Marine biomineral clay and aloe vera for soil amendment and seed coating

Abstract

A soil fertilizer composition and method of production, the soil fertilizer composition comprising a mixture by weight of 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay and 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera, wherein the marine biomineral clay comprises illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz. The composition is typically disposed in a dry powder form suitable for soil application or reconstitution with water for spraying but may be in a solid or a pre-dissolved form for transportation, storage, or for ready application. The soil fertilizer composition may further comprise an organic substrate selected from the group of: peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof. The soil fertilizer composition may include dehydrated aloe vera is a 100x concentrate with aloin content less than 1.0 ppm. The marine biomineral clay of the soil fertilizer composition may contain lanthanides configured to act as cofactors for enzymes involved in nutrient cycling and plant metabolic processes.

Description

MARINE BIOMINERAL CLAY AND ALOE VERA FOR SOIL AMENDMENT AND SEED COATINGCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 676,574, filed on July 29, 2024, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to a composition comprising a clay and a biostimulant, which composition is arranged for increasing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), accelerating seed germination and growth thereafter, and generally for reducing enviromental stress, and more generally the composition is arranged to improve overall plant yield.BACKGROUND

[0003] Historically, people engaged in and dependent on agriculture have faced challenges. From the famine of Beminitiya Seya during the reign of the five Dravidians in the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 103 BC to 89 BC, to the Volcanic Winter of 536, and the famous Irish Famine of 1740, agriculture has had to adapt to the whims of natural cycles and events, some seasonal, some lasting many years. Famines are an extreme result of many potential agricultural problems.

[0004] Modern agriculture likewise faces challenges, some of which are caused by modem farming practices. Negatives include soil erosion, climate change, pollution, and unstable farming practices. These have placed stress on those in agriculture to feed a growing global population.

[0005] Modern agriculture relies on chemical fertilizers to obtain large crop yields. Dependence on such fertilizers has exacerbated issues such as groundwater nitrate pollution and soil nutrient imbalances. Notwithstanding these problems, there is an ever- increasing global demand for food. For example, Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used in modern agriculture and many non- agricultural settings due to their effectiveness inincreasing yields and controlling unwanted vegetation. However, their extensive use has led to the persistent presence of glyphosate and its main metabolite, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA), in soils and waterways. These residues can disrupt soil health, impair water quality, and raise concerns about toxic exposure through crops and drinking water. Existing remediation methods for glyphosate and AMPA are often costly and complex, limiting their practicality.

[0006] Today, there has been a paradigm shift in agricultural methods to avoid using chemicals without sacrificing food yields and soil rehabilitation.

[0007] Consequently, bio-fertilization, as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization, is gaining traction globally. Generally, bio-fertilization is a type of biofertilizer or a method including the same, which is the introduction of a substance containing living microorganisms that, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Bio-fertilization may also involve the application of substances or microorganisms to the soil to enhance fertility, improve soil texture, promote plant growth, increase nutrient utilization efficiency, improve tolerance to abiotic stress, and elevate crop quality and production. This innovative approach aims to transform sustainable farming by minimizing or eliminating the need for chemical fertilizers, paving the way for a more environmentally responsible future in agriculture.

[0008] Thus, there is a long-felt need, a market demand, and a global desire for an alternative to chemical fertilization that can increase agricultural yields without introducing chemicals into the biosphere, food supply, etc., all while further avoiding the aforementioned problems modem agriculture can face.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Disclosed is a soil fertilizer composition comprising a mixture by weight of 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay and 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera, wherein the marine biomineral clay comprises illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz. The composition is typically disposed in a dry powder form suitable for direct soil application or reconstitution with water for spraying but may be in a solid or a pre-dissolved form for transportation, storage, or for ready application. The soil fertilizer composition may furthercomprise an organic substrate selected from the group of: peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof. The soil fertilizer composition may further include dehydrated aloe vera is a lOOx concentrate with aloin content less than 1.0 ppm. The marine biomineral clay of the soil fertilizer composition may contain lanthanides configured to act as cofactors for enzymes involved in nutrient cycling and plant metabolic processes by way of Lanthanides Catalytic Interaction.

[0010] The soil fertilizer composition may be contained within a water-soluble coating wherein the water-soluble outer coating comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, chitosan, starch- based coatings, and combinations thereof. Such is designed to store portions of the soil fertilizer until disposed in a wet environment such as hydrated soil.

[0011] The soil fertilizer composition may further include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) directly in the mixture, particularly when applied to soils that may be deficient in AMF.

[0012] In another possible configuration, the aforementioned soil fertilizer may further comprise an organic substrate. In further possible configurations, the organic substrate may comprise at least one of: peat moss; sawdust; and, compost, but may also include other organic substrates within the scope of the present invention and reasonably foreseeable to one having ordinary skill in the art. Given that the soil fertilization composition includes clay, other materials may incidentally be within the soil fertilization composition beside those previously mentioned.

[0013] In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method for preparing a soil fertilizer composition, the method including mixing by weight a mixture of 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay with 1 % to 8% dehydrated aloe vera; and, applying quantity per area over time periods by application method or methods. Examples of such application methods are described infra.

[0014] In other possible embodiments, the present disclosure also includes an encapsulated seed, comprising a plant seed, a plurality of inner layers applied to an outer surface of the plant seed, each of the layers comprising marine biomineral clay, a water- soluble coating applied to an outer surface the plurality of inner layers. In further arrangements, some of said plurality of inner layers of the aforementioned encapsulatedseeds comprises a bio- stimulant. In alternative embodiments, the aforementioned biostimulant may comprise aloe vera.

