one or more domains, and transformation result may be interchangeable.

[0116] In the present disclosure, the terms path, channel, channel path, measurement channel path, reporting channel path, tap, target, coordinate, measurement value, one or more dimension values, and one or more domain values ​​may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms partial channel path, selected channel path, reduced channel path, and reporting channel path may be interchangeable.

[0117] In the present disclosure, the terms "channel information," "coefficient / amplitude / power / phase / RSRP / RSRQ / RSSI" corresponding to a channel path may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "coefficient," "channel coefficient," "complex coefficient," "amplitude and phase," "weight," "linear combination coefficient," and "measurement value" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "power," "square of channel coefficient," "received power," and "intensity" may be interchangeable.

[0118] In the present disclosure, parameters for sensing / measurement / reporting may be defined in a specification, may be set by the sensing transmitter / BS / SMF / LMF / SF, or may be reported by the sensing receiver to the sensing transmitter / BS / SMF / LMF / SF.

[0119] In this disclosure, the terms delay domain, range (R) domain, time domain, and delay-based domain may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms delay domain channel path, delay, propagation delay, propagation delay time, time, and distance may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms CIR, PDP, TCIR, TPDP, CIR variants, CIR-based measurements, PDP-based measurements, delay map, range (R) map, and measurements / channel information mapped / transformed to the delay domain may be interchangeable.

[0120] In this disclosure, the terms "Doppler (D) domain" and "Doppler frequency-based domain" may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms "channel path in the Doppler domain," "Doppler," "Doppler frequency," "frequency," and "Doppler shift" may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms "Doppler profile," "power Doppler profile," "Doppler spectrum," "Doppler (D) map," and "measurements / channel information mapped / transformed to the Doppler domain" may be interchangeable.

[0121] (Wireless Communication Method) In each embodiment, the operation of a UE is mainly described, but similar operations may be performed by a base station (gNB). That is, the terms UE and base station (gNB) may be interchangeable. Each embodiment may be applied to at least one of the above sensing methods 1 to 6. The CSI for communication (CSI measurement / reporting for communication) in the present disclosure may be CSI having at least some of the features described above in (CSI Reporting), (MIMO CSI-Related Design), and (CSI Extension).

[0122] An outline of the measurement / reporting of the present disclosure will be explained using Fig. 7. At least a part of the following processing may be applied to the processing of each embodiment.

[0123] The sensing receiver uses multiple antennas to receive reflected / echo / scattered signals of the sensing signal transmitted from the sensing transmitter. The sensing signal may be, for example, a Cyclic Prefix-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) / Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a chirp waveform.

[0124] The UE performs CSI measurement based on the input signal and outputs at least one of F-T-S domain CSI and partial F-T-S domain CSI using the frequency (F) domain, spatial (D) domain, and time (T) domain (step 1, output 1).

[0125] The UE performs processing for CSI compression and performs transformation processing using IFFT / IDFT (step 2). The domains of the CSI after the transformation processing are the angle (Angle (A)) domain, the delay (Delay (D)) domain, and the Doppler (D) domain. For example, the spatial domain may be transformed into the angle domain, the frequency domain into the delay domain, and the time domain into the Doppler domain.

[0126] The UE may output an FTA map, an RTS map, an FDS map, an RTA map, an FDA map, an RDS map, an RDA map, or a micro-Doppler pattern through IFFT / IDFT processing or other processing (output 2). The UE may perform DFT / FFT processing instead of IFFT / IDFT processing.

[0127] The UE performs signal processing for the sensing KPI (step 3). Then, the UE may output at least one of the following signal-related parameters (output 3): detection result (YES / NO), localization result (location information), tracking result (location / velocity), recognition result (target / motion / gesture type, etc.), health monitoring result (respiratory rate / fall alarm, etc.), environmental monitoring result, imaging result, and confidence level.

[0128] By performing the processing in the order of steps 1, 2, and 3, the performance is reduced, but the overhead can be reduced.

[0129] A BS (BS node / CU) may control several TRPs. In this disclosure, the terms TRP, transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), sensing-only TP (STP), sensing-only RP (SRP), remote radio head (RRH), and NR positioning DL-PRS-only transmission point (TP) may be interchangeable. An STP may be a TP that only transmits sensing signals and may not be associated with a cell. An SRP may be an RP that only receives sensing signals and may not be associated with a cell. In the case of a split BS architecture, a BS-DU may include a TRP function. The TRP function may support an STP, an SRP, or both an STP and an SRP.

