A secondary battery and its manufacturing method thereof
The secondary battery with a negative electrode current collector having a higher nucleation overpotential coating layer addresses non-uniform lithium deposition and SEI instability, enhancing cycle life and safety by promoting uniform lithium growth and reducing side reactions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/108892
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Anode-free lithium metal batteries face challenges such as low Coulombic efficiency, poor lithium stripping and plating efficiency, dendrite formation, and unstable Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) leading to safety risks and reduced cycle life due to non-uniform lithium deposition and side reactions.
A secondary battery design with a negative electrode current collector featuring a substrate and a coating layer where the nucleation overpotential of alkali metal on the coating layer is higher than on the substrate, promoting uniform alkali metal deposition, suppressing dendrite formation, and reducing side reactions by acting as a 'blanket' for alkali metal ions.
The design enhances battery cycle life by ensuring uniform alkali metal deposition, minimizing dendrite formation, and reducing unnecessary active ion consumption, thereby improving overall battery performance.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024108892_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A SECONDARY BATTERY AND ITS MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOFTechnical Field
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of secondary batteries, in particular, to a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, and its manufacturing method.Background Art
[0002] Secondary batteries, for example, anode-free alkali metal batteries, in particular, anode-free lithium metal batteries, hold great promise as next-generation energy storage systems, thanks to their enhanced energy density, improved safety, and extended calendar life.
[0003] Nanda and their team discussed the potential of anode-free lithium metal batteries in achieving high energy densities, which is critical for advanced energy storage systems. Anode-free lithium metal batteries eliminate the need for a conventional graphite electrode or excess lithium metal anode, instead pairing a fully lithiated cathode with a bare current collector, for example, copper metal. This configuration promises significantly higher energy densities compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. One major advantage of anode-free lithium metal batteries is their potential to reach energy densities beyond 500 Wh / kg, which is a significant improvement over other lithium-ion technologies. This is achieved by eliminating the excess lithium and utilizing a minimalistic cell design, which maximizes the amount of active material that can participate in electrochemical reactions.
[0004] Nanda and their team further discussed that, these batteries face several challenges, primarily related to low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and poor lithium stripping and plating efficiency. Issues such as dendrite formation and electrolyte decomposition contribute to these inefficiencies.
[0005] Nanda and their team reviewed various strategies that have been explored to overcome these obstacles, including electrolyte modification and current collector modification.
[0006] Nanda and their team pointed out that further development, including optimization of the anode-side current collector, is needed to ensure commercial deployment (Nanda, S., et. al., Anode-Free Full Cells: A Pathway to High-Energy Density Lithium-Metal Batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11, 2000804) .
[0007] Huang and their team reviewed difficulties and challenges faced by anode-free lithium metal batteries, including key reasons for capacity degradation, which include high reduction of lithium metal, infinite volume change, and nonuniform flux of lithium ions.
[0008] Huang and their team further reviewed strategies for enhanced cycle performance in recent years, including solid electrolyte design, modification of an interface, and manipulation of a current collector.
[0009] Huang and their team pointed out that the strategies to improve interfacial stability are currently limited; a more reliable and robust interface is desired (Huang, W.Z., et. al., Anode-Free Solid-State Lithium Batteries: A Review. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12, 2201044) .
[0010] The structure and stability of an interface between a solid-state electrolytes and a negative electrode current collector have a significant impact on the efficiency of alkali metal deposition and stripping, e.g., lithium metal deposition and stripping. Anode-free lithium metal batteries are constrained by growth of dendritic lithium on the anode side and side reactions with the electrolyte, which hinder their commercialization. Dendrite growth, as a fundamental issue in metal deposition, leads to an internal short circuit in the battery, posing serious safety risks. Additionally, during the lithium deposition and stripping process, unstable SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) repeatedly ruptures and rebuilds, exposing fresh lithium, continuously triggering side reactions with the electrolyte, consuming active ions and the electrolyte, and leading to restricted cycling.
[0011] Therefore, a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector that allows uniform deposition of the alkali metal, e.g., lithium, suppresses dendrite formation, reduces side reactions caused by SEI rupture, minimizes unnecessary consumption of active ions, and enhances battery cycle life is desired.Summary of the Invention
[0012] The present invention provides a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, a nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and a nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, and V1>V2.
[0013] Optionally, the substrate comprises a metallic material.
[0014] Optionally, the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material.
[0015] Optionally, the alkali metal comprises Li; further optionally, the alkali metal is Li.
[0016] Optionally, the alkali metal comprises Na; further optionally, the alkali metal is Na.
[0017] By growing the coating layer on the substrate of the negative electrode current collector according to the present invention, wherein the nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the coating layer of the negative electrode current collector is greater compared to that on the substrate, the alkali metal deposition between the coating layer and the substrate is induced. The coating layer acts like a "blanket" , allowing the alkali metal cations to permeate through the coating layer and the alkali metal to uniformly grow on the substrate. Meanwhile, the pressure exerted by the "blanket" promotes uniform alkali metal deposition, suppresses dendrite formation, reduces side reactions caused by SEI rupture, and minimizes unnecessary consumption of active ions. This contributes positively to the enhancement of battery cycle life.
