Laminate with a first glass layer and a second glass layer, at least one of which has an ultraviolet reduction composition, and applications incorporating the laminate

Abstract

A laminate including: a first glass layer; and a second glass layer. At least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer includes an ultraviolet reduction composition that has (in mol%, on an oxide basis): from 53.5 to 78.5 SiO2; from 0.50 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.80 P2O5; from 0 to 12.5 B2O3; from 0 to 6.60 MgO; from 0 to 9.20 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 SrO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 0 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0 to 3.30 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; from 0 to 0.25 SnO2; and from 0 to 0.05 Fe2O3. Whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition can further have a thickness that is less than 250 µm.

Description

Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT LAMINATE WITH A FIRST GLASS LAYER AND A SECOND GLASS LAYER, AT LEAST ONE OF WHICH HAS AN ULTRAVIOLET REDUCTION COMPOSITION, AND APPLICATIONS INCORPORATING THE LAMINATE CROSS-REFERENCETORELATEDAPPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S.Provisional Application No. 63 / 684,062 filed August 16, 2024, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention generally relates to a laminate and, in particular, a glasslaminate where at least one of the glass layers includes a composition that reduces transmission of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation therethrough. BACKGROUND

[0003] Artificial satellites (hereinafter just “satellites”) are sent to orbit the Earth for a varietyof reasons. Some of the satellites include transmission and / or reception, sensing, temperature control, and propulsion capabilities. Such capabilities require electrical power. While some satellites generate electrical power through nuclear means (e.g., radioisotope thermoelectric generators), other satellites include solar panels that generate electrical power through the photovoltaic effect, transforming electromagnetic radiation from the Sun into electrical current.

[0004] However, there is a problem in that electromagnetic radiation from the Sun degradesthe ability of the solar panels to convert usable electromagnetic radiation from the Sun into electrical power, thus lowering the efficiency of the solar panel. While that is also the case for ground based solar panels, the degradation in orbit is much more prominent, because the Earth’s atmosphere filters much of the electromagnetic radiation that would otherwise degrade efficiency before the electromagnetic radiation reaches the solar panel. The electromagnetic radiation from the Sun degrades the efficiency of the solar panel in a variety of manners, including damaging the photovoltaic cells and altering transmissivity (e.g., darkening) of the cover substrate through which usable electromagnetic radiation is supposed to transmit before encountering the photovoltaic cells. If the efficiency is sufficiently degraded, the satellite then is typically returned to Earth. A degradation of thirty percent per year in efficiency is not uncommon.

[0005] There is a second problem in that the cost to move the satellite from Earth into orbitincreases as weight of the satellite increases. Thus, reducing the weight of the satellite is a goal. Reducing the weight of the solar panel would reduce the weight of the satellite and,Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT thus, work toward that goal. The cover glass of the solar panel is typically one of the heaviest components.

[0006] Not just in space, Earth based solar panels pose similar problems as well. Althoughthe Earth’s atmosphere prevents much electromagnetic radiation from the Sun that would degrade photovoltaic cells from reaching Earth based solar panels, some such electromagnetic radiation still reaches the solar panels and degrades efficiency over time. Further, weight of solar panels is a problem due to resource usage, shipping, and associated costs.

[0007] There is a third problem in that some glass compositions formulated to reduce thetransmission of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation therethrough have relevant manufacturing and processing temperatures (e.g., softening temperature) that are too cold for modern equipment. The modern glass manufacturing and processing equipment is designed to handle glass compositions with manufacturing and processing temperatures that are higher. SUMMARY

[0008] The present disclosure addresses those problems with an ultraviolet reductioncomposition that not only reduces transmission of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation therethrough but has a lower density and higher softening temperature that are suitable to manufacture and process on modern equipment. A glass layer of a laminate can incorporate the ultraviolet reduction composition. Incorporating the ultraviolet reduction composition as part of a laminate allows the glass layer incorporating the ultraviolet reduction composition to be very thin (e.g., 50 µm), which is useful because the ultraviolet reduction composition may include components that are relatively expensive. The other glass layer(s) of the laminate can include a less expensive glass composition (e.g., soda lime glass) to provide structural stability and desired mechanical properties to the laminate.

[0009] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a laminate comprises: a first glasslayer; and a second glass layer, wherein, at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprises an ultraviolet reduction composition comprising (in mol%, on an oxide basis): from 53.5 to 78.5 SiO2; from 0.50 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.80 P2O5; from 0 to 12.5 B2O3; from 0 to 6.60 MgO; from 0 to 9.20 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 SrO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 0 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0 to 3.30 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; from 0 to 0.25 SnO2; and from 0 to 0.05 Fe2O3.

[0010] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of the first aspectis presented, wherein whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glassAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT layer that comprises the ultraviolet reduction composition further comprises a thickness that is less than 250 µm.

[0011] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of the second aspectis presented, wherein the thickness of whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that comprises the ultraviolet reduction composition is within a range of from 40 µm to 60 µm.

[0012] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one of thefirst through third aspects is presented, wherein the other of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer not comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises a thickness that is greater than a thickness of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition.

[0013] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one of thefirst through fourth aspects further comprises: an interlayer disposed between the first glass layer and the second glass layer.

[0014] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of the fifth aspect ispresented, wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness within a range of from 0.30 µm to 1.00 µm.

[0015] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one of thefirst through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 66.0 to 78.5 SiO2; from 4.70 to 12.8 Al2O3; from 2.10 to 3.40 MgO; from 1.10 to 3.60 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 4.90 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0.10 to 2.70 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; and from 0 to 0.25 SnO2.

[0016] According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of the seventhaspect is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 0.20 to 1.70 CeO2.

[0017] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of the eighth aspectis presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 0.20 to 0.90 CeO2.

[0018] According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one of theseventh through ninth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

[0019] According to an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 64.0 to 69.0 SiO2; from 10.0 to 10.5 Al2O3; from 5.0 to 6.0 MgO; fromAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT 15.10 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0.70 to 3.30 TiO2; and from 0.05 to 0.60 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, ZnO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

[0020] According to a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one of thefirst through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 66.0 to 68.5 SiO2; from 12.0 to 13.0 Al2O3; from 1.50 to 3.80 B2O3; from 2.10 to 2.40 MgO; from 0 to 0.05 CaO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 13.10 to 13.50 Na2O; from 0 to 2.00 TiO2; and from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, SrO, ZnO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

[0021] According to a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 66.0 to 68.0 SiO2; from 10.30 to 11.30 Al2O3; from 7.50 to 9.80 B2O3; from 2.00 to 2.40 MgO; from 8.20 to 8.90 CaO; from 0.20 to 0.80 SrO; from 0 to 2.10 TiO2; and from 0.30 to 1.70 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, ZnO, Li2O, and Na2O.

