Method for optimizing new power system with high proportion of new energy in prior art

Abstract

Disclosed in the present invention is a method for optimizing a new power system with a high proportion of new energy in the prior art, which aims to achieve precise controllability on both a power supply side and a power consumption side, and a strong self-stabilizing capacity of a grid side. It is proposed that: matched rotary potential-energy storage power stations, each of which takes particulate matters as ideal working mediums, has massive synchronized rotational inertia, operates highly stably and has constant indicated efficiency of 90% or more, are directly coupled in parallel to a solar power station by means of respective working medium recovery and lifting apparatuses and transformer substations, and are coupled in parallel to a grid, so as to form a rotary potential-energy storage power station of a centralized source-grid type, which takes solar energy, wind energy and working medium potential energy as a power source, or takes the working medium potential energy as the power source, a rotary potential-energy storage power station of a distributed standalone grid source-grid-load type, a rotary potential-energy storage power station of a standalone power station source-load type, and a rotary potential-energy storage power station of a grid-source type, which serves as a flexible regulating power source on the power consumption side. A synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid is established, thereby achieving safety, reliability, precise controllability, zero-carbon and high efficiency on both the power supply side and the power consumption side, and a 6 to 9 fold increase in electricity supply, and a cost of 0.05-0.1 RMB per kilowatt-hour.

Description

A method to perfect a new power system with a high proportion of new energy sources in existing technologies.

[0001] Technical Field This invention relates to the field of power systems, and more particularly to a method for perfecting a new type of power system with a high proportion of new energy sources in existing technologies. Background Technology

[0002] The power system, designed based on the principle of power generation following load (source follows load), has been operating in an orderly manner for over 100 years. However, with the continuous addition of uncontrollable solar power plants to the power supply side and the increasing activity of electricity consumption on the demand side, the spatial and temporal distribution of solar energy is extremely uneven. The power supply time of solar power plants and the electricity consumption time of the demand side are seriously misaligned, making the power supply side and the demand side of the power system gradually uncontrollable. The traditional "synchronous mechanical rotation inertia grid" is destroyed, causing the grid side to gradually lose its self-stabilizing ability.

[0003] Currently, the challenges and difficulties in solving the energy storage and consumption problems of new energy sources are still being explored. Pumped storage power stations, a relatively mature application for energy storage in new energy power systems, are limited by geographical location and water scarcity due to the construction of large upper and lower reservoirs. Compressed air energy storage power generation systems are limited by the need for storage in abandoned mines deep underground, and their distance from large-scale solar power plant scenarios necessitates dedicated power lines, limiting their use to local energy storage and power generation. The closest related technology found is CN203800612U, which discloses a "power regulation device" for storage and transmission in wind and solar power plants. However, due to geographical limitations, it is far from centralized large-scale solar power plant clusters and outputs power with variable speed (i.e., power with voltage variation). The engine's vertical shaft structure, similar to a cable car, results in a small synchronous mechanical rotational inertia. CN111502934A discloses a "steel sand pumped energy storage power station," but because its working medium is steel sand or small steel balls, a conductive material prone to rust, its working medium capacity is insufficient to support the large-scale energy storage requirements. Furthermore, the generator's vertical shaft structure results in a small synchronous mechanical rotational inertia. Therefore, the four existing technologies closest to this invention can only be used for energy storage and power generation in local power systems. Application number or patent number 202110695197.4 discloses a "new type of energy storage and power generation device for power systems with a high proportion of new energy sources". Its main features are: the rotary potential energy engine uses particulate matter as the ideal working medium, and as needed, one or more rotary wheel devices with huge synchronous mechanical rotational inertia are connected in series on the rotating shaft. As needed, many uniformly distributed bucket devices, including fixed bucket devices, hanging bucket devices, or seated bucket devices, are arranged on the outer ring of each rotary wheel device. This makes the rotary potential energy engine have the advantages of high strength, high rigidity, low speed, low vibration, low wear, and long service life. It also has three major special properties: wide power and synchronous mechanical rotational inertia range, stable operation under constant speed and load characteristics in every working condition, and a constant high indicated efficiency of over 90%. The matching rotary potential energy storage power station, through the motor at the free end, is "rigidly connected in series" with centralized and distributed solar power stations to form an independent power station, "wind-solar rotary potential energy storage power station". Although it can turn uncontrollable solar energy into controllable energy, it cannot be precisely controlled and is still constrained by the randomness, volatility and intermittency of solar energy. The "rotary potential energy storage power station" has not been truly integrated into the power system. Therefore, the "rotary potential energy storage power station" and the "wind-solar rotary potential energy storage power station" have not made the existing technology of high new energy proportion new power system before the publication of "application number or patent number 20211069197.4" perfect.

[0004] Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problem this invention aims to solve is to provide a method for enabling precise controllability on both the power supply and consumption sides of a new power system with a high proportion of renewable energy, and for ensuring strong self-stabilization capabilities on the grid side. To address this technical problem, this invention proposes: a flexible coupling technology scheme that directly connects a matching "rotor-type potential energy storage power station" on the energy storage side to centralized and distributed solar power stations on the power supply side, and a flexible coupling technology scheme that directly connects the "rotor-type potential energy storage power station" to the consumption side, including the 380 / 220 volt low-voltage power grid.

[0006] Existing new power systems with a high proportion of new energy sources mainly include the power generation side, grid side, power consumption side, and energy storage side. The power generation side mainly includes thermal power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, and uncontrollable solar power plants. The power consumption side mainly includes increasingly active, uncontrollable electricity users. The energy storage side mainly includes "rotor potential energy storage power plants," pumped storage power plants, and compressed air energy storage power generation systems. Solar power plants include photovoltaic power plants, wind power plants, and wind-solar hybrid power plants. With the continuous addition of uncontrollable solar power plants to the power generation side ("load follows source"), the increasing activity of electricity consumption on the power consumption side, and the extremely uneven spatial and temporal distribution of solar energy, resulting in a severe misalignment between solar power generation and electricity consumption times, both the power generation and consumption sides become increasingly uncontrollable. The proportion of clean energy is gradually increasing to over 70%, while the proportion of power generation from thermal power plants is gradually decreasing to 0%. The synchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the power grid is gradually decreasing, disrupting the traditional "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid" and causing the grid side to gradually lose its self-stabilizing ability.

[0007] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy storage power station" mainly includes a "rotor potential energy storage generator", a reinforced concrete plant, a 380 / 220V output transformer station and a 380 / 220V low-voltage power grid, a transformer station and a high-voltage power grid.

[0008] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy storage generator" is a power generation device, mainly comprising a "rotor potential energy storage engine," a speed-increasing gearbox, a clutch, a coupling, a synchronous AC generator, and a turning brake locking mechanism installed on the free end of the rotating shaft. The rotor potential energy storage engine is equipped with a speed governor to control the constant-speed working fluid flow control device and a starting and acceleration device, ensuring that the "rotor potential energy storage generator" operates under the constant-speed load characteristics required by the synchronous AC generator, with easy starting and good acceleration performance. Types of rotor potential energy storage generators include single-shaft multi-rotor units, planar parallel multi-shaft multi-rotor units, and parallel multi-shaft multi-rotor units arranged in upper and lower steps.

[0009] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy storage engine" mainly includes a "rotor potential energy engine", a working medium upper warehouse, a working medium lower warehouse, and a working medium conveying, recovery, and energy storage logistics system. The upper working fluid warehouse has a sufficiently large capacity, including storage capacity for lifting lower working fluids from the lower working fluid warehouse to the upper working fluid warehouse for the purpose of consuming electrical energy, storage capacity for large-scale energy storage over long periods of time (weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly), storage capacity for working fluids delivered from the uppermost warehouse, and storage capacity for working fluids delivered by manpower, animal power, and transport vehicles. This ensures that the "rotor potential energy storage power station" generates electricity with upper working fluid for 8760 hours a year. The lower working fluid warehouse also has a sufficiently large capacity, matching the capacity of the upper working fluid warehouse, so that there is always lower working fluid available for the consumption of external electrical energy and working fluids that have done work are always stored. The working fluid transportation, recovery, and energy storage logistics system mainly includes the upper working fluid warehouse, upper working fluid distribution and transportation device, lower working fluid warehouse, working fluid recovery channel, and working fluid recovery and lifting device. The working fluid recovery and lifting device mainly includes an electric motor and working fluid lifting machinery. Its main functions include absorbing electrical energy and lifting the lower working fluid in the lower working fluid warehouse to the upper working fluid warehouse for storage.

