Biomarkers, systems, and methods for PDAC prognosis and PARP inhibitor responsiveness
The system uses metabolite and gene biomarkers to predict PDAC prognosis and PARP inhibitor responsiveness, improving patient management and treatment strategies by accurately identifying responsive patients.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/111060
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-09
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Current methods lack effective biomarkers and systems for predicting the prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and identifying patients responsive to PARP inhibitors, which are crucial for personalized treatment strategies.
A system and method utilizing metabolite and gene biomarkers, including CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2, to predict PDAC prognosis and PARP inhibitor responsiveness through quantitative measurement and predictive models, leveraging metabolomics and whole-exon sequencing to identify synergistic lethal effects with PARP inhibitors.
Enhances patient management and treatment strategies by accurately predicting PDAC outcomes and identifying responsive patients, optimizing treatment efficacy and reducing unnecessary treatments.
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Figure CN2024111060_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BIOMARKERS, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR PDAC PROGNOSIS AND PARP INHIBITOR RESPONSIVENESSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to cancer prediction, and in particular, to biomarkers, systems, and methods for pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prognosis and PARP inhibitor responsiveness.BACKGROUND
[0002] Cancer is one of the most difficult quandaries in the world. Cancer mortality is reduced when cases are detected and treated early. A correct cancer diagnosis and prognostic outcome prediction are essential for appropriate and effective treatment because every cancer type requires a specific treatment regimen. For example, a DNA damage therapeutic agent is effective for some cancer patients having DNA damage deficiency, and thus, the patients sensitive to the DNA damage therapeutic agent can be identified and treated for maximum benefits. Therefore, it is desirable to find new biomarkers, systems, and methods that can efficiently predict a prognostic outcome of a cancer and select patients sensitive to a particular therapeutic agent.SUMMARY
[0003] Provided herein is a system for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising: at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including: (a) obtaining, from a quantitative measurement device, quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1; and (b) predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model.
[0004] Provided herein is a use of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites for preparing a kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, the plurality of metabolites including the metabolites in Table 1.
[0005] Provided herein is a kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising one or more reagents for quantifying one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites in Table 1.
[0006] Provided herein is a method of identifying one or more target metabolites for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) , the method comprising: identifying a first group of metabolites affected or driven by genetic variants that show correlation with PDAC; identifying a second group of metabolites from the first group by selecting metabolites that show significant correlation with PDAC; selecting the one or more target metabolites from the second group of metabolites using a selection model, wherein the one or more target metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1.
[0007] Provided herein is a system for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising: at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including: in response to a detection result that each of the one or more target genes in a gene group is mutated, determining that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0008] Provided herein is a use of a reagent of detecting a mutation in one or more target genes in a gene group for preparing a kit of identifying a cancer patient response to a PARP inhibitor, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0009] Provided herein is a system for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising: at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including: (a) determining a sample score by processing a mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2; and (b) estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The present disclosure is further described in terms of exemplary embodiments. These exemplary embodiments are described in detail with reference to the drawings. It should be noted that the drawings are not to scale. These embodiments are non-limiting exemplary embodiments, in which like reference numerals represent similar structures throughout the several views of the drawings, and wherein:
[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0012] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary processing device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 3 is a graph of Kaplan–Meier-based survival analysis of three subtypes (i.e., Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3) classified by the unbiased classification of serum metabolite landscape according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0014] FIG. 4A illustrates a plot of ranking of MUMS related genes for each subtype according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 4B is a graph of validation of the enriched gene panel using a transcriptome dataset of TCGA PAAD cohort for predicting survival according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 5A illustrates a Sankey plot of genetic mutations whose co-related serum metabolites are significantly enriched within BRCA1 / 2 co-related serum metabolites according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 5B is a diagram of prediction model for Olaparib responses using BRCA1 / 2 mutational status in GSCD cell lines according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 5C is a diagram of prediction model for Olaparib responses using BRCA1 / 2 expression levels in GSCD cell lines according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5D are graphs of prediction model (upper) and waterfall plot (lower) showing efficiency for predicting Olaparib responses using mutational status of MUMS genes of BRCA1 / 2 in GSCD cell lines according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 5E are graphs of prediction model (upper) and waterfall plot (lower) showing efficiency for predicting Olaparib responses using expression levels of MUMS genes of BRCA1 / 2 in GSCD cell lines according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 5F is a table of summarized performance of Olaparib response prediction model using expression levels of BRCA1 / 2 in GSDC cell lines or in organiods according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 5G is a diagram of prediction performance (AUC) of 10000 round tests using combination of BRCA1 / 2 and random selected non-MUMS genes (the dashed line highlights the performance of the combined predication model using MUMS genes) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 5H are diagrams of validation of Olaparib response prediction model using expression levels of MUMS genes of BRCA1 / 2 (upper) in organoid lines based on Cytomap database (lower) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of the 3-layer dataset-based causal relationship algorithm according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of the serum metabolite biomarker selection process for the PDAC prognosis model according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 6C are schematic diagrams illustrating a survival curve by a prognostic Cox model established with a modelling cohort and a validation cohort according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the present disclosure and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claims.
[0028] The terminology used herein is to describe particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises, ” “comprising, ” “includes, ” and / or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0029] These and other features, and characteristics of the present disclosure, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, may become more apparent upon consideration of the following description with reference to the accompanying drawing (s) , all of which form a part of this specification. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawing (s) is for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. It is understood that the drawings are not to scale.
[0030] An integrated analysis of metabolomics and whole-exon sequencing of matched serum and tissue samples of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients are conducted and causal inference links among the tumor genetic variation landscape, serum metabolome, and PDAC progression are identified. Through multi-omics analysis, serum metabolites in the PDAC patients reflects distinct prognostic outcomes are identified, and it is revealed that tumor gene mutations with common co-related serum metabolites with BRCA1 / 2 exhibited synergistic lethal effects with a PARP inhibitor, and thus, these mutated genes can be used as biomarkers for selecting patients sensitive to the PARP inhibitor.
[0031] Predictive biomarkers
[0032] A unique collection of biomarkers including metabolites biomarkers and gene biomarkers is provided. The metabolites biomarkers are useful in predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject. PDAC and pancreatic duct cancer generally refer to the same type of cancer, which originates in the cells lining the pancreatic ducts. PDAC is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. It should be noted that, the present disclosure can be also applied to pancreatic cancer diagnosis. In some embodiments, PDAC includes non-resectable PDAC and resectable PDAC. Predicting the prognostic outcome of PDAC is crucial for patient management, treatment planning, and improving survival rates for PDAC patients. Instead of relying on invasive approaches, using these metabolites biomarkers is easier for patients and can be performed more frequently.
[0033] Table 1 shows an exemplary group of metabolites that can be used for predicting the prognostic outcome of PDAC in the subject.
[0034] Table 1
[0035] Each of the metabolites, which are biomarkers, has shown a strong and reliable correlation with the presence of PDAC. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers provided by the present disclosure may include one or more target metabolites of Table 1. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers may include at least one of the metabolites of Table 1. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers may include at least two of the metabolites of Table 1. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers may include at least three of the metabolites of Table 1. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers may include at least four of the metabolites of Table 1. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers may include at least five of the metabolites of Table 1. In some embodiments, the group of predictive biomarkers may include all of the metabolites of Table 1.
[0036] In some embodiments, one or more of the metabolites shown in Table 1 can be used for detecting the prognostic outcome of PDAC in the subject by using a prognostic prediction model. More description about the prediction method can be found else where in the present disclosure.
[0037] It should be noted that one or more of the metabolites listed in Table 1 may have one or more isomeride forms, which are included in the scope of the group of predictive biomarkers provided by the present disclosure.
[0038] The gene biomarkers are useful in determining responsiveness or resistance to DNA-damage therapeutic agents such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. These gene biomarkers are identified as having predictive value to determine a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor. Their expression correlates with the response to the PARP inhibitor. The PARP inhibitor was the first approved cancer drugs that specifically targeted the DNA damage response in BRCA1 / 2 mutated cancers such as breast and ovarian cancers. Mutation of BRCA1 / 2 inducing homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) has been implicated to promote tumorgenesis and prognosis for multiple cancer types. The genes used for the above prediction in the prior art are mainly associated with HRD. However, the gene biomarkers in the present disclosure do not induce HRD, belonging to non-HRD genes, which provide a new sight for finding gene biomarkers useful in determining responsiveness or resistance to DNA-damage therapeutic agent and studying the relationship of these genes and the cancer responsive to the PARP inhibitor.