[0130] <Embodiment B3> This embodiment relates to measurement / reporting of measurements in the Doppler domain for sensing.

[0131] The velocity of a target depends on the Doppler information in the observed CSI, and based on the Doppler information (Doppler (frequency / shift)), the velocity of the target may be estimated.

[0132] <<Definition>> A Doppler spectrum (Doppler map) is formed / composed of one or more Dopplers and one or more corresponding channel coefficients (complex numbers, amplitude and phase). A truncated Doppler spectrum may be generated / reported by selecting some channel paths for reporting from the Doppler spectrum (channel paths are pruned).

[0133] A power Doppler profile is formed / composed of one or more Dopplers and one or more corresponding powers. A truncated power Doppler profile may be generated / reported by selecting some channel paths for reporting from the power Doppler profile (truncating channel paths).

[0134] The Doppler domain measurements may be formed / configured by at least one of the number of channel paths, (absolute / relative) Doppler frequency, complex channel coefficients for each channel path in the Doppler map, channel power for each channel path in the power Doppler profile, and angle for each channel path in the Doppler map.

[0135] A channel path / tap / target estimated in the Doppler domain based on a specific principle / algorithm in a sensing receiver may be defined as a measured / detected channel path / tap / target. For example, a channel path / tap / target may be measured / detected by an algorithm based on a threshold in a power Doppler profile. For example, if an estimated value for a path is equal to or greater than a threshold, the path is considered a channel path (measured / detected as a channel path). A channel path / tap / target may be measured / detected by an algorithm based on a threshold and a gap. Here, a gap related to the Doppler spread is used to distinguish two measured / detected channel paths / taps / targets. For example, the Doppler frequency interval for the measured / detected multiple channel paths is equal to or greater than the gap based on the Doppler spread. A channel path / tap / target may be measured / detected by a detection algorithm using a variable threshold. For example, the algorithm may be a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm.

[0136] 8, the sensing receiver obtains a power Doppler profile by mapping / transforming the received signal for the sensing signal into the Doppler domain. In this example, the sensing receiver may consider path 1 (direct wave), path 2 (reflected wave), and path 3 (scattered wave) corresponding to powers above a threshold as channel paths within the power Doppler profile, and measure / report measurements (Doppler and corresponding channel information / power) for each channel path.

[0137] Measurements and reports in the Doppler domain may be defined for sensing, and the measurements and reports may be at least one of a power Doppler profile, a Doppler spectrum, a Doppler map, and variations thereof.

[0138] Measurement / Report Content / Format Measurements and reports in the Doppler domain may be based on at least one of several contents / formats:

[0139] <<<Channel Path Doppler>>> The channel path Doppler may be reported. The reported Doppler may be based on at least one of several characteristics:

[0140] <<<<<Format>>>> The measurement (reporting) format may include at least one of absolute values ​​of the channel path / anchor path and relative values ​​(difference values) of the channel path with respect to the anchor path.

[0141] The Doppler difference value for each channel path may be the absolute Doppler of the channel path minus the absolute Doppler of the anchor path.

[0142] Quantization / Granularity / Resolution The granularity / resolution of the reported Doppler may be absolute. C *2 n Here, F C may be in frequency units defined in the specification. The integer n >= 0 may be configurable or may be defined in the specification.

[0143] The granularity / resolution may be relative. The granularity may be related to at least one of the sampling duration (length of time), the sampling frequency, and the DFT / FFT size for sensing / Doppler processing. The FFT size for sensing may be the same as or different from the FFT size of CP-OFDM / DFT-s-OFDM for communication.

[0144] The absolute and / or relative Doppler may be quantized with absolute or relative granularity / resolution.

[0145] <<<Number of Reported Channel Paths N>>> The number of reported channel paths / taps / targets N may be reported. The number of reported channel paths N may be based on at least one of several options:

[0146] <<<<<Option 1>>>> Measuring / reporting a full Doppler spectrum reports measurements of all measured / detected channel paths. That is, N may be equal to the number M of measured / detected channel paths. In the example of FIG. 9A, the sensing receiver obtains the Doppler spectrum by mapping / transforming the received signal for the sensing signal into the Doppler domain. In this example, the sensing receiver considers path 1, path 2, and path 3, which correspond to amplitudes above a threshold, as channel paths within the Doppler spectrum, and measures / reports measurements (Doppler and corresponding channel information / coefficients) of all channel paths (paths 1 to 3).

