Copper-clad laminate and process for manufacturing the same
A copper-clad laminate with a thermoplastic layer made from a composite of SPS and fillers addresses the balance of low dielectric properties and mechanical strength, enhancing PCB performance for high-frequency applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/111173
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-09
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing copper-clad laminates (CCL) for printed circuit boards (PCB) face challenges in achieving a balance of low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, mechanical strength, and cost-effectiveness, with materials like PTFE lacking mechanical properties and thermosetting resins exhibiting high dielectric loss.
A copper-clad laminate comprising a thermoplastic layer formed from a composite of syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) with specific fillers and additives, processed through extrusion, injection molding, or compression molding, resulting in a low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high mechanical strength.
The laminate achieves a dielectric constant of less than 3.5 and a dielectric dissipation factor of no greater than 0.0030 under 2.5 GHz, with flexural strength exceeding 90 MPa, suitable for high-frequency and high-speed PCB applications.
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Figure CN2024111173_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COPPER-CLAD LAMINATE AND PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAMEFIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to copper-clad laminates (CCL) for use with printed circuit boards (PCB) , more particularly, to CCL comprising a thermoplastic layer having a low dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss, as well as processes for manufacturing the same.BACKGROUND
[0002] Copper-clad laminates (CCL) are used to make printed circuit boards (PCB) for use in multifunctional electronic products including communication devices. With the rapid development of high-speed communication networks, there is a need for high-frequency high-speed CCL or PCB which can ensure fast signal transmission and stability in high-frequency environments. Manufacturing of high-frequency high-speed CCL needs materials having low dielectric constant ( “Dk” ) and low dielectric loss (loss tangent, dissipation factor, or “Df” ) because they have a smaller storage capacity which results in faster charging and discharging processes.
[0003] Traditionally, materials used as interlayer dielectric materials in CCL are generally inorganic materials such as silicon oxide and silicon nitride. However, inorganic materials tend to have higher dielectric constant, poor machinability and low thermal expansion coefficient. Compared with inorganic low dielectric materials, organic polymer materials commonly possess lower dielectric constant, excellent mechanical properties and processability. Currently, CCL may generally include thermosetting resins such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin, bismaleimide resin (e.g., bis-maleimide triazine) , polyimide resin, and cyanate ester resin, but these materials exhibit a relatively high dielectric loss. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resins can exhibit excellent high-frequency characteristics, moisture resistance, and acid resistance, but PTFE resins lack the desired mechanical properties, are difficult to process, and can be expensive and difficult to process. Some thermoplastic resins such as polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) , liquid crystal polymer (LCP) have also been used in the manufacture of CCL, but the prepared CCL still couldn’t present desired comprehensive performance including dielectric property (e.g., a very low dielectric loss which is required, for example, in some high power applications) , mechanical property, dimensional stability, thermal conductivity, and high bonding strength with copper foil.
[0004] Accordingly, there remains a need for alternative CCL in electronics industry which can show good comprehensive performance. At the same time, there is also a need for highly efficient and cost-effective production methods of making the same.SUMMARY
[0005] The following is a brief summary of subject matter that is described in greater detail herein. This summary is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the claims.
[0006] Various exemplary aspects of the inventive concepts are directed to a process for manufacturing a copper-clad laminate which comprises forming a thermoplastic layer from a composite comprising, based on the total weight of the composite: from 40 wt. %to 70 wt. %of a thermoplastic resin comprising a syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) having a melt flow rate in a range of from about 1 g / 10 min to about 100 g / 10 min; from 10 wt. %to 45 wt. %of a first filler having an aspect ratio of greater than 1; from 5 wt. %to 40 wt. %of a second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a third filler different from the first and the second filler; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a compatibilizer; and from 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %of an additive. The process further comprises forming a stack by laying up a first copper foil layer and the thermoplastic layer; and laminating the stack by application of heat and pressure for a time sufficient to form the copper-clad laminate. In the copper-clad laminate, the thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.5 under 2.5 GHz, a dielectric dissipation factor of no greater than 0.0030 under 2.5 GHz, and a flexural strength of greater than about 90 MPa.
[0007] In certain aspects of the present disclosure, forming a thermoplastic layer is carried out by at least one of extrusion, injection molding or compression molding. In certain exemplary embodiments, laminating the stack by application of heat and pressure comprises heating the stack to a temperature of from about 50 ℃ to about 270 ℃ under a pressure of from about 0.1 MPa to about 5.0 MPa for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 180 minutes. In certain exemplary embodiments, laminating the stack by application of heat and pressure is carried out in an oxygen-free environment.
[0008] Various exemplary aspects of the present inventive concepts are also directed to a copper-clad laminate comprising a thermoplastic layer, a reinforcing layer having a first side in contact with a first side of the thermoplastic layer; and a copper foil layer in contact with a second side of the reinforcing layer opposite the first side. The thermoplastic layer is made from a composite comprising, based on the total weight of the composite: from 40 wt. %to 70 wt. %of a thermoplastic resin comprising a syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) having a melt flow rate in a range of from about 1 g / 10 min to about 100 g / 10 min; from 10 wt. %to 45 wt. %of a first filler having an aspect ratio of greater than 1; from 5 wt. %to 40 wt. %of a second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a third filler different from the first and the second filler; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a compatibilizer; and from 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %of an additive. In the copper-clad laminate, the thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.5 under 2.5 GHz, a dielectric dissipation factor of no greater than 0.0030 under 2.5 GHz, and a flexural strength of greater than about 90 MPa.
[0009] In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the second filler has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz, and the thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz. The second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz comprises glass bubbles, nanoporous amorphous silica, or combinations thereof, and it may be present in the composite in an amount of from 5 wt. %to 30 wt. %.
[0010] In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the second filler has a high thermal conductivity, such as greater than 100 W / m·K, and the thermoplastic layer has a through-plane thermal conductivity greater than 0.30 W / m·K. The second filler of high thermal conductivity comprises boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, or combinations thereof, and it may be present in the composite in an amount of from 15 wt. %to 40 wt. %.
[0011] The first filler may have an aspect ratio in a range of from 1 to 500, preferably from 3 to 450. The first filler may comprise at least one of glass fiber, wollastonite, and inorganic whisker. In certain exemplary embodiments, the first filler and the second filler are present in the composite with a weight ratio of from 8: 1 to 1: 3.
[0012] Optionally, the thermoplastic resin further comprises a second thermoplastic polymer having a dielectric constant of lower than 3.3 under 2.5 GHz, a dielectric dissipation factor of lower than 0.0050 under 2.5 GHz. The second thermoplastic polymer may comprise, for example, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyethylenimine, polyphenylene oxide-polystyrene blends, polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulphone, and any combinations thereof. The second thermoplastic polymer may be present in the thermoplastic resin in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. %to about 50 wt. %, preferably from 1 wt. %to about 50 wt. %, based on a total weight of the thermoplastic resin. When the second thermoplastic polymer is included, the syndiotactic polystyrene may be present in the composite in an amount of from 35 wt. %to 55 wt. %, and the second thermoplastic polymer may be present in the composite in an amount of from 5 wt. %to 15 wt. %.