[0039] These gene biomarkers belong to non-HRD genes. Non-HRD genes refer to genes the expression of which does not induce HRD. In some embodiments, the gene biomarkers include one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, EXT2, TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, TCEA1, NSD1, TRIM33, BRCA1, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, GMPS, CIITA, ELN, NCKIPSD, CBLC, CIC, FANCC, FCRL4, KMT2D, LZTR1, SMO, NACA, NTRK1, NAB2, ARNT, CCND2, CDKN2C, EPS15, ETV4, GAS7, MLLT11, MYH11, NOTCH2, PRKCB, RBM15, S100A7, SFPQ, STAT3, TAL1, TPM3, ASXL1, BCL10, BCL7A, BCL9L, CLIP1, CLP1, CREB3L2, CTNNB1, CYLD, DDB2, DDX6, ELK4, FH, GPHN, GRM3, HERPUD1, IL21R, JAK1, KIAA1549, LMO2, MAFB, MPL, MTOR, MUTYH, MYCL, PER1, PLCG1, PRPF40B, PTPN11, PTPRT, RHOA, SDC4, SETD1B, SLC45A3, SMARCB1, SMARCD1, STIL, TBX3, TENT5C, TRIM24, USP6, ZCCHC8, ZNF384, FGFR4, AKT3, BCL11B, CBL, DICER1, GOLGA5, GRIN2A, ID3, MYOD1, PATZ1, RMI2, SDHAF2, SNX29, SOCS1, TNFRSF17, FOXR1, NUP98, BCL3, CD209, FEV, FUS, KEAP1, SET, ACKR3, ACSL3, BCR, CASP9, H3F3A, PRCC, SND1, TMEM127, WT1, CDKN2A, XPA, CCND3, MAP2K1, FAT3, RECQL4, DAXX, HLA-A, TRIM27, CASP3, FBXW7, ZRSR2, CPEB3, PCBP1, CDC73, TPR, WRN, ALK, PDGFB, ERG, BMP5, ETV1, ABI1, CD28, CHIC2, CREB1, EML4, FHIT, FIP1L1, HOXD11, HOXD13, NFE2L2, PDGFRA, PTPRC, TEC, IGF2BP2, NRAS, TFRC, KDR, KIT, BCL6, EIF4A2, LPP, AXIN2, MAP3K1, ARID1B, ROS1, NT5C2, RBM10, RGPD3, ZEB1, CBLB, FCRL4, GAS7, LRP1B, MYH9, PRDM1, ACSL6, CREB3L2, MYO5A, NUTM2D, PABPC1, USP44, PRPF40B, DCC, PIK3CA, TENT5C, WNK2, JAK2, CDH1, TMEM127, DDX10, CD274, HOOK3, COL3A1, ITGAV, PMS1, CHCHD7, LEF1, LHFPL6, NBEA, PLAG1, RAP1GDS1, TET2, GPHN, ATR, FOXL2, MECOM, PIK3CB, SOX2, TBL1XR1, WWTR1, ACVR1, ACVR2A, AFF4, ASXL2, BCL11A, BCL2, BLM, CDH11, CHST11, COX6C, CXCR4, CYLD, DNMT3A, EED, ERCC3, HNRNPA2B1, HOXA11, HOXA13, JAZF1, KDSR, LRIG3, MALT1, MUC4, NCOA1, OMD, PDCD1LG2, PICALM, SYK, TGFBR2, WDCP, BIRC6, BTG1, ALDH2, CCNE1, CCR4, CNBD1, FH, FOXA1, HEY1, IKBKB, JAK1, KAT6A, KLF4, MAX, MLH1, MYCN, NCOA2, NSD3, PMS2, PRRX1, PSIP1, SH2B3, TAL2, PHF6, RPL5, IDH1, SMAD2, SMAD4, BIRC3, CDH10, FAM47C, IL6ST, KAT6B, KTN1, LEPROTL1, MLLT10, MLLT3, N4BP2, NFIB, NFKB2, PHOX2B, RHOH, SUFU, ARAF, ARHGAP5, BMPR1A, CCNC, EIF1AX, EPHA7, ESR1, FOXO3, GOPC, KDM6A, LATS1, PPFIBP1, PTEN, RSPO3, SSX1, SSX4, TNFAIP3, NUP98, NUTM2B, and KAT7, that are listed in Table 3 and Table 4. In some embodiments, the gene biomarkers may include one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2. For example, the gene biomarkers may include at least one, two, three, and four, or all of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2. In some embodiments, the gene biomarkers may include one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS. For example, the gene biomarkers may include at least one, two, three, four, five, six, etc., or all of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS. In some embodiments, the gene biomarkers may include any one of genes in Table 3 and Table 4.
[0040] By detecting whether the gene biomarkers are mutated in a cancer patient, a cancer patient responsive to the PARP inhibitor can be identified, which is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes in cancer care. Treatment can be more targeted and effective. Unnecessary treatments and side effects for patients who would not benefit from the PARP inhibitor can be avoided. More description about the patient identification method by using these gene biomarkers can be found else where in the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, several methods regarding disease prediction or prognosis may be implemented on the system 100. Specifically, a method for pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prognosis such as predicting a prognostic outcome of PDAC in a subject based on one or more target metabolites (also referred to as metabolite biomarkers) and a method of identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor based on a mutational status of each of one or more target genes (also referred to as gene biomarkers) may be implemented on the system 100.
[0042] As illustrated, the system 100 may include a quantitative measurement device 110, a processing device 120, a storage device 130, a terminal device 140, and a network 150. The components of the system 100 may be connected in various ways. Merely by way of example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the quantitative measurement device 110 may be connected to the processing device 120 directly as indicated by the bi-directional arrow in dotted lines linking the quantitative measurement device 110 and the processing device 120, or through the network 150. As another example, the storage device 130 may be connected to the quantitative measurement device 110 directly as indicated by the bi-directional arrow in dotted lines linking the quantitative measurement device 110 and the storage device 130, or through the network 150. As still another example, the terminal device 140 may be connected to the processing device 120 directly as indicated by the bi-directional arrow in dotted lines linking the terminal device 140 and the processing device 120, or through the network 150.
[0043] The quantitative measurement device 110 refers to an instrument or tool (e.g., a kit or reagent) used to make quantitative assessments of physical quantities (e.g., metabolites, genes) . In some embodiments, the quantitative measurement device 110 may measure abundances of a plurality of metabolites, so as to identify one or more target metabolites based on the measured abundances of the metabolites and further detect a prognostic outcome of a disease (e.g., a cancer such as PDAC) in a subject based on the measured abundances of the target metabolites. In some embodiments, the quantitative measurement device 110 may measure the abundance of the one or more metabolites using a relative quantification approach or an absolute quantification approach. In some embodiments, the quantitative measurement device 110 may be a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry device. Merely by way of example, the quantitative measurement device 110 may include a mass spectrometer (e.g., liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer; matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer) , an ultraviolet spectrometer, a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) apparatus, or the like. In some embodiments, the quantitative measurement device 110 may measure a mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of a plurality of genes, so as to identify a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor. In some embodiments, the quantitative measurement device 110 may measure the mutational status or the transcriptional level of genes.
[0044] The processing device 120 may process data and / or information obtained from the quantitative measurement device 110, the storage device 130, and / or the terminal device 140. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may obtain the quantified abundance of the one or more target metabolites from the quantitative measurement device 110 or the storage device 130. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be used to process the quantified abundance of the one or more target metabolites for detecting the prognostic outcome of PDAC in the subject by using a prognostic prediction model. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may select the one or more target metabolites from a plurality of metabolites that show significant correlation with PDAC by using a selection model.
[0045] In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may obtain the mutational status or the transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes from the quantitative measurement device 110 or the storage device 130. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be used to process the mutational status or the transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes for determining a sample score, and estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.
[0046] In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be a single server or a server group. The server group may be centralized or distributed. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be local or remote. For example, the processing device 120 may access information and / or data from the quantitative measurement device 110, the storage device 130, and / or the terminal device 140 via the network 150. As another example, the processing device 120 may be directly connected to the quantitative measurement device 110, the terminal device 140, and / or the storage device 130 to access information and / or data. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be implemented on a cloud platform (e.g., a private cloud, a public cloud, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be part of the terminal device 140. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may be part of the quantitative measurement device 110.
[0047] The storage device 130 may store data, instructions, and / or any other information. In some embodiments, the storage device 130 may store data obtained from the quantitative measurement device 110, the processing device 120, and / or the terminal device 140. The data may include, for example, quantified abundance of the one or more target metabolites of the subject, a prognostic prediction model for processing the quantified abundance, the mutational status or the transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in the gene group, a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model for processing the mutational status or the transcriptional level, etc. In some embodiments, the storage device 130 may store data and / or instructions that the processing device 120 may execute or use to perform exemplary methods described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the storage device 130 may include a mass storage (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a solid-state drive) , removable storage (e.g., a flash drive, a floppy disk, an optical disk, ) , a volatile read-and-write memory (e.g., a random-access memory (RAM) ) , a read-only memory (ROM) , or the like, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the storage device 130 may be implemented on a cloud platform. One or more components of the system 100 may access the data or instructions stored in the storage device 130 via the network 150. In some embodiments, the storage device 130 may be integrated into the quantitative measurement device 110 or the processing device 120.
[0048] The terminal device 140 may be connected to and / or communicate with the quantitative measurement device 110, the processing device 120, and / or the storage device 130. In some embodiments, the terminal device 140 may include a mobile device 141, a tablet computer 142, a laptop computer 143, or the like, or any combination thereof. For example, the mobile device 141 may include a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , or the like, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the terminal device 140 may include an input device, an output device, etc. The input device may include alphanumeric and other keys that may be input via a keyboard, a touchscreen (e.g., with haptics or tactile feedback) , a speech input, an eye-tracking input, a brain monitoring system, or any other comparable input mechanism. Other types of input devices may include a cursor control device, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys, etc. The output device may include a display, a printer, or the like, or any combination thereof. The terminal device 140 may be used to present information to a user and / or convey a user instruction to other components of the system 100. For example, a user (e.g., a doctor) may instruct the quantitative measurement device 110 to start quantifying the abundance of the one or more metabolites or processing the mutational status or the transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes via the terminal device 140. As another example, the user may view an evaluation result regarding the prognostic outcome of PDAC in the subject or a detection result regarding the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor via the terminal device 140. In some embodiments, the terminal device 140 may be omitted or integrated into the quantitative measurement device 110. The quantitative measurement device 110, the processing device 120 and the terminal device 140 may be one device.
[0049] The network 150 may include any suitable network that can facilitate the exchange of information and / or data for the system 100. In some embodiments, one or more components (e.g., the quantitative measurement device 110, the processing device 120, the storage device 130, the terminal device 140) of the system 100 may communicate information and / or data with one or more other components of the system 100 via the network 150.
[0050] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary processing device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the processing device 120 may include modules, these modules may be hardware circuits of all or part of the processing device 120. The modules may also be implemented as an application or set of instructions read and executed by the processing device 120. Further, the modules may be any combination of the hardware circuits and the application / instructions. For example, the modules may be part of the processing device 120 when the processing device 120 is executing the application / set of instructions. The processing device 120 may implement several methods, and accordingly, may include different modules to execute these methods.
[0051] Method of predicting a prognostic outcome of PDAC
[0052] The processing device 120 may execute a method of predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject. In this case, the processing device 120 may include an obtaining module 210, a training module 220, and a prediction module 230.
[0053] In step (a) , the obtaining module 210 may obtain, from a quantitative measurement device (e.g., the quantitative measurement device 110 in FIG. 1) , quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1.
[0054] As used herein, the term “subject” of the present disclosure refers to any human or non-human animal. Exemplary non-human animals may include Mammalia (such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species) , farm animals (such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses) , domestic mammals (such as dogs and cats) , laboratory animals (such as mice, rats, and guinea pigs) , or the like. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0055] As used herein, the term “abundance” refers to the quantity or amount of a substance in a certain sample. The sample may be a solid sample, a fluid sample, a gas sample, or the like, or any combination thereof. The solid sample may include, for example, feces, earwax, etc. or tissue sample. The tissue sample may include Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, fresh tissue samples or frozen tissue samples. The fluid sample may include the body fluid of the subject, such as blood, plasma, serum, saliva, urine, sweat, or the like, or any combination thereof. The gas sample may include flatus, breath, etc. In some examples, the one or more target metabolites may be present in the serum and may be referred to as “serum metabolites” .