[0147] Option 2: Measuring / reporting a truncated Doppler spectrum reports measurements of a subset of the measured / detected channel paths. That is, N may be smaller than the number M of measured / detected channel paths. In the example of Figure 9B, the sensing receiver detects paths 1 through 3 in the Doppler spectrum, does not select / report known path 2 (scattered waves from a known background), and selects / reports measurements (Doppler and corresponding channel information / coefficients) for paths 1 and 3.

[0148] <<<<<Option 3>>>> The Doppler map measurement / reporting reports measurements corresponding to multiple Dopplers. The multiple Dopplers may be quantized Dopplers (quantized Dopplers) or all quantized Dopplers. That is, N may be the number of quantized Dopplers. The multiple quantized Dopplers may have either absolute Doppler granularity or sampling frequency granularity (quantization interval). In the example of FIG. 9C , the sensing receiver obtains the Doppler spectrum by mapping / converting to a Doppler domain represented by quantized Dopplers (index / base) with a defined / set quantization / sampling interval. In this example, the sensing receiver considers one or more quantized Dopplers as one or more channel paths (paths 1 to 5) within the Doppler spectrum and reports measurements (Dopplers and corresponding channel information / coefficients) of all quantized Dopplers (all channel paths).

[0149] <<<Other Parameters Related to the Doppler Spectrum>>> Other / additional parameters related to the Doppler spectrum may be reported. The reported parameters may include at least one of the following options:

[0150] <<<<<Option 1>>>> Along with the measurements for each channel path, the Doppler spread is reported.

[0151] <<<<<Option 2>>>> The number K of additional Doppler / spectrum measurements around each channel path may be configured / reported. K may be ≥ 0. If K is not configured / reported, a default value of 0 may be used for K.

[0152] If K=0, no additional measurements of the Doppler spectrum are reported for each channel path. In the example of Figure 10A, N=3, K=0, and three channel paths are detected. In this example, the sensing receiver reports measurements (Doppler and corresponding channel information / coefficients) for the three channel paths.

[0153] If K≧1 is set / reported, no additional measurements of the Doppler spectrum are reported for each channel path. K additional measurements around each channel path are reported. The additional measurements may be at least one of Doppler and its corresponding (complex) coefficient / power / amplitude / phase / RSRP / RSRQ / RSSI / angle. In the example of FIG. 10B, N=3, K=1, and three channel paths are detected. In this example, the sensing receiver reports measurements (Doppler and its corresponding channel information / coefficient) for the three channel paths, as well as measurements (Doppler and its corresponding channel information / coefficient) for one path (Doppler) around each channel path.

[0154] In option 2, if N channel paths are reported, then (K+1)*N Doppler information is reported.

[0155] <<<<<Option 3>>>> N measurements, which are greater than the number of channel paths, are reported. Whether each measurement belongs to one channel path does not have to be reported. In the example of Figure 10C, N=6, and three channel paths are detected. In this example, the sensing receiver reports measurements (Doppler and corresponding channel information / coefficients) for six paths (Doppler) surrounding (and including) the three channel paths.

[0156] <<Reporting Granularity>> At least one of several granularities below may be used for reporting.

[0157] Frequency Domain Granularity: Power Doppler profiles (or Doppler maps) at the wideband (WB) / subband (SB) / resource block (RB) / subcarrier level may be reported. For example, power Doppler profiles at the wideband level (per wideband or for one wideband) may be reported for sensing.

[0158] <<<Time Domain Granularity>>> Frame / subframe / multislot / time burst / symbol level power Doppler profiles (or Doppler maps) may be reported. For example, subframe level (per subframe or for one subframe) power Doppler profiles may be reported for sensing.

[0159] Spatial Domain Granularity Panel / antenna port / antenna element level power Doppler profiles (or Doppler maps) may be reported, e.g., panel level (per panel or for a single panel) power Doppler profiles may be reported for sensing.

[0160] <<Measurement Settings>> At least one of a principle / algorithm (for measuring / determining channel paths) and associated parameters may be configured. For example, a threshold-based algorithm and thresholds for measuring / determining channel paths may be configured. A CFAR-based algorithm and associated parameters may be configured. For example, the parameter may be a window size for calculating dynamic thresholds. A threshold- and gap-based algorithm and its thresholds and its gaps may be configured.

[0161] <<<<Measurement Setup Variations>>>> The principles / algorithms may be determined based on the implementation in the sensing receiver (BS or UE).

