Purification system for fluid and airflow

Abstract

The present disclosure presents methods and systems of purifying a fluid and airflow using a purification system the system comprising one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units comprises an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to expand and contract between a resting and a fluidized state; wherein the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material comprises a photocatalytic surface; and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow throughout the one or more reactor units; an inlet airflow opening in contact with the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to permit airflow into the one or more reactor units and an outlet airflow opening configured to release airflow out of the one or more reactor units; and a resin layer.

Description

[0001] Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0002] PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR FLUID AND AIRFLOW

[0003] GOVERNMENT RIGHTS STATEMENT

[0004] This invention was made with government support under FDA Award R44FD007588 awarded by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The government has certain rights in the invention.

[0005] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0006] This international application claims priority to US Provisional Application No. 63 / 687,208, filed August 26, 2024, and US Provisional Application No. 63 / 711 ,860 filed on October 25, 2024, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0007] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention generally relates to the field of fluid purification. In particular, the present invention is directed to a stationary, mobile, or transportable purification system for fluid and airflow.

[0009] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Sterilizing agents such as ethylene oxide (EtO) are used in a wide variety of medical devices. The ability of these agents to penetrate various materials, including plastics, makes it particularly useful for sterilizing medical devices, surgical instruments, and other sensitive equipment that are heat- and / or moisture-sensitive and cannot withstand high-temperature steam sterilization. Devices are sterilized by exposure to the gas under controlled conditions. After exposure, attempts are made to remove the gas by a series of process steps. Even after these steps, the sterilized devices can release EtO via off gassing for significant periods of time, i.e., up to 10 days or more. Further, EtO can escape from the various process steps in the facility, despite current engineering control strategies. This leads to fugitive emissions in sterilization facility and warehouses. Further, off gassing can occur during transport, both within a facility, and along the way to other facilities. Off gassing in shipments and cargos as they are transported may cause accumulations of EtO that are released when the shipment is unloaded. Exposure to such agents may result in Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 adverse health effects including but not limited to irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, vomiting, severe respiratory distress, and pulmonary edema. Such agents may also pose a threat to aquatic life and contribute to air and water pollution if not properly contained and managed. EtO is also a suspected carcinogen. While some photocatalyst-based reactors may be capable of degrading or mineralizing these sterilizing agents to form nontoxic products, these reactors are not suitable for implementation in a nonstationary environment, such as a cargo in transportation that frequently undergoes bumps, inclines, acceleration, and / or deceleration, among other unpredictable modes of motions, as these motions prevent photocatalysts from forming a stable, uniform layer and result in reactants bypassing the photocatalysts. Other current abatement technologies have shortcomings. Thermal catalyzers require large amounts of energy and are not suitable for nonstationary applications. Dry bed scrubbers used to abate EtO in facilities and warehouses may release undesirable byproducts that are harmful or toxic, including acetaldehyde and dioxane.

[0011] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] In exemplary embodiments, a purification system for fluid and airflow, the system comprising one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units comprises an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to expand and contract between a resting and a fluidized state; wherein the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material comprises a photocatalytic surface; and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow throughout the one or more reactor units; an inlet airflow opening in contact with the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to permit airflow into the one or more reactor units and an outlet airflow opening configured to release airflow out of the one or more reactor units; optionally a resin layer; a filter layer; optionally a moisture-reducing device; an illumination module, wherein the illumination module comprises one or more light emitting diode (LED) light sources spaced within the one or more reactor units configured to uniformly illuminate the one or more reactor units and drive one or more photochemical reactions therein; an inlet plenum; and an output plenum. Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0013] In further exemplary embodiments, a purification system for fluid and airflow, the system comprising one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units comprises an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to expand and contract between a resting and a fluidized state; wherein the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material comprises a photocatalytic surface; and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impuritycontaining fluid stream and airflow throughout the one or more reactor units; an inlet airflow opening in contact with the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to permit airflow into the one or more reactor units and an outlet airflow opening configured to release airflow out of the one or more reactor units; and a resin layer.

[0014] In further exemplary embodiments, a method of purifying a fluid using a purification system, the method comprising introducing a fluid stream and an airflow into one or more reactor units through an inlet airflow opening; contacting the fluid stream and the airflow with an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material within each reactor unit, wherein the adjustable layer transitions between a resting and a fluidized state; allowing at least a portion of a photocatalytic surface within the adjustable layer to engage in fluid exchange with the fluid stream and airflow; illuminating the reactor units with one or more light sources to activate one or more photochemical reactions within the impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow on the photocatalytic surface to generate a treated airflow; and expelling the treated airflow from the reactor units through an outlet airflow opening.

[0015] In further exemplary embodiments, a method of purifying a fluid using a purification system, the method comprising introducing a fluid stream and an airflow through a purification system to generate a treated airflow.