[0013] The thermoplastic layer may have a surface resistivity of no less than 1.0 E13 ohms. In certain aspects, the thermoplastic layer has a thickness of less than about 1 mm. In certain aspects, the copper-clad laminate has a thickness of less than about 5 mm.
[0014] In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the thermoplastic layer disclosed above is a first thermoplastic layer, the reinforcement layer is a first reinforcement layer, and the copper foil layer is a first copper foil layer, and the copper-clad laminate comprises the following layers, in order, the first copper foil layer; the first reinforcement layer; the first thermoplastic layer; a second reinforcement layer; and a second copper foil layer. In certain aspects, the thermoplastic layer disclosed above is a first thermoplastic layer, the reinforcement layer is a first reinforcement layer, and the copper foil layer is a first copper foil layer, and the copper-clad laminate comprises the following layers, in order, the first copper foil layer; the first reinforcement layer; the first thermoplastic layer; a second reinforcement layer; a second copper foil layer; a third reinforcement layer; a second thermoplastic layer; a fourth reinforcement layer; and a third copper foil layer.
[0015] The above summary presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the systems and / or methods discussed herein. This summary is not an extensive overview of the systems and / or methods discussed herein. It is not intended to identify key / critical elements or to delineate the scope of such systems and / or methods. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The general inventive concepts, as well as illustrative embodiments and advantages thereof, are described below in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the drawings in which:
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an example copper-clad laminate (CCL) in accordance with one or more embodiments shown and described herein; and
[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process for forming a CCL in accordance with one or more embodiments shown and described herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] Disclosed herein are copper-clad laminates (CCL) including a thermoplastic layer made from a composite comprising a syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) and processes for manufacturing the same. The CCL of the present subject matter improves over conventional materials by providing a low dielectric constant (Dk) , low dielectric loss (Df) , good mechanical strength, and good dimensional stability. In particular, a thermoplastic layer is formed from a composite comprising a thermoplastic resin comprising SPS, filler components, optionally a compatibilizer and an additive using at least one method selecting from extrusion, injection molding and compression molding techniques while maintaining properties making the thermoplastic layer particularly well-suited for CCL applications. The formed thermoplastic layer may be films or sheets of various sizes or shapes. Therefore, the thermoplastic layer can be used in the formation of CCL and PCB of different sizes or shapes. Other advantages are possible and can be contemplated or realized based on the following disclosure.
[0020] Although the application describes the invention in terms of CCL, it should be appreciated that the subject invention may apply to any type of laminate comprising metal and plastic, such as units or components used in, for example, telecommunication and electronics industries, such as couplers, splitters, filters, antennas and multichip modules. The metal in the laminate may include aluminum, steel, and / or their combinations. The plastic in the laminate comprises the thermoplastic layer of the present disclosure.
[0021] The terminology as set forth herein is for description of the various aspects only and should not be construed as limiting the disclosure as a whole. All references to singular characteristics or limitations of the present disclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristic or limitation, and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made. Unless specified otherwise, “a, ” “an, ” “the, ” and “at least one” are used interchangeably. Furthermore, as used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are inclusive of their plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0022] Unless otherwise expressly defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
[0023] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it not intended that any method or process disclosed herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order, nor that any article set forth herein be construed as requiring specific orders or orientations to its individual components.
[0024] To the extent that the term “includes” , “including” , “contain” , or “containing” is used in the description or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as that term is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “or” is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean “A or B or both. ” When the applicants intend to indicate “only A or B but not both” then the term “only A or B but not both” will be employed. Thus, use of the term “or” herein is the inclusive, and not the exclusive use.
[0025] Any composition described in the present disclosure can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements of the disclosure as described herein, as well as any additional or optional element described herein, or which is otherwise useful in CCL applications.
[0026] All percentages, parts, and ratios as used herein are by weight of the total blend on an “dry” basis, i.e., without solvents, unless otherwise specified.
[0027] All ranges and parameters, including but not limited to percentages, parts, and ratios, disclosed herein are understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges assumed and subsumed therein, and every number between the endpoints. For example, a stated range of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all sub-ranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less (e.g., 1 to 6.1, or 2.3 to 9.4) , and to each integer (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) contained within the range. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about, ” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.
[0028] The term “wt. %, ” as described herein, refers to the weight fraction of the individual component based on a total weight of the thermoplastic layer composition, unless otherwise noted.
[0029] Additionally, as used herein, the term “exemplary” is intended to mean serving as an illustration or example of something and is not intended to indicate a preference.
[0030] The term “melt flow rate, ” as described herein, refers to the ability of a material’s melt to flow under pressure as measured according to ASTM D1238 at the given temperature and given weight.
[0031] As used herein, the term “thermoplastic” refers to a polymer that softens when exposed to heat and returns to its original condition when at room temperature.
[0032] As used herein, the term “dielectric constant” or “Dk” , also known as relative permittivity, refers to the ratio of a dielectric material’s permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum, so it measures the ability of the dielectric material to store electrical energy. The term “dielectric loss” , “loss tangent” , “dielectric loss tangent” , “dissipation factor” , “dielectric dissipation factor” , or an abbreviation “Df” are used herein to refer to a measure of heat that is lost when a dielectric material is exposed to an alternating field of electricity. The lower the Df of a material, the better its efficiency. In the present application, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss are measured by a split post dielectric resonator (SPDR) at a frequency of 2.5 GHz at about 23℃.
[0033] In various aspects provided herein, a CCL is disclosed that includes a thermoplastic layer, a reinforcing layer, and a copper foil layer. As shown in FIG. 1, in any of the aspects described herein, the CCL 100 may include more than one of each of the thermoplastic layer 102, the reinforcing layer 104, and copper foil layer 106. A first side of the reinforcing layer is in contact with a first side of the thermoplastic layer, and the at least one copper foil layer is in contact with a second side of the reinforcing layer opposite the first side.
[0034] Thermoplastic Layer
[0035] The thermoplastic layer exhibits a relatively low dielectric constant (aDk of lower than about 3.5 under 2.5 GHz) and low dielectric loss (aDf of no greater than about 0.0030 under 2.5 GHz) , excellent mechanical strength (aflexural strength of greater than about 90 MPa) , chemical resistance, moisture resistance, good dimensional stability, high bonding strength with the copper foil layers, and can be manufactured efficiently. The CCL of the present disclosure which comprises such a thermoplastic layer can be used in high-frequency and high-speed interconnected PCBs. Other advantages may be realized, depending on the particular aspects, which will now be described in greater detail.
[0036] The thermoplastic layer 102 is made from a composite comprising, based on the total weight of the composite: from 40 wt. %to 70 wt. %of a thermoplastic resin comprising a syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) having a melt flow rate in a range of from about 1 g / 10 min to about 100 g / 10 min; from 10 wt. %to 45 wt. %of a first filler having an aspect ratio of greater than 1; from 5 wt. %to 40 wt. %of a second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a third filler different from the first and the second filler; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a compatibilizer; and from 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %of an additive. These components may be compounded together and then extruded, injection molded, and / or compression molded to form a thin layer that is well-suited for incorporation into a CCL.