[0056] In some embodiments, to measure the abundance of a metabolite, the concentration or amount of the metabolite in a fluid sample (e.g., serum) , a solid sample, or a gas sample (e.g., flatus) may be measured. The abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites may be quantified by a quantitative measurement device using a relative quantification approach or an absolute quantification approach. For example, the abundance of a metabolite may be a relative abundance determined based on a normalized value or a relative value with respect to a control. In some embodiments, the control may be the precise concentration or amount of a set of chemicals that are artificially added into a subject, such as spike-in control. Alternatively, the control may be the concentration or amount of the same metabolite of a sample obtained from a pool of subjects who do not have PDAC and is considered physically healthy. Alternatively, the abundance of the metabolite may be an absolute abundance that directly reflects the level of the metabolite in the subject. In some embodiments, the abundance of the metabolite may be obtained by mass spectrometry, chromatography (e.g., HPLC) , and any other appropriate techniques.
[0057] In some embodiments, the one or more target metabolites include at least one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven of the metabolites in Table 1. In some embodiments, the one or more target metabolites include all the metabolites in Table 1. More description about the target metabolites can be found in the predictive biomarkers section.
[0058] The target metabolites may be selected from a plurality of metabolites by using a selection model. The method of selecting the target metabolites may include identifying a first group of metabolites affected or driven by genetic variants that show correlation with PDAC; identifying a second group of metabolites from the first group by selecting metabolites that show significant correlation with PDAC; and selecting the one or more target metabolites from the second group of metabolites using a selection model, wherein the one or more target metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1.
[0059] Some genetic variants were found to be related to PDAC progression. According to the causal inference analysis, these genetic variations collectively led to variations in the abundance of the first group of metabolites that could individually predict the prognostic outcome. The second group of metabolites that show significant correlation with PDAC may be selected from the first group of metabolites. In some embodiments, the one or more target metabolites are selected through untargeted metabolomics and / or targeted metabolomics. In some embodiments, the selection model utilizes a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm to select the target metabolites from the second group of metabolites.
[0060] In step (b) , the prediction module 230 may predict the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model.
[0061] The prognostic prediction model refers to a model that can predict the prognostic outcome of the subject. In some embodiments, the prognostic prediction model may include a regression model or a machine learning model generated using a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithm, a decision tree algorithm, a Random Forest algorithm, a logistic regression algorithm, a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, a Naive Bayesian algorithm, an AdaBoost algorithm, a K-anearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm, a Markov Chains algorithm, an XGBoosting algorithm, a deep learning algorithm, a neural network, or the like, or any combination thereof.
[0062] In some embodiments, the prognostic prediction model may be a regression model. In some embodiments, the prognostic prediction model may be a Cox model. The Cox model, also referred to as proportional hazards model, is used to investigate the association between the survival time of patients and predictor variables, e.g., the target metabolites. The predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model includes: determining a survival probability based on a risk score output by the Cox model; and predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject based on the survival probability. The risk score represents a risk of the survival of the subject. The larger the risk score, the higher the risk of the survival of the subject. The risk score may be represented in the form of a hazard ratio. The survival probability may be calculated based on the risk score at different times. The survival time may be represented as, for example, months. The prognostic classification may include a good prognostic outcome and a poor prognostic outcome, which is determined based on the predicted survival time. Short predicted survival time represents the poor prognostic outcome; long predicted survival time represents the good prognostic outcome. More descriptions regarding the performance of the prognostic prediction model for detecting the prognostic outcome of PDAC in the subject may be found in the Examples section, where the prognostic prediction model is referred to as Cox model or prognostic Cox model.
[0063] In some embodiments, the training module 220 may be used to train the prognostic prediction model using a training dataset and a testing dataset which include PDAC patients and corresponding survival times.
[0064] Additional or alternatively, after the prediction result is output, e.g., displayed on the terminal device 140, a user (e.g., a doctor) may apply a treatment to the subject. “Treating” , ” treat” , or “treatment” as used herein covers the treatment of a disease or disorder described herein, in a subject, such as a human and includes: (i) inhibiting a disease or disorder, i.e., arresting its development; (ii) relieving a disease or disorder, i.e., causing regression of the disorder; (iii) slowing progression of the disorder, and / or (iv) inhibiting, relieving, or slowing progression of one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder. ln some embodiments, treatment means that the symptoms associated with the disease are, e.g., alleviated, reduced, cured, or placed in a state of remission.
[0065] In some embodiments, in response to a prediction result that the prognostic outcome of the subject is good, a treatment of standard of care may be applied to the subject. The treatment of standard of care includes a surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.
[0066] Surgery can significantly extend survival of PDAC, and surgical options may include a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) to remove the head of the pancreas along with the surrounding structures, distal pancreatectomy to remove the tail and body of the pancreas, or total pancreatectomy in rare cases where the entire pancreas is removed. Radiation therapy may include high-energy X-rays or other radiation forms, which are used to target and kill cancer cells, and can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumors or after surgery (adjuvant) to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Anti-cancer medications are given either orally or intravenously to kill cancer cells throughout the body and can be used before or after surgery. Certain drugs are designed to target specific abnormalities or genetic mutations in cancer cells, disrupting their growth and survival. Immunotherapy helps to boost the subject's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy has long been the backbone of pancreatic cancer management. Exemplary chemotherapy includes gemcitabine, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, etc. The gemcitabine is commonly used chemotherapy drug. The standard dose for gemcitabine may be about, for example, 1000 mg / m2, which is administered intravenously over 30 minutes. It is usually given once a week for several weeks, followed by a week of rest, constituting a cycle. The standard dose of paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel may be about, for example, 125 mg / m2, infused intravenously over 3 hours or over 30 minutes, and both drugs are usually given once a week for several weeks, followed by a week of rest, constituting a cycle. Standard dose for irinotecan may be about, for example, 180 mg / m2, infused intravenously over 90 minutes. The standard dose for oxaliplatin may be about, for example, 85 mg / m2, infused intravenously over 120 minutes. Targeted therapy aims to specifically target and inhibit certain molecules or pathways involved in the growth and survival of PDAC cancer cells, and may include: Erlotinib, Nab-paclitaxel, HER2 inhibitors, etc. In some embodiments, the above treatment can be used in combination. For example, surgery offers a significant survival benefit to eligible patients, particularly when combined with adjuvant chemotherapy.
[0067] In some embodiments, in response to a prediction result that the prognostic outcome of the subject is poor, the treatment of standard of care or an experimental treatment may be applied to the subject. The experimental treatment refers to a treatment using new drugs not yet approved for marketing. The experimental treatment may be effective for these poor prognostic subjects in addition to the treatment of standard of care.
[0068] A method of treating a subject predicted as having a poor prognostic outcome of PDAC is also provided. The method may include: treating the subject by alternative of standard of care or experimental treatment, wherein prior to treatment, the subject has predicted as having the poor prognostic outcome of PDAC in response to a prediction result that the prognostic outcome of the subject is poor, wherein the prediction has been done by a process comprising: (a) obtaining, from a quantitative measurement device, quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1; and (b) predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prediction model. In some embodiments, the one or more target metabolites include at least two, three, four, five, six, or seven of the metabolites in Table 1. In some embodiments, the one or more target metabolites include all the metabolites in Table 1. In some embodiments, the prediction model is a regression model. In some embodiments, the prediction model is a Cox model. More description about the treatment and prediction can be found in the earlier description, and herein is omitted.
[0069] Kit
[0070] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject is provided. In some embodiments, the kit may include the one or more reagents for quantifying one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites in Table 1. The description of the one or more target metabolites may be found earlier in the present disclosure. For example, the one or more reagents may be standard substances for respectively detecting the target metabolites. The standard substances may be used for accurate determination of the abundance of the one or more target metabolites in the subject. Specifically, the standard substances may be used for generating one or more standard curves for quantifying the abundance of the one or more target metabolites in the subject. Additionally, the kit may also include other components which are not limited by the present disclosure, such as one or more quality-control agents, one or more pre-treatment agents for pre-treating the sample of the subject (e.g., a blood serum sample) , or the like, or any combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the kit may include one or more reagents for detecting levels of the one or more target metabolites.
[0071] The methods and metabolite biomarkers provided by the present disclosure are further described according to the examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
[0072] Method of identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor and treating the cancer patient
[0073] The processing device 120 may also execute a method of identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor by two approaches. The first approach includes detecting whether gene biomarkers are mutated to estimate whether a cancer patient is responsive to a PARP inhibitor. In this case, the processing device 120 may include the obtaining module 210 and the prediction module 230.
[0074] In some embodiments, the cancer includes any cancer that can be treated with PARP inhibitor, including but not limited to PDAC, ovary cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal Cancer and breast cancer. The term “PARP inhibitor” as used herein refers to an agent that inhibits gene expression and / or biological activity of PARP. Examples of the biological activity of PARP include, but are not limited to, enzymatic activity, substrate binding activity, homo-or hetero dimerization activity, and binding to a cellular structure. In some embodiments, the PARP inhibitor includes olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib, veliparib, an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP, or an anti-PARP neutralizing antibody. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP is a shRNA, a siRNA, a sgRNA, a ribozyme, or an anti-sense oligonucleotide.