[0010] The "rotor potential energy engine" is an engine that uses particulate matter as the ideal working medium. The ideal working medium mainly includes sand, gravel, and dust-free soil, which are "inexhaustible" on Earth, as well as artificial small spheres. These have the advantages of good fluidity and divisibility, no emissions, no pollution, no threat to humans, and reusability. The ideal working medium, which is at a high potential energy, flows continuously from the slide into the bucket device, which is installed on the outer ring of the rotor device, including a fixed bucket device, a seated bucket device, or a hanging bucket device, with a certain flow direction and a certain speed. The working medium is driven by the kinetic energy stagnation of the working medium flowing into the bucket device and the torque generated by the decrease of the working medium's potential energy as the rotor device rotates. This torque drives the rotating shaft to rotate, which drives the synchronous AC generator to stably and accurately deliver the required electrical energy to the power grid and maintain the power balance at all times.

[0011] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy engine" has one or more rotor devices with massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia connected in series on the rotor shaft as needed, and numerous evenly distributed bucket devices are arranged around the outer ring of each rotor device as needed. This gives the rotor potential energy storage engine advantages such as high strength, high rigidity, low speed, low vibration, low wear, and long service life, and it has three major unique properties: First, a wide range of power and synchronous mechanical rotational inertia, which is beneficial for matching the rotor potential energy storage power station with different types of power stations on the power supply side and power consumption side, and for matching the synchronous mechanical rotational inertia required by the "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid" of the power system. Second, the rotor potential energy storage generator's constant-speed load characteristics are very stable under every operating condition, enabling the synchronous AC generator to stably deliver electrical energy with the same voltage of 220 volts, frequency of 50 Hz, phase angle, and massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia to the grid. Third, the rotor potential energy storage generator's constant-speed load characteristics have the same high indicated efficiency under every operating condition, with an indicated efficiency of over 90% for easily rolling small balls.

[0012] The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" on the energy storage side can be set up in any scenario according to the needs of the power system.

[0013] To perfect existing new power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy, this invention directly integrates a matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" on the energy storage side into the power supply side solar power station scenario, the electricity consumption side user scenario, and the grid side scenario. This mainly includes:

[0014] Scenario 1: A cluster of matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" on the energy storage side is directly installed in a centralized "solar power station" cluster on the power supply side, adapting to local conditions, including large areas of desert, Gobi, and grassland. This cluster utilizes readily available and reusable local resources, including highly rounded sand particles, as the ideal working medium for the "rotor potential energy storage power station." The "rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster is flexibly coupled in parallel with the "solar power station" through its respective "working medium recovery and lifting device," and flexibly coupled in parallel with the local low-voltage power grid (380 / 220V) through its respective 380 / 220V output transformer station. This forms a centralized "source-grid type rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster, powered by solar, wind, and working medium potential energy, or using working medium potential energy as its power source.

[0015] Scenario 2 involves setting up a cluster of matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" on the energy storage side in electricity-consuming scenarios in densely populated and economically developed large, medium, and small towns. This allows the "rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster to be flexibly coupled in parallel with the 380 / 220V low-voltage grid supplied from the high-voltage grid and transformer substations to the electricity-consuming side via their respective working fluid recovery and lifting devices. Furthermore, each station's output transformer substations are also flexibly coupled in parallel with the 380 / 220V low-voltage grid on the electricity-consuming side. This forms a cluster of "grid-source type rotor potential energy storage power stations" that utilize the electrical energy and working fluid potential energy from "source-grid type rotor potential energy storage power stations," thermal power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, pumped storage power plants, and compressed air energy storage power generation systems as power sources.

[0016] Scenario 3 involves directly setting up a cluster of matching "rotor-type potential energy storage power stations" on the energy storage side within a distributed "solar power station" cluster on the power supply side in vast rural areas, adapting to local conditions. This allows the "rotor-type potential energy storage power station" cluster to be directly coupled in parallel with the distributed "solar power station" through their respective "working fluid recovery and lifting devices," and to be flexibly coupled in parallel with the 380 / 220V low-voltage power grid on the power consumption side through their respective output low-voltage transformer stations. This forms a cluster of "source-grid-load type rotor-type potential energy storage power stations" that includes power-generated distributed independent power grids on the power supply side, powered by solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy, or powered by working fluid potential energy.

[0017] Scenario 4: The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" on the energy storage side is directly set up in the distributed independent "solar power station" scenarios on the power supply side in rural areas, urban suburbs, remote areas and islands, so that the "rotor potential energy storage power station" can be flexibly coupled in parallel with the distributed independent "solar power station" through its "working fluid recovery and lifting device", forming a "source-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" on the power supply side, which includes independent power stations using solar energy, wind energy and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or using working fluid potential energy as power sources.

[0018] In other scenarios, matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" can be directly set up in suitable locations on the mountainside where there is a lack of large areas of flat land, building materials, and electricity. The upper half of the mountain is used as the "high-level working medium storage," and the lower half of the mountain valley is used as the "lower-level working medium storage." The potential energy stored in the crushed stone and sand excavated in the upper half of the mountain is used as a power source for one-time power generation to provide power for electric excavators, bulldozers, stone crushers, working medium conveying and distribution devices used for land reclamation, and for charging piles for bulldozers, soil compactors, and transport vehicles used for filling the lower half of the mountain valley. Excess electricity is transmitted to the power grid. After land reclamation is completed, the "rotor potential energy storage power station" can be transformed into an "independent power station powered by solar energy, wind energy, and working medium potential energy, or an independent power station powered by working medium potential energy, or an independent power grid "source-grid-load type rotor potential energy storage power station."

[0019] Foreseeable effects

[0020] As can be seen from the above, the matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" has been fully integrated into the new power system with a high proportion of new energy, becoming an indispensable main component. It also enables the power system to have all the structural characteristics and specific functions of the matching "rotor potential energy storage power station", making the existing new power system with a high proportion of new energy highly perfect. It realizes the three possibilities that people have long desired but have found difficult to achieve: "safe and reliable, green and carbon-free, large-scale energy storage for long periods of time across weeks, months, quarters, and years, and low cost of ¥0.05 to ¥0.1 per kWh".

[0021] It has four significant effects:

[0022] The first significant effect is that it directly transforms the uncontrollable electrical energy from centralized and distributed solar power plants on the power supply side into precisely controllable working fluid potential energy from matching rotary potential energy storage power plants. This solves the problems of extremely uneven spatial and temporal distribution of solar energy and severe mismatch between the power supply time of solar power plants and the power consumption time of the power consumption side. It also solves the problem of the maximum daily power fluctuation of solar power plants. This makes the new energy power supply side of the new power system with a high proportion of new energy safe, reliable, constant, efficient, emission-free, and precisely controllable with "source following load", and maintains energy balance and power balance at all times.

[0023] The second significant effect is that the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group is used as a flexible power supply for the electricity consumption side of a new power system with a high proportion of new energy sources. This makes the electricity consumption side safe, reliable, constant, efficient, emission-free, and precisely controllable with "source following the flow of energy", while maintaining energy and power balance at all times.

[0024] The third significant effect is the construction of a "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" that has a huge amount of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support, constant speed load characteristics, constant high indicated efficiency of over 90% under every working condition, and a very stable voltage of 220 volts, frequency of 50 Hz, phase angle and huge amount of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia to continuously input electrical energy into the grid, with strong self-stabilization ability and no carbon emissions.

[0025] The fourth significant effect is the construction of a centralized "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group, a distributed "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" group, and a distributed "source-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" group, which use solar energy, wind energy, and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or working fluid potential energy as power sources, as the primary clean power source for the power grid; and a "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group, which uses electrical energy storage and working fluid potential energy as power sources, as the secondary clean power source for the power grid, thereby greatly enriching the clean power supply.