[0037] Thermoplastic Resin
[0038] The thermoplastic layer 102 is formed from a composite comprising a thermoplastic resin. The thermoplastic resin is included in the composite in an amount of from about 40 wt. %to about 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including, for example, from about 40 wt. %to about 65 wt. %, from about 40 wt. %to about 60 wt. %, from about 40 wt. %to about 55 wt. %, from about 40 wt. %to about 50 wt. %, from about 45 wt. %to about 70 wt. %, from about 45 wt. %to about 65 wt. %, from about 45 wt. %to about 60 wt. %, and from about 50 wt. %to about 65 wt. %, including any and all endpoints and subranges there between. According to some aspects, the thermoplastic resin may be included in the composite in an amount of greater than about 42 wt. %, greater than about 44 wt. %, greater than about 46 wt. %, greater than about 48 wt. %, greater than about 50 wt. %, or greater than about 52 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. According to some aspects, the thermoplastic resin may be included in the composite in an amount of less than about 68 wt. %, less than about 66 wt. %, less than about 64 wt. %, less than about 62 wt. %, less than about 60 wt. %, or less than about 58 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0039] The thermoplastic resin comprises a SPS having a specific range of melt flow rate, including linear, branched, or crosslinked SPS, or combinations thereof. SPS is a semicrystalline polymer having highly ordered molecular structures (i.e., syndiotactic structure) and it is synthesized from styrene monomer using a single-site catalyst, such as metallocene. Because of its crystalline nature, SPS exhibits performance attributes that are significantly different from those of amorphous styrenic materials. These properties include a high melting point (270 ℃) , good chemical and moisture resistance, and a high degree of dimensional stability, low water absorption, high stiffness and tensile strength. SPS is also lightweight. More importantly, SPS has a low dielectric constant and an extremely low dielectric loss. When compounded with suitable ceramic fillers, SPS can form a composite exhibiting a low dielectric constant and an extremely low dielectric loss.
[0040] The SPS used in the present disclosure has a melt flow rate in a range of from about 1 g / 10 min to about 100 g / 10 min when measured at 300 ℃ / 1.2 kg under ASTM D1238. In certain aspects, the SPS has a melt flow rate of greater than about 2 g / 10 min, greater than about 3 g / 10 min, greater than about 5 g / 10 min, greater than about 7 g / 10 min, greater than about 10 g / 10 min, greater than about 13 g / 10 min, or greater than about 15 g / 10 min, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In certain aspects, the SPS has a melt flow rate of less than about 99 g / 10 min, less than about 90 g / 10 min, less than about 80 g / 10 min, less than about 70 g / 10 min, less than about 60 g / 10 min, or less than about 50 g / 10 min, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In some embodiments, the SPS has a melt flow rate in a range of from about 2 g / 10 min to about 60 g / 10 min, preferably from about 2 g / 10 min to about 50 g / 10 min, and more preferably from about 5 g / 10 min to about 50 g / 10 min.
[0041] In certain aspects, the thermoplastic resin may consist of, or consist essentially of, the SPS as disclosed above.
[0042] In certain aspects, the thermoplastic resin comprises the SPS and a second thermoplastic polymer. The second thermoplastic polymer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.3 under 2.5 GHz, and a dielectric dissipation factor of lower than 0.0050 under 2.5 GHz. The second thermoplastic polymer may be selected from a group consisting of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) , polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) , liquid crystal polymer (LCP) , polyethylenimine (PEI) , polyphenylene oxide-polystyrene blends, polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCT) , polyetheretherketone (PEEK) , polyethersulphone (PES) , and any combinations thereof. As an example, the second thermoplastic polymer is one of PPO, PPS and LCP. As another example, the second thermoplastic polymer comprises a combination of two or more of polymers, such as PPO and LCP, or PPO and PPS. When two polymers are used as the second thermoplastic polymer, the thermoplastic resin consists of three different thermoplastic polymers. When included, the second thermoplastic polymer may be present in the thermoplastic resin in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. %to about 50 wt. %, based on a total weight of the thermoplastic resin, including, for example, from about 1 wt. %to about 40 wt. %, from about 2 wt. %to about 35 wt. %, from about 2.5 wt. %, to about 30 wt. %, from about 3 wt. %to about 25 wt. %, from about 5 wt. %to about 20 wt. %, and from about 7 wt. %to about 15 wt. %, including any and all endpoints and subranges therebetween.
[0043] In aspects where a SPS and a second thermoplastic polymer are included in the thermoplastic resin, the composite may comprise, based on the total weight of the composite: from 35 wt. %to 55 wt. %of the syndiotactic polystyrene; from 5 wt. %to 15 wt. %of the second thermoplastic polymer; from 10 wt. %to 45 wt. %of the first filler; from 5 wt. %to 30 wt. %of the second filler; from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of the third filler; from 0.5 wt. %to 15 wt. %of the compatibilizer; and from 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %of the additive.
[0044] Filler Component
[0045] The thermoplastic layer 102 is made from a composite including a first filler having an aspect ratio of greater than 1, a second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz, and, optionally, a third filler different from the first and the second filler.
[0046] The first filler has a high aspect ratio (L / D) , e.g., higher than 1. The aspect ratio is defined by the ratio of the length of a filler particle to its cross-sectional diameter. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first filler has a L / D in a range of from 1 to 500, for example, from 1 to 450, from 1 to 400, from 1 to 350, from 1 to 300, from 1 to 250, from 1 to 200, from 1 to 150, from 1 to 100, from 1 to 75, from 1 to 50, from 1 to 40, from 1 to 30, from 1 to 20, from 1 to 10, from 2 to 450, from 2 to 400, from 2 to 350, from 2 to 300, from 2 to 250, from 2 to 200, from 2 to 150, from 2 to 100, from 2 to 75, from 2 to 50, from 2 to 40, from 2 to 30, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 10, from 3 to 450, from 3 to 400, from 3 to 350, from 3 to 300, from 3 to 250, from 3 to 200, from 3 to 150, from 3 to 100, from 3 to 75, from 3 to 50, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 30, from 3 to 20, from 3 to 10, from 4 to 450, from 4 to 400, from 4 to 350, from 4 to 300, from 4 to 250, from 4 to 200, from 4 to 150, from 4 to 100, from 4 to 75, from 4 to 50, from 4 to 40, from 4 to 30, from 4 to 20, from 4 to 10. The first filler may be a ceramic having a fiber or needle like particle shape. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the first filler having a high aspect ratio can contribute to the mechanical strength of the thermoplastic layer 102 and the corresponding CCL. Examples of the first filler include glass fiber, wollastonite, inorganic whisker, and combinations thereof.
[0047] The glass fiber used herein includes continuous, chopped or milled glass fibers, and the glass fiber can be selected from E-glass, S-glass, AR-glass, T-glass, D-glass, E-CR glass, H-glass, and R-glass. In some aspects, the glass fiber used in the first filler may be in the form of chopped strands having a length of from about 0.3 mm to about 100 mm in length. The glass fibers can have a round (e.g., circular) , flat, or irregular cross-section, and can have a diameter of from about 1 μm to about 15 μm. Commercially available glass fibers that are suitable include, by way of example and not limitation, CS 910A-10P chopped glass fibers (having an average diameter of 10-11 μm and a length of about 4 mm) available from Owens Corning, Inc.; ECS306 chopped glass fibers (having an average diameter of 13 μm and a length of about 3 mm) and ECS309A-3-M4 chopped glass fibers (having an average diameter of 7 μm and a length of about 3 mm) available from Chongqing Polycomp International Corp. (CPIC) .