[0075] In step (i) , the obtaining module 210 may obtain a detection result that each of the one or more target genes in a gene group is mutated, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0076] In some embodiments, the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1. In some embodiments, the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS. In some embodiments, the gene group further includes one or more of CIITA, ELN, NCKIPSD, CBLC, CIC, FANCC, FCRL4, KMT2D, LZTR1, SMO, NACA, NTRK1, NAB2, ARNT, CCND2, CDKN2C, EPS15, ETV4, GAS7, MLLT11, MYH11, NOTCH2, PRKCB, RBM15, S100A7, SFPQ, STAT3, TAL1, TPM3, ASXL1, BCL10, BCL7A, BCL9L, CLIP1, CLP1, CREB3L2, CTNNB1, CYLD, DDB2, DDX6, ELK4, FH, GPHN, GRM3, HERPUD1, IL21R, JAK1, KIAA1549, LMO2, MAFB, MPL, MTOR, MUTYH, MYCL, PER1, PLCG1, PRPF40B, PTPN11, PTPRT, RHOA, SDC4, SETD1B, SLC45A3, SMARCB1, SMARCD1, STIL, TBX3, TENT5C, TRIM24, USP6, ZCCHC8, ZNF384, FGFR4, AKT3, BCL11B, CBL, DICER1, GOLGA5, GRIN2A, ID3, MYOD1, PATZ1, RMI2, SDHAF2, SNX29, SOCS1, TNFRSF17, FOXR1, NUP98, BCL3, CD209, FEV, FUS, KEAP1, SET, ACKR3, ACSL3, BCR, CASP9, H3F3A, PRCC, SND1, TMEM127, WT1, CDKN2A, XPA, CCND3, MAP2K1, FAT3, RECQL4, DAXX, HLA-A, TRIM27, CASP3, FBXW7, ZRSR2, CPEB3, PCBP1, CDC73, TPR, WRN, ALK, PDGFB, ERG, BMP5, ETV1, ABI1, CD28, CHIC2, CREB1, EML4, FHIT, FIP1L1, HOXD11, HOXD13, NFE2L2, PDGFRA, PTPRC, TEC, IGF2BP2, NRAS, TFRC, KDR, KIT, BCL6, EIF4A2, LPP, AXIN2, MAP3K1, ARID1B, ROS1, NT5C2, RBM10, RGPD3, ZEB1, CBLB, FCRL4, GAS7, LRP1B, MYH9, PRDM1, ACSL6, CREB3L2, MYO5A, NUTM2D, PABPC1, USP44, PRPF40B, DCC, PIK3CA, TENT5C, WNK2, JAK2, CDH1, TMEM127, DDX10, CD274, HOOK3, COL3A1, ITGAV, PMS1, CHCHD7, LEF1, LHFPL6, NBEA, PLAG1, RAP1GDS1, TET2, GPHN, ATR, FOXL2, MECOM, PIK3CB, SOX2, TBL1XR1, WWTR1, ACVR1, ACVR2A, AFF4, ASXL2, BCL11A, BCL2, BLM, CDH11, CHST11, COX6C, CXCR4, CYLD, DNMT3A, EED, ERCC3, HNRNPA2B1, HOXA11, HOXA13, JAZF1, KDSR, LRIG3, MALT1, MUC4, NCOA1, OMD, PDCD1LG2, PICALM, SYK, TGFBR2, WDCP, BIRC6, BTG1, ALDH2, CCNE1, CCR4, CNBD1, FH, FOXA1, HEY1, IKBKB, JAK1, KAT6A, KLF4, MAX, MLH1, MYCN, NCOA2, NSD3, PMS2, PRRX1, PSIP1, SH2B3, TAL2, PHF6, RPL5, IDH1, SMAD2, SMAD4, BIRC3, CDH10, FAM47C, IL6ST, KAT6B, KTN1, LEPROTL1, MLLT10, MLLT3, N4BP2, NFIB, NFKB2, PHOX2B, RHOH, SUFU, ARAF, ARHGAP5, BMPR1A, CCNC, EIF1AX, EPHA7, ESR1, FOXO3, GOPC, KDM6A, LATS1, PPFIBP1, PTEN, RSPO3, SSX1, SSX4, TNFAIP3, NUP98, NUTM2B, and KAT7. More description about the target genes (gene biomarkers) can be found in the predictive biomarkers section.
[0077] The genetic mutations can be classified into several categories based on their nature and effects, for example, single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) , frameshift mutations, copy number variations (CNVs) , inversions, duplications, insertions and deletions (indels) . In some embodiments, the genetic mutations include single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) , insertions and deletions (indels) , and copy-number variants (CNVs) . In some embodiments, the target genes in the gene group enrich common co-related serum metabolites with BRCA 1 and BRCA 2.
[0078] In some embodiments, whether one or more target genes in a gene group in a sample from the cancer patient are mutated is detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , next-generation sequencing, Northern blotting, Southern blotting, microarray, dot or slot blots, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) , electrophoresis, chromatography, or mass spectroscopy. Some of these detection manners are used to detect a transcriptional level of the target genes, for example, RT-PCR, Northern blotting.
[0079] In some embodiments, the sample may include the samples described in the portion of the method of predicting the prognostic outcome of PDAC. In some embodiments, the sample may include blood, plasma, serum, tissue, etc.
[0080] In step (ii) , the prediction module 230 may determine that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor in response to a detection result that each of the one or more target genes is mutated.
[0081] If it is detected that each of the one or more target genes is mutated, the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor, and the PARP inhibitor may be administered to the cancer patient. Otherwise, the PARP inhibitor may be not effective for the cancer patient, and other treatment may be considered.
[0082] The second approach includes processing a mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model to estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor. In this case, the processing device 120 may include the obtaining module 210, the training module 220, and the prediction module 230.
[0083] In step (i) , the obtaining module 210 may obtain the mutational status or the transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0084] In some embodiments, the target genes are the same as those in the first approach, and herein are omitted.
[0085] The mutational status includes whether a gene is mutated. The mutational status of a gene may cause transcriptional level change compared to normal status, and accordingly, the transcriptional level may indicate whether the gene is mutated. The mutational status or the transcriptional level of the target gene may be detected via the detection manners described before.
[0086] In step (ii) , the prediction module 230 may determine a sample score by processing the mutational status or the transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in the gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model.
[0087] The PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model refers to a model used to select a patient sensitive to the PARP inhibitor. In some embodiments, the PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model may be a trained machine-learning model. For example, the PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model may be generated using a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithm, a decision tree algorithm, a Random Forest algorithm, a logistic regression algorithm, a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, a Naive Bayesian algorithm, an AdaBoost algorithm, a K-anearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm, a Markov Chains algorithm, an XGBoosting algorithm, a deep learning algorithm, a neural network, or the like, or any combination thereof, which is not limited by the present disclosure.
[0088] To obtain the PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model, the training module 220 may train a preliminary model using a plurality of training datasets. Each of the plurality of training datasets may include a mutational status or a transcriptional level of a sample gene of a reference subject and a label indicating whether the reference subject is responsive to the PARP inhibitor. Merely by way of example, the label may be a positive label or a negative label. The positive label indicates that the reference subject is responsive to the PARP inhibitor, and the negative label indicates that the reference subject is not responsive to the PARP inhibitor. The sample score outputted by the PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model may be represented by a value, for example, a value between 0 and 1. The closer the sample score is to 1, the higher the probability that the subject is responsive to the PARP inhibitor. More description about the PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model may be found in Example section where it may be referred to as olaparib sensitive prediction model.
[0089] In step (iii) , the prediction module 230 may estimate whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.
[0090] As used herein, the term “cut-off value” refers to a dividing point on measuring scales where evaluation results are divided into different categories. In some embodiments, when the sample score is equal to or greater than the cut-off score, the prediction module 230 may estimate that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor. The cut-off value may be determined based on the performance of the prediction model.
[0091] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes treating the cancer patient with the PARP inhibitor in response the estimation result that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor.
[0092] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a method for treating a cancer patient in need thereof includes: administering to the cancer patient an effective amount of a PARP inhibitor, wherein the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor and identified by a process including a)detecting whether one or more target genes in a gene group in a sample from the patient are mutated; or a) determining a sample score by processing the mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model; and b) estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score. More description about the target genes and the detection method can be found elsewhere in the present disclosure, and herein is omitted. The effective amount of the PARP inhibitor refers to the dosage or concentration of the PARP inhibitor that is required to achieve a therapeutic effect. The effective amount of the PARP inhibitor can vary depending on multiple factors, including: the type of cancer, drug resistance, previous treatments, etc. Merely by way of example, olaparib may be used at a dosage of 300 mg twice daily, talazoparib may be dosed at 1 mg once daily, niraparib may be used at a dosage of 300 mg once daily.
[0093] Kit
[0094] A kit for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor is provided. The kit may include one or more reagents for detecting a mutation in one or more target genes in a gene group, the gene group includes one or more CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2. More description about the target genes may be found in the earlier of the present disclosure, and herein are omitted. In some embodiments, the reagents include primers or probes that are complementary to the target genes. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the primers or probes comprise one or more detectable labels (e.g., fluorophores) .
[0095] The kit may also contain a control sample or a series of control samples, which can be assayed and compared to the test sample. The kit may also include instructions for using the kit to identify the cancer patient responsive to the PARP inhibitor.
[0096] Embodiments
[0097] The present invention is further illustrated by the following embodiments which should not be construed as limiting.
[0098] 1. A system for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising:
[0099] at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and
[0100] at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including:
[0101] (a) obtaining, from a quantitative measurement device, quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1; and
[0102] (b) predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model.
[0103] 2. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more target metabolites include at least two, three, four, five, six, or seven of the metabolites in Table 1.
[0104] 3. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more target metabolites include all the metabolites in Table 1.
[0105] 4. The system of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the prediction model is a regression model.
[0106] 5. The system of embodiment 4, wherein the prediction model is a Cox model.
[0107] 6. The system of embodiment 5, wherein the predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model includes:
[0108] determining a survival probability based on a risk score output by the Cox model; and
[0109] predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject based on the survival probability.
[0110] 7. The system of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites is determined by the quantitative measurement device using a relative quantification approach or an absolute quantification approach.
[0111] 8. The system of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the quantitative measurement device is a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry device.
[0112] 9. The system of any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein the prognostic outcome includes a survival time or a prognostic classification.
[0113] 10. The system of any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the sample is a blood, plasma, or serum sample.
[0114] 11. A method of predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising:
[0115] (a) obtaining, from a quantitative measurement device, quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1; and
[0116] (b) predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prediction model.
[0117] 12. A use of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites for preparing a kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, the plurality of metabolites including the metabolites in Table 1.
[0118] 13. A kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising one or more reagents for quantifying one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites in Table 1.
[0119] 14. A method of identifying one or more target metabolites for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) , the method comprising:
[0120] identifying a first group of metabolites affected or driven by genetic variants that show correlation with PDAC;
[0121] identifying a second group of metabolites from the first group by selecting metabolites that show significant correlation with PDAC;
[0122] selecting the one or more target metabolites from the second group of metabolites using a selection model, wherein the one or more target metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1.
[0123] 15. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the one or more target metabolites are detected by untargeted metabolomics and targeted metabolomics.
[0124] 16. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the selection model utilizes a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm.
[0125] 17. A method of treating a subject predicted as having a poor prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) , comprising:
[0126] treating the subject by alternative of standard of care or experimental treatment, wherein prior to treatment, the subject has predicted as having the poor prognostic outcome of PDAC in response to a prediction result that the prognostic outcome of the subject is poor, wherein the prediction has been done by a process comprising:
[0127] (a) obtaining, from a quantitative measurement device, quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1; and
[0128] (b) predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prediction model.
[0129] 18. A method for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising:
[0130] (a) detecting whether one or more target genes in a gene group in a sample from the cancer patient are mutated, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2; and
[0131] (b) in response to a detection result that each of the one or more target genes is mutated, determining that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor.