[0162] Reporting Settings The reporting of measurements may be configured, which may be based on at least one of several features:

[0163] Number of Additional Measurements A number K of additional Doppler / spectral measurements may be configured.

[0164] <<<Channel Information Feedback Type>>> A channel information feedback type and associated parameters may be set. The channel information feedback type may be a channel coefficient (complex value), amplitude, power, phase, RSRP, RSRQ, or RSSI. The associated parameters may be parameters related to a quantization method of the channel information. The quantization method may be scalar quantization or vector quantization.

[0165] <<<<Format>>> Reporting of the absolute value of each channel path, or a combination of the absolute value of the anchor path and a relative value (difference value) of each channel path with respect to the anchor path may be configured. For example, reporting of the absolute value of each channel path, or a combination of the absolute value of the anchor path and a relative value (difference value) of each channel path with respect to the anchor path may be configured for at least one measurement value of Doppler, channel information, and angle.

[0166] <<<Granularity / Resolution>>> At least one of absolute granularity / resolution and relative granularity / resolution may be set as the granularity / resolution of reporting. The relative granularity / resolution may be at least one of a sampling frequency and an FFT size for sensing.

[0167] <<<Number N of Channel Paths / Sampling Points>>> The number N of channel paths / sampling points may be set.

[0168] <<Variations>> The granularity of the sensing report may be set based on at least one of UE capability and BS capability. To obtain the expected granularity in frequency / time / space domains, certain pre-processing may be performed before reporting. For example, the pre-processing may be SVD / PCA / LDA / ICA.

[0169] The above definitions may be defined for each arbitrary sensing mode.

[0170] According to this embodiment, the sensing receiver can suitably measure / report the Doppler domain response for sensing (eg, measurements based on a power Doppler profile or a Doppler spectrum or a Doppler map).

[0171] <Embodiment D1> <<Micro-Doppler Sensing Measurement>> Doppler effect: When a target moves with a constant velocity, the carrier frequency of the received signal based on reflection / scattering at the target will shift.

[0172] Micro-Doppler effect: If a target or any structure related to the target has mechanical vibration or rotation in addition to its volume translation, it can cause frequency modulation in the received signal and generate sidebands related to the Doppler frequency shift of the target. The Doppler frequency shift caused by vibration or rotation is a time-varying frequency function, imparting a periodic time-varying modulation to the carrier frequency.

[0173] For example, in some use cases such as gesture recognition and respiration monitoring, micro-Doppler may be used to obtain sensing results, such as gesture recognition and respiration rate (number of breaths per unit time) using the measured micro-Doppler pattern.

[0174] For sensing, at least one of micro-Doppler and its variants may be measured and reported. According to this embodiment, the sensing receiver can appropriately measure / report information regarding time changes / time fluctuations of the Doppler frequency based on the motion of the target.

[0175] Micro-Doppler Measurement / Reporting Definitions: For multiple sensing modes, a micro-Doppler (frequency) reporting type (measurement type) may be defined. The micro-Doppler reporting type may be based on at least one of several options:

[0176] <<<Option 1>>> The sensing receiver measures / reports a time-varying Doppler spectrum. The time-varying Doppler spectrum may be the change of the Doppler spectrum in the time domain (multiple time indexes) or may be a two-dimensional spectrum. The sensing transmitter / BS / SMF / LMF / SF may analyze micro-Doppler based on the reported time-varying Doppler spectrum.

[0177] The quantization and reporting method may be based on at least one of several options 1-x below.

[0178] <<<<<Option 1-1>>>> The time-varying Doppler spectrum for only the micro-Doppler (time-varying part) is reported.

[0179] In a time-varying Doppler spectrum, a time-invariant portion, e.g., Doppler information, may not be reported. The Doppler information may be, for example, a time average of the Doppler frequency within a certain period of time or a Doppler spread within a certain period of time. If Doppler information is required, a Doppler spectrum according to embodiment B3 may be configured / measured / reported.

[0180] <<<<Option 1-2>>>> The full time-varying Doppler spectrum for both the time-varying and time-invariant parts is reported. The time-varying part may be, for example, micro-Doppler. The time-invariant part may be, for example, Doppler information.

[0181] In option 1-2, reporting of independent Doppler (or variants thereof, eg, Doppler spectrum) may not be required.

[0182] <<<<<Related Parameters and Quantization Methods>>>> In either Option 1-1 or Option 1-2, related parameters and quantization methods for the time-varying Doppler spectrum may be defined.