[0048] Wollastonite (calcium metasilicate or CaSiO3) is a naturally occurring mineral with a needle-like particle shape. It usually has an aspect ratio in a range of from 3 to 20. It is usually white and can withstand temperatures up to 1540℃. Commercially available wollastonite includes, for example, grades supplied by IMERYS.
[0049] Inorganic whisker are single crystals that have grown preferentially along a specific crystal axis under vapor or liquid-vapor conditions. They usually have very high tensile strength. The inorganic whiskers may range in size from 0.1 to 10 μm in diameter and about 0.05 mm to about 5 mm in length. Some examples of inorganic whiskers include alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, magnesium sulfate, mullite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, potassium titanate whisker. Commercially available inorganic whisker include, by way of example and not limitation, TISMO N available from Osutka and NP series available from NP Whisker.
[0050] The first filler is included in the composite in an amount of from about 10 wt. %to about 45 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including, for example, from about 8 wt. %to about 43 wt. %, from about 10 wt. %to about 40 wt. %, from about 12 wt. %to about 37 wt. %, and from about 15 wt. %to about 35 wt. %, including any and all endpoints and subranges therebetween. In certain aspects, the first filler is present in the composite in an amount greater than about 12 wt. %, greater than about 14 wt. %, greater than about 16 wt. %, greater than about 18 wt. %, greater than about 20 wt. %, or greater than about 22 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In certain aspects, the first filler is present in the composite in an amount less than about 43 wt. %, less than about 41 wt. %, less than about 39 wt. %, less than about 37 wt. %, less than about 35 wt. %, or less than about 33 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0051] The second filler of the present disclosure has a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz, for example, lower than 9.0, lower than 8.0, lower than 7.0, or lower than 6.0 under 2.5 GHz.
[0052] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second filler has an ultra-low Dk value, such as lower than 3.0, preferably lower than 2.8, more preferably lower than 2.6, and even more preferably lower than 2.4 under 2.5 GHz. The use of a second filler having an ultra-low Dk value can contribute to the low Dk value of the thermoplastic layer 102 in the CCL. When such second filler is included in the preparation of the thermoplastic layer, the prepared thermoplastic layer may have a Dk of lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz. The second filler having an ultra-low Dk value may be a ceramic having porous or hollow structure, such as glass bubbles and nanoporous amorphous silica. Preferably, the second filler having an ultra-low Dk value comprises glass bubbles. As used herein, glass bubbles are also called hollow glass beads, glass microspheres, hollow glass microspheres, or glass microballoons, and the hollow structure is formed by introducing gas during the manufacture. Glass bubbles are usually between 1 and 200 μm in diameter. Commercially available glass bubbles can be obtained from 3M Company. The second filler having an ultra-low Dk value may be present in the composite in an amount of from 5 wt. %to 30 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including, for example, from about 6 wt. %to about 28 wt. %, from about 7 wt. %to about 25 wt. %, from about 8 wt. %to about 23 wt. %, from about 9 wt. %to about 20 wt. %, from about 10 wt. %to about 18 wt. %, from about 11 wt. %to about 16 wt. %, and from about 12 wt. %, to about 15 wt. %, including any and all endpoints and subranges there between. In certain aspects, the second filler is present in the composite in an amount greater than about 5 wt. %, greater than about 6 wt. %, greater than about 7 wt. %, greater than about 8 wt. %, greater than about 9 wt. %, or greater than about 10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In certain aspects, the second filler is present in the composite in an amount less than about 29 wt. %, less than about 28 wt. %, less than about 27 wt. %, less than about 26 wt. %, less than about 25 wt. %, less than about 24 wt. %, or less than about 23 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0053] Alternatively, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second filler used here has an excellent thermal conductivity, for example, greater than 100 W / m·K, preferably greater than 200 W / m·K, more preferably greater than 300 W / m·K. The inclusion of a second filler having good thermal conductivity can result in a thermoplastic layer of high thermal conductivity and further a CCL and / or PCB of high thermal conductivity. When energy-intensive components are packed into limited spaces, heat dissipation becomes a challenge in device design. Therefore, a CCL and / or PCB of high thermal conductivity is needed in electronics industry. When a second filler having a thermal conductivity greater than 100 W / m·K is included in the preparation of thermoplastic layer, the prepared thermoplastic layer shows good thermal conductivity, for example, it may show a through-plane thermal conductivity greater than 0.30 W / m·K, preferably greater than 0.30 W / m·K, and an in-plane thermal conductivity greater than 0.70 W / m·K, preferably greater than 0.75 W / m·K. As disclosed herein, the thermal conductivity is measured according to ASTM E1461. The second filler of high thermal conductivity may comprise metal nitrides or non-metal nitrides, such as boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the second filler of high thermal conductivity comprises hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) , the most stable crystalline form of boron nitride having a layered structure similar to graphite. hBN usually has a Dk value lower than 7.0 at 2.5 GHz. When included, the second filler of high thermal conductivity is present in the composite in an amount of from 15 wt. %to 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including, for example, from about 16 wt. %to about 39 wt. %, from about 17 wt. %to about 38 wt. %, from about 18 wt. %to about 37 wt. %, from about 19 wt. %to about 36 wt. %, and from about 20 wt. %, to about 35 wt. %, including any and all endpoints and subranges there between. In certain aspects, the second filler is present in the composite in an amount greater than about 16 wt. %, greater than about 17 wt. %, greater than about 18 wt. %, greater than about 19 wt. %, greater than about 20 wt. %, or greater than about 21 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In certain aspects, the second filler is present in the composite in an amount less than about 39 wt. %, less than about 38 wt. %, less than about 37 wt. %, less than about 36 wt. %, less than about 35 wt. %, less than about 34 wt. %, or less than about 33 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. When the second filler of high thermal conductivity is included, the prepared thermoplastic layer may have an extremely low dielectric dissipation factor, for example, no greater than 0.0020, no greater than 0.0018, no greater than 0.0016, or no greater than 0.0014, under 2.5 GHz.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the second filler comprises one filler having an ultra-low dielectric constant (for example, lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz) and another filler having high thermal conductivity (for example, greater than 100 W / m·K) . As an example, the second filler comprises glass bubbles and hexagonal boron nitride.
[0055] The first filler and the second filler may be present in the composite with a weight ratio of from about 8: 1 to about 1: 3. In certain embodiments, the first filler is present in the composite more than the second filler, and they may be present in a weight ratio of from 8: 1 to 1: 1, including, for example, from 7: 1 to 1: 1, from 5: 1 to 1: 1, or from 3: 1 to 1: 1. In some other embodiments, the first filler is present in the composite less than the second filler, and they may be present in a weight ratio of from 1: 1 to 1: 3, including, for example, from 1: 1 to 1: 2.
[0056] Optionally, the composite may comprise a third filler different from the first and the second filler. The third filler can comprise glass beads, silicon dioxide, talc powder or combinations thereof. When included, the third filler is present in the composite in an amount of less than 15 wt. %, including, for example, from 0.1 wt. %to 14 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 13 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 12 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 11 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 9 wt. %, or from 0.1 wt. %to 8 wt. %. The inclusion of the third filler can reduce the cost of the thermoplastic layer without affecting its dielectric and mechanical properties.