[0132] 19. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1.
[0133] 20. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS.
[0134] 21. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of CIITA, ELN, NCKIPSD, CBLC, CIC, FANCC, FCRL4, KMT2D, LZTR1, SMO, NACA, NTRK1, NAB2, ARNT, CCND2, CDKN2C, EPS15, ETV4, GAS7, MLLT11, MYH11, NOTCH2, PRKCB, RBM15, S100A7, SFPQ, STAT3, TAL1, TPM3, ASXL1, BCL10, BCL7A, BCL9L, CLIP1, CLP1, CREB3L2, CTNNB1, CYLD, DDB2, DDX6, ELK4, FH, GPHN, GRM3, HERPUD1, IL21R, JAK1, KIAA1549, LMO2, MAFB, MPL, MTOR, MUTYH, MYCL, PER1, PLCG1, PRPF40B, PTPN11, PTPRT, RHOA, SDC4, SETD1B, SLC45A3, SMARCB1, SMARCD1, STIL, TBX3, TENT5C, TRIM24, USP6, ZCCHC8, ZNF384, FGFR4, AKT3, BCL11B, CBL, DICER1, GOLGA5, GRIN2A, ID3, MYOD1, PATZ1, RMI2, SDHAF2, SNX29, SOCS1, TNFRSF17, FOXR1, NUP98, BCL3, CD209, FEV, FUS, KEAP1, SET, ACKR3, ACSL3, BCR, CASP9, H3F3A, PRCC, SND1, TMEM127, WT1, CDKN2A, XPA, CCND3, MAP2K1, FAT3, RECQL4, DAXX, HLA-A, TRIM27, CASP3, FBXW7, ZRSR2, CPEB3, PCBP1, CDC73, TPR, WRN, ALK, PDGFB, ERG, BMP5, ETV1, ABI1, CD28, CHIC2, CREB1, EML4, FHIT, FIP1L1, HOXD11, HOXD13, NFE2L2, PDGFRA, PTPRC, TEC, IGF2BP2, NRAS, TFRC, KDR, KIT, BCL6, EIF4A2, LPP, AXIN2, MAP3K1, ARID1B, ROS1, NT5C2, RBM10, RGPD3, ZEB1, CBLB, FCRL4, GAS7, LRP1B, MYH9, PRDM1, ACSL6, CREB3L2, MYO5A, NUTM2D, PABPC1, USP44, PRPF40B, DCC, PIK3CA, TENT5C, WNK2, JAK2, CDH1, TMEM127, DDX10, CD274, HOOK3, COL3A1, ITGAV, PMS1, CHCHD7, LEF1, LHFPL6, NBEA, PLAG1, RAP1GDS1, TET2, GPHN, ATR, FOXL2, MECOM, PIK3CB, SOX2, TBL1XR1, WWTR1, ACVR1, ACVR2A, AFF4, ASXL2, BCL11A, BCL2, BLM, CDH11, CHST11, COX6C, CXCR4, CYLD, DNMT3A, EED, ERCC3, HNRNPA2B1, HOXA11, HOXA13, JAZF1, KDSR, LRIG3, MALT1, MUC4, NCOA1, OMD, PDCD1LG2, PICALM, SYK, TGFBR2, WDCP, BIRC6, BTG1, ALDH2, CCNE1, CCR4, CNBD1, FH, FOXA1, HEY1, IKBKB, JAK1, KAT6A, KLF4, MAX, MLH1, MYCN, NCOA2, NSD3, PMS2, PRRX1, PSIP1, SH2B3, TAL2, PHF6, RPL5, IDH1, SMAD2, SMAD4, BIRC3, CDH10, FAM47C, IL6ST, KAT6B, KTN1, LEPROTL1, MLLT10, MLLT3, N4BP2, NFIB, NFKB2, PHOX2B, RHOH, SUFU, ARAF, ARHGAP5, BMPR1A, CCNC, EIF1AX, EPHA7, ESR1, FOXO3, GOPC, KDM6A, LATS1, PPFIBP1, PTEN, RSPO3, SSX1, SSX4, TNFAIP3, NUP98, NUTM2B, and KAT7.
[0135] 22. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the cancer includes PDAC, ovary cancer, or prostate cancer and breast cancer.
[0136] 23. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the PARP inhibitor includes olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib, veliparib, an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP, or an anti-PARP neutralizing antibody.
[0137] 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP is a shRNA, a siRNA, a sgRNA, a ribozyme, or an anti-sense oligonucleotide.
[0138] 25. The method of embodiment 18, wherein whether one or more target genes in a gene group in a sample from the cancer patient are mutated is detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , next-generation sequencing, Northern blotting, Southern blotting, microarray, dot or slot blots, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) , electrophoresis, chromatography, or mass spectroscopy.
[0139] 26. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the sample is blood, plasma, or serum.
[0140] 27. A method for treating a cancer patient in need thereof comprising:
[0141] administering to the cancer patient an effective amount of a PARP inhibitor, wherein the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor and identified by detecting whether one or more target genes in a gene group in a sample from the patient are mutated, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0142] 28. The method of embodiment 27, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1.
[0143] 29. The method of embodiment 27, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS.
[0144] 30. The method of embodiment 27, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of genes in embodiment 21.
[0145] 31. A system for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising:
[0146] at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and
[0147] at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including:
[0148] in response to a detection result that each of the one or more target genes in a gene group is mutated, determining that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor, wherein the gene group includes CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0149] 32. The system of embodiment 31, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1.
[0150] 33. The system of embodiment 31, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS.
[0151] 34. The system of embodiment 31, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of genes in embodiment 21.
[0152] 35. A use of a reagent of detecting a mutation in one or more target genes in a gene group for preparing a kit of identifying a cancer patient response to a PARP inhibitor, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0153] 36. A method for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising:
[0154] (a) determining a sample score by processing the mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model, wherein the gene group includes CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2; and
[0155] (b) estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.
[0156] 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1.
[0157] 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS.
[0158] 39. The method of embodiment 38, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of embodiment 21.
[0159] 40. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the cancer is PDAC, ovary cancer, or prostate cancer and breast cancer.
[0160] 41. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the PARP inhibitor includes olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib, veliparib, an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP, or an anti-PARP neutralizing antibody.
[0161] 42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP is a shRNA, a siRNA, a sgRNA, a ribozyme, or an anti-sense oligonucleotide.
[0162] 43. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model is a trained machine-learning model.
[0163] 44. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the sample score indicates a probability that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor.
[0164] 45. A method for treating a cancer patient in need thereof comprising:
[0165] administering to the cancer patient an effective amount of a PARP inhibitor, wherein the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor and identified by a process including:
[0166] (a) determining a sample score by processing the mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model, wherein the gene group includes CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2; and
[0167] (b) estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.
[0168] 46. A system for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising:
[0169] at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and
[0170] at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including:
[0171] (a) determining a sample score by processing a mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model, wherein the gene group includes CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2; and
[0172] (b) estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.
[0173] 47. The system of embodiment 46, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1.
[0174] 48. The system of embodiment 46, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and
[0175] GMPS.
[0176] 49. The system of embodiment 46, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of genes in embodiment 34.
[0177] 50. A kit for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising one or more reagents for detecting a mutation in one or more target genes in a gene group, wherein the gene group includes one or more CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
[0178] EXAMPLES
[0179] Materials and Methods
[0180] Patient recruitment, study cohorts and sample preparation
[0181] From 2017 to 2022, consecutive samples from patients with PDAC was collected from two independent centres: CICAMS (Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences) and PUMCH (Peking Union Medical College Hospital) . The final diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was determined by a pathologist based on histology examination (either on a resection specimen or by pancreatic fine needle aspiration) , and non-PDAC patients were ruled out. Individuals who received radiation or chemotherapy treatment or had a previous history of other cancers were also excluded. PDAC was staged based on the tumor size, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system maintained by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union for Cancer Control. At least 24 months of follow-up for all PDAC patients enrolled in the present disclosure was carried out to obtain the overall survival time. The baseline characteristics and clinical pathological features, including overall survival time for all individuals with PDAC, were recorded and are listed in Table 2. Blood samples were obtained before cancer treatment. Serum was prepared by centrifugation at 1500 x g for 15 min at 4 to 8℃. The serum supernatant was removed, mixed in a new centrifugation tube by inversion, split into 0.5 mL aliquots and stored at -80℃ in 2 mL screw cap tubes. Samples were shipped on dry ice to the analytical laboratory.
[0182] Table 2. Baseline information of patient cohorts
[0183] In total, 271 patients with PDAC were enrolled. Among them, 41 individuals were classified into the matched tissue–serum cohort, with matched tumoral tissues and paratumoral tissue samples (at least 4 cm from the tumoral boundary) that were also collected during surgery. These formalin-fixed tissue samples were used to prepare paraffine-embedded (FFPE) samples, which were then sliced into 10 mm thick sections. Tissue and serum samples derived from this cohort were used for WES and untargeted metabolomics detection, respectively. Targeted metabolomics detection of the PDAC prognostic biomarkers was conducted using serum samples from 230 independent PDAC patients, with overall survival information for each subject. These individuals were divided into a modelling cohort consisting of 151 individuals and a validation cohort consisting of 79 individuals. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, and Peking Union Medical College (Approval No. 18-218 / 1796) .
[0184] Quality control (QC) sample preparation
[0185] Equal volumes of serum derived from each individual from the matched tissue-serum cohort of this study were pooled to yield the QC sample. Each batch included 3 QC samples. The accuracy and precision of the semiquantitatively untargeted metabolomic profiling were estimated as described in the data analysis section.
[0186] Untargeted metabolite profiling
[0187] Metabolites were extracted from 60 μL previously thawed serum by the addition of 240 μL acetonitrile: isopropanol (3: 1 by volume, Thermo Fisher) followed by the addition of 60 μL ammonium formate (0.5 g / mL, Thermo Fisher) , 6 μL internal standard solution containing 100 μg / mL L-tyrosine-(phenyl-3, 5-d2) (Sigma-Aldrich) , 10 μg / mL 13C-cholic acid (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories) and 60 μg / mL doxercalciferol (Med Chem Express) to precipitate serum proteins. After vortexing for 4 min and centrifugation at 17, 949 ×g for 5 min, 200 μL supernatant was transferred to another tube and ice-dried by Centrivap cold-trap centrifugation at -60℃. Finally, the dried metabolite extracts were reconstituted with 75 μL 55%methanol (Thermo Fisher) containing 0.1%formic acid (Thermo Fisher) .