[0018] In one aspect of the present invention, V1-V2 ≥ 5mV; optionally, V1-V2 ≥ 10mV; optionally, V1-V2 ≥ 20mV; optionally, 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; optionally, 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 70mV; optionally, 30mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 70mV; optionally, 30mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 60mV; optionally, 30mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 50mV; optionally, 40mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 50mV; further optionally, 8mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 63mV; further optionally, 17mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 63mV; further optionally, 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; further optionally, 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 56mV; further optionally, 24mV ≤V1-V2 ≤ 47mV; further optionally, 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; further optionally, 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 56mV; further optionally, 41mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 47mV.
[0019] When the difference between the nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the coating layer of the negative electrode current collector and on the substrate (V1-V2) is within the optional range above, the uniform alkali metal deposition is further promoted, dendrite formation is further suppressed, the side reactions caused by SEI rupture are further reduced, and the unnecessary consumption of active ions is further minimized, resulting in that the battery performances, including battery cycle life, are further improved.
[0020] In another aspect of the present invention, a thickness of the coating layer is greater than or equal to 10μm; optionally, greater than or equal to 15μm; further optionally, greater than or equal to 20μm; further optionally, greater than or equal to 30μm; even further optionally, greater than or equal to 40μm.
[0021] When the coating layer is too thin, the coating layer may have a stronger affinity for the alkali metal compared to the substrate, resulting that the alkali ions nucleate on the coating layer before passing through the coating layer to reach the substrate (see Figure 1 (a) and (b) ) . This affinity may diminish when the coating layer becomes thicker. The difference in nucleation overpotential between the coating layer and the substrate can then be utilized to induce the alkali metal cations to pass through the coating layer and deposit on the substrate (see Figure 1 (c) and (d) ) .
[0022] In another aspect of the present invention, the thickness of the coating layer is less than or equal to 110μm; optionally, less than or equal to 100μm; further optionally, less than or equal to 90μm; further optionally, less than or equal to 80μm; further optionally, less than or equal to 70μm; further optionally, less than or equal to 60μm; further optionally, less than or equal to 50μm; even further optionally, less than or equal to 40μm.
[0023] When the coating layer becomes too thick, its conductivity may decrease, causing significant hindrance to the passage of the alkali metal cations through the coating layer. As a result, the cycling performance may deteriorate instead of improving.
[0024] In another aspect of the present invention, the thickness of the coating layer is from 10μm to 110μm; optionally, from 10μm to 100μm; optionally, from 15μm to 80μm; optionally, from 20μm to 60μm; further optionally, from 30μm to 50μm; even further optionally, from 40μm to 60μm.
[0025] When the thickness of the coating layer is within the above optional range, the uniform alkali metal deposition is further promoted, dendrite formation is further suppressed, the side reactions caused by SEI rupture are further reduced, and the unnecessary consumption of active ions is further minimized, resulting in that the battery performances, including battery cycle life, are further improved.
[0026] In another aspect of the present invention, the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material, the non-metallic material comprises one or more of the following elements: carbon, phosphorus, and silicon; optionally, the non-metallic material comprises one or more of elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, elemental silicon or silicon carbide; optionally, the non-metallic material is elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, elemental silicon or silicon carbide.
[0027] In another aspect of the present invention, the substrate comprises a metallic material, the metallic material comprises one or more of the following metals: copper, nickel, iron, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, copper alloy, nickel alloy, iron alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy.
[0028] Optionally, the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal, nickel metal or iron metal.
[0029] Optionally, when the metallic material is copper metal, the substrate is one or more of copper foil, two-dimensional copper mesh, and three-dimensional copper scaffold; optionally, the three-dimensional copper scaffold comprises foam copper.
[0030] The selection range for the material for the substrate is broad, indicating high versatility of the present invention.
[0031] In another aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, the coating layer is located on one surface of the substrate, and the coating layer is closer than the substrate to the positive electrode. That is, the coating layer is closer than the substrate on which the coating layer is located to the positive electrode. In other words, the coating layer is located between the positive electrode and the substrate.
[0032] In another aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery comprises a separator, the coating layer is located on one surface of the substrate, and the coating layer is closer than the substrate to the separator. That is, the coating layer is closer than the substrate on which the coating layer is located to the separator. In other words, the coating layer is located between the separator and the substrate.
[0033] In another aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery is an anode-free lithium metal battery or an anode-free sodium metal battery.
[0034] In another aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, and the substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface, for example, in a thickness direction of the substrate; the first surface is closer than the second surface to the positive electrode; and the coating layer is located on the first surface.
[0035] In another aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery comprises a separator, and the substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface, for example, in a thickness direction of the substrate; the first surface is closer than the second surface to the separator; and the coating layer is located on the first surface.