[0016] The above-discussed and other features and advantages of the present invention will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and drawings.

[0017] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspects of one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 shown in the drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a purification system;

[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a monolithic composite photocatalyst;

[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a portion of a reactor unit and details therein;

[0021] FIGS. 4A-B are additional schematic illustrations of exemplary embodiments a reactor unit and details therein;

[0022] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a reactor unit with an inverted-cone configuration;

[0023] FIG. 6A is schematic illustration of a challenge in utilizing a purification system in a nonstationary environment;

[0024] FIGS. 6B-D are schematic illustrations of exemplary embodiments of leveling mechanisms;

[0025] FIG. 7A is an exemplary use case for a purification system;

[0026] FIG. 7B is an exemplary use case for a purification system wherein the system includes a moisture-reducing device;

[0027] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computing system that can be used to implement any one or more of the methodologies disclosed herein and any one or more portions thereof;

[0028] FIG. 9 is another exemplary embodiment of purification system for fluid and airflow;

[0029] FIG. 10 is an exemplary embodiment of data pertaining to destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) as a function of EtO concentration and relative humidity (RH);

[0030] FIG. 11 is an exemplary embodiment of an enclosure;

[0031] FIGS 12A-B are exemplary embodiments of parallel configuration of reactor units;

[0032] FIG. 13 is an exemplary embodiment of a reactor unit;

[0033] FIG. 14 is an exemplary embodiment of a desiccant wheel;

[0034] FIG. 15A-B are exemplary embodiments of flow paths of airflow filtration;

[0035] FIG. 16 is an exemplary embodiment of a method of purifying a fluid using a purification system;

[0036] FIG. 17 is an exemplary embodiment of a method of purifying a fluid using a purification system to generate a treated airflow; Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0037] FIG. 18 is an exemplary embodiment of reactor unit dimensions; and

[0038] FIG. 19 is an exemplary embodiment of photocatalytic material dimensions.

[0039] The drawings are not necessarily to scale and may be illustrated by phantom lines, diagrammatic representations and fragmentary views. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the embodiments or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted.

[0040] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] At a high level, aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a purification system for fluid and airflow. The purification system includes one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units includes a layer of photocatalytic material. The layer of photocatalytic material includes a photocatalytic surface, and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream. In one or more embodiments, impurity-containing fluid stream may include a concentration of ethylene oxide.

[0042] In one or more embodiments, layer of photocatalytic material may include a longitudinal dimension and a lateral dimension, wherein a ratio between the longitudinal dimension and the lateral dimension is between 0.0001 and 10,000. In one or more embodiments, the ratio between the longitudinal dimension and the lateral dimension may be 1 or greater for longitudinal (length) and lateral (thickness). In one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material may include titanium (IV) oxide. In one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material may include a fluidizable photocatalytic material. In one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material may include one or more photocatalytic enhancing species. In one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material may include at least an inorganic photosensitizer.