[0188] The metabolic extracts were analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) -mass spectrometry (MS) in both positive and negative ionization modes. 5 μL sample were injected into the Q Exactive mass spectrometer coupled with UltiMate3000 UPLC (Thermo Fisher) with a CORTECS (Waters) 1.6 μm C18 2.1*100 mm column. Data were acquired within the mass / charge ratio (m / z) range of 130 to 1200 Da at a resolution of 700, 000 in full MS-scan mode. The resulting mass spectra were exported into XC-MS software (Nonlinear Dynamics, Durham, NC, USA) for further analysis.
[0189] Metabolomic data pre-processing
[0190] Metabolomic feature extraction, alignment and quantification were performed using XC-MS software. To acquire reliable peaks, retain values with 1 decimal place for the retention times and 3 decimal places for the m / z data to aggregate the metabolites. To filter out background signals, metabolites with an abundance lower than 50000 in all individuals or with an abundance equal to zero in more than 85%of the individuals were filtered out. To eliminate batch-to-batch differences, the R preprocess Core software package (v1.47.1) was used for robust multiarray average (RMA) normalization, and the abundance ratio of metabolites was calculated. The coefficient of variance (CV%) for each metabolic feature was calculated based on its abundances in the QC samples of each batch (5 batches for untargeted metabolite detection and 3 QC samples in each batch) . Metabolites with a covariance ratio larger than 30%were also excluded. The remaining positive-and negative-mode features were then concatenated for downstream analysis. In total, 36118 features were included in the final analysis.
[0191] Metabolite annotation and inference
[0192] The MS / MS spectra of the QC samples were acquired under different fragmentation energies (25 NCE and 50 NCE) of the top 10 parent ions. Metabolite annotation was performed as previously described with some modifications. In brief, the QC MS1 / MS2 spectra were imported into the MS-DIAL 4.24 program and searched against public databases, including the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB, https: / / hmdb. ca / ) , MassBank of North America (https: / / mona. fiehnlab. ucdavis. edu / ) , and MassBank (https: / / massbank. eu / MassBank / ) . Then, LipidBlast was performed using a default similarity cut-off score. Finally, a manual check with the reference database was performed to confirm and distinguish between similar readouts. For metabolites whose MS / MS data could not be reliably acquired, their exact m / z was searched against the Metlin, HMDB and Bio-ML databases to determine their potential identities, and the cut-off was set to<10 ppm. The confidence level for metabolite annotation in this study was as follows: MS / MS from reference compounds in the current chromograph and MS condition > MS / MS from the library > exact m / z matching.
[0193] Targeted metabolite profiling
[0194] For metabolite extraction in targeted metabolomics detection, 10 μL internal standard solution (5 μg / mL 13C-cholic Acid) was added to 80 μL serum with 150 μL acetonitrile: isopropanol (4: 1 by volume, Thermo Fisher) and 50 μL ammonium formate (0.5 g / mL) , and the mixture was vortexed and centrifuged at 17, 949 ×g for 5 min. Then, 60 μL supernatant was diluted with 150 μL HPLC-grade water before use.
[0195] A pseudotargeted method dependent on pure standards was developed, and determined the relative levels of all metabolites in the identified panel using the same reference pool sample for normalizing the abundances for each individual. Targeted metabolomics detection was conducted with an AB SCIEX Triple QuadTM 4500 system and run in separate ion modes (positive and negative) . The mobile phase and the column used for reversed-phase liquid chromatography was the same as those used for untargeted metabolite profiling. The injection volume was 15 μL for each mode. Metabolites were eluted from the column at a flow rate of 0.3 mL / min with a gradually increasing concentration of mobile phase B, starting from 12%mobile phase B and reaching 60%mobile phase B after 2.5 min. A linear 60%–85%and 85%-100%phase B gradient was set at 6 min and 8.5 min. The C-pooled samples were used as the quality control samples in the targeted analysis. The delustering potentials and collision energies were optimized from the quality control samples of the control group. The metabolite peaks were integrated using Sciex Analyst 1.6.3 software.
[0196] Whole-exome sequencing and mutation analysis
[0197] Library preparation and sequencing. DNA extraction from FFPE slides of tumoral and paratumoral tissue samples was performed using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (QIAGENTM) as recommended by the manufacturer. Qubit and gel electrophoresis were subsequently used to examine the concentration and integrity of these DNA samples. All 41 pairs of DNA samples passed QC and were sheared into 180-250-bp fragments for library construction. After end repair, 3’A tailing, adaptor ligation and PCR amplification, the prepared gDNA libraries were subjected to an exome capture process using the SureSelectXT Human All Exon V6 (AgilentTM) system following the manual. The final exome libraries were quality checked and sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq6000 instruments to yield 150-bp paired-end reads and achieve a target coverage of 200×.
[0198] Sequencing data processing and mutation analysis
[0199] After cutting adaptors and filtering low-quality reads, the raw sequencing data were aligned to the hg38 human reference genome using BWA, and the mapping rate, duplication rate, capture ratio and coverage depth of the target region were calculated. Subsequently, Mutect2 software was used to call somatic SNVs / indels between paired tumoral vs. paratumoral tissues, and these mutant sites were annotated using the Enliven system. Somatic CNVs were detected between paired tumoral vs. paratumoral tissues using Control-FREEC and annotated by ANNOVAR. For germline mutations (SNVs / indels) , GATK was used to call these mutations, and ANNOVAR was used for annotation.
[0200] Somatic variants (indels and SNVs) located in exons, 5’ / 3’ -UTRs and splicing sites causing frameshift deletion / insertion, in-frame deletion / insertion, mis-sense, nonsense, nonstop or splice site / region mutations were used for subsequent analysis, whereas synonymous mutations were filtered. Furthermore, each somatic variant has a variant allele frequency lower than 2%in the patient-matched normal tissue as well as all other normal tissues. Additionally, all somatic CNVs were included.
[0201] Correlation analysis between known genetic variants and serum metabolites
[0202] Genes significantly mutated and repeatedly discovered in previous large PDAC sequencing studies were used to determine their effect on the serum metabolome via Spearman association analysis. The three isoforms of genetic variants (SNVs, indels, CNVs) were used to calculate their association with serum metabolites. The cut off of significant association was set to p<0.001. Afterwards, a Cox model was used to compare the prognostic prediction efficacy between these genetic variants and their associated serum metabolites.
[0203] Identification of novel driver genetic variations and genetic variations affecting serum metabolites by causal inference analysis
[0204] Based on three data layers, including genetic variants, serum metabolites and survival time within the same patient cohort, certain genetic variants lead to altered serum metabolites and thus predict the survival time of PDAC patients. Using this approach, potential novel driver mutations that affect PDAC progression were identified. Three types of genetic variants (SNVs, indels, CNVs) were also used, and the variants that showed such causal links were identified. To further validate the roles of these variants or their related genes on the PDAC prognostic outcome, a Cox model was established to evaluate their efficiency for distinguishing short-and long-surviving individuals. Additionally, the prognostic value of these variant-related genes was also examined using PDAC variant and transcriptome databases from TCGA-PAAD dataset.
[0205] Based on these mutant profiles or serum metabolites attributed to these variants, carried out PDAC individual subtyping via k-means and unsupervised clustering and compared the survival length between different subtypes via the Cox model.
[0206] Selection of metabolites for the PDAC prognosis prediction model
[0207] The present disclosure selected the metabolite features that were both significantly altered between noncancer and cancer individuals and significantly associated with key driver mutations or involved in novel driver gene-induced metabolites. Implemented the LASSO algorithm with 10-fold cross validation for feature selection from these metabolites. Logic regression was further used to create a prognostic model of PDAC individuals based on the untargeted metabolome. The chemical structure annotation, including MS2 ion pairs, if identifiable, was established by MS / MS spectrum matching as described previously. Afterwards, these metabolites involved in the prognostic model were subsequently transferred to the targeted metabolic platform (4500) in MRM mode based on their specific precursor ion and product ion pairs. Their prediction efficiency was first evaluated by targeted LC-MS with the modelling cohort to establish the prognostic model and determine the cut-off value and further validated using independent validation individuals.
[0208] Example 1: Serum metabolome heterogeneity within PDAC patients exhibited distinct prognostic outcomes
[0209] To identify causal inference links among the tumor mutational landscape, serum metabolome, and PDAC progression, the present disclosure first investigated serum metabolome heterogeneity within patients with PDAC and evaluated whether serum metabolome patterns could reflect survival outcomes. All individuals in the matched tissue-serum cohort were patients diagnosed with PDAC. FFPE slides of paired tumor and para-tumor tissues from each individual were used for WES at 200 x coverage. Matched serum samples within this cohort were used for untargeted metabolomics analysis. The genetic variations, serum metabolome and prognostic outcome were then integrated for multi-omics analysis. FFPE: Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded. To achieve this, the present disclosure conducted untargeted metabolic detection within the tissue-serum matched cohort, enrolling 41 individuals, and at least 2 years’ follow-up was also carried out for these patients to record the overall survival (OS) time, with a median OS of 17 months. In total, 36118 reliably detected serum metabolites (cv<30%in QC samples) were acquired, and among them, 5057 metabolites were annotated with specific metabolites. Afterwards, to clarify distinct serum metabolic patterning in patients with PDAC, unbiased clustering of these metabolites was carried out and led to classification of the 41 individuals within this cohort into 3 subtypes, which named Group 1-3, indicating the heterogeneity of serum metabolome in PDAC patients. To evaluate whether such different serum metabolic patterning could stratify good survival (overall survival (OS) ≥17 months, the median survival in the matched tissue-serum cohort) and poor survival (OS<17 months) individuals, performed a Kaplan-Meier analysis using the overall survival of the individuals classified into the three metabolome-dependent subtypes (Group 1-3) as shown in FIG. 3, and the analysis revealed significant variation in survival outcomes, with Group 1 and 3 having the shortest and longest survival, respectively, leading to an overall log-rank test p value of 0.025 and a HR of 0.4184. So, the overall metabolic patterns in serum might be relevant to PDAC survival.
[0210] Next, the present disclosure further profiled subtype specific serum metabolic signals and define enriched metabolic pathways within each subtype, in order to illustrate the biological relevant with survival outcome. Metabolites in certain subtype showed significantly altered abundances in all the other two subtypes were defined as subtype specific. The Group 1, the subtype with poorest prognostic outcome, showed over-representation of inositol phosphate and glycolysis / gluconeogenesis pathways, PDAC showing enriched anaerobic glycolysis activities at transcription and proteomics level were immune suppressive and exhibit worse survival outcomes. Meanwhile, Group 3 and 2, the two subtypes with better prognostic outcomes, were enriched with metabolic pathways supporting nucleotide biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway, respectively. These results indicated that the high heterogeneity of serum metabolome patterns exists in patients with PDAC and that patient subtyping via the serum metabolome has a distinct prognostic outcome.