[0036] The present invention provides a battery module comprising one or more of the secondary battery according to the present invention.
[0037] The present invention provides a battery pack comprising the battery module according to the present invention.
[0038] The present invention provides an electric apparatus comprising one or more of the secondary battery according to the present invention, the battery module according to the present invention, and the battery pack according to the present invention.
[0039] The present invention provides a negative electrode current collector for use in one or more of the secondary battery according to the present invention, the battery module according to the present invention, the battery pack according to the present invention, and the electric apparatus according to the present invention.
[0040] The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the secondary battery according to the present invention, comprising the following steps: (1) Pre-treating the substrate; (2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate.
[0041] The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a secondary battery, wherein the secondary battery comprises a negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, a nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, a nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, and V1>V2; the method comprising the following steps: (1) Pre-treating the substrate; (2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate.
[0042] In another aspect of the present invention, step (1) of the method comprises: wiping the at least one surface of the substrate with a solution; cleaning the substrate by ultrasonic treatment; and drying the substrate.
[0043] Optionally, the substrate is a copper foil.
[0044] Optionally, the substrate has 8μm in thickness.
[0045] Optionally, the solution used for the wiping the at least one surface of the substrate is an acetic acid solution.
[0046] Optionally, the ultrasonic treatment is carried out in ethanol and / or deionized water.
[0047] Optionally, the drying the substrate is carried out in a vacuum, for example, at 80℃.
[0048] In another aspect of the present invention, step (2) of the method comprises one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , and 3D printing.
[0049] Optionally, step (2) of the method comprises magnetron sputtering.
[0050] The property of nucleation overpotential for alkali metal is intrinsic to the element itself and may not be greatly influenced by morphology of the material of the coating layer. The selection range for the growing step (step (2) ) of the method of the present invention is broad, making the method applicable with low difficulty, indicating high versatility of the present invention.
[0051] In another aspect of the present invention, when the non-metallic material of the coating layer comprises carbon, the raw materials used in step (2) include one or more of graphite, porous carbon, graphene, and hard carbon.
[0052] Optionally, when the non-metallic material comprises phosphorus, the raw materials used in step (2) of the method include one or more of red phosphorus and black phosphorus.
[0053] Optionally, when the non-metallic material comprises silicon, the raw materials used in step (2) of the method include one or more of monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon.
[0054] All technical features and optional technical features of the present invention can be combined with one another to form an embodiment within the present invention, unless otherwise stated.
[0055] Brief Description of the Drawing
[0056] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the mechanism of the present disclosure.
[0057] List of reference numerals:
[0058] 1 -Substrate of the negative electrode current collector
[0059] 2 -Thin coating layer
[0060] 3 -Thick coating layer
[0061] 4 -Alkali metal, e.g., Li or Na
[0062] Detailed Disclosure and Embodiments
[0063] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise stated, the term “or” is inclusive. For example, phrase “A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B. ” More specifically, a condition “A or B” is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present) ; A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present) ; or both A and B are true (or present) .
[0064] In the present disclosure, the “secondary battery” is a term commonly used in the technical field of batteries. A secondary battery has the ability to undergo multiple charge and discharge cycles. The components of the secondary battery may include one or more of a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode or a cathode, an electrolyte and / or a separator, a negative electrode current collector, a binder, a housing, and additives.
[0065] In the present disclosure, the “anode-free lithium metal battery” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries. The components of the anode-free lithium metal battery may include a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode or a cathode, an electrolyte and / or a separator, and a negative electrode current collector. The anode-free lithium metal battery can be independently charged and discharged. In the anode-free lithium metal battery, an initial lithium anode may be formed during the first charge. More specifically, the lithium ions extracted from the lithiated cathode are reversibly plated on the negative electrode current collector as lithium metal, which means the pre-stored lithium in the anode to cathode capacity ratio (N / P) is exactly zero.
[0066] In the present disclosure, the “current collector” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries. A current collector is a component that serves as a conductive substrate to collect and transfer electrons from the active material to the external circuit during discharge, and vice versa during charging.
[0067] In the present disclosure, the negative electrode current collector may refer to a surface non-modified negative electrode current collector or a surface modified negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode current collector may have a shape of a foil, which is, for example, a thin sheet. The negative electrode current collector may have two opposite surfaces in its own thickness direction. For example, one or more of the surfaces of the negative electrode current collector may be modified, partially or fully, by, e.g., one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , 3D printing, etc. The negative electrode current collector may have one or more surfaces unmodified.
[0068] The negative electrode current collector may comprise a substrate and a coating layer. The substrate may have a shape of a foil, which is, for example, a thin sheet. The substrate may have two surfaces in its own thickness direction. The coating layer is, directly or indirectly, located, or coated, on at least one surface of the substrate. The coating layer may partially or fully cover the at least one surface of the substrate. For example, the coating layer may be applied to the substrate by e.g., one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , 3D printing, etc. The substrate may have one or more surfaces unmodified, i.e., without a coating layer located or coated on.