[0026] The aforementioned perfect new power system with a high proportion of new energy sources includes, on the power supply side, large-scale centralized "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations" powered by solar, wind, and working medium potential energy, or powered by working medium potential energy; "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations" of distributed independent grids; "source-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations" of distributed independent power stations; hydropower stations; nuclear power stations; and thermal power stations acting as a backup. On the power consumption side, "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power stations" used as flexible regulation power sources to absorb and store external electrical energy and working medium potential energy, and electricity users are included. On the grid side, it is a "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid" supported by a huge amount of mechanical rotational inertia, including "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations," "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power stations," "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations," hydropower stations, nuclear power stations, and thermal power stations.

[0027] Custom technical terms

[0028] "Rotating potential energy engine": A "rotating potential energy engine" is an engine that uses particulate matter as an ideal working medium, has a huge synchronous mechanical rotational inertia, operates under very stable conditions, and has a constant high indicated efficiency of over 90%. It relies on the kinetic energy stagnation of the bucket device as the working medium flows into the rotating device and the torque generated by the decrease of potential energy as the rotating device rotates to drive the rotating shaft to output power.

[0029] "Rotating potential energy storage engine": The "rotating potential energy engine" is equipped with a working medium upper warehouse, a working medium lower warehouse, and a working medium recovery and energy storage logistics system.

[0030] "Rotating potential energy storage generator": A matching synchronous AC generator is installed at the output end of the rotating potential energy storage engine, and a working fluid flow control device, including a constant speed governor, is installed on the engine to enable the rotating potential energy storage generator to operate according to constant speed load characteristics.

[0031] "Rotating potential energy storage power station": mainly includes "rotating potential energy storage generator", reinforced concrete structure plant, transformer station and power grid, referred to as "rotating potential energy storage power station".

[0032] "Source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station": A group of "rotary potential energy storage power stations" directly set up in scenarios including centralized "solar power station" clusters on the power supply side of large deserts. Through their respective "working fluid recovery and lifting devices", they are directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the "solar power station". Through their respective 380 / 220V output transformer stations, they are directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the 380 / 220V low-voltage power grid. This constitutes a group of centralized "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations" that use solar energy, wind energy and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or working fluid potential energy as power sources.

[0033] "Grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station": A group of "rotary potential energy storage power stations" directly set up in the power consumption scenario of the electricity user. Through their respective "working fluid recovery and lifting devices", they are directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage grid of 380 / 220V that is transmitted from the high-voltage grid and substation to the power consumption side. Through their respective output transformer stations of 380 / 220V, they are directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage grid of 380 / 220V that is also on the power consumption side. This constitutes a group of "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power stations" that use external electrical energy and working fluid potential energy as power sources for flexible regulation of the power consumption side.

[0034] "Source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station": In the scenario of distributed "solar power station" clusters on the power supply side in vast rural areas, the matching "rotary potential energy storage power station" clusters are flexibly coupled together in parallel through their respective "working fluid recovery and lifting devices", and are directly coupled to the low-voltage grid of 380 / 220 volts through their respective output transformer stations. This constitutes a "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" cluster, which includes independent grids powered by distributed solar energy, wind energy and working fluid potential energy, or working fluid potential energy.

[0035] "Source-load type rotary potential energy storage power station": A "rotary potential energy storage power station" that is directly installed in the power supply side of distributed independent "solar power station" scenarios, including vast rural areas, urban suburbs, remote areas and islands. It is flexibly coupled in parallel with the "solar power station" through its "working fluid recovery and lifting device" to form a distributed independent power station that uses solar energy, wind energy and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or working fluid potential energy as power source. It is called "source-load type rotary potential energy storage power station".

[0036] "Synchronous mechanical inertia power grid": A new type of power system with a high proportion of new energy sources has a huge amount of synchronous mechanical inertia support, and the constant speed load characteristics ensure that every operating condition has the same high indicated efficiency of over 90%. It continuously inputs electrical energy into the grid with a very stable voltage of 220 volts, frequency of 50 Hz, phase angle and huge amount of synchronous mechanical inertia, so that the grid operates safely, stably, with zero carbon emissions and high efficiency. This is called "synchronous mechanical inertia power grid". Attached Figure Description

[0037] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall layout of a centralized "source-grid type turbine potential energy storage power station" on the power supply side. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the overall layout of a "grid-source type turbine potential energy storage power station" on the power consumption side. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the overall layout of a "source-grid-load type turbine potential energy storage power station" in a distributed independent power grid. Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the overall layout of a "source-load type turbine potential energy storage power station" in a distributed independent power station. Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the peak load variation of a wind power station or a wind-solar hybrid power station. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the variation of the turbine potential energy storage engine's rotational speed with constant speed load characteristics. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the variation of the turbine potential energy storage engine's output torque with rotational speed. Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the variation of the heat consumption of a 1000 MW ordinary critical steam turbine with load. Figure 9 is a graph showing the variation of the indicated efficiency of the turbine potential energy storage engine with load under constant speed load characteristic conditions. Figure 10 shows the curve of the indicated efficiency of the rotary potential energy storage engine as a function of the working fluid potential energy height (10 m to 120 m). Figure 11 shows the curve of the indicated efficiency of the rotary potential energy storage engine as a function of the working fluid potential energy height (1 m to 10 m).

[0038] Detailed embodiments of the present invention

[0039] Regarding the unified numbering of the essential technical features of the "rotor potential energy storage power station" (101) in Figures 1 to 4: If different numbers were used, the description of the "Summary of the Invention" and "Specific Embodiments" would be very concise and unclear. Therefore, the "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 in Figures 1 to 4 is uniformly numbered, with Figure 1 as the standard. In the description, the phrase "matching the energy storage side 'rotor potential energy storage power station 101'" is used to distinguish the different "rotor potential energy storage power stations" 101 in Figures 1 to 4.

[0040] The traditional power system, designed based on load tracking (source follows load), has been operating safely and reliably for over 100 years, relying on a highly stable and reliable "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" and its dispatch and control center. It is supported by the massive synchronous mechanical inertia of the traditional power system's thermal power plants (accounting for over 80% of power generation), hydropower plants, and nuclear power plants. Each steam turbine generator, gas turbine generator, and water turbine generator, under constant-speed load conditions, stably and continuously supplies the grid with electrical energy of the same voltage (220 volts), frequency (50 Hz), phase angle, and matching synchronous mechanical inertia. This electrical energy, along with the synchronous mechanical inertia, flows at the speed of light through the grid, including substations, without accumulation or storage; it is absorbed or converted into energy, including chemical energy, and disappears. The greater the synchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the turbine generator, the more stable the electrical energy delivered to the grid, and the greater the flow of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia in the grid. This results in stronger stability and frequency regulation capabilities of the power system, and more renewable energy can be connected to the AC grid after conversion by power electronic equipment. Conversely, a smaller synchronous mechanical rotational inertia in the grid leads to poorer grid stability and frequency regulation capabilities, resulting in fewer renewable energy sources connected to the AC grid after conversion by power electronic equipment, or even none at all. Therefore, constructing a "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid" is the primary task of the current power system, and the only key technology supporting this "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid" is the "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101.

[0041] Existing new power systems with a high proportion of new energy sources mainly include the power supply side, grid side, power consumption side, and energy storage side. The power supply side mainly includes thermal power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, and uncontrollable solar power plants 118. The power consumption side mainly includes increasingly active uncontrollable electricity users, such as industrial and mining enterprises, artificial intelligence, data centers, electrical products, electric hydrogen production, electric vehicle charging piles, and residential electricity consumption. The energy storage side mainly includes "rotary potential energy storage power plants" 101, pumped storage power plants, compressed air energy storage power generation systems, electric hydrogen production energy storage power generation systems, flywheel energy storage power generation devices, gravity energy storage power plants, and batteries. It also includes a "field power regulation device" for storage and transmission in wind and solar power plants disclosed in CN203800612U, and a "steel sand pumping energy storage power plant" disclosed in CN111502934A. The solar power plant 118 mainly includes solar cells 117, batteries 116, and converters 115. Solar power plants mainly include photovoltaic power plants. Wind power stations and wind-solar hybrid power stations. With the continuous addition of uncontrollable solar power stations to the power supply side, the activity of electricity consumption on the demand side is increasing, and the spatial and temporal distribution of solar energy is extremely uneven. The power generation of solar power stations and the electricity consumption on the demand side are seriously misaligned, making the power supply and demand sides of the power system more uncontrollable. The proportion of clean energy is gradually increasing to more than 70%, while the proportion of power generation from thermal power plants is gradually decreasing to 0%. Correspondingly, the synchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the power grid is gradually decreasing, and the traditional "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia power grid" is being destroyed, causing the power grid to gradually lose its self-stabilizing ability.