[0211] Example 2: Prognostic diverse metabolic subtypes reflect crosstalk of distinct mutational signatures
[0212] To investigate how genetic mutational diversity in PDAC patients contribute to the three prognostic distinct metabolic subtypes, and in turn, whether such prognostic related serum metabolomic heterogeneity could serve as a non-invasive tool to reflect individuals driver mutational status, the present disclosure further carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) of tissue samples and an integrated genetic–metabolic–survival analysis within the matched tissue–serum cohort. The 41 paired tumoral vs para-tumoral tissues were sequenced and compared for calling somatic variations, which were subsequently regarded as tumor-related genetic variations WES sequencing using derived from patients with PDAC. On average, 1077 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) , 624 insertions and deletions (indels) , and 212 copy-number variants (CNVs) were found by WES of these somatic variations of each sample.
[0213] As in PDAC, the present disclosure also observed the cross-regulation of the 4 main driver gene (KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A and SMAD4) on respective downstream gene signatures at transcription level. Such crosstalk of driver mutations on regulating downstream signatures were also consistent at metabolic level. Thus, each of distinctive metabolic subtype represents aggregating effects of upstream mutations that show potential to drive corresponding alteration of those metabolites, via modulating activities of downstream signaling pathways and inter-pathway crosstalk.
[0214] In this example, if metabolomic signatures for each individual subtype could be dissected out by metabolomic signatures that are significantly co-related with driver mutations in the tissue-serum matched cohort was first determined. The present disclosure carried out a co-relation analysis using census genetic variations detected in this cohort with all serum metabolites, and calculated the enrichment score of each gene co-related metabolites within each subtype signature metabolites. Specifically, one genetic mutation was defined as specifically overrepresented for certain individual subtype when the number of its co-related serum metabolites were significantly enriched within signature metabolites of this subtype, and the enrichment was calculated using fisher exact test, with the threshold of p value <0.05. Such overrepresented genes based on enrichment of co-related metabolites within certain metabolite set were termed as mutations up-stream of metabolomic signature (MUMS) hereafter. Based on such analysis, the present disclosure identified the lists of enriched MUMS for metabolic signatures of each individual subtypes. FIG. 4A are graphs of plot of ranking of MUMS related genes for each subtype according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0215] Next, the present disclosure analyzed the mutational status of all these MUMS within the 41 matched tissue-serum cohort, revealing that certain subtype specific MUMS were enriched within individuals of related subtype, indicating that these heterogeneous tumor genetic mutations might contribute to the diversified serum metabolomic signatures, and such metabolic variation divides PDAC individuals into prognostic varied subtypes. To better understand biological processes / pathways of how these MUMS contributed to the specification of these subtype enriched metabolome signatures, the present disclosure carried out gene ontology (GO) analysis using MUMS for each of these three subtypes. Consistent with the enrichment of glycolysis / gluconeogenesis pathway related metabolites in Group 1, genes overrepresented in this group also showed an enrichment of cellular response to hypoxia and positive regulation of glycolytic process. Such metabolic activity enriched PDAC subtype has been defined as immune-suppressive and chemotherapy resistant, which explains the poorest prognostic outcome of this Group individuals. On the contrary, the Group 3 with the best prognostic outcome is enriched with genes belonging to multiple interleukin signaling, indicating the infiltration of immune cells, and such immune-active signature has also been reported to indicate better survival.
[0216] Moreover, the present disclosure further determined whether these MUMS for each subtype can independently predict prognostic outcome within this tissue-serum matched cohort, as their corresponding metabolomic signatures for each individual subtype. By unbiased clustering of MUMS genes using expression levels within the TCGA cohort of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) patients, divide the TCGA cohort individuals into 3 subtypes, and Kaplan-Meier analysis using the overall survival time also revealed significant specification of good or poor prognostic outcomes as shown in FIG. 4B. Collectively, these results suggest that crosstalk of genetic mutational diversity in PDAC patients contributes to the three metabolic subtypes with distinct prognosis, and those genetic mutations associated with prognostic distinct serum metabolomic signatures also showed similar prognostic power with corresponding metabolomic subgroups.
[0217] Example 3: MUMS inferred from BRCA1 / 2 mutation related metabolic signatures were potential targets to induce synergistic lethal with PARP inhibitor
[0218] Targeted therapies have been developed to specifically targeting key driver mutations and preciously manage tumor treatment. Mostly, their application prerequisites identification of related driver mutations via PCR based or high through-put panel based approaches. However, resistance or varied responses could be observed among individuals carrying targeted mutations. Such response diversity for initial treatment or emergence of resistance has been suspected to attribute to crosstalk of downstream signal transduction pathways regulated by mutations other than targeted mutations. Thus, unrevealing common downstream signatures that may reflect tumor regulating activity of driver mutations would provide better biomarker for targeted therapy responses than detecting mutation alone. As described above, serum metabolic signatures could reflect the combined effect of mutational genes on PDAC prognostic outcomes. Utilizing those downstream metabolic signatures, whether crosstalk of driver genes on metabolic regulation could facilitate identification of targeted therapy responders were further investigated.
[0219] The present disclosure firstly profiled distributions of serum metabolites associated with key driver gene mutations that has been targeted by current targeted therapy. BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important tumor suppressor genes that carry out homologous recombination repair (HRR) functions, significantly co-related with serum metabolites that distributed within signature metabolites of Group 3 and Group 1, respectively. Mutation of BRCA1 / 2 induced Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) has been implicated to promote tumorgenesis and prognosis for multiple cancer types, including PDAC, and two genes might also drive metabolic alterations that are associated with prognostic outcomes. Meanwhile, BRCA mutations and the PARP inhibitor Olaparib were identified as the first example for cancer treatment via synthetic lethal, and has recently been approved for metastatic PDAC patients harboring BRCA1 / 2 germline mutations, as well as showing effective responses for ovary and prostate cancers. Thus, the present disclosure focused on BRCA1 / 2 and Olaparib treatment response to identify whether MUMS of BRCA1 / 2 downstream metabolic signatures could sensitize the response to Olaparib, and facilitate the identification of novel synthetic lethal targets.
[0220] To identify BRCA1 / 2 MUMS genes, the present disclosure carried out enrichment analysis of gene associated metabolites within BRCA1 / 2 co-related metabolite sets, with FDR < 0.05 defined as significant. As shown in Table 3-4 and FIG. 5A, in total, 121 and 203 MUMS genes were identified to enrich common co-related serum metabolites with BRCA1 and BRCA2, respectively. (All qualified serum metabolites: 36129, BRCA1 associated serum metabolites: 274, BRCA2 associated serum metabolites: 312) .
[0221] Table 3. MUMS genes of BRCA1
[0222] Table 4. MUMS genes of BRCA2
[0223] To evaluate the effect of co-existence of these genes of BRCA1 / 2 on Olaparib treatment responses, the public Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) dataset was used, including the MUMS genes mutation status, RNA level, as well as IC50s of Olaparib in all cell lines derived from solid tumors. According to a previous report, the present disclosure set the IC50 of Olaparib at 70nM as the threshold to distinguish sensitive and non-sensitive cell lines, leading to 295 sensitive and 499 nonsensitive cell lines within this dataset. Olaparib sensitive prediction model using either mutational status as shown in FIG. 5B or transcriptional levels of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as shown in FIG. 5C indicated that BRCA1 / 2 themselves alone could not efficiently predict Olaparib responses. However, when building combined models using the MUMS genes that shared common co-related metabolites with BRCA1 / 2, as described above, could significantly enhance the Olaparib responsive prediction model, leading to AUCs achieving 0.79 in the testing set of the GSDC cell lines, and waterfall plot also showed that most responsive cell lines could be identified by the combined models developed based on either mutation status or RNA levels, as shown in FIGs. 5D-5F. To rule out the possibility that the increasement of Olaparib responsive prediction was simply attributed to the addition of extra gene numbers, the same number of non-MUMS genes was randomly selected to build combined prediction model with BRCA1 / 2, and tested their performances in the testing set of the GSDC cell lines. After 10000 rounds of random selection, the present disclosure acquired an AUC of these combined models, significantly lower than the performance using the MUMS genes as shown in FIG. 5E, 5G. Moreover, prediction efficiency of the RNA level based combined model could be further independently validated in organoid system, showing an AUC of 0.71 to predict responsive to Olaparib in an organoid based drug screening dataset (https: / / cytomap. com / home) , as shown in FIG. 5F, 5H. These evidences collectively indicated that these MUMS genes might be additional targets for Olaparib other than BRCA1 / 2, carrying out synergistic functions to sensitize cancer cells to Olaparib treatment.
[0224] Some exemplary genes are randomly selected from the MUMS genes to confirm whether part of the MUMS genes or individual MUMS genes also have the predictive effect. Specifically, the Olaparib responsive prediction model established by the individual CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2 has an AUC of 0.66, 0.63, 0.61, 0.61, and 0.57, respectively, and has an AUC of 0.69 by the combined five genes. In addition, AUCs of these models built by any two, three, and four genes of these five genes have a distribution ranging from 0.6 to 0.7. Genes including NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS can be used to predict responsive to Olaparib with an AUC of the Olaparib responsive prediction model of 0.71, in which AUCs of Olaparib responsive prediction models built by individual NSD1, TRIM33, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ARID2, FKBP9, and GMPS is 0.56, 0.56, 0.56, 0.59, 0.63, 0.69, 0.58, and 0.59. In addition, AUCs of these models built by any two to any twelve genes of these thirteen genes have a distribution ranging from 0.61 to 0.71. Genes including KNSTRN, CSF3R, SPOP, RAC1 and STRN can be used to predict responsive to Olaparib with an AUC of the Olaparib responsive prediction model of 0.63, in which AUC of KNSTRN is 0.57, AUC of CSF3R is 0.6, AUC of SPOP is 0.58, AUC of RAC1 is 0.57, and AUC of STRN is 0.58. In addition, AUCs of these models built by any two to any four of these five genes have a distribution ranging from 0.6 to 0.63. It was clear from the above results that BRCA1 / 2 and their related MUMS genes, individual, in part or in combination, can be targets for PARP inhibitor responsive prediction. As previous findings also found that these cell lines faithfully recapitulate oncogenic alterations, as well as associations with drug sensitivity / resistance responses identified in tumors, such synergistic responses to PARP inhibitor Olaparib might also present in real world patient responses.