[0022] According to a fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 71.0 to 78.5 SiO2; from 4.50 to 8.50 Al2O3; from 2.00 to 3.30 MgO; from 1.90 to 2.80 CaO; from 0 to 1.20 ZnO; from 4.90 to 12.0 Na2O; from 1.70 to 2.70 TiO2; and from 0 to 0.40 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, and Li2O.

[0023] According to a fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 53.5 to 59.0 SiO2; from 0.50 to 1.5 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.30 P2O5; from 11.5 to 12.5 B2O3; from 6.00 to 6.60 MgO; from 6.00 to 7.00 CaO; from 12.0 to 14.0 Na2O; from 0 to 1.00 K2O; and from 0 to 2.50 TiO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of SrO, ZnO, Li2O, CeO2, and Fe2O3.

[0024] According to a sixteenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through sixth aspects is presented, wherein the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 57.0 to 71.5 SiO2; from 12.3 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 4.50 B2O3; from 0 to 3.10 MgO; from 0 to 1.80 CaO; from 5.40 to 8.50 Li2O; from 2.00 to 11.1 Na2O; from 0 to 0.50 K2O; and from 0 to 0.40 TiO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of CeO2.

[0025] According to a seventeenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any oneof the first through sixteenth aspects is presented, wherein the at least one of the first glassAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT layer and the second glass layer comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a density within a range of from 2.35 g / cm3to 2.59 g / cm3.

[0026] According to an eighteenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of theseventeenth aspect is presented, wherein the density that the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits is within a range of from 2.40 g / cm3to 2.53 g / cm3.

[0027] According to a nineteenth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through eighteenth aspects is presented, wherein whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that comprises the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a 50% cutoff wavelength when having a thickness of 50 µm that is less than or equal to 345 nm.

[0028] According to a twentieth aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through nineteenth aspects is presented, wherein whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a softening point of greater than or equal to 750 °C.

[0029] According to a twenty-first aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of any one ofthe first through twentieth aspects is presented, wherein whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a transmission of less than 50% for electromagnetic radiation throughout an entirety of a range of wavelengths from 300 nm to 350 nm.

[0030] According to a twenty-second aspect of the present disclosure, the laminate of anyone of the first through twenty-first aspects is presented, wherein the other of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer not comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises a soda lime glass composition.

[0031] According to a twenty-third aspect of the present disclosure, a photovoltaic modulecomprises one or more photovoltaic cells, and the laminate of any one of the first through twenty-second aspects is disposed between the one or more photovoltaic cells and an external environment.

[0032] According to a twenty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure, the photovoltaicmodule of the twenty-third aspect further comprises an encapsulant at least partially encapsulating the one or more photovoltaic cells.

[0033] According to a twenty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure, an architectural windowcomprises: a first pane comprising the laminate of any one of the first through twenty-second aspects, and a second pane separated from the first pane by a space.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT

[0034] According to a twenty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure, the architectural windowof the twenty-fifth aspect further comprises a frame surrounding perimeters of both the first pane and the second pane.

[0035] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description whichfollows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

[0036] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the followingdetailed description are merely exemplary and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments, and together with the description, serve to explain principles and operation of the various embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] In the Drawings:

[0038] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a laminate of the present disclosure, illustrating a firstglass layer, a second layer, and an interlayer between the first layer and the second layer, at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer including an ultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 2 is an elevation view of a cross-section taken through line II-II of the laminateof FIG. 1, illustrating a thickness of the second glass layer being less than a thickness of the first glass layer;

[0040] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a photovoltaic module incorporating the laminate ofthe present disclosure over one or more photovoltaic cells;

[0041] FIG. 4 is a plan view of the photovoltaic module;

[0042] FIG. 5 is an elevation view of a cross-section taken through line V-V of thephotovoltaic module of FIG. 4, illustrating a frame holding a package that includes the laminate, the one or more photovoltaic cells, and a backsheet;

[0043] FIG. 6 is a magnified view of area VI of FIG. 5, illustrating an encapsulantencapsulating the one or more photovoltaic cells between the laminate and the backsheet;

[0044] FIG. 7 is an elevation view of an architectural window incorporating the laminate ofthe present disclosure;Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT

[0045] FIG. 8 is an elevation view of a cross-section taken through line VIII-VIII of thearchitectural window of FIG. 7, illustrating the laminate acting as a first pane and separated from a second pane by a space;

[0046] FIG. 9, pertaining to Comparative Examples 1 and 2, is a graph plotting percentagetransmission as a function of wavelength;

[0047] FIG. 10, pertaining to Comparative Examples 3 and 4 and various of the Examples, isa graph plotting percentage transmission as a function of wavelength, illustrating samples incorporating the ultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure transmitting less ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation within the range of from 300 nm to 350 nm than the aforementioned Comparative Examples;

[0048] FIG. 11, pertaining to various of the Examples, is a graph plotting percentagetransmission as a function of wavelength, illustrating that the percent transmission of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation within the range of from 300 nm to 350 nm decreases as mole percentage of CeO2within the ultraviolet reduction composition increases; and

[0049] FIG. 12, pertaining to various of the Examples, is a graph plotting percentagetransmission as a function of wavelength, illustrating that the percent transmission of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation within the range of from 300 nm to 350 nm decreases as mole percentage of CeO2 within the ultraviolet reduction composition increases and, when viewed in comparison with FIG. 11, illustrating that percent transmission of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation within the range of from 270 nm to 290 nm decreases as mole percentage of TiO2within the ultraviolet reduction composition increases. DETAILEDDESCRIPTION

[0050] Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments, examplesof which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0051] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a laminate 10 includes a first glass layer 12 and a secondglass layer 14. The first glass layer 12 includes an outward primary surface 16 and an inward primary surface 18. The outward primary surface 16 and the inward primary surface 18 face away from each other. Similarly, the second glass layer 14 includes an outward primary surface 20 and an inward primary surface 22. Again, the outward primary surface 20 and the inward primary surface 22 face away from each other. The inward primary surface 18 of the first glass layer 12 and the inward primary surface 22 of the second glass layer 14 face each other. The outward primary surface 16 and the inward primary surface 18 of the first glassAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT layer 12, and the outward primary surface 20 and the inward primary surface 22 of the second glass layer 14, can all be planar and parallel to each other but need not be. The laminate 10 has a first primary surface 24 provided by the outward primary surface 16 of the first glass layer 12 and a second primary surface 26 provided by the outer primary surface 20 of the second glass layer 14.