[0042] As shown in Figure 1, the aforementioned "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 mainly includes a "rotor potential energy storage generator", a reinforced concrete plant, an output transformer station 380 / 220V 128 and a low-voltage power grid 380 / 220V 127, a transformer station 125 and a high-voltage power grid 122, a converter 124 and a DC high-voltage power grid 123.

[0043] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy storage generator," as shown in Figure 1, is a unique power generation device. It mainly includes a "rotor potential energy storage engine," a speed-increasing gearbox 105, a clutch 104, a coupling 103, a synchronous AC generator 102, and a disc brake locking mechanism 110 installed at the free end of the shaft. The rotor potential energy storage engine is equipped with a speed regulator, a constant-speed working fluid flow control device 112, and a starting and acceleration device to ensure that the "rotor potential energy storage generator" operates under the constant-speed load characteristics required by the synchronous AC generator 102 according to grid standards, resulting in easy starting and good acceleration performance. This ensures stable operation under every constant-speed load characteristic condition. Types of rotor potential energy storage generators include single-shaft multi-rotor units, parallel multi-shaft multi-rotor units arranged in a planar configuration, and parallel multi-shaft multi-rotor units arranged in a stepped configuration.

[0044] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy storage engine" mainly includes a "rotor potential energy engine," a working fluid upper-level warehouse 113, a working fluid lower-level warehouse 108, and a working fluid transportation, recovery, and energy storage logistics system. The working fluid upper-level warehouse 113 has a sufficiently large capacity, including storage capacity for lifting the lower-level working fluid from the lower-level warehouse 108 to the upper-level warehouse 113 using electricity consumption; storage capacity for large-scale energy storage over long periods (weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly); storage capacity for working fluid delivered from a higher-level warehouse; and storage capacity for working fluid delivered by human, animal, and vehicle means (including human, animal, and vehicle transport). This ensures that the "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 operates for 8760 hours annually. The upper working fluid generates electricity; the lower working fluid warehouse 108 has a sufficiently large capacity to match the upper working fluid warehouse 113, ensuring that there is always lower working fluid available to absorb external electrical energy, and that working fluid that has performed work is always stored. The working fluid conveying, recovery, and energy storage logistics system mainly includes the upper working fluid warehouse 113, the upper working fluid distribution and conveying device 120, the lower working fluid warehouse 108, the working fluid recovery channel 106, and the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107. The working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 mainly includes a motor 109 and working fluid lifting machinery, and its main functions include absorbing electrical energy and lifting the lower working fluid from the lower working fluid warehouse 108 to the upper working fluid warehouse 113 for storage.

[0045] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy engine" is an engine that uses particulate matter as the ideal working medium. Ideal particulate matter working media mainly include sand, gravel, dust-free soil, and artificial small spheres. These materials possess advantages such as good fluidity and separability, zero emissions, no pollution, minimal threat to humans, reusability, and inexhaustibility. The high-potential-energy particulate matter working medium, flowing continuously from the chute into the bucket assembly (including a fixed bucket assembly 132, a seated bucket assembly, or a hanging bucket assembly) installed on the outer ring of the rotor assembly 111, flows in a defined direction 134 and at a certain velocity. The kinetic energy of the working medium flowing into the bucket assembly stagnates, and the potential energy decreases as the rotor assembly 111 rotates, generating a torque with arm lengths L1-135, L2-136, and L3-137. This torque drives the rotating shaft, which in turn drives the synchronous AC generator 102 to stably and accurately supply the required electrical energy to the power grid, maintaining a constant electrical balance.

[0046] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy engine" incorporates one or more rotor devices 111 with massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia connected in series on the rotating shaft, and, as needed, numerous evenly distributed bucket devices are arranged around the outer ring of each rotor device. This gives the rotor potential energy engine advantages such as high strength, high rigidity, low speed, low vibration, low wear, and long service life, as well as three major unique properties. Further details are provided in conjunction with Figures 6 to 11.

[0047] 1. The constant-speed load characteristic operation is highly stable under every working condition. This is because, although each bucket device in the rotor assembly 111, carrying the working fluid, performs work once per revolution from top dead center 133 to bottom dead center 130, as shown in the output torque variation curve 702 of Figure 7, each rotor assembly 111 has dozens of evenly distributed bucket devices on its outer ring, and several large rotor assemblies 111 with evenly staggered rotation angles are connected in series on the same shaft, as shown in Figures 1-4. Therefore, with each rotation of the shaft, the working fluid of more bucket devices continuously performs work, and their output torques are superimposed to form an almost horizontal line 701, indicating that the work variation under each working condition in the constant-speed load characteristic operation of the rotor potential energy engine is very small. Furthermore, this is supported by the massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the rotor potential energy engine. Furthermore, because the highly rounded sand grains (less than 1 mm in diameter) of the desert have excellent fluidity and separability, the working fluid flow control device 112 is precisely controlled by the constant speed governor. According to the functional principle of the law of conservation of energy, the speed instability coefficient of the rotary potential energy storage generator is directly proportional to the change in work done under the constant speed load characteristic operating condition of the engine, and inversely proportional to the massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the engine. This results in the rotational speed of the rotary potential energy storage engine under constant speed load characteristic operating condition being almost a vertical line 602 between the specified minimum speed 601 and maximum speed 603, as shown in Figure 6. This ensures that the synchronous AC generator 102 it drives delivers a very stable electrical energy to the grid under each operating condition, with the same voltage of 220 volts, frequency of 50 Hz, phase angle, and massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia. The precise control of the working fluid flow control device 112 by the constant speed governor also makes the transition between adjacent operating conditions very smooth (continuous monotonic rise and fall smoothly).

[0048] 2. Under constant speed and load characteristics, the indicated efficiency remains consistently high at over 90% in every operating condition. This is because the indicated efficiency equals H / {H+(H1+H2)}, where H is the total height of the working fluid potential energy (including the outer ring diameter of the approximate single-shaft multi-rotor device 111 and the total height of the upper and lower stepped multi-shaft multi-rotor device 111), and H1 and H2 are the potential energy loss heights before and after the working fluid potential energy performs work, respectively. This formula shows that the indicated efficiency of the working fluid potential energy performance is independent of the working fluid mass flow rate, i.e., independent of the load size, and only depends on the working fluid potential energy height H and the working fluid potential energy loss height (H1+H2). Figure 9 shows the vertical lines 901 and 902 illustrating the constant indicated efficiency of the rotor potential energy engine under constant speed and load characteristics, varying with the load. Figure 10 shows the corresponding indicated efficiency variation curves 1001 and 1002 for H = 10 m to 120 m, and (H1+H2) = 3 m and 5 m respectively, under the constant speed load characteristic operating conditions of the turbine potential energy engine. When H = 120 m, and (H1+H2) = 5 m, 3 m, and 2 m respectively, the corresponding indicated efficiencies are 96%, 97.6%, and 98.4% respectively. When H = 60 m, and (H1+H2) = 5 m, 3 m, and 2 m respectively, the corresponding indicated efficiencies are 92.3%, 95.23% (as shown in 902 of Figure 9), and 96.8% respectively. When H = 30 m, and (H1+H2) = 5 m, 3 m, and 2 m respectively, the corresponding indicated efficiencies are 85.7% (as shown in 901 of Figure 9), 90.9%, and 93.8% respectively. Figure 11 shows the curves of indicated efficiency as a function of the working medium potential energy height H = 1 meter to 10 meters under constant speed and load operating conditions of the rotary potential energy engine, and the curve 1101 when (H1+H2) = 1 meter. Even for a micro rotary potential energy engine, with the working medium potential energy height H = 1 meter and (H1+H2) = 1 meter, its constant indicated efficiency is still 50%.