[0015] It is a general object of the invention to incorporate a pre-prepared soil fertilizer composition (e.g., marine biomineral clay mixed with dehydrated aloe vera) for use as a stand-alone fertilizer or encapsulated with seeds with multiple layers, including a water- soluble coating. These preparatory steps enhance soil conditions and seed germination readiness, mitigating environmental stress and improving efficiency before planting or application.

[0016] It is another object of the invention to include use flexibility in the disclosed soil fertilization composition that can be applied as a dry powder, reconstituted with water for spraying, or used as a seed coating, further demonstrating adaptability to various soil types, climates, and application methods. Additionally, the gradual dissolution of minerals like apatite and the dynamic ionic exchange process ensure nutrient availability adjusts to plant needs over time.

[0017] It is a further object of the invention to leverage the slow-release mechanism of nutrients (e.g., phosphorus from apatite) and the sustained microbial activity stimulated by the clay matrix and aloe vera. This periodic nutrient release and microbial enhancement support long-term soil health and plant growth, rather than a one-time application effect, in particular leveraging arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).

[0018] These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent upon a review of the following detailed description of the invention in view of the drawings and appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] The nature and mode of the operation of the present invention will now be more fully described in the following detailed description of the invention taken with the accompanying drawing figures, in which:Figure 1 illustrates representative directions of representative ions and compounds to and from a biomineral clay;Figure 2 illustrates arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiotically associated with a representative plant root;Figure 3 illustrates a mixture by weight (represented by grams in this illustration) of 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay and 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera;Figure 4 illustrates representative root dry weight per treatment results for lettuce;Figure 5 illustrates an encapsulated seed;Figure 6 illustrates a method for preparing and applying the soil fertilizer composition; and,Figure 7 illustrates biomineral clay uptake of glyphosate.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] Following are detailed descriptions of various related concepts related to, and embodiments of, methods and apparatus according to the present disclosure. It should, however, be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular methodology, materials, and modifications described and, as such, may, of course, vary. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

[0021] Furthermore, it should be appreciated that drawings are representative to illustrate the inventive concepts herein and may not be to scale. Also, like drawing numbers on different drawing views identify identical, or functionally similar, structural elements where there could appear some variations on exactness where exactness is not material to the inventive concept herein. It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the disclosed aspects.

[0022] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It should be understood that any methods, devices, or materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the example embodiments.

[0023] It should be appreciated that the term “substantially” is synonymous with terms such as “nearly,” “very nearly,” “about,” “approximately,” “around,” “bordering on,” “close to,” “essentially,” “in the neighborhood of,” “in the vicinity of,” etc., and such terms may be used interchangeably as appearing in the specification and claims. It should be appreciated that the term “proximate” is synonymous with terms such as “nearby,” “close,”“adjacent,” “neighboring,” “immediate,” “adjoining,” etc., and such terms may be used interchangeably as appearing in the specification and claims. It should be appreciated that the term “distal” and comparably related terms denoting further-away portions of an item are antonymous to proximal portions of the co-described item as those portions of items may be termed. The term “approximately” is intended to mean values within ten percent of the specified value.

[0024] It should be understood that the use of “or” in the present application is with respect to a “non-exclusive” arrangement unless stated otherwise. For example, when saying that “item x is A or B,” it is understood that this can mean one of the following: (1) item x is only one or the other of A and B; (2) item x is both A and B. Alternately stated, the word “or” is not used to define an “exclusive or” arrangement. For example, an “exclusive or” arrangement for the statement “item x is A or B” would require that x can be only one of A and B. Furthermore, as used herein, when referring to a set or group of items, for illustration (A, B, C) the term “at least one or more ... and ...” such as in “at least one or more of A, B, and C” is intended to include any to all of the denoted set or group of items, i.e. it could include just one item from the set or group, it could include all of the items from the set or group, and it could include any other combination of the set or group of items that is greater than one item and less than all of the items, the illustrated example having three items meaning there are up to seven non-ordered combinations A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, ABC. Other numbers of items would have maximum combination possibilities calculated accordingly.

[0025] Moreover, as used herein, the phrases “comprises at least one of’ and “comprising at least one of’ in combination with a system or element is intended to mean that the system or element includes one or more of the elements listed after the phrase. For example, a device comprising at least one of: a first clement; a second clement; and, a third clement, is intended to be construed as any one of the following structural arrangements: a device comprising a first element; a device comprising a second element; a device comprising a third element; a device comprising a first element and a second element; a device comprising a first element and a third element; a device comprising a first element, a second element and a third element; or, a device comprising a second element and a third element. A similar interpretation is intended when the phrase “used in at least one of:” is used herein.

[0026] The term between as used in this disclosure includes the value denoting the endpoints of the set. For illustration, a value between A and B includes A and any value A that is less than B and it includes B and any value that is greater than A, according to the discrete or continuous limitations of what value in the set can constitute a value.

[0027] In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses a method for utilizing a naturally occurring marine biomineral clay matrix (“biomineral” or “clay matrix”), rich in organic compounds and lanthanides (comprising a plurality of chemical elements), as an all-natural soil amendment to rehabilitate and enhance the rhizosphere of poor and semi- fertile soils. This gray-green clay matrix is primarily composed of illite (providing potassium (K), essential for various cellular functions including enzyme activation in microbes), apatite (producing phosphorus (P2O5) vital for energy transfer within microbial cells), amphiboles such as actinolite (rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron, which support key enzymatic functions during microbial decomposition processes), chlorite (providing additional magnesium for metabolic activity), albite (a sodium-rich feldspar), and quartz. The overall matrix exhibits a strong anionic surface charge, which facilitates ionic exchange and adsorption of metabolic byproducts, contributing to the material’s activity in microbial degradation environments.