[0057] Compatibilizer
[0058] Optionally, the composite used for preparing the thermoplastic layer 102 further includes a compatibilizer. The compatibilizer is used to alter the interphases of all the components in the composite. Specifically, compatibilizer can reduce the interfacial tension between two phases and enhance the domain adhesion, so as to alter the physical properties of the resulting composite. In certain exemplary embodiments, the compatibilizer comprises a functional polymer containing at least one of maleic anhydride group, fumaric acid group, and oxazoline group. Examples of the compatibilizer include, but are not limited to, maleic anhydride modified polyphenylene ether (MA-PPO) , fumaric anhydride modified polyphenylene ether (FA-PPO) , styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MAH) , and oxazoline group functional polystyrene (e.g., Epocros RPS-1005 available from Nippon Shokubai) .
[0059] Since the compatibilizer is used to alter the physical properties, especially mechanical properties, of the thermoplastic layer, the amount of the compatibilizer in the composite depends on the compatibility of the thermoplastic resin and the fillers. In any aspects, the compatibilizer is included in the composite in an amount of from 0.1 wt. %to about 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including, for example, from about 1 wt. %to about 10 wt. %, from about 2 wt. %to about 8 wt. %, and from about 3 wt. %to about 6 wt. %, including any and all endpoints and subranges therebetween. In certain aspects, the compatibilizer is present in the composite in an amount greater than about 0.5 wt. %, greater than about 1 wt. %, greater than about 3 wt. %, greater than about 5 wt. %, greater than about 6.5 wt. %, or greater than about 8 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In certain aspects, the compatibilizer is present in the composite in an amount less than about 14 wt. %, less than about 13 wt. %, less than about 12 wt. %, less than about 11 wt. %, less than about 10 wt. %, or less than about 9 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0060] Additives
[0061] The composite used for preparing the thermoplastic layer 102 may further include one or more additives selected from the group consisting of anti-oxidants, lubricants, light stabilizers, mold release agents, colorants, and combinations thereof. Other additives, such as flame retardants, reducing agents, crosslink agent, adhesion improvers, UV absorbers, brighteners, nucleating agent and the like, may be incorporated depending on the particular aspect and application. It should be appreciated, however, that the inclusion of one or more additives is optional and, accordingly, the thermoplastic layer may not include additives.
[0062] Antioxidants included in the thermoplastic layer may include, by way of example and not limitation, organophosphites, alkylated monophenols or polyphenols, alkylated reaction products of polyphenols with dienes, alkylated hydroquinones, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ether, alkylidene-bisphenols, benzyl compounds, or other anti-oxidants that are known and used in thermoplastic compositions or CCL.
[0063] Lubricants and mold release agents may include, by way of example and not limitation, metal stearates, stearyl stearates, waxes (e.g., beeswax, montan wax, paraffin wax) , surfactants, fatty acid esters, and combinations thereof. Other lubricants and mold release agents are possible and contemplated, and can be selected based on the particular ingredients in the thermoplastic layer or application.
[0064] Light stabilizers can also be optionally included in the composite of any of the aspects described herein. Suitable light stabilizers can include, by way of example and not limitation, benzotriazoles. Other light stabilizers known and used in the art can be incorporated in any of the aspects herein. In aspects including a colorant, the colorant can include, for example, pigments and dyes that are operable to impart a color to the thermoplastic layer.
[0065] When included, the additive (s) may be present in the composite in an amount of from greater than 0 wt. %to about 2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. For example, the total amount of additive included in the composite can be from greater than 0 wt. %to about 2 wt. %, from greater than 0 wt. %to about 1.5 wt. %, from greater than 0 wt. %to about 1 wt. %, from greater than 0 wt. %to about 0.75 wt. %, from greater than 0 wt. %to about to about 0.5 wt. %, from greater than 0 wt. %to about 0.25 wt. %, from about 0.05 wt. %to about 2 wt. %, from about 0.05 wt. %to about 1.5 wt. %, from about 0.05 wt. %to about 1 wt. %, from about 0.05 wt. %to about 0.75 wt. %, from about 0.05 wt. %to about 0.5 wt. %, from about 0.05 wt. %to about 0.25 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. %to about 2 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. %to about 1.5 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. %to about 1 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. %to about 0.75 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. %to about 0.5 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. %to about 0.25 wt. %, from about 0.15 wt. %to about 2 wt. %, from about 0.15 wt. %to about 1.5 wt. %, from about 0.15 wt. %to about 1 wt. %, from about 0.15 wt. %to about 0.75 wt. %, from about 0.15 wt. %to about 0.5 wt. %, from about 0.15 wt. %to about 0.25 wt. %, from about 0.2 wt. %to about 2 wt. %, from about 0.2 wt. %to about 1.5 wt. %, from about 0.2 wt. %to about 1 wt. %, from about 0.2 wt. %to about 0.75 wt. %, or from about 0.2 wt. %to about 0.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0066] Manufacture of the Thermoplastic Layer
[0067] In any of the aspects described herein, the thermoplastic layer 102 may be formed by compounding or otherwise combining the thermoplastic resin, the first filler, the second filler, and, optionally, the third filler, the compatibilizer, and the one or more additives to produce a composite. The composite can be formed into a thermoplastic layer 102 by at least one of extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, or any other suitable method of forming a thermoplastic layer. The particular method of manufacturing the thermoplastic layer can vary depending on the components included in the thermoplastic composition and the desired final properties of the thermoplastic layer. For example, injection molding can be used to manufacture a thin thermoplastic layer that has a limited size and thickness, but can require the use of high flow materials. As another example, extrusion can be used to manufacture the thermoplastic layer in a wide variety of sizes and thicknesses, including very large sheets, but can require an extrusion capable material. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method of manufacturing the thermoplastic layer is sufficient to produce a thermoplastic layer having a thickness of less than about 1 mm.
[0068] In accordance with any aspect, one or more thermoplastic layers 102 can be included in the CCL. For example, one, two, three, four, or more thermoplastic layers can be included in the CCL. The exemplary CCL 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes two thermoplastic layers 102, although it should be understood that in any of the aspects described herein, one or more thermoplastic layers can be included.