[0049] The aforementioned "rotor potential energy engine" possesses a unique constant-speed load characteristic, maintaining a consistently high indicated efficiency of over 90% under every operating condition. This is unattainable by other power engines, including steam turbines in thermal power plants, hydroelectric turbines in hydroelectric power plants, steam turbines in nuclear power plants, compressed air turbines in compressed air energy storage power generation systems, and diesel engines. Figure 8 shows the heat consumption curve of a 1000 MW ordinary supercritical steam turbine as a function of load. Under rated load conditions, their indicated efficiency is generally 35%–45%, but under partial load, especially low load conditions, the indicated efficiency is particularly low, generally around 20%. Therefore, they are highly uneconomical under partial load, especially low load conditions.

[0050] 3. Wide range of power and synchronous mechanical rotational inertia. Because the output power of the rotary potential energy generator is directly proportional to the outer ring diameter H (meters) of the rotary device 111 with a massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia, the shaft speed (rpm), the mass of working fluid loaded in each bucket (kg), the number of buckets in each rotary device 111, the number of rotary devices 111 connected in series on the same shaft, and the number of units with multiple shafts horizontally in parallel or in a stepped arrangement, its output power and synchronous mechanical rotational inertia range are very wide. This makes the rotary potential energy storage power station 101 easily and directly matched with large, medium, and small solar power stations 118, and even more easily matched with "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia power grids" that require massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support. This allows the "rotary potential energy storage power station" 101, with its specific performance characteristics, to be installed in any scenario according to the needs of the power system.

[0051] To perfect existing new power systems with a high proportion of new energy sources, this invention directly integrates a matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 on the energy storage side into the power system's power source-side solar power station 118 scenario, the power consumer-side scenario, and the grid-side scenario. This mainly includes:

[0052] Scenario 1: Matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" clusters 101 on the energy storage side are directly installed in a centralized "solar power station" cluster 118 on a large area of ​​land, including deserts, Gobi, and grasslands. The ideal working medium for the "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 is locally available, inexhaustible, and reusable sand particles. This allows the "rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster 101 to be flexibly coupled in parallel with the "solar power station" 118 via their respective "working medium recovery and lifting devices" 107, and connected through their respective output transformer stations. The 380 / 220V 128 is directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the local low-voltage power grid (380 / 220V 127), forming a "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119, which includes centralized large-scale energy storage power generation powered by solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy, or by working fluid potential energy. The overall layout is shown in Figure 1. It transmits power over long distances through the transformer station 125 and the ultra-high voltage AC grid 122, or through the DC converter 124 and the ultra-high voltage DC grid 123. During operation, switches K1-114, K2-126, and K3-129 are closed. This has four significant effects:

[0053] The first significant effect is the transformation of the uncontrollable electrical energy of the solar power plant 118 into the potential energy of the upper working fluid stored in the upper working fluid warehouse 113 of the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power plant" 119, making the power supply side stable, precise, and controllable. This significant effect is achieved through the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 of the "rotary potential energy storage power plant" group 101. It 100% absorbs the uncontrollable, asynchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the electrical energy sent by the solar power plant 118, which is "load follows source," and lifts the lower working fluid in the lower working fluid warehouse 108 to the upper working fluid warehouse 113 for storage in the form of working fluid potential energy. This transforms the upper working fluid into a "source follows load" upper working fluid potential energy that is precisely controllable for power generation. The uncontrollable power generation of the solar power plant 118 is isolated from the grid side, maintaining energy balance and relative independence only with the "rotary potential energy storage power plant" 101. This completely eliminates the impact and constraints of the fluctuations, randomness, intermittency, and peak loads of solar and wind power on the power grid.

[0054] The second significant effect is the resolution of the problem of the maximum daily power fluctuation of solar power plants. According to Chinese experts, by 2050, when solar power plants account for half of the total power generation, the maximum daily power fluctuation of new energy sources will reach 1 billion kilowatts, exceeding the conventional installed capacity of solar power plants. To fully absorb this maximum daily power fluctuation, each solar power plant, especially wind power plants or wind-solar hybrid power plants, must have a relatively smaller installed capacity. Simultaneously, through the "three-set fault-free working fluid recovery and lifting device 107" scheme of the rotary potential energy storage power plant, where the first set is in operation, the second is on standby, and the third is undergoing rapid pre-maintenance, when the maximum daily power fluctuation reaches 501 kilowatts, two or even all three sets can be put into operation simultaneously, 100% absorbing and storing this energy. Alternatively, the maximum daily fluctuating power can be split and diverted to the designated matching rotor potential energy storage power station 101 working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 for consumption through a "parallel flexible coupling" connection scheme between the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 and the solar power station 118.

[0055] The third significant effect is the construction of a "synchronous mechanical inertia power grid" with a huge amount of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support on the power supply side, strong self-stabilization ability, constant high indicated efficiency of over 90%, and zero emissions. During power system operation, the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119 are flexibly coupled in parallel with the local power consumption side low-voltage grid 380 / 220V 127 through their respective low-voltage substations 380 / 220V 128. This not only enables their respective large synchronous AC generators 102 to stably and accurately output highly stable 220V, 50Hz, phase angle, and massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia power to both low-voltage and ultra-high-voltage grids, but also ensures that the load characteristics of their respective large rotary potential energy storage generators operate under every working condition, providing the grid with power with a high indicated efficiency of over 90%. The source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station group 119 greatly enhances the grid's fault-crossing capability. When a fault occurs, the large synchronous AC generators 102 provide 20 times the load current to the grid, easily forming a three-level protection system. It also makes it easier for new energy sources to connect to the AC grid after being converted by power electronic equipment, receiving strong support from the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" on the power supply side under certain working conditions.

[0056] The fourth significant effect is the construction of a cluster of 119 "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations" powered by solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy, or by working fluid potential energy, serving as the primary clean power source base for the power grid. There are three main reasons for achieving this significant effect:

[0057] Reason 1: The abundance of sand resources in the vast desert. The ideal working medium for the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119 includes the inexhaustible supply of perfectly rounded sand grains from the vast desert. Based on the carbon neutrality target, China will need approximately 18 trillion kilowatt-hours of clean electricity by 2050. It is estimated that this would require the extraction of approximately 0.5 trillion to 2 trillion cubic meters of sand from the vast desert, which, given the abundant sand resources of the desert, can fully meet this demand.

[0058] Reason 2: The Need for Green Development in Deserts. Approximately 48 million square kilometers of the world are arid or semi-arid deserts, accounting for 20% of the Earth's total area. About 43% of the land is also facing the threat of desertification, making desertification control a formidable task. The large-scale development of solar and wind power on desert land must be combined with mechanized desertification control and local water resource development. This involves building greenhouses on desert land, covering roofs with photovoltaic panels that also serve as rainwater harvesting systems, and cultivating high-efficiency, specialty desert crops inside. This represents the optimal combination of three fundamental economic and natural resources: new energy, rare land resources, and scarce water resources. This will permanently eradicate this "eyesore" on Earth and promote sustainable green development in deserts. During development, the highly rounded sand particles that have been salinized (which cannot be used as building materials or silicon raw materials) are processed and collected in the working medium upper storage group 113 of the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119 for storage, or transported to the working medium upper storage group 113 of the "rotary potential energy storage power station" 101 in other regions for storage, for generating electricity for 8760 hours per year, thus greatly enriching the clean electricity supply.

[0059] Reason 3: Increasing the proportion of power generated by the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119, which uses solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy as power sources, is beneficial for increasing power generation and reducing power generation costs. This will be further elaborated below.

[0060] Given: the cost per kilowatt-hour of various power plants using existing technologies: Thermal power plants consume 300-350 grams of standard coal per kilowatt-hour, with a coal market price of ¥800 / ton, fuel costs of ¥0.24-0.28 / kWh, on-grid price including tax of ¥0.38-0.45 / kWh, and power plant gross profit of ¥0.11-0.13 / kWh; Hydropower: cost price of ¥0.07-0.15 / kWh, on-grid price including tax of ¥0.38-0.45 / kWh; Wind power: cost price of ¥0.25 / kWh, on-grid price of ¥0.3 / kWh; Nuclear power: cost price of ¥0.4 / kWh; Photovoltaic power generation: cost price of ¥0.25-0.3 / kWh.