[0028] Figure 1 illustrates representative directions of representative ions and compounds to and from the clay matrix. The clay matrix is dried and mechanically refined into a powder for easier transportation. Such preparation may be achieved by a variety of known processes and the disclosure herein is not limited to a particular powderization method and / or process.

[0029] The innovation of marine biomineral clay matrix is its multifaceted mechanisms that enhance soil and plant growth, including but not limited to ionic exchange and bioavailability, mineral dissolution, early germination, robust plant growth, soil structure enhancement, microbial activity stimulation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (“AMF”) promotion, and lanthanide catalytic interaction.

[0030] As illustrated in Figure 2, AMF represents an important soil microbial group that affects multiple ecosystem functions and processes, including nutrient cycling, plant productivity and competition, and plant diversity.

[0031] Lanthanides Catalytic Interaction refers to the unique catalytic behavior exhibited by lanthanide elements, which are part of the f-block of the periodic table. These interactions are primarily driven by the lanthanides having partially filled f-orbitals, large ionic radii, and variable oxidation states.

[0032] Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophic organisms of abundant occurrence in ecosystems and establish a mutualistic symbiosis with superior plants characterized by the transfer of water and nutrients from the fungal hyphae to the plant, which, in turn, directs pail of their photoassimilates to the fungus (Delavaux et al., 2017; Dodd, 2000; Sturmer et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2017).

[0033] These fungi, by virtue of their functions in the ecosystem, are considered to be determinants of the structure and function of plant communities. In general, AMF are predominant in soil microbial biomass and, therefore, occupy a prominent position at the soil-plant interface (Van Der Heijden et al., 2008, 1998a, b; Wagg et al., 2014).

[0034] Mycorrhizal symbiosis development is characterized by the formation of specialized fungal structures (e.g., arbuscules and vesicles) formed within the plant cell. It all starts in the presymbiotic phase with spore germination, germ tube growth, hyphae branching, and physical contact with the host plant. In the symbiotic period the fungus colonizes the root cortex forming arbuscules for bidirectional nutrient transfer between the hosts. With active symbiosis the fungus produces extraradical mycelium and produces new spores (Hage-Ahmed et al., 2019).

[0035] The main function of AMF refers to their biofertilizing action, which acts as an extension of plant roots, thereby improving water and nutrient uptake. This process is made possible by the abundant extraradical mycelium formed as soon as the symbiosis becomes functional. As a side effect of biofertilizing action, AMF promotes non-nutritional effects on plants, including changes in plant metabolic processes, improvements in soil structure, and stimulation of plant defense mechanisms to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses (Delavaux et al., 2017; Lehmann et al., 2014; Purin and Rillig, 2007).

[0036] One aspect of the soil fertilizer composition is the unique ionic exchange and bioavailability process for plant nutrient production provided by its composition. When dissolved ions in the soil solution interact with the charged surfaces of the biomineral, e.g., marine biomineral clay, ion exchange occurs, releasing minerals in their ionic form (Figure1). Plants absorb these nutrients and release hydrogen ions (H+) or ammonium ions (NH4+) back into the soil solution, maintaining a dynamic equilibrium of nutrient availability and ensuring continuous access to essential nutrients for plant growth (Figure 1).

[0037] In 2024, a greenhouse study showed the nutrient retention capabilities of the biomineral. Tomato and bell pepper plants were fertilized using fertigation. A nutrient leaching test was then performed with water. The organic substrate, the flushed water, and the plants were analyzed for their nutrient content. It was found that the water recuperated for the leaching test, containing 1% of the biomineral, for tomatoes has less nitrite (9.8 ppm) compared to the control, which had 238.3 ppm of nitrite. The same phenomenon was observed with bell peppers containing 1% biomineral. The leaching water contained 18.7 ppm of nitrite while the control had 272.6 ppm of nitrite. The following are some of the results of the other nutrients of this study:Phosphorus:Tomato: control = 21.8 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 11.2 ppmBell pepper: control = 21.9 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 11.7 ppm Potassium:Tomato: control = 168.1 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 130.3 ppmBell pepper: control = 182.7 ppm; with 5% biomineral = 115.5 ppm Magnesium:Tomato: control = 187.4 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 101.0 ppmBell pepper: control = 208.9 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 80.1 ppm Calcium:Tomato: control = 464.6 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 244.1 ppmBell pepper: control = 527.3 ppm; with 5% of biomineral = 194.6 ppm Iron:Tomato: control = 3.7 ppm; with 1% of biomineral = 3.4 ppmBell pepper: control = 4.1 ppm; with 1% of biomineral = 2.5 ppm

[0038] Another aspect of the soil fertilizer composition involves the gradual dissolution of minerals, such as apatite, which releases phosphorus (P) and other nutrients over time, ideal for early germination and robust plant growth. The marine biomineral clay matrix’sbioavailable essential micronutrients and catalytic elements support early seed germination and seedling development, enhancing plant establishment and growth. The marine biomineral clay matrix thereby produces an environment conducive to the growth of microorganisms that produce Lipo-Chitooligosaccharides (LCO), stimulating seed germination and seedling establishment (Supanjani et al., 2009; Allen-Rush et al., 2014). These conditions are simply not present without marine biomineral clay. In 2024 in a greenhouse study, the effect of the biomineral on early germination was observed on basil and spinach plants.