[0183] ◆ Parameter Definition Parameters for the time range [T1, T2] of the time-varying Doppler spectrum may be defined. T1 may be the start time. T2 may be the end time. The parameters may be based on at least one of the following characteristics:

[0184] --◆Format The format of the time range may be based on at least one of the following options: --◆Option 1: T1 and T2 are set / reported directly. --◆Option 2: T1 and Td are set / reported. Td may be a duration (length of time). T2 may be calculated by T1 + Td.

[0185] -◆Quantization Method The quantization method of the time range may be based on at least one of the following options: -◆Option 1: T1 and T2 (or Td) are quantized by the duration of one OFDM symbol or slot or subframe. For example, Td=10 may indicate 10 slots. -◆Option 2: T1 and T2 (or Td) are quantized by the absolute duration T defined in NR (positioning). c *2 m It is quantized by T c is the time unit 1 / (Δf max ・N f ) may be Δf max =480・10 3 Hz, N f = 4096. m may be an integer. For example, Td = 10 is 10*T c *2 m may also indicate

[0186] -◆Variation The default value of T1 may be 0. If only one value is set / reported, that value may be recognized as T2.

[0187] Parameter Definition The granularity / resolution (sampling time interval) T3 of the time-varying Doppler spectrum may be defined. The parameter may be based on at least one of several options:

[0188] -◆Option 1 T3 is expressed in units of the duration of one OFDM symbol or slot or subframe. For example, T3=1 may indicate one OFDM symbol.

[0189] -◆Option 2 T3 is the absolute duration T defined in NR (positioning) c *2 m For example, T3=10 is quantized by 10*T c *2 m may also indicate

[0190] -◆Variation The default value of the unit of T3 may be the same as the quantization method for T1 / T2 / Td for the time range. For example, if time range option 1 and slot level are used, T1=0, T2=10 and T3=1 may be set for measurement and the time-varying Doppler spectrum may be measured in [0,1,2,...,10] slots.

[0191] Doppler spectrum at each time index The parameters and setting method defined for the Doppler spectrum in embodiment B3 may be used to set / report the Doppler spectrum at each time index. For example, the Doppler spectrum at slots [0, 1, 2, ..., 10] may be set / reported based on embodiment B3.

[0192] ◆ Parameter Indication / Setting / Determination At least one parameter of the time range [T1, T2] and granularity / resolution T3 of the time-varying Doppler spectrum may be indicated / set from the BS / SMF / LMF / SF / sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver, or may be determined by the sensing receiver and reported from the sensing receiver to the BS / SMF / LMF / SF / sensing transmitter. The parameter may be reported together with the sensing result or separately from the sensing result. The sensing result may be, for example, the Doppler spectrum at each time index.

[0193] <<<Option 2>>> The sensing receiver measures / reports the micro-Doppler pattern.

[0194] The sensing receiver may analyze a micro-Doppler pattern based on the sensing result and report the micro-Doppler pattern instead of directly reporting the time-varying Doppler spectrum. For common understanding between the sender and receiver of the report, some micro-Doppler patterns may be defined in the specification or may be instructed / set to the sensing receiver from the BS / SMF / LMF / SF / sensing transmitter based on patterns learned / trained by the BS.

[0195] The sensing receiver may select a micro-Doppler pattern from a plurality of micro-Doppler patterns (patterns) that corresponds to a time-varying Doppler spectrum and report the micro-Doppler pattern.

[0196] The micro-Doppler pattern may be based on at least one of several characteristics:

[0197] Micro-Doppler / time-varying Doppler spectrum shapes / functions / waveforms / patterns: A set of typical micro-Doppler shapes may be defined for multiple motions of a target. The multiple motions may include at least one of hand gestures, motion types, and breathing. The micro-Doppler shape may be a periodic function as shown in the example of FIG. 11A, a pulse-like function as shown in the example of FIG. 11B, a step-like function as shown in the example of FIG. 11C, an addition of these functions, or a combination of these shapes. A combination of multiple shapes may be represented by multiple independent shapes as shown in the example of FIG. 12. One shape may correspond to one target (motion) or one part (motion) of one target.

[0198] Micro-Doppler frequency: If the micro-Doppler has a specific frequency, the specific frequency may be quantized and reported for some use cases, which may include at least one of respiration rate sensing and pedestrian detection.

[0199] ◆Other parameters related to micro-Doppler may be used for analyzing the sensing results.