[0061] Assumptions: The installed power of the solar power plant 118 and the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power plant" 119 is the same, E0·KW; the efficiency of the solar power plant 118 is 20%; the efficiency of the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 is 90%; the indicated efficiency of the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power plant" 119 is 90%; and their combined efficiency is approximately 78%.

[0062] Due to the intermittent, fluctuating, and random nature of solar energy, a solar power plant only generates electricity for about 2,500 hours out of 8,760 hours per year. This results in the matching "rotor potential energy storage power station 101" having an annual utilization rate of only 22.8% to 34.2%, leaving at least 6,260 hours idle annually. If the "source-grid type rotor potential energy storage power station 119" generated electricity using working fluid potential energy for approximately 5,000 hours each year, in addition to the approximately 2,500 hours powered by solar and wind energy, the annual power generation would increase by about 7.8 times, and the cost per kilowatt-hour would decrease to ¥0.1. Below RMB 0.05 / kWh. If the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" 119 generates electricity for 7500 hours annually using working medium potential energy as its power source, its annual power generation will increase to approximately 9.6 times, and the cost per kWh will decrease to below RMB 0.05 / kWh. As can be seen from the above, increasing the proportion of working medium potential energy in the power generation of the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119, which uses solar, wind, and working medium potential energy as its power sources, is the best way to increase power generation and reduce the cost per kWh. It can be said that the "rotary potential energy storage power station" 101, which uses only the ideal working medium potential energy of particulate matter as its power source, is the primary source of clean energy for the power system now and in the future.

[0063] Scenario 2: The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" group 101 on the energy storage side is directly installed in electricity-consuming scenarios in densely populated and economically developed large, medium, and small towns. This allows the "rotor potential energy storage power station" group 101 to be flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage grid 380 / 220V 204 on the electricity-consuming side, through their respective working fluid recovery and lifting devices 107. The power source is transmitted from the high-voltage grid 201 and transformer station 202, via transformer station 203, to the electricity-consuming side. The output transformer station 380 / 220V 207 is directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage power grid 380 / 220V 206 on the power consumption side, forming a "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 200, which uses the electrical energy and working fluid potential energy from the "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" 119, thermal power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, pumped storage power stations, compressed air energy storage power generation systems, and other sources as its power source. Its overall layout is shown in Figure 2. During operation, the power switches K4-208 and K5-205 are closed. This has three significant effects:

[0064] The first significant effect is that the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 200 serves as a flexible power source for the electricity consumption side, providing precise and controllable power supply. During peak electricity consumption periods, according to the instructions of the power grid dispatch and control center, a large amount of electricity can be precisely transferred from various sources, including the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" 119, hydropower stations, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, pumped storage power stations, and high-voltage air energy storage power generation systems, to be consumed by electricity users. When there is a surplus of power, the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 200 utilizes the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 to lift the lower working fluid in the lower working fluid warehouse 108 to the upper working fluid warehouse 113 in the form of working fluid potential energy. When the power supply is insufficient, the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 200 precisely supplies power to electricity users and maintains a balance of power at all times. During periods of low electricity demand, when users typically consume very little electricity, the 200 "grid-source rotary potential energy storage power station" clusters still provide users with precise and efficient power at the same voltage (220V), frequency (50Hz), phase angle, and massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia through the 380 / 200V low-voltage grid, maintaining power balance at all times. When large users, such as AI data centers, require massive amounts of electricity, the grid dispatch and control center issues instructions to designate a portion of the 200 "grid-source rotary potential energy storage power station" clusters to provide precise power to them, maintaining power balance at all times.

[0065] The second significant effect is that the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 200 serves as a second clean power source for the power grid. It not only acts as a flexible regulating power source on the demand side but also as a second clean power source for the grid. It stores power from various sources, including the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 119, hydropower stations, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, pumped storage power stations, compressed air energy storage power generation systems, and new energy sources that are converted and connected to the grid. This power is then converted into working fluid potential energy and stored in the working fluid upper potential energy warehouse 113. It also stores the potential energy from sand transported from the desert and small cement balls made from local waste solid construction materials (urban solid construction waste is increasing by 3.5 billion tons annually), as well as the potential energy from specially made ultra-high density small spheres, ensuring national energy security and greatly enriching the supply of clean electricity.

[0066] The third significant effect is the construction of a "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" on the power consumption side, characterized by massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support, strong self-stabilization capability, a constant high indicated efficiency of over 90%, and zero emissions. During power system operation, the "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 200, through their respective low-voltage transformer stations (380 / 220V 207), are flexibly coupled in parallel with the local power consumption side, including the low-voltage grid (380 / 220V 206). Not only do their respective large synchronous AC generators (102) stably and accurately output power to the grid with the same voltage (220V), frequency (50Hz), phase angle, massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia, and constant high indicated efficiency (over 90%) under various operating conditions, but the grid's fault-crossing capability on the power consumption side is also greatly enhanced. In the event of a fault, the large synchronous AC generators (102) provide 20 times the load current to the grid, easily forming a three-level protection system. It also facilitates the connection of distributed renewable energy sources to the "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" after conversion by power electronic equipment.

[0067] Scenario 3: The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" group 101 on the energy storage side is directly set up in the distributed "solar power station" group 305 on the power supply side in the vast rural areas, so that the "rotor potential energy storage power station" group 101 is directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the distributed "solar power station" 305 through its respective "working fluid recovery and lifting device" 107, and is directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage grid 380 / 220V 303 on the power consumption side through its respective output low-voltage transformer station 380 / 220V 302, forming a "source-grid-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" group 304, which includes a distributed independent grid on the power supply side using solar, wind and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or working fluid potential energy as the power source. The overall layout is shown in Figure 3. When running, the power switches K1-114 and K6-301 are closed. There are three significant effects:

[0068] The first significant effect is the transformation of the uncontrollable electrical energy from the distributed solar power station 305 into precisely controllable working fluid potential energy from the matching "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 304, making the distributed power supply side precisely controllable. This effect is achieved through the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 of the "rotary potential energy storage power station" group 101, which 100% absorbs the uncontrollable, asynchronous mechanical rotational inertia of the electrical energy sent from the solar power station 305, which is "load follows source movement". In the form of working fluid potential energy, the lower working fluid in the lower working fluid warehouse 108 is lifted to the upper working fluid warehouse 113 for storage, transforming it into controllable working fluid potential energy stored in the upper working fluid warehouse 113. This isolates the distributed solar power station 305 from the grid, maintaining relative independence between them and maintaining energy balance at all times. This allows the "rotary potential energy storage power station" 101 to simultaneously "store energy" and "generate power", thus making the distributed power supply side precisely controllable.

[0069] The second significant effect is the resolution of the problem of the maximum daily power fluctuation of solar power plants. In order to absorb 100% of the maximum daily power fluctuation of new energy, the installed capacity of each solar power plant 118, especially wind power plants or wind-solar hybrid power plants, must be relatively small. At the same time, through the "three-set fault-free" scheme of the rotary potential energy storage power plant 101, that is, the first set is in operation, the second set is in standby, and the third set is being quickly repaired in a short period of time, when the maximum daily power fluctuation occurs, two sets, or even all three sets, are put into operation simultaneously to solve this problem. Furthermore, through the "parallel flexible coupling" connection scheme between the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 and the solar power plant 118, the maximum daily power fluctuation can be divided and diverted to the designated matching working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 of the rotary potential energy storage power plant 101 for absorption.