[0069] Properties of the Thermoplastic Layer
[0070] The thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant at 2.5 GHz of lower than about 3.5. For example, the thermoplastic layer may have a dielectric constant at 2.5 GHz of lower than about 3.4, lower than about 3.3, lower than about 3.2, lower than about 3.1, lower than about 3.0, lower than about 2.9, lower than about 2.8, lower than about 2.7, lower than about 2.6, lower than about 2.5, lower than about 2.4, lower than about 2.3, lower than about 2.2, lower than about 2.1, or lower than about 2.0, including any ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0071] The thermoplastic layer has a dielectric loss tangent no greater than about 0.0030 at 2.5 GHz. For example, the thermoplastic layer may have a dielectric loss tangent at 2.5 GHz of no greater than about 0.0029, no greater than about 0.0028, no greater than about 0.0027, no greater than about 0.0026, no greater than about 0.0025, no greater than about 0.0024, no greater than about 0.0023, no greater than about 0.0022, no greater than about 0.0021, no greater than about 0.0020, no greater than about 0.0019, no greater than about 0.0019, no greater than about 0.0018, no greater than about 0.0017, no greater than about 0.0016, no greater than about 0.0015, no greater than about 0.0014, no greater than about 0.0013, no greater than about 0.0012, no greater than about 0.0011, no greater than about 0.0010, no greater than about 0.0009, or no greater than about 0.0008, including any ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0072] The thermoplastic layer a flexural strength of greater than 90 MPa, as measured in accordance with ASTM D790 (Test 1) at 23 ℃ using a flexural bar and a specimen having a depth of 3.2 mm. For example, the thermoplastic layer may have a flexural strength of greater than about 95 MPa, greater than about 100 MPa, greater than about 105 MPa, greater than about 110 MPa, greater than about 115 MPa, or greater than about 120 MPa, including any ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0073] The thermoplastic layer exhibits a surface resistivity of no less than about 1.0E13 Ω.
[0074] Reinforcement Layer
[0075] The CCL 100 may further include at least one reinforcement layer 104. The reinforcement layer 104 may include, for example, special paper, or glass or polymeric fibers, cloths or fabrics. The reinforcement layer can be a sheet-shaped reinforcing substrate in the form of a woven or non-woven fabric, roving, chopped strand mat, or the like. Fibers can include organic fibers such as aramid, polyimide, polyvinyl alcohol polyester, tetrafluoroethylene, acrylic, and combinations thereof. Cellulose or glass fibers can additionally or alternatively be included in the reinforcement layer. In any of the aspects, the reinforcement layer may comprise a prepreg layer, such as prepreg layers utilized in conventional CCL.
[0076] The reinforcement layer 104 can have a thickness of from about 0.01 mm to about 0.5 mm, including from about 0.02 mm to about 0.3 mm or from about 0.05 mm to about 0.2 mm, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. The thickness of the reinforcement layer can depend, for example, on the moldability and other properties of the CCL.
[0077] In any of the aspects described herein, one or more reinforcement layers 104 can be included in the CCL. For example, one, two, three, four, or more reinforcement layers can be included in the CCL. The exemplary CCL 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes four reinforcement layers 104, although it should be understood that in any of the aspects described herein, one or more reinforcement layers can be included. Additionally or alternatively, in any of the aspects, the reinforcement layer may be optional and may be excluded from the CCL.
[0078] Copper Foil Layer
[0079] As described above, the CCL 100 further includes at least one copper foil layer 106. The copper foil layer 106 can be, for example, electrodeposited copper or rolled copper. The copper foil layer may, in some aspects, be surface treated to improve one or more properties, including heat resistance, weather resistance, or the like. Other surface treatments can include surface roughening, silane-coupling treatment, or the like.
[0080] In any of the aspects provided herein, the copper foil layer 106 may have a thickness of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm, including from about 20 μm to about 120 μm, from about 2 μm to about 60 μm, or even from about 3 μm to about 40 μm, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In some aspects, the copper foil layer has a thickness of less than about 35 μm, less than about 20 μm, or less than about 15 μm, depending on the particular application.
[0081] One or more copper foil layers 106 can be included in the CCL. For example, one, two, three, four, or more copper foil layers can be included in the CCL. The exemplary CCL 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes three copper foil layers 106, although it should be understood that in any of the aspects described herein, one or more copper foil layers can be included.
[0082] Process for Manufacturing of CCL
[0083] FIG. 2 provides a flow diagram of an exemplary process 200 for making a CCL, such as CCL 100. As described hereinabove, in any of the aspects described herein, the thermoplastic layer can be formed in a forming step 202 by compounding or otherwise combining the PPS, the filler component, and, optionally, the one or more additives to produce a thermoplastic composition. The thermoplastic composition can be formed into the thermoplastic layer by injection molding, extrusion, compression molding, or any other suitable method of forming a thermoplastic layer. In various aspects, the thermoplastic layer is incorporated into a CCL.
[0084] To manufacture a CCL including the thermoplastic layer of any of the aspects provided herein, a first copper foil layer, a first reinforcing layer, and the thermoplastic layer are layed up (step 204) , in order, to form a stack. In aspects, additional layers, such as a second reinforcing layer and a second copper foil layer, are included in the stack. In aspects herein, the stack includes a copper foil layer as at least one of the outermost layers of the stack. In aspects herein, the stack includes a copper foil layer as both of the outermost layers of the stack.
[0085] Next, the stack is laminated by application of heat and pressure for a time sufficient to form the CCL (step 206) . For example, the stack may be laminated by heating the stack to a temperature of from about 50 ℃ to about 270 ℃, preferably, from about 100 ℃ to about 270 ℃. In aspects, the stack may be laminated by applying a pressure of from about 0.1 MPa to about 5.0 MPa. In any of the aspects disclosed herein, the stack may be laminated by applying the heat and pressure for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 180 minutes. It should be appreciated that the specific duration, pressure, and temperature of the lamination process may vary depending on, for example, the number of layers in the stack and the particular materials incorporated in each of the layers.
[0086] The lamination process may be carried out under a vacuum in order to remove oxygen. The removal of oxygen during the lamination process can reduce or even prevent high temperature thermal oxygen aging during the manufacturing process.
[0087] In any of the aspects disclosed herein, the CCL may be further processed for inclusion in a printed circuit board (PCB) . Accordingly, the CCL may be scrubbed (step 208) , etched (step 210) , soldered (step 212) , drilled (step 214) , subjected to finishing processes (step 216) or otherwise processed into a PCB. Such processing can be carried out in accordance with conventional PCB manufacturing processes.
[0088] Copper-Clad Laminate (CCL)
[0089] As described hereinabove, the composite can be extruded, injection molded, or compression molded in the form of a film or a sheet. Accordingly, in various aspects provided herein, the CCL can have a width of greater than or equal to about 150 mm. For example, the CCL may have a width of greater than or equal to about 150 mm, greater than or equal to about 175 mm, greater than or equal to about 200 mm, greater than or equal to about 225 mm, greater than or equal to about 250 mm, greater than or equal to about 275 mm, greater than or equal to about 300 mm, greater than or equal to about 325 mm, or even greater than or equal to about 350 mm, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In some aspects, the CCL may have a length of greater than or equal to about 115 mm, greater than or equal to about 125 mm, greater than or equal to about 150 mm, greater than or equal to about 175 mm, greater than or equal to about 200 mm, greater than or equal to about 225 mm, greater than or equal to about 250 mm, greater than or equal to about 275 mm, greater than or equal to about 300 mm, greater than or equal to about 325 mm, or even greater than or equal to about 350 mm, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints. In some aspects, the CCL has a width of greater than or equal to about 150 mm and a length of greater than or equal to about 115 mm, a width of greater than or equal to about 200 mm and a length of greater than or equal to about 400 mm, a width of greater than or equal to about 200 mm and a length of greater than or equal to about 450 mm, a width of greater than or equal to about 300 mm and a length of greater than or equal to about 300 mm, or even a width of greater than or equal to about 350 mm and a length of greater than or equal to about 350 mm. Such large format sheets have heretofore been difficult to realize because of sintering, activation, cost, and poor adhesion between the core and copper layers. However, the thermoplastic layers described herein may be manufactured from materials that enable techniques such as injection molding and extrusion to be used in forming the thermoplastic layers while providing improved adhesion between the thermoplastic layer and the copper foil layer.