[0039] As another example, for early germination of spinach;% of early germination (control) = 24%% of early germination (1% biomineral) = 36%

[0040] As another example, for early germination of Basil:% early germination (control) = 47%% of early germination (1% biomineral) = 66%.

[0041] These observations can be modeled, at least conceptually, using logistics equations such increases. For example, early germination rates (e.g., spinach from 24% to 36%, basil from 47% to 66% with 1% biomineral and any other ranges of biomineral) could be modeled using a logistic growth equation to represent the accelerated germination process influenced by the biostimulant:G( = GiMa / l + e-A(r- / O), where GO) is the germination percentage at time t, Gmax is the maximum germination percentage, k is the growth rate (potentially increased by the biomineral), and to is the inflection point. The percentage increases help calibrate k for treated vs. control conditions.

[0042] In another aspect, the clay matrix also significantly enhances soil structure. Minerals such as illite, albite, chlorite, and apatite promote soil aggregation by binding soil particles together, increasing pore spaces, along with improving water infiltration and air exchange. The high number of positively charged ions or high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of these minerals serves to aid in nutrient retention within the soil matrix. Additionally, the marine biomineral clay stimulates microbial activity, contributing to soil aggregation as microorganisms produce organic compounds that act as binding agents. In 2024, a greenhouse study showed the nutrient retention capabilities of the biomineral.Tomato and bell pepper plants were fertilized using fertigation. A nutrient leaching test was then performed with water. The organic substrate, the flushed water, and the plants were analyzed for their nutrient content. It was found that the nutrient content of the organic substrate (Rhizosphere Solution) was higher when it contained the biominerals as follows:Nitrogen Tomato: control = 32.8 ppm; with 2% biomineral = 38.3 ppmBell pepper: no significant differencePotassium Tomato: control = 24.9 ppm; with 2% of biomineral = 28.1 ppm Bell pepper: control = 8.4 ppm; with 5% biomineral = 9.8 ppm

[0043] Further, the biomineral clay matrix’s humic acid and carbohydrate content further stimulate microbial activity, enhancing nutrient cycling and availability. Microbes decompose organic matter, releasing nutrients in plant- available forms. The matrix promotes AMF growth through nutrient supply and availability, soil-structure improvement, organic matter enrichment, pH stabilization, anti-infective properties, and support for healthy plant roots. Such can be broadly illustrated by:Organic Matter + O2 — CO2 + NH4++ H2O + other nutrients.MicrobesThese combined effects create an optimal environment for AMF proliferation, enhancing overall soil health and fertility.

[0044] In another aspect of the invention, Lanthanides act as cofactors for enzymes involved in biochemical reactions in soil and plants, which facilitate metabolic processes and nutrient transformations, also known as the Lanthanides Catalytic Interaction (LCI) (Kotelnikova, et al., 2021; Sweeney et al., 2023; Cotruvo, et al., 2019). Lanthanides bind to enzymes through electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, or coordination with specific amino acid residues in the enzyme’s active site. These enzymes can be, but are not limited to, Cellulases (influences the rate of organic matter decomposition), Phosphatases (influences phosphorus cycling and availability in soil), Dehydrogenases (affects microbial respiration rates), Ureases (impacts nitrogen cycling and availability in soil), Nitrate Reductase (affects plant nitrogen metabolism and growth), Rubisco (Ribulose- 1,5- bisphosphate Carboxylase / Oxygenase) (impacts carbon assimilation and plant growth),ATPases (influences ion transport, nutrient uptake, and energy metabolism in plants), and Polyphenol Oxidases (affects plant responses to biotic and abiotic stressors).

[0045] Thus, in view of the aforementioned, the application of the biomineral clay matrix, i.e., marine biomineral clay of the present invention, enables plant growth and yield enhancement without the need for, or substantial reduction in, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides, eliminating harmful drawbacks associated with chemical fertilizers, as discussed supra. In one possible application, growers can spread the marine biomineral clay as a powder and / or reconstitute it with water, allowing for various different application methods on depleted soil. This, in turn, will accelerate the re-establishment of natural AMF levels, providing a viable alternative to conventional fertilization practices and promoting soil biodiversity and agronomic efficiency.

[0046] In one possible configuration of the marine biomineral clay of the present invention, the marine biomineral clay matrix also includes significant iron oxide (Fc Ch) content, being known in the art for its soil fixation properties and water aggregate retention. Trace elements, such as bromine (Br), zinc (Zn), and barium (Ba), reduce pathogenic bacterial flora, thus further improving plant productivity and yield. In 2024, a study was done on potatoes. The potato plants received a solution of biominerals at different concentrations. It was noted that the plants treated with a solution of 20% biomineral had a total average weight of potatoes per plant of 144 g compared to 126 g for the control. Also, the average potato weight for the plants treated with the 20% solution of biomineral was 53.4 g compared to 45.8 g for the control.

[0047] Hence, the available potentiation with the combination of marine biomineral clay and at least one bio-stimulant of one possible embodiment of the present invention, e.g., a soil fertilizer including marine biomineral clay and at least one bio-stimulant, where the bio-stimulant may comprise aloe vcra, more specifically, aloe vcra extract (preferably lOOx).

[0048] It is known in the art that aloe vera extract is a bio-stimulant that accelerates seed germination and enhances plant nutrient absorption, thereby increasing growth and agronomic efficiency (Khater et al., 2020; Hamman et al., 2008; Alkuwayti et al., 2022; Piater et al., 2020; El-Sherif et al., 2017; El-Sherif et al., 2020; Zaglool et al., 2016; Cavusoghu et al., 2016). However, it should be noted that “plant bio-stimulant” is intendedto mean any substance or microorganism applied to plants to improve nutrient utilization efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, crop quality attributes, and production, etc.