[0052] The first glass layer 12 has a thickness 28. The thickness 28 is the shortest straight-line distance between the inward primary surface 18 and the outward primary surface 16. Similarly, the second glass layer 14 has a thickness 30. The thickness 30 is the shortest straight-line distance between the inward primary surface 22 and the outward primary surface 20.

[0053] In embodiments, the thickness 28, 30 of whichever of the least one of the first glasslayer 12 and the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition that is less than 250 µm. For example, the thickness 28, 30 of whichever of the least one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition that can be 20 µm, 30 µm, 40 µm, 50 µm, 60 µm, 70 µm, 80 µm, 90 µm, 100 µm, 100 µm, 120 µm, 130 µm, 140 µm, 150 µm, 160 µm, 170 µm, 180 µm, 190 µm, 200 µm, 210 µm, 220 µm, 230 µm, 250 µm, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 40 µm to 60 µm, from 100 µm to 200 µm, and so on).

[0054] In embodiments, thickness 28, 30 of the other of the at least one of the first glass layer12 and the second glass layer 14 (e.g., the one not including the ultraviolet reduction composition) is greater than the thickness 28, 30 of the whichever of the least one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 and includes the ultraviolet reduction composition. For example, that thickness 28, 30 can be 1.0 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.9 mm, 5.0 mm, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 1.8 mm to 4.5 mm, from 3.0 mm to 3.2 mm, and so on). That thickness 28, 30 can be greater than 5.0 mm as well.

[0055] In embodiments, the laminate 10 further includes an interlayer 32. The interlayer 32is disposed between the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14. The interlayer 32 can contact the inward primary surface 18 of the first glass layer 12 and the inward primary surface 22 of the second glass layer 14. The interlayer 32 includes a thickness 34. The thickness 34 of the interlayer 32 is the shortest straight-line distance orthogonal to the inwardAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT primary surface 18 of the first glass layer 12. In embodiments, the thickness 34 of the interlayer 32 is within a range of from 0.30 µm to 1.00 µm. For example, the thickness 34 of the interlayer 32 can be 0.30 µm, 0.35 µm, 0.40 µm, 0.45 µm, 0.50 µm, 0.55 µm, 0.60 µm, 0.65 µm, 0.70 µm, 0.75 µm, 0.80 µm, 0.85 µm, 0.90 µm, 0.95 µm, 1.00 µm, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0.50 µm to 0.70 µm, from 0.55 µm to 0.95 µm, and so on).

[0056] At least of one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 includes anultraviolet reduction composition that includes (in mole percentage and on an oxide basis): from 53.5 to 78.5 SiO2; from 0.50 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.80 P2O5; from 0 to 12.5 B2O3; from 0 to 6.60 MgO; from 0 to 9.20 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 SrO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 0 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0 to 3.30 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; from 0 to 0.25 SnO2; and from 0 to 0.05 Fe2O3.

[0057] Silicon dioxide, SiO2, is the primary glass former of the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 53.5 mol% to 78.5 mol% SiO2. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of SiO2 of 53.5, 54.0, 55.0, 56.0, 57.0, 58.0, 59.0, 60.0, 61.0, 62.0, 63.0, 64.0, 65.0, 66.0, 67.0, 68.0, 68.5, 69.0, 70.0, 71.0, 71.5, 72.0, 73.0, 74.0, 75.0, 76.0, 77.0, 78.0, 78.5, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 66.0 to 78.50, from 64.0 to 69.0, from 66.0 to 68.5, from 66.0 to 68.8, from 71.0 to 78.5, from 53.5 to 59.0, from 57.0 to 71.5, and so on).

[0058] Alumina, Al2O3, is another glass former present in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0.50 mol% to 18.0 mol% Al2O3. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of Al2O3 of 0.50, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.50, 4.70, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.50, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.30, 10.5, 11.0, 11.30, 11.5, 12.0, 12.3, 12.5, 12.8, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 4.70 to 12.8, from 10.0 to 10.5, from 12.0 to 13.0, from 10.30 to 11.30, from 4.50 to 8.50, from 0.50 to 1.5, from 12.3 to 18.0, and so on).

[0059] Phosphorous pentoxide, P2O5, is another glass former that can be present in theultraviolet reduction composition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 2.80 mol% P2O5. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of P2O5of 0, greater than 0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70, 1.80, 1.90, 2.00, 2.10, 2.20, 2.30, 2.40, 2.50, 2.60, 2.70, 2.80, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0 to 2.30, from 0.40 to 1.30, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of P2O5. “Substantially free” for purposesAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT of this disclosure means that the mentioned oxide, here P2O5, is not intentionally included in the ultraviolet reduction composition but might be present therein due to contamination or manufacturing imprecision in a trace amount (e.g., less than 0.001 mol%).

[0060] Boron oxide, B2O3, is another glass former that can be present in the ultravioletreduction composition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 12.5 mol% B2O3. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of B2O3 of 0, greater than 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.50, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 3.80, 4.0, 4.50, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.50, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 9.80, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 1.50 to 3.80, from 7.50 to 9.80, from 11.5 to 12.5, from 0 to 4.50, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of B2O3.

[0061] Magnesium oxide, MgO, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 6.60 MgO. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of MgO of 0, greater than 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.00, 2.10, 2.40, 2.5, 3.0, 3.10, 3.30, 3.40, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.00, 6.5, 6.60, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 2.10 to 3.40, from 5.0 to 6.0, from 2.10 to 2.40, from 2.00 to 2.40, from 2.00 to 3.30, from 6.00 to 6.60, from 0 to 3.10, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of MgO.

[0062] Calcium oxide, CaO, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 9.20 CaO. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of CaO of 0, greater than 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 1.10, 1.5, 1.80, 1.90, 2.0, 2.5, 2.80, 3.0, 3.5, 3.60, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.00, 6.5, 7.00, 7.5, 8.0, 8.20, 8.5, 8.90, 9.0, 9.20, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 1.10 to 3.60, from 8.20 to 8.90, from 0 to 0.05, from 1.90 to 2.80, from 6.00 to 7.00, from 0 to 1.80, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of CaO.