[0069] In the present disclosure, the “negative electrode current collector” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries. For example, in the context of an anode-free lithium metal battery, the negative electrode current collector, or an anode current collector, may comprise a conductive substrate for deposition of lithium. The negative electrode current collector collects the electrons generated during battery discharge and provides a pathway for these electrons to flow through the external circuit, generating electrical current.
[0070] In the present disclosure, the “metallic material" is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries and may refer to any material comprising one or more metal elements. For example, the metallic material may comprise one or more of the following metals: copper, nickel, iron, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, copper alloy, nickel alloy, iron alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy.
[0071] In the present disclosure, the “non-metallic material” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries to describe materials that do not exhibit the properties of metals. The non-metallic material may comprise one or more of the following elements: carbon, phosphorus, and silicon. For example, the non-metallic material may comprise one or more of elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, elemental silicon or silicon carbide.
[0072] In the present disclosure, the “nucleation overpotential” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries. For example, in the context of an anode-free lithium metal battery, the nucleation overpotential of Li on a negative electrode current collector, may refer to an additional energy required to initiate the deposition of lithium on the negative electrode current collector. The nucleation overpotential may be defined as the difference between the initial Li plating potential or the lowest potential and the subsequent Li stable deposition potential, for example, as observed in a discharge curve of a first cycle in a half-cell test.
[0073] An example of the half-cell test for obtaining the nucleation overpotential of Li on a negative electrode current collector, may be as follows:
[0074] Negative electrode current collector to be tested / Li half-cell performance test:
[0075] (1) Discharge testing is conducted using a button-type cell. The negative electrode current collector to be tested is used as a positive electrode of the cell, and a lithium foil is used as a negative electrode. 1M LiFSI dissolved in DME is used as an electrolyte, and a 12μm thick PE membrane is used as a separator;
[0076] (2) Discharge conditions: constant current discharge is carried out on the half-cell at room temperature (e.g. at 25℃) , with a current density of 1mA / cm2. Discharge continues until a short circuit signal appears, indicating a sudden drop in cell voltage to 0V;
[0077] (3) The time from the start of discharge to the occurrence of a short circuit is recorded;
[0078] (4) The difference between the lowest potential and the stable deposition potential (for example, when voltage platform occurs, the stable deposition potential maybe measured by calculating an average voltage of the platform) observed in a discharge curve is recorded as the nucleation overpotential.
[0079] In the present disclosure, the “thickness” of, for example, the coating layer, the substrate, or the negative electrode current collector, is measured by common methods used in the technical field of secondary batteries. For example, a cross-section SEM measurement may be used.
[0080] In the present disclosure, the “copper foil” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries and may refer to a thin sheet of copper metal. The “two-dimensional copper mesh” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries and may refer to a thin, planar structure made of copper with a mesh-like pattern. The “three-dimensional copper scaffold” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries and may refer to a structure composed of interconnected copper elements arranged in a three-dimensional lattice or network-like configuration. The “foam copper” is a term commonly used in the technical field of secondary batteries and may refer to a three-dimensional porous structure composed of copper.
[0081] All the embodiments and optional embodiments of the present invention can be combined with one another to form an embodiment within the present invention, unless otherwise stated.
[0082] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; and wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm.
[0083] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; and wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm.
[0084] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; and wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm.
[0085] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; and wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm.
[0086] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon.
[0087] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon.
[0088] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon.
[0089] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental silicon.
[0090] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental silicon.
[0091] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental silicon.
[0092] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental phosphorus.
[0093] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental phosphorus.
[0094] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; and wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental phosphorus.
[0095] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0096] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 56mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0097] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 56mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0098] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is nickel metal.
[0099] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is nickel metal.
[0100] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is nickel metal.
[0101] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is iron metal.
[0102] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is iron metal.
[0103] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 37mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is iron metal.
[0104] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0105] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 47mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0106] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 41mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 47mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 40μm to 60μm; wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0107] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector and a positive electrode, wherein the secondary battery is an anode-free lithium metal battery; wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer, the coating layer is located on one surface of the substrate, and the coating layer is closer than the substrate to the positive electrode; wherein the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus or elemental silicon; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal, nickel metal or iron metal.
[0108] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector and a positive electrode, wherein the secondary battery is an anode-free lithium metal battery; wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer, the coating layer is located on one surface of the substrate, and the coating layer is closer than the substrate to the positive electrode; wherein the substrate comprises a metallic material, and the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material; wherein the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 50mV, optionally 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 47mV; wherein the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm; wherein the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon; and wherein the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal.
[0109] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A method for manufacturing a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, the nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, and V1>V2; the method comprising preparing the negative electrode current collector, wherein the preparing the negative electrode current collector comprising the following steps: (1) Pre-treating the substrate; (2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate.