[0049] Aloe vera leaf extract is rich in growth- stimulating substances and serves as an environmentally friendly and organic fertilizer source with various bioactive components. Aloe vera can be in liquid, gel, dry, ground, freeze-dried, air-dried, heat-dried, vacuum- dried, spray-dried forms, or combinations thereof. Whole aloe vera contains ninety-nine percent (99%) water, which is removed to create a concentrated powder. Prior to drying, aloin (anthraquinones in the outer pulp) is extracted to less than <1.0 ppm from the aloe vera liquid.

[0050] As illustrated in Figure 3, the resulting highly concentrated dried powder is added to the clay matrix powder at rates of 1% to 8% of total solids by weight of the total soil fertilizer composition. Growers can apply the clay matrix and aloe vera powder mixture to the soil in dry form or reconstitute it with water for spraying on the substrate or plants in situ, stimulating seed germination that can be upwards of 40% faster and enhancing nutrient absorption from the marine biomineral clay matrix.

[0051] The combination of the clay matrix and aloe vera pulp creates a potentiative effect, where the mineral-rich composition of the biomineral is complemented by the bioactive, hydrophilic, and microbial-enhancing properties of aloe vera. Aloe vera improves nutrient solubility and bioavailability, ensuring efficient absorption by plants. This mixture promotes robust plant growth, enhances soil health, and improves water retention, leading to rapid germination, healthier plants, and higher yields.

[0052] In one aspect, enhanced nutrient solubility and uptake improve agronomic efficiency (AE). Organic acids from aloe vera increase the solubility of nutrients from the biomineral, enhancing their bioavailability to plants and ensuring efficient nutrient uptake, resulting in better biomass and yield.

[0053] In another aspect, soil moisture retention is significantly enhanced with the combination of the clay matrix and aloe vera. Mucilaginous polysaccharides in aloe vera complement the soil structure improvement provided by the biomineral, leading to better soil moisture retention (Ma et al., 2020; Pereira et al., 2019). This reduces water stress and supports plant growth, especially in dry conditions, making the combination desirable for arid climates and where additional irrigation is necessary.

[0054] Additionally, the use of aloe vera promotes beneficial microbial activity. The combination of organic matter from aloe vera and minerals from the biomineral clay matrix creates an optimal environment for beneficial soil microbes. Increased microbial activity enhances nutrient cycling, improves soil health, and suppresses soil-bome diseases without the use of synthetic pesticides or insecticides.

[0055] In another aspect, the mixture of clay matrix and aloe vera significantly stimulates early germination and plant growth by more than 39%. Bioactive compounds in aloe vera, such as auxins and gibberellins, accelerate seed germination and enhance root development within the nutrient-rich soil environment created by the biomineral clay matrix. The nutrients supplied by the biomineral promote robust root and shoot development, accelerating early germination and enhancing overall plant vigor. Figure 4 includes representative root dry weight per treatment results for lettuce.

[0056] Further, the addition of aloe vera increases the stress tolerance of plants due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. When combined with stress-mitigating nutrients from the clay matrix, the plant’s ability to withstand biotic (pathogens) and abiotic (drought, salinity) stresses increases, thus improving the resilience and survival of those plants. A representative but not limiting illustration is:Polyphenol + ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species, e.g., H2O2) — Oxidized Polyphenol + H O.

[0057] In another aspect, the ion exchange and nutrient cycling are augmented to a degree unmatched by other biofertilizers. Organic acids in aloe vera enhance the ion exchange process, leading to more efficient nutrient cycling and availability in the soil. This continuous nutrient exchange maintains a dynamic equilibrium, ensuring consistent access to essential nutrients for plants.

[0058] The synergistic effect of aloe vera and the biomineral clay matrix in a biofertilizer arises from the complementary interactions between aloe vera’s bioactive compounds, organic matter, and water retention capabilities, and the nutrient-rich, structure-enhancing properties of the biomineral clay matrix. Together, the potentative effects create an optimal environment for plant growth, improve soil health, and enhance nutrient availability, leading to better plant biomass, yield, and resilience to environmental stress.

[0059] In one aspect, the biomineral clay matrix would provide a wide array of essential nutrients, including primary nutrients (potassium, calcium, and magnesium), trace elements, and lanthanides (Figure 1). The lanthanides would have catalytic interactions to create an enzymatic reaction, facilitating the organic matter's metabolic processes and nutrient transformations. The organic acids contained in aloe vera would solubilize these nutrients, making them more bioavailable to plants (Sweeney et al., 2023). The organic substrate will increase the potency by way of the additional nutrients and act as a slow- release fertilizer, ensuring a steady supply of nutrients over time.

[0060] Therefore, the potentiation seen through the combination of organic matter, aloe vera, and clay matrix also improves soil structure. The biomineral clay matrix promotes soil structure improvement via soil aggregation and porosity by binding soil particles together, thereby increasing pore spaces and improving water infiltration and air exchange, while mucilaginous polysaccharides contained in aloe vera improve soil moisture retention and aggregation. The decomposition of organic substrate adds key organic matter, thus enhancing soil texture, aeration, and water-holding capacity. Furthermore, the biomineral’ s high CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity), which can retain more water because the charged sites on clay particles also attract and hold water molecules, this being particularly advantageous for climates where water scarcity is a problem. The mucilaginous polysaccharides in aloe vera and the organic substances improve the water retention properties of the soil. Therefore, combined, the plants can withstand water stress at a higher rate than other commercially available remedies without the introduction of chemical fertilization.