[0070] The third significant achievement is the construction of a "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" on the power source side of the distributed independent grid. This grid possesses a large amount of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support, strong self-stabilization capability, a constant high indicated efficiency of over 90%, and zero emissions. This significant effect is achieved because: 1) the "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" group 304 of the distributed independent grid is flexibly coupled in parallel with the local power consumption side's low-voltage grid 380 / 220V 303 through its respective low-voltage transformer station 380 / 220V 128. This not only allows each large synchronous AC generator 102 to stably and accurately transmit power to the grid consumption side, including residential areas, industrial and agricultural production, and roadside charging piles, with a very stable voltage of 220V, frequency of 50Hz, phase angle, and a large amount of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support, but also enables the grid to supply power to users such as residential areas, industrial and agricultural production, and roadside charging piles. 1) Amount of electrical energy; 2) The load characteristics of each large rotary potential energy storage generator operate under each working condition, providing the grid with electrical energy with a high indicated efficiency of over 90%; 3) The "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station group 304 greatly enhances the grid's ability to overcome faults. When a fault occurs, the large synchronous AC generator 102 provides the grid with several times the required load current, which can easily form a three-level protection; 4) It also makes it easier for new energy sources to be connected to the AC grid after being converted by power electronic equipment, and to obtain the support of the "synchronous mechanical rotation inertia grid" of the distributed independent grid.

[0071] Scenario 4: The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 on the energy storage side is directly installed in the distributed independent "solar power station" 404 on the power supply side, including vast rural areas, urban suburbs, remote areas, and islands, according to local conditions. This allows the "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 to be flexibly coupled in parallel with the distributed independent "solar power station" 404 through its "working fluid recovery and lifting device" 107, forming a "source-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" 403 on the power supply side, which uses solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or working fluid potential energy as the power source. The overall layout is shown in Figure 4. During operation, the power switches K1-114 and K7-401 are closed. This has two significant effects:

[0072] The first significant effect is the transformation of the uncontrollable electrical energy from the distributed solar power station 404 into precisely controllable working fluid potential energy stored in the upper working fluid warehouse 113 of the distributed independent power station "source-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" 403, making the power supply side of the distributed independent power station precisely controllable. This effect is achieved through the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 of the "rotary potential energy storage power station" 101, which 100% absorbs the uncontrollable electrical energy from the distributed independent solar power station 404 ("load follows source"), and in the form of working fluid potential energy, lifts the lower working fluid in the lower working fluid warehouse 108 to the upper working fluid warehouse 113 for storage, transforming it into controllable upper working fluid potential energy stored in the upper working fluid warehouse 113. The independent solar power station 404 and its matching rotary potential energy storage device... The potential energy storage power station 101 maintains energy balance and relative independent isolation. The synchronous AC generator 102 operates with the constant-speed load characteristics of a rotary potential energy storage generator, precisely supplying household appliances connected to the user's 220V 402 power grid with a constant high indicated efficiency of over 90%, and the same voltage (220V), frequency (50Hz), phase angle, and synchronous mechanical rotational inertia. If the user requires 380V power, a 380 / 220V transformer station must be installed.

[0073] The second significant effect is the resolution of the problem of the maximum daily power fluctuation of the solar power plant (404). To achieve 100% absorption of the maximum daily power fluctuation of new energy sources, the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 of the rotary potential energy storage power station 101 has a larger capacity than that of the solar power plant (404), especially for wind power plants or wind-solar hybrid power plants. Furthermore, a "three-unit fault-free" solution for the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107 is adopted, meaning the first unit is in operation, the second is on standby, and the third is undergoing rapid repair. When the maximum daily power fluctuation occurs, two units, or even all three units, are put into operation simultaneously to solve the problem. When the maximum daily power fluctuation exceeds the total power of the working fluid recovery and lifting device 107, "power curtailment" protection should be implemented.

[0074] In other scenarios, the matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 can be directly set up in suitable locations on the mountainside where there is a lack of large areas of flat land, building materials, and electricity. The upper half of the mountain is used as the "working medium upper storage" and the lower half of the mountain valley is used as the "working medium lower storage". The potential energy stored in the crushed stone and sand excavated on the upper half of the mountain is used as the power source for one-time power generation to power the electric excavators, bulldozers, crushers, and working medium transportation and distribution for the mountain-breaking and land-reclaiming electric excavators, bulldozers, crushers, and working medium transportation and distribution. The device provides power to charging piles for bulldozers, compactors, and transport vehicles used to fill the lower half of the valley; and transmits excess power to the grid; after the land reclamation is completed, the "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 is transformed into an independent power station including solar energy, wind energy, and working fluid potential energy, or working fluid potential energy, or into an independent grid "source-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" 403, or into an independent grid "source-grid-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" 304.

[0075] The above-described specific embodiments and detailed descriptions of the present invention demonstrate that the matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101 on the energy storage side has been fully integrated into the new power system with a high proportion of new energy sources, becoming an indispensable main component. It enables the power system to possess all the structural features and specific functions of the matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101, making the existing new power system with a high proportion of new energy sources perfectly integrated. This realizes the three possibilities that people have long desired but have found difficult to achieve: "safe and reliable, green and carbon-free, large-scale energy storage over long periods of time (weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly), and low cost (¥0.05-0.1 / kWh)".

[0076] Industrial applicability

[0077] The "rotor potential energy storage power station" 101, which has specific performance characteristics, can be set up in any scenario according to the needs of the power system. The power supply side of the aforementioned perfect new energy high-proportion new power system includes large-scale centralized "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" 119 that uses solar energy, wind energy, and working medium potential energy as power sources, or working medium potential energy as power sources; "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" 304 with distributed independent grids; distributed independent "source-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" 403; hydropower stations; nuclear power stations; and thermal power stations that act as a backup. The power consumption side includes "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" 200 that uses external power and working medium potential energy as power sources for flexible regulation, and power users. The grid side is a "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" supported by "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power station" 119, "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power station" 200, "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power station" 304, hydropower stations, nuclear power stations, and thermal power stations, with a huge amount of synchronous mechanical rotational inertia.