[0110] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A method for manufacturing a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, the nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, and V1>V2; the method comprising preparing the negative electrode current collector, wherein the preparing the negative electrode current collector comprising the following steps: (1) Pre-treating the substrate, comprising: wiping the at least one surface of the substrate with a solution; cleaning the substrate by ultrasonic treatment; and drying the substrate; (2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate, comprising one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , and 3D printing.
[0111] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A method for manufacturing a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, the nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, and V1>V2; wherein the alkali metal is Li, the non-metallic material of the coating layer is one or more of the following elements: carbon, phosphorus and silicon, the metallic material of the substrate is one or more of the following metals: copper, nickel and iron, the method comprising preparing the negative electrode current collector, wherein the preparing the negative electrode current collector comprising the following steps: (1) Pre-treating the substrate, comprising: wiping the at least one surface of the substrate with a solution; cleaning the substrate by ultrasonic treatment; and drying the substrate; (2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate, comprising one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , and 3D printing; and raw materials used in step (2) include one or more of graphite, porous carbon, graphene, and hard carbon; one or more of red phosphorus and black phosphorus; and / or one or more of monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon.
[0112] The present invention provides an embodiment as follows: A method for manufacturing a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, the nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, and V1>V2; wherein the alkali metal is Li, the non-metallic material of the coating layer is elemental carbon, the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal, the method comprising preparing the negative electrode current collector, wherein the preparing the negative electrode current collector comprising the following steps: (1) Pre-treating the substrate, comprising: wiping the at least one surface of the substrate with a solution; cleaning the substrate by ultrasonic treatment; and drying the substrate; (2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate, comprising one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , and 3D printing; and raw materials used in step (2) include one or more of graphite, porous carbon, graphene, and hard carbon.
[0113] All technical features and optional technical features of the present invention can be combined with one another to form an embodiment within the present invention, unless otherwise stated.Examples
[0114] Hereinafter, the technical solutions and technical advantages of the present invention will be described in detail by means of specific embodiments.
[0115] Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering:
[0116] (1) A double-sided glossy metal foil with a thickness of, e.g., 8μm, is purchased. After wiping a surface of the metal foil with a 1M acetic acid solution, the metal foil is cleaned with ethanol and deionized water by ultrasonic treatment, and dried in a vacuum at 80℃.
[0117] (2) The dried metal foil sample is cut into 4×4cm2 pieces and then placed on a sample stage of a working chamber of a magnetron sputtering instrument. Raw material for sputtering target is purchased. Instrument parameters include: vacuum pressure of 3.0Pa, current of 60mA, duration of a pre-determined amount of minutes. A thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil is adjusted by adjusting the magnetron sputtering duration.
[0118] (3) After completing the sputtering process, and passing air through the working chamber, the obtained sample is removed from the working chamber.
[0119] Alternative preparation of the negative electrode current collector including hydrothermal method:
[0120] (1) A 5mg / mL graphene oxide dispersion is purchased. 1.5g of ascorbic acid is added to 60mL of the graphene oxide dispersion, and is ultrasonicated for 15 minutes.
[0121] (2) A double-sided metal foil is purchased, cut into 4cm×6cm pieces, folded and inserted into a 100mL high-pressure reaction vessel. The obtained solution from step (1) is poured into the reaction vessel. Reaction is carried out at 180℃ for pre-determined amount of hours, for example 12 hours, to obtain the negative electrode current collector. A thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil is adjusted by adjusting the reaction duration.
[0122] Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test:
[0123] (1) Discharge testing is conducted using a button-type cell. The metal foil or the metal foil with the coating layer is used as a positive electrode of the cell, and a lithium foil is used as a negative electrode. 1M LiFSI dissolved in DME is used as an electrolyte, and a 12μm thick PE membrane is used as a separator;
[0124] (2) Discharge conditions: constant current discharge is carried out on the half-cell at room temperature (e.g. at 25℃) , with a current density of 1mA / cm2. Discharge continues until a short circuit signal appears, indicating a sudden drop in cell voltage to 0V;
[0125] (3) The time from the start of discharge to the occurrence of a short circuit is recorded as short circuit time;
[0126] (4) The difference between the lowest potential and the stable deposition potential observed in a discharge curve is recorded as the nucleation overpotential.
[0127] LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test:
[0128] (1) Cycle testing is conducted using button-type cells. A lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is used as a positive electrode of the cell, where the ratio of lithium iron phosphate: conductive carbon black: PVDF binder is 8: 1: 1. The metal foil or the metal foil with the coating layer is used. 1M LiFSI dissolved in DME is used as an electrolyte. A 12μm thick PE membrane is used as a separator.
[0129] (2) Charging conditions: Charging of the cell is carried out at room temperature (e.g. at 25℃) , using constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) mode. Charging begins in constant current mode with a fixed rate of 0.2C until the voltage reaches 3.65V. Then, it switches to constant voltage mode until the current reaches 0.05C to complete the charging process.