[0061] The trace elements and minerals in the biomineral clay matrix enhance the growth of AMF, which form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, improving nutrient uptake and plant resilience (Jimenez et al., 2023). The organic substrate fosters a diverse microbial community, which contributes to nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition to accelerate the bioavailability of micronutrients to improve the overall health of the soil while enhancing the biomass and yield of the plant. See AMF, supra.

[0062] Therefore, combining the clay matrix, aloe vera, and organic substrate greatly increases the plant’s stress tolerance and disease resistance. The stress-mitigating nutrients from the biomineral clay matrix enhance the plant’s ability to withstand biotic (pathogens)and abiotic (drought, salinity) stresses, improving plant resilience and survival. Aloe vera contains antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds that protect plants from oxidative stress and pathogens. The organic substrate enhances soil health, which in turn supports plant health and stress resilience.

[0063] In one aspect of the soil fertilizer composition, enhanced root and shoot development is improved by greater than 48%. Aloe vera contains growth-promoting compounds such as hormones (auxins and gibberellins) that stimulate root and shoot development. The physiological effects of the nutrients supplied by the biomineral promote robust root and shoot development, accelerate early germination, and enhance overall plant vigor. The organic substrate provides a conducive environment for root growth by improving soil structure and nutrient availability.

[0064] The mixture of biomineral clay matrix, aloe vera, and organic substrate works through a multifaceted approach to enhance soil and plant growth. By providing a balanced nutrient supply, improving soil structure and water retention, enhancing microbial activity, and increasing stress tolerance, this combination creates an optimal growing environment for plants, otherwise not present. The synergy between the components ensures that plants receive a continuous supply of nutrients and water, have a robust root system, and are better equipped to handle environmental stresses, leading to improved growth and productivity. The ionic exchange is a key mechanism in the mixture of biomineral, aloe vera, and organic substrates. It ensures the continuous availability of essential nutrients to plants, enhancing soil fertility and supporting plant growth. This mechanism, combined with the benefits of aloe vera and organic matter, creates a comprehensive and effective biofertilizer.

[0065] As a major environmental factor, stressful temperature adversely affects plant growth, development, and agricultural production. Hence, developing sustainable approaches to assist plants in dealing with environmental challenges is necessary. The need for rapid, uniform germination and emergence under various climatic conditions plays a pivotal role in global food security. Abiotic and biotic factors influence seed germination and establishment, including extreme temperatures, moisture, light, nutrient availability, soil-bore pests, and non-pathogen organisms. Among these factors, temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability are the top three major environmental factors that influence various plant functions, specifically seed germination and dormancy.

[0066] In other aspects, as illustrated in Figure 5, the present invention may incorporate the biomineral clay matrix to be used in seed pelleting processes, e.g., the present invention may encapsulate one or more plant seeds. It should be noted that “plant seed” is intended to mean as type of plant seed and is all encompassing as the aspects of the encapsulated seed are not limited to a particular type of plant.

[0067] Therefore, one possible embodiment, the seed becomes encased in a coating of a highly reactive biofertilizer by applying multiple layers of the clay matrix via spraying or dry powder within but not limited to, a commercially available pneumatic or rotating tumble mixer, or other viable processes or methods known in the ait or hereinafter developed. Once the clay matrix powder is applied to the seed to achieve the desired thickness, a clear or colored — such as by dye or pigment — water-soluble coating is added to the seed-clay matrix encasement for shipping durability, increased weight of the seed, and visibility for better placement on the soil. The water-soluble outer coating is made of but is not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, chitosan, starch-based coatings, or a combination thereof. These aforementioned materials are nontoxic, biodegradable, water-soluble, nutrient-rich biopolymers and will enhance the seed’s germination process. The encased seed exploits the mechanisms found within the biomineral clay matrix that enhances surrounding soil and early plant growth, such as, but not limited to, ionic exchange and bioavailability, mineral dissolution, early germination, robust plant and root ball growth, soil structure enhancement, microbial activity stimulation, AMF promotion, and lanthanides catalytic interaction.

[0068] In reference to the aforementioned seed-encasing, the outer coating could comprise at least one of the following:1 . Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA),2. Starch-Based Coatings,3. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG),4. Gelatin,5. Chitosan, or6. Combinations thereof.However, alternatives within the scope of the present invention and known to those skilled in the art are also contemplated within the scope of the appending claims.

[0069] Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA); PVA is water-soluble, biodegradable, and non-toxic, making it an ideal candidate for seed coatings. It dissolves in water, allowing the seed to absorb the moisture necessary for germination. Starch-Based Coatings: Modified starches can be used as they are biodegradable and water-soluble and may also provide an initial nutrient boost to the seed. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG): PEG is a hydrophilic polymer that can form a protective layer around the seed, dissolving upon contact with water and providing a moisture-rich environment for the seed. Gelatin: A natural polymer that dissolves in water, provides a biodegradable and nutrient-rich coating for seeds. Chitosan: Derived from chitin, chitosan is biodegradable and has antimicrobial properties; it dissolves in water and potentially protects seeds from pathogens.

[0070] Additionally, other coatings are contemplated and may include one or more of: film coating, pelleting, or, encrusting, however, alternatives within the scope of the present invention and known to those skilled in the art are also contemplated within the scope of the appending claims.