[0225] Example 4: Causal inference analysis among genetic variation, serum metabolites and survival reveal driver gene contributed serum metabolites
[0226] Preliminary functional validation of Brac1 / 2 MUMS by responders prediction for PARP inhibitor against PADC provides necessary constrains that allow causal inference among genetic variation, serum metabolites and tumor progression, due to independent anchor variable provided by genetic mutations in the MUMS. Thereby inferred metabolites that were selected by causal inferring analysis could presumably affect tumor progression, which can be manifested as distinctive prognostic outcome. Those mutations uncovered in this work by integration of multi-omics discovery cohort and causal inferring analysis provide an alternative source of target discovery, as shown in FIG. 6A. Unlike association-based analysis, this approach systematically tests whether genetic variations that lead to variations in serum metabolite abundance statistically support a causative relationship that contributes to the survival of PDAC patients. Using this approach, the present disclosure separately evaluated PDAC-enriched somatic SNVs, indels and CNVs, and revealed corresponding serum metabolites related with these genetic variations and the consequence on prognostic outcome.
[0227] In total, 112 CNVs, 88 indels and 14 SNVs were found to be related to PDAC progression, and collectively, these genetic variations were related to a total of 214 independent genes. According to the causal inference analysis, these genetic variations collectively led to variations in the abundance of 93 serum metabolites that could individually predict prognostic outcome, and among them, 63 metabolites allocated into respective subtype specific signature metabolites. The present disclosure further evaluated the prognostic prediction efficiency of serum metabolites whose abundance was affected by genetic variations, leading to an HR of 2.936, with a p value of 0.0034. This analysis revealed that the effect of these genetic variations on serum metabolites consistently showed a subtyping of PDAC patients with significant separation between good and poor survival outcomes.
[0228] Given that serum metabolome profile alterations driven by tumor genomic variations showed prognostic predictive potential, the present disclosure next thought to establish a non-invasive prognostic prediction model based on the altered serum metabolites driven by tumor genomic variations identified in the matched tissue-serum cohort, and evaluate whether such prognostic efficiency could be independently validated. The present disclosure applied a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm for feature selection as shown in FIG. 6B, and a panel of 9 serum metabolites from the untargeted metabolic profile that could also be reliably detected by targeted metabolomics were ultimately selected, as shown in Table 1. Subsequently, the 9-metabolite panel detected by targeted metabolomics were used to construct a prognostic Cox model in a modelling cohort enrolling 151 patients with PDAC, and the cut-off was set to the median point of the composite score of the Cox model within this cohort, leading to significant separation between good and poor survival with a p value of 0.0059 and a HR of 1.593 (95%CI: 1.1487-2.21) , as shown in FIG. 6C. Validation of the prognostic model and the cut-off value was then performed using the independent validation cohort enrolling 79 patients with PDAC and also showed significant separation with a p value of 0.032 and a HR of 2.1163 (95%CI: 1.3159-3.4036) . Taken together, the results in this section indicated that serum metabolites driven by PDAC related genetic variations could serve as non-invasive biomarkers for PDAC survival prediction. Further, our experimental data also indicate that individual biomarker of Table 1 and a combination thereof (any two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight combination) can also provide a separation between good and poor survival of PDAC.
Claims
1.A system for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising:at least one storage device including a set of instructions; andat least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including:(a) obtaining, from a quantitative measurement device, quantified abundance of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites in a sample from the subject, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1; and(b) predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model.2.The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target metabolites include at least two, three, four, five, six, or seven of the metabolites in Table 1.3.The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more target metabolites include all the metabolites in Table 1.4.The system of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the prediction model is a regression model.5.The system of claim 4, wherein the prediction model is a Cox model.6.The system of claim 5, wherein the predicting the prognostic outcome of the subject by inputting the quantified abundance of each of the one or more target metabolites to a prognostic prediction model includes:determining a survival probability based on a risk score output by the Cox model; andpredicting the prognostic outcome of the subject based on the survival probability.7.The system of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the prognostic outcome includes a survival time or a prognostic classification.8.The system of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the sample is a blood, plasma, or serum sample.9.A use of one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites for preparing a kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, the plurality of metabolites including the metabolites in Table 1.10.A kit for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a subject, comprising one or more reagents for quantifying one or more target metabolites in a panel of a plurality of metabolites, wherein the plurality of metabolites include the metabolites in Table 1.11.A method of identifying one or more target metabolites for predicting a prognostic outcome of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) , the method comprising:identifying a first group of metabolites affected or driven by genetic variants that show correlation with PDAC;identifying a second group of metabolites from the first group by selecting metabolites that show significant correlation with PDAC; andselecting the one or more target metabolites from the second group of metabolites using a selection model, wherein the one or more target metabolites include the metabolites of Table 1.12.A system for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising:at least one storage device including a set of instructions; andat least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including:in response to a detection result that each of the one or more target genes in a gene group is mutated, determining that the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.13.The system of claim 12, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of TOP1, KNSTRN, HOXC11, CSF3R, SPOP, USP8, POU5F1, RAC1, LARP4B, STRN, GPC3, and TCEA1.14.The system of claim 12 or 13, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of NSD1, TRIM33, CREB3L1, PIK3R1, SETDB1, STAT6, ATP1A1, LCK, ARID2, RGS7, RAD17, FKBP9, and GMPS.15.The system of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the gene group further includes one or more of CIITA, ELN, NCKIPSD, CBLC, CIC, FANCC, FCRL4, KMT2D, LZTR1, SMO, NACA, NTRK1, NAB2, ARNT, CCND2, CDKN2C, EPS15, ETV4, GAS7, MLLT11, MYH11, NOTCH2, PRKCB, RBM15, S100A7, SFPQ, STAT3, TAL1, TPM3, ASXL1, BCL10, BCL7A, BCL9L, CLIP1, CLP1, CREB3L2, CTNNB1, CYLD, DDB2, DDX6, ELK4, FH, GPHN, GRM3, HERPUD1, IL21 R, JAK1, KIAA1549, LMO2, MAFB, MPL, MTOR, MUTYH, MYCL, PER1, PLCG1, PRPF40B, PTPN11, PTPRT, RHOA, SDC4, SETD1 B, SLC45A3, SMARCB1, SMARCD1, STIL, TBX3, TENT5C, TRIM24, USP6, ZCCHC8, ZNF384, FGFR4, AKT3, BCL11B, CBL, DICER1, GOLGA5, GRIN2A, ID3, MYOD1, PATZ1, RMI2, SDHAF2, SNX29, SOCS1, TNFRSF17, FOXR1, NUP98, BCL3, CD209, FEV, FUS, KEAP1, SET, ACKR3, ACSL3, BCR, CASP9, H3F3A, PRCC, SND1, TMEM127, WT1, CDKN2A, XPA, CCND3, MAP2K1, FAT3, RECQL4, DAXX, HLA-A, TRIM27, CASP3, FBXW7, ZRSR2, CPEB3, PCBP1, CDC73, TPR, WRN, ALK, PDGFB, ERG, BMP5, ETV1, ABI1, CD28, CHIC2, CREB1, EML4, FHIT, FIP1 L1, HOXD11, HOXD13, NFE2L2, PDGFRA, PTPRC, TEC, IGF2BP2, NRAS, TFRC, KDR, KIT, BCL6, EIF4A2, LPP, AXIN2, MAP3K1, ARID1 B, ROS1, NT5C2, RBM10, RGPD3, ZEB1, CBLB, FCRL4, GAS7, LRP1 B, MYH9, PRDM1, ACSL6, CREB3L2, MYO5A, NUTM2D, PABPC1, USP44, PRPF40B, DCC, PIK3CA, TENT5C, WNK2, JAK2, CDH1, TMEM127, DDX10, CD274, HOOK3, COL3A1, ITGAV, PMS1, CHCHD7, LEF1, LHFPL6, NBEA, PLAG1, RAP1GDS1, TET2, GPHN, ATR, FOXL2, MECOM, PIK3CB, SOX2, TBL1XR1, WWTR1, ACVR1, ACVR2A, AFF4, ASXL2, BCL11A, BCL2, BLM, CDH11, CHST11, COX6C, CXCR4, CYLD, DNMT3A, EED, ERCC3, HNRNPA2B1, HOXA11, HOXA13, JAZF1, KDSR, LRIG3, MALT1, MUC4, NCOA1, OMD, PDCD1 LG2, PICALM, SYK, TGFBR2, WDCP, BIRC6, BTG1, ALDH2, CCNE1, CCR4, CNBD1, FH, FOXA1, HEY1, IKBKB, JAK1, KAT6A, KLF4, MAX, MLH1, MYCN, NCOA2, NSD3, PMS2, PRRX1, PSIP1, SH2B3, TAL2, PHF6, RPL5, IDH1, SMAD2, SMAD4, BIRC3, CDH10, FAM47C, IL6ST, KAT6B, KTN1, LEPROTL1, MLLT10, MLLT3, N4BP2, NFIB, NFKB2, PHOX2B, RHOH, SUFU, ARAF, ARHGAP5, BMPR1A, CCNC, EIF1AX, EPHA7, ESR1, FOXO3, GOPC, KDM6A, LATS1, PPFIBP1, PTEN, RSPO3, SSX1, SSX4, TNFAIP3, NUP98, NUTM2B, and KAT7.16.The system of claim 12, wherein the cancer is PDAC, ovary cancer, or prostate cancer and breast cancer.17.The system of claim 12, wherein the PARP inhibitor includes olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib, veliparib, an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PARP, or an anti-PARP neutralizing antibody.18.The system of claim 12, wherein whether one or more target genes in a gene group in a sample from the cancer patient are mutated is detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , next-generation sequencing, Northern blotting, Southern blotting, microarray, dot or slot blots, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) , electrophoresis, chromatography, or mass spectroscopy.19.A use of a reagent of detecting a mutation in one or more target genes in a gene group for preparing a kit of identifying a cancer patient response to a PARP inhibitor, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.20.A system for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising:at least one storage device including a set of instructions; andat least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to perform operations including:(a) determining a sample score by processing a mutational status or a transcriptional level of each of one or more target genes in a gene group using a PARP inhibitor sensitive prediction model, wherein the gene group includes one or more of CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2; and(b) estimating whether the cancer patient is responsive to the PARP inhibitor by comparing the sample score to a cut-off score.21.A kit for identifying a cancer patient responsive to a PARP inhibitor, comprising one or more reagents for detecting a mutation in one or more target genes in a gene group, wherein the gene group includes one or more CTNND1, THRAP3, BRAF, STAT5B, and EXT2.
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