[0130] (3) Discharge conditions: Discharge is conducted in constant current mode at a discharge rate of 0.5C until reaching 2V, and then cycles for 200 cycles.
[0131] (4) The number of cycles at which the discharge capacity retention rate reaches 50% is recorded.
[0132] [Example 1]
[0133] In Example 1, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0134] The metal foil used in Example 1 is a copper foil.
[0135] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 1 is graphite.
[0136] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 1 is 40 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 1 is 100μm.
[0137] In Example 1, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0138] In Example 1, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 124mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 63mV.
[0139] In Example 1, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 122 hours.
[0140] In Example 1, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 45.
[0141] [Example 2]
[0142] In Example 2, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0143] The metal foil used in Example 2 is a copper foil.
[0144] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 2 is graphite.
[0145] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 2 is 32 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 2 is 80μm.
[0146] In Example 2, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0147] In Example 2, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 111mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 50mV.
[0148] In Example 2, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 145 hours.
[0149] In Example 2, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 60.
[0150] [Example 3]
[0151] In Example 3, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0152] The metal foil used in Example 3 is a copper foil.
[0153] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 3 is graphite.
[0154] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 3 is 24 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 3 is 60μm.
[0155] In Example 3, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0156] In Example 3, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 108mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 47mV.
[0157] In Example 3, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 234 hours.
[0158] In Example 3, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 118.
[0159] [Example 4]
[0160] In Example 4, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0161] The metal foil used in Example 4 is a copper foil.
[0162] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 4 is graphite.
[0163] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 4 is 16 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 4 is 40μm.
[0164] In Example 4, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0165] In Example 4, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 102mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 41mV.
[0166] In Example 4, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 286 hours.
[0167] In Example 4, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 145.
[0168] [Example 5]
[0169] In Example 5, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0170] The metal foil used in Example 5 is a copper foil.
[0171] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 5 is graphite.
[0172] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 5 is 8 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 5 is 20μm.
[0173] In Example 5, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0174] In Example 5, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 85mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 24mV.
[0175] In Example 5, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 196 hours.
[0176] In Example 5, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 102.
[0177] [Example 6]
[0178] In Example 6, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0179] The metal foil used in Example 6 is a copper foil.
[0180] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 6 is graphite.
[0181] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 6 is 6 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 6 is 15μm.
[0182] In Example 6, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0183] In Example 6, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 78mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 17mV.
[0184] In Example 6, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 156 hours.
[0185] In Example 6, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 64.
[0186] [Example 7]
[0187] In Example 7, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0188] The metal foil used in Example 7 is a copper foil.
[0189] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 7 is graphite.
[0190] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 7 is 4 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 7 is 10μm.
[0191] In Example 7, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0192] In Example 7, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 69mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 8mV.
[0193] In Example 7, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 154 hours.
[0194] In Example 7, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 65.
[0195] [Example 8]
[0196] In Example 8, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0197] The metal foil used in Example 8 is a copper foil.
[0198] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 8 is polycrystalline silicon.
[0199] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 8 is 20 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 8 is 40μm.
[0200] In Example 8, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental silicon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0201] In Example 8, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental silicon coating layer (V1) is 117mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 56mV.
[0202] In Example 8, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 201 hours.
[0203] In Example 8, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 88.
[0204] [Example 9]
[0205] In Example 9, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0206] The metal foil used in Example 9 is a copper foil.
[0207] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 9 is black phosphorus.
[0208] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 9 is 18 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 9 is 40μm.
[0209] In Example 9, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental phosphorus coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0210] In Example 9, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental phosphorus coating layer (V1) is 98mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil below. The difference (V1-V2) is 37mV.
[0211] In Example 9, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 212 hours.
[0212] In Example 9, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 92.
[0213] [Example 10]
[0214] In Example 10, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0215] The metal foil used in Example 10 is a nickel foil.
[0216] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 10 is graphite.
[0217] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 10 is 16 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 10 is 40μm.
[0218] In Example 10, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the nickel foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0219] In Example 10, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 102mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the nickel foil (V2) is 65mV. The difference (V1-V2) is 37mV.
[0220] In Example 10, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 283 hours.
[0221] In Example 10, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 142.
[0222] [Example 11]
[0223] In Example 11, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0224] The metal foil used in Example 11 is an iron foil.
[0225] The raw material used for sputtering target in Example 11 is graphite.
[0226] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Example 11 is 16 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Example 11 is 40μm.
[0227] In Example 11, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the iron foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0228] In Example 11, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 102mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the iron foil (V2) is 41mV. The difference (V1-V2) is 61mV.
[0229] In Example 11, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 273 hours.
[0230] In Example 11, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 134.
[0231] [Comparative Example 1]
[0232] In Comparative Example 1, metal foil obtained from step (1) of “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above is used, without further treatments of steps (2) and (3) of “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0233] The metal foil used in Comparative Example 1 is a copper foil.