[0090] In various aspects, at least one major surface of the CCL (e.g., a top surface of the CCL) has a surface area of greater than or equal to about 170 cm2, greater than or equal to about 180 cm2, greater than or equal to about 190 cm2, greater than or equal to about 200 cm2, greater than or equal to about 215 cm2, greater than or equal to about 225 cm2, greater than or equal to about 250 cm2, greater than or equal to about 275 cm2, greater than or equal to about 300 cm2, greater than or equal to about 350 cm2, greater than or equal to about 400 cm2, greater than or equal to about 450 cm2, greater than or equal to about 500 cm2, greater than or equal to about 550 cm2, greater than or equal to about 600 cm2, greater than or equal to about 650 cm2, greater than or equal to about 700 cm2, greater than or equal to about 750 cm2, greater than or equal to about 800 cm2, greater than or equal to about 850 cm2, greater than or equal to about 900 cm2, greater than or equal to about 950 cm2, greater than or equal to about 1,000 cm2, greater than or equal to about 1, 200 cm2, or even greater than or equal to about 1,500 cm2, including any and all ranges and subranges therebetween, including any of these endpoints.
[0091] The thickness of the CCL may be less than or equal to about 5 mm, less than or equal to about 4.5 mm, less than or equal to about 4 mm, less than or equal to about 3.5 mm, less than or equal to about 3 mm, less than or equal to about 2.5 mm, less than or equal to about 2 mm, less than or equal to about 1.5 mm, or even less than or equal to about 1 mm, including any and all ranges and subranges including any of these endpoints.
[0092] The general inventive concepts have been described above both generally and with regard to various specific aspects. Although the general inventive concepts have been set forth in what are believed to be exemplary illustrative aspects, a wide variety of alternatives will be apparent to those of skill in the art from reading this disclosure. The general inventive concepts are not otherwise limited, except for those instances when presented in specific claims.
[0093] EXAMPLES
[0094] The following examples are included for the purposes of illustration and does not limit the scope of the general inventive concepts described herein.
[0095] The testing methods of dielectric property (e.g., dielectric constant and dielectric loss) , tensile property, flexural property, density, and thermal conductivity were shown in Table 1. Bonding strength with copper foil was tested in accordance with IPC-TM-2.4.8.
[0096] Table 1.
[0097] Three comparative example thermoplastic layers (C1-C3) and ten exemplary thermoplastic layers (E1-E10) according to the present disclosure were formed from the raw materials provided in Table 2.
[0098] Table 2.
[0099] Preparation of Thermoplastic Layers: A ZSK-25 twin screw extruder was used to prepare composite pellets from the raw materials. The extruding temperatures were set as following: Zone 1 at 100℃, Zone 2 at 200℃, Zone 3 to Zone 10 at 300℃, and die temperature being 300℃. The screw speed was 300 rpm, the throughput was 20 kg / hr, the torque was 40%and the vacuum was -0.05 MPa. At first, the thermoplastic resin, antioxidant, lubricant, and other organic materials were pre-blended at the amounts (wt. %) provided in Table 3 and Table 4 below. Then the pre-blended organic ingredients and the inorganic fillers were fed to the twin-screw extruder and extruded to form an extrudate. The extrudate was pelletized after been cooled by a water bath or conveyor belt. The obtained composite pellets were then dried in a dehumidifying dryer for 4 hours at 120 ℃. The dried composite pellets were shaped into thermoplastic layer having a thickness of 3.2 mm by injection.
[0100] The thermoplastic layer samples C1-C3 and E1-E10 prepared according to the above method were tested for their dielectric properties, tensile properties and flexural properties according to the testing methods and conditions listed in Table 1 and all the results were shown in Table 3 and Table 4.
[0101] Table 3.
[0102] In the Comparative Example C1, a thermoplastic layer was made from 100 wt. %SPS. Although the sample C1 showed low Dk and extremely low Df, it exhibited lower stiffness and mechanical property, so it deflected during the following lamination process.
[0103] In the Comparative Example C2, a thermoplastic layer was made from SPS and glass bubbles, together with a compatibilizer. Sample C2 showed low Dk and low Df, but it also showed low toughness. It cracked during the following lamination process.
[0104] In the Comparative Example C3, a thermoplastic layer was made from SPS and glass fibers, together with a compatibilizer. Sample C3 showed improved mechanical property, such as a flexural strength as high as 187 MPa. However, this sample showed an increased Dk comparing to samples C1 and C2.
[0105] In Examples E1 to E6, both glass fiber and glass bubbles were used as fillers in preparation of the thermoplastic layers. The testing results showed that these samples achieved balanced dielectric property and mechanical property. Comparing the results of E1 and E2, it was found that the increased compatibilizer dosage can slightly reduce Dk value and greatly improve flexural strength of the thermoplastic layer. Comparing the results of E2 and E3, it was found that when a glass fiber having a lower Dk value was used, the prepared thermoplastic layer showed a lower Dk and a lower Df. Comparing the results of E2 and E4, it was found that, when a flat glass fiber was used, the resulting thermoplastic layer showed good dielectric property and mechanical property, and at the same time, it showed desired warpage improvement.
[0106] In Examples E5 and E6, 10 wt. %PPS and 10 wt. %LCP, respectively, was used together with SPS as thermoplastic resin. The results of E5 and E6 showed a slightly increase in Dk, but the overall property can meet expectation.
[0107] Table 4.
[0108] In Examples E7 to E10, glass fiber and hBN were used together as fillers in the preparation of thermoplastic layers. The results demonstrated that when 20 wt. %to 35 wt. %of hBN was used in the composite, the prepared thermoplastic layers showed low Dk (lower than 3.5) and extremely low Df (lower than 0.0014) . At the same time, the prepared thermoplastic layers showed excellent in-plane thermal conductivity and through-plane thermal conductivity.
[0109] A hot-pressing method was used to prepare CCLs with the above prepared thermoplastic layers, reinforcing layers and copper foils. The reinforcing layer used here was Rogers 2929 bondply having a thickness of 0.038 mm.
[0110] Preparation of one-layer CCL: one-layer CCLs were made with the thermoplastic layers C1-C3 and E1-E10 respectively through laying up, in order, a copper foil layer, a reinforcing layer, and a thermoplastic layer, and then laminating the stack at 250℃ and 2.8 MPa for 100 min to form the CCLs.
[0111] Preparation of double-layer CCL: double-layer CCLs were made with the thermoplastic layers C1-C3 and E1-E10 respectively through laying up, in order, a first copper foil layer, a first reinforcing layer, a thermoplastic layer, a second reinforcing layer, and a second copper foil layer, and then laminating the stack at 250℃ and 2.8 MPa for 100 min to form the CCLs.