[0200] ◆ The quantization methods and reporting formats may differ for multiple parameters for the micro-Doppler pattern.

[0201] Using multiple predefined candidate micro-Doppler patterns, a micro-Doppler pattern and associated settings may be configured for one measurement / report. For example, a micro-Doppler frequency may be configured as a reporting type for sensing. A granularity / resolution of the micro-Doppler frequency for reporting may also be configured.

[0202] For the micro-Doppler reporting type, at least one of the micro-Doppler measurement / reporting method (option 1 or option 2) and the quantization method may be configured.

[0203] Micro-Doppler Measurement Resource Configuration Micro-Doppler may be obtained from the time-varying Doppler spectrum. Measurements may be taken over multiple symbols / slots / subframes to obtain long-term characteristics.

[0204] The time resource configuration for the micro-Doppler measurements may be based on at least one of several options:

[0205] <<<Option 1>>> A time resource configuration is one measurement configuration for micro-Doppler measurements that includes multiple symbols / slots / subframes.

[0206] <<<Option 2>>> The time resource configuration is multiple measurement configurations for Doppler measurements. Each measurement configuration may include multiple symbols / slots / subframes.

[0207] The time resource for each measurement setting in Option 2 is less than that in Option 1.

[0208] To allow for analysis of micro-Doppler across multiple measurements, some restrictions on the multiple settings may be considered, for example, the beam may be the same for multiple settings, and the sensing mode and reporting method may be the same.

[0209] <<<<Variations>>> The time resource for the measurement may relate to a time range [T1, T2].

[0210] The settings regarding frequency resources and measurement parameters may be similar to those for Doppler measurements or other sensing measurements.

[0211] <Embodiment D2> If the sensing receiver has the capability / ability to process the estimated measurements / CSI / time-varying Doppler spectrum into target-related parameters (parameters relevant to the sensing use case) based on the sensing service (sensing use case), the sensing receiver may estimate / determine / process the target-related parameters based on the measurements and report the target-related parameters directly. This embodiment requires high computational power in the sensing receiver, but can reduce reporting overhead.

[0212] <<Definition of Target-Related Parameters>> Several sensing services may be defined below, and target-related parameters for the sensing services may be defined.

[0213] Detection and Tracking Target-related parameters for this sensing service may include at least one of the following: presence or absence of a target; the number of detected targets; the position / velocity of the detected targets; the trajectory of the detected targets; and the shape / type of the detected targets.

[0214] For example, for people counting (use case), the number of people detected within a set / defined area may be reported.

[0215] <<<Environmental Monitoring>>> The target related parameters for this sensing service may include at least one of the presence or absence of flooding (or target RSRP / radar cross-section (RCS) for flood detection) and weather type (e.g., presence or absence of rain, air humidity, and / or RSRP for weather type recognition).

[0216] <<<Respiration Monitoring>>> Target-related parameters for this sensing service may include respiration rate.

[0217] <<<<Activity Monitoring>>> The target-related parameters for this sensing service may include activity-related parameters. Several sensing services below may be defined as activity monitoring, and target-related parameters for the sensing service may be defined. ◆ Fall detection: The target-related parameters for this sensing service may include at least one of the fall detection result (e.g., whether or not a fall occurred), the target location (e.g., the detected faller), and the respiration rate ◆ Sports monitoring: The target-related parameters for this sensing service may include at least one of the detected sport type and the running / jumping speed ◆ Other activity monitoring: The target-related parameters for this sensing service may include other activity-related sensing results

[0218] Gesture / Motion Recognition Target-related parameters for this sensing service may include the type of gesture / motion.

[0219] For one sensing service, one or more target-related parameters may be configured / reported.

[0220] The sensing transmitter may assume (based on notification / reporting of capability information from the sensing receiver) that the sensing receiver has the capability to process the sensing results.

[0221] Definition of Target-Related Parameters and Reporting Target-related parameters and reporting may be based on at least one of several options:

[0222] <<<<Option 1>>> A set of target-related parameters is defined for each sensing service (sensing use case). When a sensing service is configured / instructed and the target-related parameters to be reported are configured, the corresponding set of target-related parameters (full set or a subset) may be reported.

[0223] For example, if respiratory monitoring is specified as the sensing service and target-related parameters are set as the report type, the respiratory rate is reported.

[0224] Whether the full set of target-related parameters or a subset of target-related parameters is reported may be set / instructed by the sensing transmitter / SMF / LMF / SF / BS or determined / reported by the sensing receiver.