[0063] Strontium oxide, SrO, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 1.30 SrO. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of SrO of 0, greater than 0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0.20 to 0.80, from 0.50 to 1.10, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of SrO.

[0064] Zinc oxide, ZnO, can be present as a glass former and / or a modifier in the ultravioletreduction composition. In particular, the presence of ZnO in the ultraviolet reduction composition can absorb ultraviolet radiation and thus lower transmittance of ultraviolet radiation though whichever of the first glass layer 12 or the second glass layer 14 includes theAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT ultraviolet reduction composition and, thus, through the laminate 10 generally. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 1.30 ZnO. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of ZnO of 0, greater than 0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0 to 1.20, from 0.50 to 0.80, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of ZnO.

[0065] Lithium oxide, Li2O, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 8.50 Li2O. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of Li2O of 0, greater than 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5.3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.40, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5.7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.50, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 5.40 to 8.50, from 3.0 to 7.5, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of Li2O.

[0066] Sodium oxide, Na2O, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 15.50 Na2O. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of Na2O of 0, greater than 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.00, 2.5. 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 4.90, 5.0, 5.40, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5. 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.1, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.10, 13.50, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.10, 15.50, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 4.90 to 15.50, from 15.10 to 15.50, from 13.10 to 13.50, from 4.90 to 12.0, from 12.0 to 14.0, from 2.00 to 11.1, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of Na2O.

[0067] Potassium oxide, K2O, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 4.70 K2O. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of K2O of 0, greater than 0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.5, 2.00, 2.5. 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 4.70, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0 to 1.00, from 0 to 0.50, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of K2O.

[0068] Titanium dioxide, TiO2, can be present as a glass former and / or a modifier in theultraviolet reduction composition. In particular, the presence of TiO2 in the ultraviolet reduction composition can absorb ultraviolet radiation and thus lower transmittance of ultraviolet radiation though whichever of the first glass layer 12 or the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition and, thus, through the laminate 10 generally. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 3.30 TiO2. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of TiO2 of 0, greater than 0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.60, 1.70, 1.80, 2.00, 2.10, 2.20, 2.40, 2.50, 2.60, 2.70,Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT 2.80, 3.00, 3.20, 3.30, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0.10 to 2.70, from 0.70 to 3.30, from 0 to 2.00, from 0 to 2.10, from 1.70 to 2.70, from 0 to 2.50, from 0 to 0.40, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of TiO2.

[0069] Cerium oxide, CeO2, can be present as a modifier in the ultraviolet reductioncomposition. In particular, the presence of CeO2 in the ultraviolet reduction composition can absorb ultraviolet radiation and thus lower transmittance of ultraviolet radiation though whichever of the first glass layer 12 or the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition and, thus, through the laminate 10 generally. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 1.70 CeO2. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of CeO2of 0, greater than 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0.20 to 1.70, from 0.20 to 0.90, from 0.05 to 0.60, from 0.30 to 1.70, from 0 to 0.40, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of CeO2.

[0070] Tin dioxide, SnO2, can be present as a glass former and / or a modifier in the ultravioletreduction composition. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 1.70 SnO2. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of SnO2of 0, greater than 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0.01 to 0.05, from greater than 0 to 0.03, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of SnO2.

[0071] Iron oxide, Fe2O3, can be present as a glass former and / or a modifier in the ultravioletreduction composition. The presence of Fe2O3 in the ultraviolet reduction composition can absorb ultraviolet radiation and thus lower transmittance of ultraviolet radiation though whichever of the first glass layer 12 or the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition and, thus, through the laminate 10 generally. The composition, as mentioned, can include from 0 to 0.05 Fe2O3. For example, the composition can include a mole percentage of Fe2O3 of 0, greater than 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 0.01 to 0.05, from greater than 0 to 0.03, and so on). The composition can be substantially free, or free, of Fe2O3.

[0072] In a more particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 66.0 to 78.5 SiO2; from 4.70 to 12.8 Al2O3; from 2.10 to 3.40 MgO; from 1.10 to 3.60 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 4.90 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0.10 to 2.70 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; and from 0 to 0.25 SnO2. ParticularAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT examples can include CeO2within a range of from 0.20 to 1.70, such as from 0.20 to 0.90. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

[0073] In another particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 64.0 to 69.0 SiO2; from 10.0 to 10.5 Al2O3; from 5.0 to 6.0 MgO; from 15.10 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0.70 to 3.30 TiO2; and from 0.05 to 0.60 CeO2. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, ZnO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

[0074] In another particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 66.0 to 68.5 SiO2; from 12.0 to 13.0 Al2O3; from 1.50 to 3.80 B2O3; from 2.10 to 2.40 MgO; from 0 to 0.05 CaO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 13.10 to 13.50 Na2O; from 0 to 2.00 TiO2; and from 0 to 1.70 CeO2. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of P2O5, SrO, ZnO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

[0075] In another particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 66.0 to 68.0 SiO2; from 10.30 to 11.30 Al2O3; from 7.50 to 9.80 B2O3; from 2.00 to 2.40 MgO; from 8.20 to 8.90 CaO; from 0.20 to 0.80 SrO; from 0 to 2.10 TiO2; and from 0.30 to 1.70 CeO2. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of P2O5, ZnO, Li2O, and Na2O.

[0076] In another particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 71.0 to 78.5 SiO2; from 4.50 to 8.50 Al2O3; from 2.00 to 3.30 MgO; from 1.90 to 2.80 CaO; from 0 to 1.20 ZnO; from 4.90 to 12.0 Na2O; from 1.70 to 2.70 TiO2; and from 0 to 0.40 CeO2. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, and Li2O.

[0077] In another particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 53.5 to 59.0 SiO2; from 0.50 to 1.5 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.30 P2O5; from 11.5 to 12.5 B2O3; from 6.00 to 6.60 MgO; from 6.00 to 7.00 CaO; from 12.0 to 14.0 Na2O; from 0 to 1.00 K2O; and from 0 to 2.50 TiO2. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of SrO, ZnO, Li2O, CeO2, and Fe2O3.