[0234] In Comparative Example 1, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0235] In Comparative Example 1, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV.
[0236] In Comparative Example 1, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 159 hours.
[0237] In Comparative Example 1, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 66.
[0238] [Comparative Example 2]
[0239] In Comparative Example 2, a negative electrode current collector is prepared by “Preparation of the negative electrode current collector including magnetron sputtering” described above.
[0240] The metal foil used in Comparative Example 2 is a copper foil.
[0241] The raw material used for sputtering target in Comparative Example 2 is graphite.
[0242] The magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA in Comparative Example 2 is 2 minutes. The thickness of the coating layer on the metal foil in Comparative Example 2 is 5μm.
[0243] In Comparative Example 2, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) and the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) are obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above.
[0244] In Comparative Example 2, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is 44mV; while the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) is 61mV, which is the same as in Comparative Example 1 for copper foil above. The difference (V1-V2) is -17mV; that is, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer (V1) is smaller than the nucleation overpotential of Li on the copper foil (V2) .
[0245] In Comparative Example 2, the short circuit time is obtained by “Metal foil current collector / Li half-cell performance test” described above, which is 168 hours.
[0246] In Comparative Example 2, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell is obtained by “LFP / Metal foil current collector full cell performance test” described above, which is 75.
[0247] The parameters and testing results of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, including: the nucleation overpotential of Li on the substrate (V2) , the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer (V1) , the difference (V1-V2) , the metallic material of the substrate, the non-metallic material of the coating layer, the thickness of the coating layer, the magnetron sputtering duration at 60mA, the short circuit time, the number of cycles to maintain 50%capacity for full cell, are also displayed in Table 1.
[0248] Table 1
[0249] Data analysis:
[0250] In Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Example 1, the substrate comprises a metallic material, e.g., copper metal, nickel metal or iron metal. However, in Examples 1 to 11, the substrate is coated with a coating layer that comprises a non-metallic material, e.g., elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, or elemental silicon; while in Comparative Example 1, the substrate is not coated.
[0251] The experimental data shows that the nucleation overpotential of lithium (Li) is increased with the use of the coating layer (comparing V2 to V1) . After assembly into half-cells, the short circuit time is prolonged, and the number of cycles at which 50%of the full cell's capacity is maintained is increased. Due to the "blanket effect" of the coating layer, lithium deposition becomes more uniform, and secondary reactions causing SEI breakage are reduced, leading to decreased consumption of active ions and electrolyte, thereby extending the cycle life.
[0252] In Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Example 2, the substrate comprises a metallic material, e.g., copper metal, nickel metal or iron metal; and the substrate is coated with a coating layer that comprises a non-metallic material, e.g., elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, or elemental silicon. However, in Examples 1 to 11, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is greater compared to that on the substrate (V1-V2>0) ; while in Comparative Example 2, the nucleation overpotential of Li on the coating layer is smaller compared to that on the substrate (V1-V2<0) .
[0253] In Comparative Example 2, the thickness of the coating layer is too low, resulting in that the nucleation overpotential of Li on the elemental carbon coating layer is smaller compared to that on the copper foil. The coating layer exhibits a "lithiophilic" effect, where Li+ ions preferentially nucleate on the elemental carbon layer before passing through the coating layer to reach the anode current collector. In this case, the coating layer does not contribute to uniform lithium deposition or reduction of secondary reactions. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (a) and (b) .
[0254] As the thickness of the coating layer increases, the nucleation overpotential gradually increases, Li+ ions pass through the coating layer to deposit between the coating layer and the substrate. The "blanket effect" then comes into play, effectively enhancing the battery's cycling performance. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (c) and (d) .
[0255] Preferably, when 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV, as demonstrated in Examples 1 to 5 and 8 to 11, the battery’s cycling performance is effectively enhanced.
[0256] In Examples 1 and 2, the coating layer has a thickness of 100μm and 80μm, respectively. It is preferably that the coating layer is not too thick. As demonstrated in Examples 1 and 2, when the coating layer becomes too thick, its conductivity is less optional and may impede the passage of Li+ ions through the "thick blanket" , possibly resulting in a less optimal cycling performance.
[0257] As demonstrated in Examples 3 to 5 and 8-11, preferably, when 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤61mV, the battery's cycling performance is optimized.
[0258] As demonstrated in Examples 3 to 5 and 8-11, preferably, when the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm, the value of (V1-V2) is optimized, and thus the battery's cycling performance is optimized.
[0259] As demonstrated in Examples 3 to 5 and 8 and 9, preferably, when the metallic material is copper metal, and when the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm, and 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 56mV, the battery's cycling performance is optimized.
[0260] As demonstrated in Examples 3 to 5 and 10 and 11, preferably, when the non-metallic material is elemental carbon, and when the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm, and 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV, the battery's cycling performance is optimized.