[0225] Option 1 allows for simplified configuration.

[0226] <<<Option 2>>> One complete set of target-related parameters for all sensing services is defined. If target-related parameters are set as the report type, specific reporting parameters may also be set.

[0227] For example, for all sensing services, one complete set of target-related parameters (including at least one of the number of detected targets, position / velocity of detected targets, trajectory of detected targets, presence or absence of flooding, weather type, breathing rate, activity type, gesture type, and motion type) may be defined, and {number of detected targets, position / velocity of detected targets} may be set for reporting.

[0228] According to option 2, the sensing service can be transparent to the BS / UE (does not need to be aware).

[0229] <<<Option 3>>> One or more target-related parameters are explicitly set as the reporting type of sensing.

[0230] For example, respiration rate may be set as the reporting type of sensing, and possible granularity and value ranges for the respiration rate may be defined in the specifications or may be set directly.

[0231] <Supplementary Information> The sensing receiver may receive a sensing signal, calculate the time variation of the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal (micro-Doppler / time-varying Doppler spectrum), and transmit a report (for example, a CSI report) based on the calculation.

[0232] <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information to the UE [from a Network (NW) (e.g., a Base Station (BS))] (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0233] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0234] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0235] In addition, notification of any information to the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently (triggered by an instruction from the UE or the gNB), or aperiodically (triggered by an instruction from the UE or the gNB).

[0236] In the above embodiment, the UE may receive information from the NW as at least one of the following QCL rules: QCL type A. QCL type B. QCL type C. QCL type D.

[0237] In the above-described embodiment, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following several RSs: SSB; CSI-RS with / without repetition; TRS; DMRS of PDCCH / PDSCH.

[0238] In the above-described embodiment, the information from the NW may be set / indicated by the following methods: Common to multiple UEs or UE-specific; Cell-specific or common to multiple cells; Per UE / per CC / per BWP / per band / per cell / per cell group (CG).

[0239] <<Notification of Information from UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE [to the NW] (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0240] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0241] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0242] In addition, notification of any information from the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by an instruction from the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by an instruction from the UE or gNB).

[0243] <<Application of Each Embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met: - a higher layer parameter indicating the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is set; - the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on related higher layer parameters; - the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is specified / activated / triggered by a MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; - a specific UE capability / specific BS capability indicating (or related to) the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is reported or supported; - the application of the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0244] The specific UE capability may indicate at least one of the following: - Supporting the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information. - Capability for measuring / reporting CSI for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on CSI measurements. - Capability for measuring / reporting CIR for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on CIR measurements. - Capability for measuring / reporting Doppler spectrum for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on Doppler spectrum measurements. - Capability for measuring / reporting at least one of a time-varying Doppler spectrum and a micro-Doppler pattern and parameters associated therewith for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on measurements of at least one of a time-varying Doppler spectrum and a micro-Doppler pattern and parameters associated therewith for sensing. - Capability for measuring / reporting target-related parameters for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on measurements of target-related parameters. - Capability for one or more sensing use cases / sensing services. - Capabilities for target detection and tracking; - Capabilities for intruder detection; - Capabilities for environmental monitoring; - Capabilities for health monitoring (e.g., breathing monitoring, fall detection); - Capabilities for activity monitoring / gesture recognition; - Capabilities for environmental reconstruction; - Capabilities for imaging.

[0245] The specific BS capabilities may indicate at least one of the following: - Supporting the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information. - Capability for measuring / reporting CSI for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on CSI measurements. - Capability for measuring / reporting CIR for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on CIR measurements. - Capability for measuring / reporting Doppler spectrum for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on Doppler spectrum measurements. - Capability for measuring / reporting at least one of a time-varying Doppler spectrum and a micro-Doppler pattern and parameters associated therewith for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on measurements of at least one of a time-varying Doppler spectrum and a micro-Doppler pattern and parameters associated therewith for sensing. - Capability for measuring / reporting target-related parameters for sensing. - Capability for calculating sensing results based on measurements of target-related parameters. - Capability for one or more sensing use cases / sensing services. - Capability for detecting and tracking targets. - Capabilities related to intruder detection. - Capabilities related to environmental monitoring. - Capabilities related to health monitoring (e.g., respiratory monitoring, fall detection). - Capabilities related to activity monitoring / gesture recognition. - Capabilities related to environmental reconstruction. - Capabilities related to imaging.