[0071] Film Coating: This method involves applying a thin polymeric film to the seeds. Materials like PVA, PEG, and ethyl cellulose are commonly used. The film provides protection and controls the release of water and nutrients. Pelleting (Ball Horticultural): Seeds are coated with a mixture of clay and binder materials, then an outer layer is added. This method is often used for small seeds to make them easier to handle and plant. Encrusting: Similar to pelleting, but resulting in a thinner coat, encrusting involves coating seeds with multiple layers of materials, including polymers and nutrients.

[0072] Lastly, it should be noted that alternatives or other products may be used as an outer coating, i.e., a protective layer, such as one or more of: pharmaceutical tablets; fertilizers; food packaging; or, medical implants, however, alternatives within the scope of the present invention and known to those skilled in the art arc also contemplated within the scope of the appending claims.

[0073] One having skill in the art will appreciate that the optimal outer coating for agricultural seeds wrapped in clay would likely be a combination of biodegradable, water- soluble polymers, such as but not limited to PVA or modified starch, possibly enhanced with nutrients or antimicrobial agents like chitosan to support germination and protect the seed. Existing coating methods and materials used in pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, foodpackaging, and medical implants can provide valuable insights and technologies applicable to seed coatings.

[0074] In another aspect of the soil fertilizer composition, a biomineral clay matrix powder combined with a highly concentrated aloe vera extract in a dried powder form is used as a bio-stimulant at a rate of 1% to 8% of the total solids of clay matrix and aloe vera mixture, therefore, by weight of the total soil fertilizer composition. Using the combined powder mixture for the seed pelleting process to encase the seed with an exterior coating that includes a biostimulant found in aloe vera further accelerates seed germination percentage and increases plant nutrient absorption, thereby increasing growth and agronomic efficiency. The combination of biomineral clay matrix and aloe vera pulp creates a synergistic effect, where the biomineral's mineral-rich composition is complemented by the aloe vera's bioactive, hydrophilic, and microbial-enhancing properties ameliorate negative effects of environmental stress and showed high stimulatory impacts on both seeds and seedlings. Aloe vera improves the solubility and bioavailability of nutrients, ensuring that plants can efficiently absorb the essential minerals provided by the biomineral. Encasing a mixture of clay matrix with the biostimulant ensures each seed has an aggregated, growth-promoting, bioavailable bulk-load of biofertilizer that stimulates robust plant growth, enhances soil health, and improves water retention, leading to rapid germination, healthier plants, and higher yields.

[0075] Any temperature, moisture, or nutrient availability either below or above optimal induces uneven germination and, in the field, poor vegetative establishment, restricting the crop’s potential to produce yield. Both low and high temperatures negatively affect germination and seedling growth indices. Germination was delayed under low-temperature conditions, which could have arisen from slowed water uptake, slower enzyme kinetics, higher levels of late embryogenesis-abundant proteins, induction of nuclear strcss- responsive proteins, and an imbalanced amount of inhibitor and promoter. However, using a biostimulant found in aloe vera, the effects of low temperature were negated to near- optimal temperature levels. Below-optimal moisture availability due to high temperatures or water scarcity too, had a negative effect on germination. However, germination occurred at a normalized rate when the biomineral clay matrix-encased seed was used due to the clay matrix and aloe vera’s moisture retention properties. Additionally, germination andvegetative growth can be diminished due to poor- and semi-fertile soil conditions found worldwide due to over-farming, poor land management, or environmental effects. The results are low biomass and crop yields. Yet, compared to using a biomineral clay matrix with a biostimulant encased seed, normal germination and vegetative growth and yield are improved towards optimized levels.

[0076] The aim is to develop an environmentally friendly approach to stimulating plant growth and vegetative development in a constantly changing environment where temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability are scarce. Seed germination is a very important stage in the life cycle of a plant and one that is very sensitive to the aforementioned extrinsic factors. Early and consistent germination is an essential element that causes global challenges and impacts the production of crops that provide food security.

[0077] So, the embodiments shown and described are merely exemplary and various alternatives, combinations, omissions, of specific components, or foreseeable alternative components, understood by those skilled in the art, described in the present disclosure or within the field of the present disclosure, are intended to fall within the scope of the appending claims.

[0078] Figure 3 further illustrates one embodiment where the soil fertilizer composition comprises a mixture by weight of 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay and 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera, wherein the marine biomineral clay comprises illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz. Where other materials may be included in the mixture, the proportions of these as the soil fertilizer composition will stay the same against each other. The soil fertilizer composition is typically disposed in a dry powder form suitable for direct soil application or reconstitution with water for spraying but may be in a solid or a pre-dissolved form for transportation, storage, or for ready application. The soil fertilizer composition may further comprise organic substrate selected from peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof. The soil fertilizer composition may further include the dehydrated aloe vera at lOOx concentrate with aloin content less than 1.0 ppm. The marine biomineral clay of the soil fertilizer composition may contain lanthanides configured to act as cofactors for enzymes involved in nutrient cycling and plant metabolic processes by way of Lanthanides Catalytic Interaction.

[0079] The soil fertilizer composition may be contained within the water-soluble coating wherein the water-soluble outer coating comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, chitosan, starch- based coatings, and combinations thereof. Such is designed to store portions of the soil fertilizer until disposed in wet environments such as hydrated soil.