[0078] In another particular set of embodiments, the ultraviolet reduction compositionincludes (in mole percentage): from 57.0 to 71.5 SiO2; from 12.3 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 4.50 B2O3; from 0 to 3.10 MgO; from 0 to 1.80 CaO; from 5.40 to 8.50 Li2O; from 2.00 toAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT 11.1 Na2O; from 0 to 0.50 K2O; and from 0 to 0.40 TiO2. The ultraviolet reduction composition of these embodiments can be substantially free of CeO2.

[0079] In embodiments, the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer14 comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a density within a range of from 2.35 g / cm3to 2.59 g / cm3. For example, that density can be 2.35 g / cm3, 2.36 g / cm3, 2.37 g / cm3, 2.38 g / cm3, 2.39 g / cm3, 2.40 g / cm3, 2.41 g / cm3, 2.42 g / cm3, 2.43 g / cm3, 2.44 g / cm3, 2.45 g / cm3, 2.46 g / cm3, 2.47 g / cm3, 2.48 g / cm3, 2.49 g / cm3, 2.50 g / cm3, 2.51 g / cm3, 2.52 g / cm3, 2.53 g / cm3, 2.54 g / cm3, 2.55 g / cm3, 2.56 g / cm3, 2.57 g / cm3, 2.58 g / cm3, 2.59 g / cm3, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 2.40 g / cm3to 2.53g / cm3, from 2.42 g / cm3to 2.50 g / cm3, and so on).

[0080] In embodiments, whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and thesecond glass layer 14 that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a 50% cutoff wavelength when having a thickness 28, 30 of 50 µm that is less than or equal to 345 nm. The phrase “50% cutoff wavelength” means, when transmission percentage of the particular glass layer is determined as a function of wavelength, the wavelength at which (and below) the glass layer exhibits a transmission percentage of less than or equal 50%.

[0081] In embodiments, whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and thesecond glass layer 14 that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a softening point of greater than or equal to 750 °C. For example, the softening point that whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits can be 750 °C, 760 °C, 770 °C, 780 °C, 790 °C, 800 °C, 810 °C, 820 °C, 830 °C, 840 °C, 850 °C, 860 °C, 870 °C, 880 °C, 890 °C, or greater than any of those values, or within any range bound by any two of those values (e.g., from 750 °C to 890 °C, from 800 °C to 850 °C, and so on).

[0082] In embodiments, whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and thesecond glass layer 14 that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a transmission of less than 50% for electromagnetic radiation throughout an entirety of a range of wavelengths from 300 nm to 350 nm.

[0083] The other of the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14not including the ultraviolet reduction composition can include any glass composition, such as a soda lime glass composition, a borosilicate glass composition, an aluminosilicate glass composition, a boroaluminosilicate glass composition, among other options. For example, if the first glass layer 12 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition, then the second glass layer 14 can include a soda lime glass composition. However, if the second glass layer 14Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT includes the ultraviolet reduction composition, then the first glass layer 12 can include the soda lime glass composition.

[0084] Whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition can be formed in many known ways. For example, the layer including the ultraviolet reduction composition can be formed using known fusion, rolling, slot draw, and float processes. The laminate 10 can be subsequently formed using known lamination methods.

[0085] Referring now to FIGS. 3-6, a photovoltaic module 100 includes the laminate 10 andone or more photovoltaic cells 102 disposed beneath the laminate 10. In particular, the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 is disposed beneath the first primary surface 24 or the second primary surface 26 of the laminate 10. The laminate 10 separates the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 from an external environment 104.

[0086] In embodiments, the second glass layer 14 of the laminate 10 includes the ultravioletreduction composition, while the first glass layer 12 of the laminate 10 does not. In such embodiments, the second primary surface 26 of the laminate 10 can face the one or more photovoltaic cells 102, while the first primary surface 24 of the laminate 10 faces the external environment 104. Such embodiments might be useful in applications where the laminate 10 is subject to impact events. The first glass layer 12 of the laminate 10 protects the second glass layer 14 including the ultraviolet reduction composition, because the thickness 30 of the second glass layer 14 might advantageously be less than the thickness 28 of the first glass layer 12 and the first glass layer 12 might be stronger.

[0087] However, in other instances, the first primary surface 24 of the laminate 10 can facethe one or more photovoltaic cells 102, while the second primary surface 26 of the laminate 10 faces the external environment 104. Such embodiments might be useful in applications where the laminate 10 is not subject to impact events. The second glass layer 14 including the ultraviolet reduction composition protects the first glass layer 12 from discoloration caused by ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation.

[0088] During use of the photovoltaic module 100, photons 106 from the Sun 108 enter thephotovoltaic module 100 through the laminate 10 and impinge upon the one or more photovoltaic cells 102. The type of photovoltaic cells 102 are not particularly limited, though in preferred embodiments, the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 include monocrystalline silicon.

[0089] In embodiments, the photovoltaic module 100 further includes a backsheet 110. Theone or more photovoltaic cells 102 is disposed between the laminate 10 and the backsheetAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT 110. The backsheet 110 can have a glass composition and, indeed, can also be the laminate 10 of the present disclosure. Stated another way, the laminate 10 of the present disclosure can be the laminate 10 of the photovoltaic module 100 and another laminate 10 of the present disclosure can be the backsheet 110 of the photovoltaic module 100. In embodiments, whichever of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 of the laminate 10 operating as the backsheet 110 is disposed closer to the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 and can include the ultraviolet reduction composition. In other embodiments, whichever of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition can be disposed closer to the external environment 104 than the other layer.

[0090] Having the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 sandwiched between the laminate 10and the backsheet 110 allows the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 to receive photons 106 transmitting through both the laminate 10 and the backsheet 110. That arrangement in theory should increase the electricity production of the photovoltaic module 100 compared to if the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 received photons 106 transmitting only through the laminate 10 but not the backsheet 110.

[0091] In embodiments, an encapsulant 112 at least partially encapsulates the one or morephotovoltaic cells 102. The encapsulant 112 at least partially encapsulates the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 between the laminate 10 and the backsheet 110. The laminate 10 and the backsheet 110 thus separate the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 and the encapsulant 112 from the external environment 104. The encapsulant 112 has a composition, e.g., material that forms the encapsulant 112. In embodiments, the composition of the encapsulant 112 is one or more of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), a silicone- based material (e.g., SYLGARD™ 184), an ionomer (e.g., DUPONT's® PV5400, PV5300, PV5200, or PV8600), a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) (e.g., Quentys™ BPO from Borealis), and a polyolefin elastomer (POE) (e.g., Engage™ from Dow). Other compositions for the encapsulant 112 are envisioned.