Claims

1. A method for perfecting existing new energy power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy, wherein the existing new energy power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy mainly include a power source side, a grid side, a power consumption side, and an energy storage side; the power source side mainly includes thermal power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, and uncontrollable solar power plants; the power consumption side mainly includes uncontrollable electricity users; the energy storage side mainly includes "rotor potential energy storage power plants," pumped storage power plants, and compressed air energy storage power generation systems; solar power plants include photovoltaic power plants, wind power plants, and wind-solar hybrid power plants; the proportion of clean energy will gradually increase to over 70%, while the proportion of power generation from thermal power plants will gradually decrease to 0%, and the corresponding synchronous mechanical rotational inertia will gradually decrease, the traditional "synchronous mechanical rotational inertia grid" will be destroyed, and the grid side will gradually lose its self-stabilizing ability; The "rotor potential energy storage power station" mainly includes a "rotor potential energy storage generator", a reinforced concrete plant, a 380 / 220V output transformer station and a 380 / 220V low-voltage power grid, a transformer station and a high-voltage power grid; A "rotor potential energy storage generator" is a power generation device that mainly includes a "rotor potential energy storage engine," a speed-increasing gearbox, a clutch, a coupling, a synchronous AC generator, and a disc brake locking mechanism installed on the free end of the rotating shaft. The rotor potential energy storage engine is equipped with a speed governor to control the constant-speed working fluid flow control device and a starting and acceleration device to ensure that the "rotor potential energy storage generator" operates under the constant-speed load characteristics required by the synchronous AC generator, with easy starting and good acceleration performance. Types of rotor potential energy storage generators include single-shaft multi-rotor units, parallel multi-shaft multi-rotor units arranged in a planar layout, and series multi-shaft multi-rotor units arranged in a stepped configuration. The "rotor potential energy storage engine" mainly includes a "rotor potential energy engine," a working fluid upper-level warehouse, a working fluid lower-level warehouse, and a working fluid transportation, recovery, and energy storage logistics system. The upper-level working fluid warehouse has a sufficiently large capacity, including storage space for lifting the working fluid from the lower-level warehouse to the upper-level warehouse using electrical energy consumption; storage space for large-scale energy storage over long periods (weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly); storage space for working fluid transported from a higher-level warehouse; and storage space for working fluid transported by human, animal, and motorized vehicles. This ensures that the "rotor potential energy storage power station" has 8760 hours of operation per year. The working fluid can generate electricity; the capacity of the lower working fluid warehouse is also large enough to match the capacity of the upper working fluid warehouse, so that there is always lower working fluid available to absorb external electrical energy and working fluid that has done work can always be stored; the working fluid conveying, recovery and energy storage logistics system mainly includes the upper working fluid warehouse, the upper working fluid distribution and conveying device, the lower working fluid warehouse, the working fluid recovery channel, and the working fluid recovery and lifting device; the working fluid recovery and lifting device mainly includes an electric motor and working fluid lifting machinery, and its main functions include absorbing electrical energy and lifting the working fluid from the lower working fluid warehouse to the upper working fluid warehouse for storage; The "rotor potential energy engine" is an engine that uses particulate matter as the ideal working medium. Ideal particulate matter working media include sand, gravel, dust-free soil, and artificial small spheres. These media have the advantages of good fluidity and separability, no emissions, no pollution, no threat to humans, reusability, and inexhaustibility. The ideal particulate matter working medium, which is at a high potential energy, flows continuously from the slide into the bucket device, which is installed on the outer ring of the rotor device, including a fixed bucket device, a seated bucket device, or a hanging bucket device, with a certain flow direction and a certain speed. The working medium generates a torque by the kinetic energy stagnation of the working medium flowing into the bucket device and the reduction of the potential energy of the working medium as the rotor device rotates. This torque drives the rotating shaft to rotate, thereby driving the synchronous AC generator to stably and accurately deliver the required electrical energy to the power grid and maintain the power balance at all times. The "rotor potential energy engine" consists of one or more rotor devices with massive rotational inertia connected in series on a rotating shaft, and numerous evenly distributed bucket devices arranged around the outer ring of each rotor device. This gives the rotor potential energy storage engine advantages such as high strength, high rigidity, low speed, low vibration, low wear, and long lifespan. It also possesses three unique characteristics: First, a wide range of power and mechanical rotational inertia, which facilitates matching the rotor potential energy storage power station with different types of power stations on both the power supply and power consumption sides, and integrates it seamlessly with the power system. First, the mechanical rotational inertia of the synchronous AC generator matches the mechanical rotational inertia required by the grid. Second, the constant-speed load characteristics of the rotary potential energy storage generator are very stable under every operating condition, enabling the synchronous AC generator to stably transmit electrical energy with the same voltage of 220 volts, frequency of 50 Hz, phase angle, and huge synchronous mechanical rotational inertia to the grid. Third, the constant-speed load characteristics of the rotary potential energy storage generator have a constant high indicated efficiency under every operating condition, with an indicated efficiency of over 90% for easily rolling small balls. Its features are: The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" on the energy storage side can be set up in any scenario according to the needs of the power system and local conditions, mainly including: Scenario 1: In a scenario where a cluster of matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" is directly installed on a large area of ​​land, including deserts, Gobi, and grasslands, as part of a centralized "solar power station" cluster, the power supply side is directly utilized. This involves using readily available and reusable local materials, including highly rounded sand, as the ideal working medium for the "rotor potential energy storage power station." Each "rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster is flexibly coupled in parallel with the "solar power station" through its respective "working medium recovery and lifting device." Furthermore, each station's 380 / 220V output transformer is flexibly coupled in parallel with the local 380 / 220V low-voltage power grid, forming a centralized "source-grid type rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster that utilizes solar, wind, and working medium potential energy as power sources, or working medium potential energy as the power source. Scenario 2 involves setting up a cluster of matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" on the energy storage side in electricity-consuming scenarios in densely populated and economically developed large, medium, and small towns. This allows the "rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster to be directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage grid (380 / 220V) from the high-voltage grid and transformer substations, via their respective working fluid recovery and lifting devices. Furthermore, each station's output transformer (380 / 220V) is directly and flexibly coupled in parallel with the low-voltage grid (380 / 220V) on the electricity-consuming side. This forms a cluster of "grid-source type rotor potential energy storage power stations" that utilize the electrical energy and working fluid potential energy from "source-grid type rotor potential energy storage power stations," thermal power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, pumped storage power plants, and compressed air energy storage power generation systems. Scenario 3 involves directly setting up a cluster of matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" on the energy storage side within a distributed "solar power station" cluster on the power supply side in vast rural areas, adapting to local conditions. This allows the "rotor potential energy storage power station" cluster to be directly coupled in parallel with the distributed "solar power station" through their respective "working fluid recovery and lifting devices," and to be flexibly coupled in parallel with the 380 / 220V low-voltage power grid on the power consumption side through their respective output low-voltage transformer stations. This forms a cluster of "source-grid-load type rotor potential energy storage power stations" that includes power generation-powered distributed independent power grids on the power supply side, powered by solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy, or by working fluid potential energy. Scenario 4: The matching "rotor potential energy storage power station" on the energy storage side is directly set up in the distributed independent "solar power station" scenario on the power supply side in the vast rural areas, urban suburbs, remote areas and islands, so that the "rotor potential energy storage power station" can be flexibly coupled in parallel with the distributed independent "solar power station" through the "working fluid recovery and lifting device", forming a "source-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" that uses solar energy, wind energy and working fluid potential energy as power sources, or working fluid potential energy as power source. In other scenarios, matching "rotor potential energy storage power stations" can be directly set up in suitable locations on the mountainside where there is a lack of large areas of flat land, building materials, and electricity. The upper half of the mountain serves as the "high-level working medium storage," and the lower half of the mountain valley serves as the "lower-level working medium storage." The potential energy stored in the crushed stone and sand excavated from the upper half of the mountain is used as a power source for one-time power generation to provide power for electric excavators, bulldozers, stone crushers, working medium conveying and distribution devices used for land reclamation, and for charging piles for bulldozers, soil compactors, and transport vehicles used for filling the lower half of the mountain valley. Excess electricity is transmitted to the power grid. After land reclamation is completed, the "rotor potential energy storage power station" can be transformed into an independent "source-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" powered by solar energy, wind energy, and working medium potential energy, or an independent "source-grid-load type rotor potential energy storage power station" with an independent power grid. The main functions include: First, directly converting the uncontrollable electrical energy of distributed and centralized solar power plants into precisely controllable working medium potential energy stored in the upper working medium silo of matching rotary potential energy storage power plants, thus resolving the problem of the maximum daily power fluctuation of solar power plants. This ensures that the power supply side of the new power system with a high proportion of new energy is safe, reliable, emission-free, constantly efficient, and precisely controllable with "source following load," while maintaining energy and power balance at all times. Second, the "grid-source rotary potential energy storage power plant" cluster is used for flexible power regulation on the power consumption side of the new power system with a high proportion of new energy, ensuring that the power consumption side is safe, reliable, constantly efficient, emission-free, precisely controllable with "source following load," and maintaining energy and power balance at all times. Third, it constructs a system with massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia support and constant speed load characteristics, ensuring consistent high power consumption under every operating condition. The system features a "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" with an efficiency of over 90%, a highly stable 220V voltage, 50Hz frequency, phase angle, and massive synchronous mechanical rotational inertia input to the grid, strong self-stabilization capabilities, and zero carbon emissions. Fourthly, it constructs a network of centralized "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations" powered by solar, wind, and working fluid potential energy, or working fluid potential energy; a network of distributed independent grid-side "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations"; and a network of distributed independent power stations serving as the grid's primary clean energy source. A secondary clean energy source is a network of "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power stations" powered by stored external electrical energy and working fluid potential energy on the consumer side. This results in a significant increase in clean energy output by 6-9 times and a reduction in cost to ¥0.05-0.1 per kilowatt-hour. A perfect new power system with a high proportion of new energy sources includes, on the power supply side, centralized large-scale "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations" powered by solar, wind, and working medium potential energy, or using working medium potential energy as the power source; "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations" with distributed independent grids; "source-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations" with distributed independent power stations; hydropower stations; nuclear power stations; and thermal power stations acting as a backup. On the power consumption side, there are "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power stations" used as flexible regulation power sources to absorb external power and working medium potential energy, and electricity users. On the grid side, there is a "synchronous mechanical inertia grid" supported by "source-grid type rotary potential energy storage power stations," "grid-source type rotary potential energy storage power stations," "source-grid-load type rotary potential energy storage power stations," hydropower stations, nuclear power stations, and thermal power stations, with a huge amount of mechanical rotational inertia.

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