[0080] The soil fertilizer composition may be used as plant seed coatings, the coatings comprising a plurality of inner fertilizer layers applied to outer surfaces of plant seeds, wherein at least one of the inner layers comprises the marine biomineral clay, including illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz (Figure 4). In these embodiments, the soil fertilizer composition is effectively applied by way of planting said seeds. The water- soluble outer coating is applied to an outer surface of the plurality of inner layers, encapsulating the seed and the soil fertilizer composition, and may further encapsulate dehydrated aloe vera at 1% to 8% by weight as one of the inner layers. In this latter embodiment, the dehydrated aloe vera may be at lOOx concentrate with aloin content less than 1.0 ppm, though other concentrations may be used. One embodiment of the water- soluble outer coating comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, chitosan, starch-based coatings, and combinations thereof. Other water-soluble coatings may be used. In some embodiments, the water-soluble outer coating is colored. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of inner layers comprises organic substrates selected from the group of peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof.

[0081] The soil fertilizer composition may further include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) directly in the mixture, particularly when applied to soils that may be deficient in AMF. AMF may also be embedded within the water-soluble coatings. Such embedment may be AMF directly as may be extracted or cultivated from other sources and may be spores.

[0082] Further disclosed in Figure 6 is a method for preparing and applying the soil fertilizer composition, the method including the step of 10, mixing by weight 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay with 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera to form the soil fertilizer composition, wherein the marine biomineral clay comprises illite, apatite, amphiboles,chlorite, albite, and quartz; and the step of 15, applying the soil fertilizer composition to soil.

[0083] The method may include the step of 20, applying the soil fertilizer composition as a dry powder at a rate of 0.1 to 10 kg per hectare. The method may include the step of 25, reconstituting the soil fertilizer composition with water and applying via spraying at a concentration of 1 % to 20% by weight. The method may include the step of 30, mixing an organic substrate selected from the group of peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof with the marine biomineral clay and dehydrated aloe vera. The method may include the step of 35, applying the soil fertilizer composition as layers to the outer surface of plant seeds. The method may include the step of 40, applying the water- soluble outer coating to said layers such that said layers and the seed are contained therein.

[0084] Recent studies have shown that biomineral clay can further effectively adsorb and sequester glyphosate in contaminated soils (Figure 7). By immobilizing glyphosate, biomineral clay can prevent its uptake by plants and reduce contamination of both agricultural produce and nearby water sources. This clay-based approach offers a promising, cost-effective solution for controlling glyphosate pollution and protecting environmental and human health.

[0085] It will be appreciated that various aspects of the invention and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the claims.

[0086] Various related embodiments of the inventive concept are also described in the drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0087] While inventive concepts have been described above in terms of specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts are not limited to these disclosed embodiments. Upon reading the teachings of this disclosure, many modifications and other embodiments of the inventive concepts will come to mind of those skilled in the art to which these inventive concepts pertain, and which are intended to be and are covered by both this disclosure and the appended claims. It is indeed intended that the scope of the inventive concepts should be determined by proper interpretation and construction of theappended claims and their legal equivalents, as understood by those of skill in the ail relying upon the disclosure in this specification and the attached drawings.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A soil fertilizer composition comprising: a mixture by weight of 92% to 99% marine biomineral clay and 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera, wherein the marine biomineral clay comprises illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz.

2. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition is in a dry powder form suitable for direct soil application or reconstitution with water for spraying.

3. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 1, further comprising an organic substrate selected from the group of: peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof.

4. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 1, wherein the dehydrated aloe vera is a lOOx concentrate with aloin content less than 1.0 ppm.

5. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 1, wherein the marine biomineral clay contains lanthanides configured to act as cofactors for enzymes involved in nutrient cycling and plant metabolic processes by way of Lanthanides Catalytic Interaction.

6. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition is contained within a water-soluble coating.

7. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 6, wherein the water-soluble coating comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, chitosan, starch-based coatings, and combinations thereof.

8. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 1 , further including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMP).

9. A method for preparing and applying a soil fertilizer composition, the method comprising: mixing by weight 92% to 99% marine biomincral clay with 1% to 8% dehydrated aloe vera to form a soil fertilizer composition, wherein the marine biomineral clay comprises illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz; and applying the soil fertilizer composition to soil.

10. The method of Claim 9, wherein the soil fertilizer composition is applied as a dry powder at a rate of 0.1 to 10 kg per hectare.

11. The method of Claim 9, wherein the soil fertilizer composition is reconstituted with water and applied via spraying at a concentration of 1 % to 20% by weight.

12. The method of Claim 9, further comprising mixing an organic substrate selected from the group of peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof with the marine biomineral clay and dehydrated aloe vera.

13. The method of Claim 9, further comprising applying the soil fertilizer composition as layers to an outer surface of a plant seed.

14. The method of Claim 13, further comprising applying a water-soluble outer coating to said layers such that said layers and the seed are contained therein.

15. A soil fertilizer composition, comprising: a plant seed coating formed from the soil fertilizer composition, the coating comprising; a plurality of inner layers applied to an outer surface of a plant seed; wherein at least one of the inner layers comprises marine biomineral clay, including illite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite, albite, and quartz; and a water-soluble outer coating applied to an outer surface of the plurality of inner layers.

16. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 15, wherein at least one of the plurality of inner layers comprises dehydrated aloe vera as a biostimulant at 1% to 8% by weight of the inner layers.

17. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 16, wherein the dehydrated aloe vera is a lOOx concentrate with aloin content less than 1.0 ppm.

18. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 15, wherein the water-soluble outer coating comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, chitosan, starch-based coatings, and combinations thereof.

19. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 15, wherein the water-soluble outer coating is colored.

20. The soil fertilizer composition of Claim 15, wherein at least one of the plurality of inner layers comprises an organic substrate selected from the group of peat moss, sawdust, compost, and combinations thereof.

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