[0092] In embodiments, the photovoltaic module 100 further includes a frame 114. Whenthe photovoltaic module 100 is oriented horizontally, such that the first primary surface 24 of the laminate 10 is horizontal and facing upwards, the frame 114 defines a top 116 and a bottom 118 of the photovoltaic module 100 where the top 116 is the most elevated portion of the photovoltaic module 100 and the bottom 118 is the least elevated portion of the photovoltaic module 100, excluding wiring that may extend from the photovoltaic module 100. In a more detailed example, the frame 114 includes sidewall 120, a C-channel 122 that is contiguous with the sidewall 120, and a tab 124 that extends inward relative to the sidewallAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT 120. The C-channel 122 is disposed at or near the top 116 of the frame 114, and the tab 124 is disposed at or near the bottom 118 of the frame 114. The tab 124 forms a plane 126 that is generally parallel to an outward primary surface 128 of the backsheet 110. The laminate 10, the one or more photovoltaic cells 102, and the backsheet 110 are all coupled to each other as a package 130. The sidewall 120 extends around a perimeter 132 of the package 130 with the perimeter 132 of the package 130 secured within the C-channel 122 of the frame 114.

[0093] Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, an architectural window 200 including the laminate10 is herein disclosed. The architectural window 200 includes a first pane 202 and a second pane 204. The first pane 202 is or includes the laminate 10. The second pane 204 can also be or include the laminate 10 but need not. A space 206 separates the first pane 202 and the second pane 204. In embodiments, whichever of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition faces the space 206 between the first pane 202 and the second pane 204, while the other of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 faces the external environment 104. In other embodiments, whichever of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 includes the ultraviolet reduction composition faces the external environment 104, while the other of the first glass layer 12 and the second glass layer 14 faces the space 206 between the first pane 202 and the second pane 204.

[0094] The architectural window 200 may be integral with an opening between the externalenvironment 104 and interior of an enclosure or building. Further, the architectural window 200 may be part of a door system on an enclosure or building. In embodiments, the architectural window 200 is movable with respect to an opening in a building. The architectural window 200 may be a double pane (as illustrated) or a triple pane window. Of course, the architectural window 200 may include any number of glass panes greater than one pane.

[0095] The architectural window 200 may further include a spacer 208 between its panes,such as to define the space 206 separating the first pane 202 from the second pane 204. The spacer 208 may be an edge seal formed around respective edges of its glass panes (e.g., the first pane 202 and the second pane 204), a metallic pillar between the surfaces of its glass panes, a low thermal conduction material, or a glass bump attached to or formed integral with one or both glass panes (e.g., the first pane 202 and the second pane 204). The space 206 is further defined at least in part by a distance 210 between the first pane 202 and the second pane 204. The distance 210 can be within a range of from 50 µm to about 50 mm, or within a range of from 5 mm to 25 mm. The space 206 may be sealed and include an insulating gasAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT such as air, argon, krypton, xenon, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the space 206 may be sealed and include a pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

[0096] In embodiments, the architectural window 200 further includes a frame 212surrounding perimeters of, and supporting, both the first pane 202 and the second pane 204. In embodiments, the frame 212 is configured to mate or communicate with an opening in a building or enclosure such that architectural window 200 is installed with either the first pane 202 or the second pane 204 adjacent the building interior and the other adjacent the building exterior. In embodiments, the frame 212 includes an overhanging edge portion configured to interfere with an edge of an opening in a building or enclosure and to prevent the architectural window 200 from being installed in the opening such that the one of the first pane 202 or the second pane 204 is adjacent the building interior. The architectural window 200 may also include a locking mechanism adjacent the one of the first pane 202 or the second pane 204 and internal to the building or enclosure. In embodiments, the locking mechanism is configured to be accessible only from the building interior so as to limit access through the architectural window 200. In embodiments, the locking mechanism is fixed directly or indirectly to frame 212 and communicates with a portion of the opening in the building or enclosure.

[0097] The laminate 10 of the present disclosure addresses the problems identified in theBackground, among other problems, in a variety of ways. Among them, the inclusion of the ultraviolet reduction composition reduces the amount of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation that transmits through the laminate 10 and thus to the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 of the photovoltaic module 100. Therefore, less ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation impinges upon the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 and, thereby, the one or more photovoltaic cells 102 experiences less damage therefrom and has a longer serviceable life. Similarly, because the ultraviolet reduction composition absorbs a percentage of the ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation, the laminate 10 has less cause to darken, which further prolongs the serviceable life of the photovoltaic module 100.

[0098] In addition, the ultraviolet reduction composition causes whichever of the first glasslayer 12 or the second glass layer 14 that includes it to exhibit a density that is relatively low. The relatively low density helps reduce the weight of the laminate 10. Thus, transporting the laminate 10, such as with the photovoltaic module 100, to orbit is reduced in comparison to denser glasses.

[0099] Further, the ultraviolet reduction composition includes, if any, only a limited amountof CeO2. Cerium oxide, CeO2, is particularly expensive to include. Prior attempts to reduceAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT the transmission of ultraviolet radiation utilized glass compositions that relied upon a large mole percentage of CeO2 (e.g., greater than 5 mol%). Thus, those prior attempts were suboptimally expensive. The ultraviolet reduction composition includes a maximum of 1.70 mole percent CeO2. In some instances, the ultraviolet reduction composition includes TiO2, which is less expensive than CeO2 but still reduces transmission of ultraviolet radiation.

[0100] Still further, the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a softeningtemperature that is suitable for modern glass manufacturing and processing equipment.

[0101] EXAMPLES

[0102] Comparative Examples 1-4 – For Comparative Example 1, a glass substratehaving a thickness of 200 µm was formed. The glass substrate had an alkaline earth boroaluminosilicate composition. For Comparative Examples 2-4, samples of each of the glass substrates having a thickness of 150 µm were obtained and tested for various properties. The results are set forth in Table 1 below.It is notable Comparative Example 2 has a density of 2.600 g / cm3and includes a CeO2content of greater than 1.70 mole percent. It is difficult to achieve a lesser density when including such amounts of CeO2. Another negative aspect of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 is their low softening points, which make them unsuitable for forming on modern equipment designed to form glass sheets from compositions with higher softening temperatures. Notably, the softening points for Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are less than 730 °C.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT

[0103] The glass substrates representing Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were thentested to determine percent transmission as a function of wavelength. The results are set forth in the graph reproduced at FIG. 9. As the graph reveals, the glass substrate of Comparative Example 1 transmits between about 70% to 90% of electromagnetic radiation within the wavelength range of from 300 nm to 350 nm, while the glass substrate of Comparative Example 2 transmits less than about 15% of electromagnetic radiation within the wavelength range of from 300 nm to 350 nm.