[0261] As demonstrated in Examples 3 to 5, preferably, when the metallic material is copper metal and the non-metallic material is elemental carbon, and when the thickness of the coating layer is from 20μm to 60μm, and 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 47mV, the battery's cycling performance is optimized.
[0262] Other alkali metal, for example, sodium, has very similar electrochemical properties to lithium, and therefore the technical effects demonstrated above in the Examples also apply to other alkali metal, for example, sodium.
[0263] Other metallic material of the substrate, for example, one or more of the following metals: titanium, magnesium, aluminum, copper alloy, nickel alloy, iron alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy, has very similar electrochemical properties to copper metal, nickel metal or iron metal, and therefore the technical effects demonstrated above in the Examples also apply to other metallic material of the substrate of the present invention.
[0264] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are merely used for illustrating rather than limiting the scope of invention of the present application. It is apparent to the person skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made within the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims.
Claims
1.A secondary battery comprising a negative electrode current collector, whereinthe negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate,a nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, and a nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2,characterized in that V1>V2.2.The secondary battery according to claim 1, whereinthe substrate comprises a metallic material,the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material, and / orthe alkali metal is Li or Na.3.The secondary battery according to claim 1 or 2, whereinV1-V2 ≥ 20mV; optionally, 20mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 80mV; further optionally, 24mV ≤ V1-V2 ≤ 61mV.4.The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, whereina thickness of the coating layer is greater than or equal to 10μm; optionally, greater than or equal to 20μm; further optionally, greater than or equal to 30μm; even further optionally, greater than or equal to 40μm; and / orthe thickness of the coating layer is less than or equal to 100μm; optionally, less than or equal to 80μm; further optionally, less than or equal to 60μm; even further optionally, less than or equal to 40μm.5.The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 4, whereinthe thickness of the coating layer is from 10μm to 100μm; optionally, from 20μm to 60μm; further optionally, from 40μm to 60μm.6.The secondary battery according to any one of claims 2 to 5, whereinthe non-metallic material comprises one or more of the following elements: carbon, phosphorus, and silicon;optionally, the non-metallic material comprises one or more of elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, elemental silicon or silicon carbide;optionally, the non-metallic material is elemental carbon, elemental phosphorus, elemental silicon or silicon carbide.7.The secondary battery according to any one of claims 2 to 6, whereinthe metallic material of the substrate comprises one or more of the following metals: copper, nickel, iron, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, copper alloy, nickel alloy, iron alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy;optionally, the metallic material of the substrate is copper metal, nickel metal or iron metal;optionally, when the metallic material is copper metal, the substrate is one or more of copper foil, two-dimensional copper mesh, and three-dimensional copper scaffold; optionally, the three-dimensional copper scaffold comprises foam copper.8.A battery pack comprising a battery module, wherein the battery module comprises one or more of the secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7.9.An electric apparatus comprising one or more of the secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7, and the battery pack according to claim 8.10.A negative electrode current collector for use in one or more of the secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the battery pack according to claim 8, and the electric apparatus according to claim 9.11.A method for manufacturing the secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising preparing the negative electrode current collector, wherein the preparing the negative electrode current collector comprising the following steps:(1) Pre-treating the substrate;(2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate.12.A method for manufacturing a secondary battery, whereinthe secondary battery comprises a negative electrode current collector,the negative electrode current collector comprises a substrate and a coating layer located on at least one surface of the substrate, the substrate comprises a metallic material, the coating layer comprises a non-metallic material,a nucleation overpotential of an alkali metal on the coating layer is denoted as V1, a nucleation overpotential of the alkali metal on the substrate is denoted as V2, wherein V1>V2, and the alkali metal is Li or Na;the method comprises preparing the negative electrode current collector, wherein the preparing the negative electrode current collector comprising the following steps:(1) Pre-treating the substrate;(2) Growing the coating layer on the substrate.13.The method according to claim 11 or 12, whereinstep (1) comprises: wiping the at least one surface of the substrate with a solution; cleaning the substrate by ultrasonic treatment; and drying the substrate.14.The method according to any one of claims 11 to 13, whereinstep (2) comprises one or more of magnetron sputtering, ion beam sputtering, hydrothermal method, electrospinning, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) , and 3D printing.15.The method according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein one or more of the following is / are satisfied:(i) when the non-metallic material of the coating layer comprises carbon, raw materials used in step (2) include one or more of graphite, porous carbon, graphene, and hard carbon;(ii) when the non-metallic material of the coating layer comprises phosphorus, raw materials used in step (2) include one or more of red phosphorus and black phosphorus;(iii) when the non-metallic material of the coating layer comprises silicon, raw materials used in step (2) include one or more of monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Negative-electrode-free lithium metal battery, negative electrode current collector of negative electrode-free lithium metal battery and preparation method of negative electrode current collector
CN115275210A
Anode-free rechargeable lithium battery including transition metal dichalcogenide layer and method of manufacturing same
US20230022140A1