[0112] Preparation of three-layer CCL: three-layer CCLs were made with the thermoplastic layers C1-C3 and E1-E10 respectively through laying up, in order, a first copper foil layer; a first reinforcement layer; a first thermoplastic layer; a second reinforcement layer; a second copper foil layer; a third reinforcement layer; a second thermoplastic layer; a fourth reinforcement layer; and a third copper foil layer, and then laminating the stack at 245℃ and 2.7 MPa for 120 min to form the CCLs.
[0113] When thermoplastic layer C1 and C2 were used to prepare CCLs, deflection happened during the lamination process due to the lower stiffness and mechanical properties of C1 and C2. All CCLs made with thermoplastic player E1-E10 showed low Dk, very low Df, dimensional stability and insulation, and good bonding strength with copper foil.
[0114] Every document cited herein is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless otherwise specified. The citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
[0115] It will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the disclosure defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present disclosure are identified herein as preferred or particularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to these aspects.
Claims
1.A process for manufacturing a copper-clad laminate comprising:forming a thermoplastic layer from a composite comprising, based on the total weight of the composite:from 40 wt. %to 70 wt. %of a thermoplastic resin comprising a syndiotactic polystyrene having a melt flow rate in a range of from 1 to 100 g / 10 min;from 10 wt. %to 45 wt. %of a first filler having an aspect ratio of greater than 1;from 5 wt. %to 40 wt. %of a second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz;from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a third filler different from the first and the second filler;from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a compatibilizer; andfrom 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %of an additive,forming a stack by laying up a first copper foil layer and the thermoplastic layer; andlaminating the stack by application of heat and pressure for a time sufficient to form the copper-clad laminate,wherein the thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.5 under 2.5 GHz, a dielectric dissipation factor of no greater than 0.0030 under 2.5 GHz, and a flexural strength of greater than about 90 MPa.2.The process according to claim 1, wherein forming a thermoplastic layer is carried out by extruding, injection molding, or compression molding the composite.3.The process according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein forming a stack comprises laying up, in order, the first copper foil layer, a first reinforcing layer, and the thermoplastic layer.4.The process according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein forming a stack comprises laying up, in order, the first copper foil layer, a first reinforcing layer, the thermoplastic layer, a second reinforcing layer, and a second copper foil layer.5.The process according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein forming a stack comprises laying up, in order, the first copper foil layer, a first reinforcing layer, the thermoplastic layer, a second reinforcing layer, a second copper foil layer, a third reinforcement layer, a second thermoplastic layer, a fourth reinforcement layer, and a third copper foil layer.6.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein laminating the stack by application of heat and pressure comprises heating the stack to a temperature of from about 50 ℃ to about 270 ℃ under a pressure of from about 0.1 MPa to about 5.0 MPa for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 180 minutes.7.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein laminating the stack by application of heat and pressure is carried out in an oxygen-free environment.8.A copper-clad laminate comprising:a thermoplastic layer made from a composite comprising, based on the total weight of the composite:from 40 wt. %to 70 wt. %of a thermoplastic resin comprising a syndiotactic polystyrene having a melt flow rate in a range of from 1 to 100 g / 10 min;from 10 wt. %to 45 wt. %of a first filler having an aspect ratio of greater than 1;from 5 wt. %to 40 wt. %of a second filler having a dielectric constant of lower than 10.0 under 2.5 GHz;from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a third filler different from the first and the second filler;from 0 wt. %to 15 wt. %of a compatibilizer; andfrom 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %of an additive,a reinforcing layer, wherein a first side of the reinforcing layer is in contact with a first side of the thermoplastic layer; anda copper foil layer in contact with a second side of the reinforcing layer opposite the first side;wherein the thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.5 under 2.5 GHz, a dielectric dissipation factor of no greater than 0.0030 under 2.5 GHz, and a flexural strength of greater than about 90 MPa.9.The copper-clad laminate of claim 8, wherein the second filler has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz, and the thermoplastic layer has a dielectric constant of lower than 3.0 under 2.5 GHz.10.The copper-clad laminate of claim 9, wherein the second filler comprises glass bubbles, nanoporous amorphous silica, or combinations thereof.11.The copper-clad laminate of claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the second filler is present in the composite in an amount of from 5 wt. %to 30 wt. %.12.The copper-clad laminate of claim 8, wherein the second filler has a thermal conductivity greater than 100 W / m·K, and the thermoplastic layer has a through-plane thermal conductivity greater than 0.30 W / m·K.13.The copper-clad laminate of claim 12, wherein the second filler comprises boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, or combinations thereof.14.The copper-clad laminate of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the second filler is present in the composite in an amount of from 15 wt. %to 40 wt. %.15.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the thermoplastic layer has dielectric dissipation factor of no greater than 0.0020 under 2.5 GHz.16.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 14, wherein the first filler has an aspect ratio in a range of from 1 to 500.17.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 15, wherein the first filler has an aspect ratio in a range of from 3 to 450.18.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 16, wherein the first filler comprises at least one of glass fiber, wollastonite, and inorganic whisker.19.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 17, wherein the first filler and the second filler are present in the composite having a weight ratio of from 8: 1 to 1: 3.20.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 18, wherein the third filler comprises glass beads, silicon dioxide, talc powder or combinations thereof.21.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 19, wherein the syndiotactic polystyrene has a melt flow rate in a range of from 2 g / 10 min to 60 g / 10 min.22.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 20, wherein the thermoplastic resin further comprises a second thermoplastic polymer having a dielectric constant of lower than 3.3 under 2.5 GHz, a dielectric dissipation factor of lower than 0.0050 under 2.5 GHz.23.The copper-clad laminate of claim 21, wherein the second thermoplastic polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyethylenimine, polyphenylene oxide-polystyrene blends, polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulphone, and any combinations thereof.24.The copper-clad laminate of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the second thermoplastic polymer is present in the thermoplastic resin in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. %to about 50 wt. %, based on a total weight of the thermoplastic resin.25.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the syndiotactic polystyrene is present in the composite in an amount of from 35 wt. %to 55 wt. %, and the second thermoplastic polymer is present in the composite in an amount of from 5 wt. %to 15 wt. %.26.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 24, wherein the compatibilizer comprises a functional polymer containing at least one of maleic anhydride group, fumaric acid group, and oxazoline group.27.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 25, wherein the thermoplastic layer has a surface resistivity of greater than or equal to 1.0 E13 ohms.28.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 26, wherein the thermoplastic layer has a thickness of less than about 1 mm.29.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 27, wherein the copper-clad laminate has a thickness of less than about 5 mm.30.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 28, wherein the thermoplastic layer is a first thermoplastic layer, the reinforcement layer is a first reinforcement layer, and the copper foil layer is a first copper foil layer, and wherein the copper-clad laminate comprises the following layers, in order: the first copper foil layer; the first reinforcement layer; the first thermoplastic layer; a second reinforcement layer; and a second copper foil layer.31.The copper-clad laminate of any one of claims 8 to 29, wherein the thermoplastic layer is a first thermoplastic layer, the reinforcement layer is a first reinforcement layer, and the copper foil layer is a first copper foil layer, and wherein the copper-clad laminate comprises the following layers, in order: the first copper foil layer; the first reinforcement layer; the first thermoplastic layer; a second reinforcement layer; a second copper foil layer; a third reinforcement layer; a second thermoplastic layer; a fourth reinforcement layer; and a third copper foil layer.
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