[0246] Regarding the above UE capabilities / BS capabilities, "capability regarding...", "supporting...", and "whether to support..." may be read interchangeably.

[0247] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0248] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0249] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0250] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes regarding embodiment D1 / embodiment D2 of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives a sensing signal; and a control unit that calculates a time change in the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal and controls transmission of a report of the calculation result. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the calculation selects a pattern corresponding to the time change from a plurality of patterns. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the report includes a parameter related to the motion of a target, and the calculation determines the parameter based on the time change. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any of Supplements 1 to 3, wherein the report includes a parameter related to a use case, and the calculation determines the parameter based on the time change.

[0251] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0252] 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0253] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0254] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0255] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0256] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as the base station 10.

[0257] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize multi-input multi-output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a supercell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, subcells). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell with a quasi-static / dynamically variable physical range. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0258] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0259] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0260] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0261] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0262] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0263] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0264] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0265] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0266] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0267] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0268] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0269] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0270] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0271] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0272] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0273] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0274] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0275] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0276] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0277] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0278] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0279] 14 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0280] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0281] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0282] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0283] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0284] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0285] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0286] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0287] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0288] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0289] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0290] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0291] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

[0292] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0293] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0294] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0295] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0296] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level functions of the physical layer (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement the functions of the PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer.

[0297] In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include a single device that realizes all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each realize some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be interchangeably read as RU / DU / CU.

[0298] The transceiver 120 may receive a sensing signal. The controller 110 may calculate a time change in the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal and control the transmission of a report of the calculation result.

[0299] The transceiver 120 may transmit a sensing signal, and the controller 110 may control reception of a report of a result of calculation of a time change in the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal.

[0300] (User Terminal) Fig. 15 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0301] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0302] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0303] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0304] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0305] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0306] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0307] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0308] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0309] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0310] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0311] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0312] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0313] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0314] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0315] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0316] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0317] Note that the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0318] The transceiver 220 may receive a sensing signal. The controller 210 may calculate a time change in the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal and control the transmission of a report of the calculation result.

[0319] The calculation may select a pattern corresponding to the time change from a plurality of patterns.

[0320] The report may include a parameter related to the motion of the target, and the calculation may determine the parameter based on the time variation.

[0321] The report may include parameters associated with a use case, and the calculation may determine the parameters based on the time variations.

[0322] The transceiver 120 may transmit a sensing signal, and the controller 210 may control reception of a report of the calculation result of the time change of the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal.

[0323] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0324] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0325] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0326] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0327] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0328] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0329] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0330] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0331] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0332] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0333] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0334] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0335] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0336] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0337] In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be realized by the above-mentioned functional block / hardware configuration.

[0338] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0339] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0340] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0341] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0342] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0343] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0344] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0345] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0346] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0347] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0348] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0349] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0350] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0351] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0352] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0353] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0354] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0355] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0356] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0357] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0358] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0359] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0360] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0361] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0362] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0363] With respect to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in the present disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE / base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station / UE) of information indicating / specifying (or relating to) the value of the any information.

[0364] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0365] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0366] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0367] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0368] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0369] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0370] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0371] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0372] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0373] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0374] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0375] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0376] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0377] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0378] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0379] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0380] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0381] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0382] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0383] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0384] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0385] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0386] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0387] 17 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0388] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0389] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0390] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0391] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0392] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0393] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0394] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0395] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0396] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0397] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0398] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0399] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0400] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0401] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0402] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0403] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0404] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0405] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0406] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0407] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0408] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0409] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0410] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ..." or "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ..." or "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0411] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0412] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0413] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0414] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0415] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0416] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0417] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0418] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0419] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0420] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0421] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A terminal having a receiving unit that receives a sensing signal, and a control unit that calculates the time change in Doppler frequency of the sensing signal and controls the transmission of a report of the results of the calculation.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the calculation selects a pattern corresponding to the time change from a plurality of patterns.

3. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the report includes a parameter related to the motion of the target, and the calculation determines the parameter based on the time variation.

4. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the report includes parameters associated with a use case, and the calculation determines the parameters based on the time variation.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the steps of: receiving a sensing signal; calculating a time variation of the Doppler frequency of the sensing signal; and controlling the transmission of a report of the result of the calculation.

6. A base station having: a receiving unit that receives a sensing signal; and a control unit that calculates the time change in Doppler frequency of the sensing signal and controls the transmission of a report of the result of the calculation.

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