[0104] Transmittance spectra was then obtained for different thicknesses (80 mm, 100mm, etc.) of the glass substrates of Comparative Examples 2 and 3. The results are provided in Tables 2 (for Comparative Example 2) and 3 (for Comparative Example 3) below.

[0105] Examples 1-37 – For Examples 1-37, glass substrates including the ultravioletreduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. All of Examples 1-37 (except for Examples 25 and 26) include a greater than 0 mole percentage of both CeO2and TiO2. The results are set forth in Table 4 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT

[0106] It is notable that the density of all of Examples 1-37 is less than 2.600 g / cm3(the density of Comparative Example 1), with the vast majority of those examples exhibiting a density of less than or equal to 2.500. It is further notable that all of those examples exhibit a softening point of greater than 800 °C, which is much higher than the softening point of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 (718 °C and 725 °C respectively).

[0107] For several of the glass substrates of Examples 1-37 and the ComparativeExamples 1-3, each having a thickness of 50 µm, the transmission percentage therethrough as a function of wavelength was determined. The results are set forth in the graphs reproduced as FIG.10, FIG.11, and FIG.12. The ultraviolet reduction compositions of Examples 13-15, 25, and 29, the subjects of FIG. 11, all include 2.0 mole percent TiO2 and different mole percentages of CeO2. The ultraviolet reduction compositions of Examples 16-18, 26, and 30, the subjects of FIG. 12, all include 2.5 mole percent TiO2and different mole percentages of CeO2.

[0108] The results reveal that the incorporating both cerium and titanium together canfully or partially block transmission of electromagnetic radiation throughout a range of ultraviolet wavelengths. Titanium primarily absorbs at within the wavelength range of from 290 nm to 300 nm, while cerium exists in silicate glasses in two different valence states, Ce4+and Ce3+, inducing absorption in the ultraviolet wavelength region with respectively a wide peak of absorption centered at about 240 nm and a narrow asymmetrical peak of absorptionAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT through the range of from 300 nm to 320 nm. At small substrate thicknesses (e.g., 50 µm), the combination of both titanium and cerium can be beneficial to minimize transmission of electromagnetic radiation within the ultraviolet wavelength range of from about 260 nm to 320 nm as seen in Examples 3 and 8 in particular and avoid the transmission rise seen in that wavelength range in Examples 1, 7, and 10.

[0109] In addition, the glass substrates of Examples 13-18 and 25-27 were contactedwith an etchant of 3.7M HF at 21 °C for a period of time and then the thicknesses were measured before, during, and after to determine the etch rate that the ultraviolet reduction composition would permit. The etch rate is an important property because the glass substrate as formed can be thinned via etching to achieve the thickness desired. The etch rates are set forth in Table 5 below.

[0110] Examples 38-42 – For Examples 38-42, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. All of Examples 38-42 include a greater than 0 mole percentage of TiO2 but no CeO2. The results are set forth in Table 6 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTThe densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3. All of those examples exhibit a softening point of greater than 870 °C, which is much higher than the softening point of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 (718 °C and 725 °C respectively).

[0111] Examples 43 and 44 – For Examples 43 and 44, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. Both of Examples 43-44 include a greater than 0 mole percentage of TiO2 and CeO2. The results are set forth in Table 7 below.The densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3. Both of those examples exhibit a softening point of greater than 880 °C, which is much higher than the softening point of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 (718 °C and 725 °C respectively).Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT

[0112] Examples 45-50 – For Examples 45-50, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. All of Examples 45-50 include a greater than 0 mole percentage of TiO2 and CeO2. The results are set forth in Table 8 below.The densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3.

[0113] Examples 51-56 – For Examples 51-56, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. All of Examples 51-56, include a greaterAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT than 0 mole percentage of CeO2and but not necessarily TiO2. The results are set forth in Table 9 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTThe densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3.

[0114] Examples 57-61 – For Examples 57-61, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. All of Examples 57-61 include a greater than 0 mole percentage of both CeO2 and TiO2. The results are set forth in Table 10 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTThe densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3.

[0115] Examples 62-67 – For Examples 62-67, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. All of Examples 62-67 include a greater than 0 mole percentage of both CeO2and TiO2, and several further include ZnO. The results are set forth in Table 11 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTThe densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3. All those examples exhibit a softening point of greater than 850 °C, which is much higher than the softening point of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 (718 °C and 725 °C respectively).

[0116] Examples 68-73 – For Examples 68-73, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determine various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. Some of Examples 68-73 include a greater than 0 mole percentage of TiO2but none of those examples include CeO2. The results are set forth in Table 12 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT

[0117] Examples 74-78 – For Examples 74-78, glass substrates including theultraviolet reduction composition of the present disclosure were formed, analyzed to determine the mole percentages of the various constituents, and then tested to determineAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT various properties that each glass substrate exhibits. The results are set forth in Table 13 below.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCTThe densities of these examples again are all well under 2.500 g / cm3. All those examples exhibit a softening point of greater than 750 °C, which is much higher than the softening point of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 (718 °C and 725 °C respectively).

[0118] In the Tables above, the following properties were determined in the followingways. The density was determined using the buoyancy method of ASTM C693-93(2013). The softening point temperature was determined using the parallel plate viscosity method of ASTM C1351M-96(2012). The annealing point is determined using the beam bending viscosity method of ASTM C598-93(2013). The strain point temperature is determined using the beam bending viscosity method of ASTM C598-93(2013). The Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio values recited in this disclosure refer to values as measured by a resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy technique of the general type set forth in ASTM E2001-13, titled “Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts.” “VFT” refers to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) equation: Log η=A+B / (T0−C), where T0is the temperature, A, B and C are fitting constants and η is the dynamic viscosity. The liquidus temperature was measured in accordance with ASTM C829-81 (2015), titled “Standard Practice for Measurement of Liquidus Temperature of Glass by the Gradient Furnace Method” or the gradient boat method. The air, internal, and platinum (Pt) liquidus temperatures refer to the location of the measurement in the sample, with internal being the interior of the sample, air being the air-sample interface, and platinum being the platinum crucible-sample interface. The “primary phase” is the primary crystallineAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT phase that forms below the liquidus temperature. Transmission spectra can be determined using a spectrophotometer (e.g., Perkin Elmer Lambda 950 UV / VIS / NIR spectrophotometer). The 50% cutoff wavelength can be determined from the data as the wavelength below which at least 50% of the electromagnetic radiation is not transmitted through the sample. “CTE” refers to the coefficient of thermal expansion. The CTE can be characterized by methods known to those in the art, such as, those described in ASTM E228 (and its progeny, all herein incorporated by reference) Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials with a Push-Rod Dilatometer.”

[0119] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications andvariations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims.

Claims

1. Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT CLAIM(S) What is claimed is:

1. A laminate comprising:a first glass layer; and a second glass layer, wherein, at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprises an ultraviolet reduction composition comprising (in mol%, on an oxide basis): from 53.5 to 78.5 SiO2; from 0.50 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.80 P2O5; from 0 to 12.5 B2O3; from 0 to 6.60 MgO; from 0 to 9.20 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 SrO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 0 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0 to 3.30 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; from 0 to 0.25 SnO2; and from 0 to 0.05 Fe2O3.

2. The laminate of claim 1, whereinwhichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that comprises the ultraviolet reduction composition further comprises a thickness that is less than 250 µm.

3. The laminate of claim 2, whereinthe thickness of whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that comprises the ultraviolet reduction composition is within a range of from 40 µm to 60 µm.

4. The laminate of any one of claims 1-3, whereinAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT the other of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer not comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises a thickness that is greater than a thickness of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition.

5. The laminate of any one of claims 1-4 further comprising:an interlayer disposed between the first glass layer and the second glass layer.

6. The laminate of claim 5, whereinthe interlayer comprises a thickness within a range of from 0.30 µm to 1.00 µm.

7. The laminate of any one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 66.0 to 78.5 SiO2; from 4.70 to 12.8 Al2O3; from 2.10 to 3.40 MgO; from 1.10 to 3.60 CaO; from 0 to 1.30 ZnO; from 4.90 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0 to 4.70 K2O; from 0.10 to 2.70 TiO2; from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; and from 0 to 0.25 SnO2.

8. The laminate of claim 7, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 0.20 to 1.70 CeO2.

9. The laminate of claim 8, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 0.20 to 0.90 CeO2.

10. The laminate of any one of claims 7-9, whereinAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

11. The laminate of any one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 64.0 to 69.0 SiO2; from 10.0 to 10.5 Al2O3; from 5.0 to 6.0 MgO; from 15.10 to 15.50 Na2O; from 0.70 to 3.30 TiO2; and from 0.05 to 0.60 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, ZnO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

12. The laminate of any one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 66.0 to 68.5 SiO2; from 12.0 to 13.0 Al2O3; from 1.50 to 3.80 B2O3; from 2.10 to 2.40 MgO; from 0 to 0.05 CaO; from 0 to 8.50 Li2O; from 13.10 to 13.50 Na2O; from 0 to 2.00 TiO2; and from 0 to 1.70 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, SrO, ZnO, Li2O, and Fe2O3.

13. The laminate of any one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 66.0 to 68.0 SiO2; from 10.30 to 11.30 Al2O3; from 7.50 to 9.80 B2O3; from 2.00 to 2.40 MgO;Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT from 8.20 to 8.90 CaO; from 0.20 to 0.80 SrO; from 0 to 2.10 TiO2; and from 0.30 to 1.70 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, ZnO, Li2O, and Na2O.

14. The laminate of cany one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 71.0 to 78.5 SiO2; from 4.50 to 8.50 Al2O3; from 2.00 to 3.30 MgO; from 1.90 to 2.80 CaO; from 0 to 1.20 ZnO; from 4.90 to 12.0 Na2O; from 1.70 to 2.70 TiO2; and from 0 to 0.40 CeO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of P2O5, B2O3, SrO, and Li2O.

15. The laminate of any one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 53.5 to 59.0 SiO2; from 0.50 to 1.5 Al2O3; from 0 to 2.30 P2O5; from 11.5 to 12.5 B2O3; from 6.00 to 6.60 MgO; from 6.00 to 7.00 CaO; from 12.0 to 14.0 Na2O; from 0 to 1.00 K2O; and from 0 to 2.50 TiO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of SrO, ZnO, Li2O, CeO2, and Fe2O3.Attorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT16. The laminate of any one of claims 1-6, whereinthe ultraviolet reduction composition comprises: from 57.0 to 71.5 SiO2; from 12.3 to 18.0 Al2O3; from 0 to 4.50 B2O3; from 0 to 3.10 MgO; from 0 to 1.80 CaO; from 5.40 to 8.50 Li2O; from 2.00 to 11.1 Na2O; from 0 to 0.50 K2O; and from 0 to 0.40 TiO2; and the ultraviolet reduction composition is substantially free of CeO2.

17. The laminate of any one of claims 1-16, whereinthe at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a density within a range of from 2.35 g / cm3to 2.59 g / cm3.

18. The laminate of claim 17, whereinthe density that the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits is within a range of from 2.40 g / cm3to 2.53 g / cm3.

19. The laminate of any one of claims 1-18, whereinwhichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that comprises the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a 50% cutoff wavelength when having a thickness of 50 µm that is less than or equal to 345 nm.

20. The laminate of any one of claims 1-19, whereinwhichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a softening point of greater than or equal to 750 °C.

21. The laminate of any one of claims 1-20, whereinAttorney Docket No. SP24-106PCT whichever of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer that includes the ultraviolet reduction composition exhibits a transmission of less than 50% for electromagnetic radiation throughout an entirety of a range of wavelengths from 300 nm to 350 nm.

22. The laminate of any one of claims 1-21, whereinthe other of the at least one of the first glass layer and the second glass layer not comprising the ultraviolet reduction composition comprises a soda lime glass composition.

23. A photovoltaic module comprising:one or more photovoltaic cells, and the laminate of claim 1 disposed between the one or more photovoltaic cells and an external environment.

24. The photovoltaic module of claim 23 further comprising:an encapsulant at least partially encapsulating the one or more photovoltaic cells.

25. An architectural window comprising:a first pane comprising the laminate of claim 1, and a second pane separated from the first pane by a space.

26. The architectural window of claim 25 further comprising:a frame surrounding perimeters of both the first pane and the second pane.

Images