[0043] Photocatalytic material may include a plurality of monolithic composite photocatalysts. In one or more embodiments, each monolithic composite photocatalyst of plurality of monolithic composite photocatalysts may include a non- photocatalytic porous support and at least a photocatalytic particle deposited within one or more pores of the non-photocatalytic porous support. In some cases, at least a photocatalytic particle may include a core-shell structure. In some cases, at Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 least a photocatalytic particle may include a size less than 10 nanometers. In some cases, non-photocatalytic porous support may include a diameter between 70 micrometers and 3000 micrometers. In some cases, non-photocatalytic porous support may include a pore size between 2 nanometers and 50 nanometers. In some cases, monolithic composite photocatalyst may include a loading between 1 % and 30% by mass of at least a photocatalytic particle.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units may further include a confinement layer configured to support a layer of photocatalytic material. In some cases, at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units may further include an adhesion layer, wherein layer of photocatalytic material may be affixed to confinement layer through the adhesion layer. In one or more embodiments, at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units may have a shape of a rectangular prism or a cylinder. When in the shape of a rectangular prism, the reactor unit can be described as having an essentially flat planar area with a length and width dimension and a vertical thickness or height. When incorporated into the system, such a rectangular prism reactor is situated such that the flat planar area is parallel to or level with the base of the system. The fluidized bed and photocatalyst components, as described below, are also generally parallel to the flat planar area of the reactor unit, to facilitate the illumination aspects described herein. In one or more embodiments, one or more reactor units may be stacked in parallel. In one or more embodiments, one or more reactor units may be stacked in series. Parallel configuration of one or more reactor units 104 in combination with rectangular shape may aid in scaling capacity of purification system for fluid and airflow. Size and shape of reactor unit 104 and placing them in parallel allows for compact design to be used in small space. Parallel configuration allows for a heat sink function where forced convention can be applied to cool down purification system for fluid and airflow more efficiently. Parallel configuration also allows for stacking of reactor unit 104. Parallel configuration of one or more reactor units 104 may allow for processing of 10 cubic feet per minute or more of fluid, 50 cubic feet per minute or more of fluid, 100 cubic feet per minute or more of fluid, 500 cubic feet per minute or more of fluid or 1000 cubic feet per minute or more of fluid. In an embodiment, parallel reactor unit configuration may include a configuration of two reactor units 104 wide by six reactor units 104 deep. In an embodiment, top reactor unit 104 in parallel configuration may Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 include an airfoil. An “airfoil” as used in this disclosure, is a shaped surface such as a wing or blade that generates lift when air flows over it. An airfoil may aid in improving heat removal for heat that may sink at the top of reactor stack that are not positioned in an inlet. To combine with parallel configuration. In some applications of purification system for fluid and airflow, heat may need to be removed as illumination module 116 may emit light and purification system for fluid and airflow may need to be cooled down. Cooling liquid may be run through purification system for fluid and airflow which may aid in removing heat and cooling down system.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may further include an ion-exchange resin. An “ion-exchange resin” as used in this disclosure is a polymer configured to exchange specific ions. Ion exchange resin is configured to absorb and fixate a contaminant from impurity-containing fluid stream, wherein the resin is disposed in close proximity to layer of photocatalytic material within at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units. In some cases, resin may include a resin layer disposed within at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units. Resin may include a resin media that can be provided in a cassette whereby it can be easily removed and changed out. In some cases, resin may include a resin layer disposed between adjacent reactor units. In some cases, resin may be homogeneously disposed within a layer of photocatalytic material. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may include at least a filter layer configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of impurity-containing fluid stream. In some cases, resin may be integrated within at least a filter layer. Purification system for fluid and airflow, including reactor unit 104 and / or filter layer are configured to remove from airflow a contaminant such as a VOC and / or ethylene oxide. In an embodiment, contaminant may include dioxane, and / or acetaldehyde. In an embodiment, one or more contaminants may accumulate during transport, such as for example in the shipping industry with cargo and / or during delivery or pickup of cargo when contaminants may accumulate and pose a threat to humans.

[0046] Resin layer may act as an active distributor and aids in removal of one or more organic volatile compounds (VOCs) such as but not limited to ethylene oxide, acetone, and / or acetaldehyde. Resin layer may have dual functionality whereby it acts as an active distributor and remove contaminants from impurity containing fluid stream and contaminants from airflow. Resin layer may flatten out flow of gas so that Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 gas is evenly distributed across entire surface of reactor unit 104. Resin layer may function as a pre-filter layer that protects purification system for fluid and airflow by mitigating ethylene oxide. Resin layer may create a pressure drop relative to the rest of purification system for fluid and airflow that allows for particles and contaminants to be caught and trapped by resin layer. Resin layer may include one or more inert media that may aid in filtering process. Inert media may include for example glass beads that may be mixed with a resin ranging from 0% to 50%. The resin may include an acidic ion-exchange resin, which may include a strong acid cation resin with sulfonate functionality. Resin may include a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, sold as Amberlyst 17, Amberlyst 15, Amberlyst 35, and M31 , as supplied by DuPont of Wilmington, Delaware. Resin may be of a diameter ranging in size from 300-900 microns. Resin layer may be configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of an impurity containing airflow. For example, resin layer may aid in eliminating toxic gases that may be found within airflow such as VOCs and / or ethylene oxide.

[0047] The purification system for fluid and airflow further includes one or more light sources configured to illuminate one or more reactor units and drive one or more photochemical reactions therein. In one or more embodiments, at least a photochemical reaction of one or more photochemical reactions may be configured to convert substances including but not limited to ethylene oxide or other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as acetaldehyde, and / or dioxane to one or more nontoxic byproducts. In one or more embodiments, the illumination module may be configured to emit photons in a wavelength range between 250 nanometers and 420 nanometers. In some cases, illumination module 116 may be configured to emit photons primarily in a wavelength range between 350 nanometers and 400 nanometers. In some cases, the illumination module may be configured to illuminate one or more reactor units in an axial direction relative to the fluidized bed contained within one or more reactor units. Illumination module 116 may include a light source containing one or more light emitting diode (LED) light sources spaced within the one or more reactor units 104 configured to uniformly illuminate the one or more reactor units. Illumination from illumination module may be in an axial direction with respect to the fluidized bed. Axial direction is perpendicular to the planar surface of the fluidized bed. The uniformity of the LED illumination is such that it should be equal to or as close to 1 , which indicates completely uniform illumination. LUX values Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 should range from 0.5 to 1 , or 0.6 to 1 , or 0.7 to 1 , or 0.8 to 1 , or 0.9 to 1 . Uniformity of illumination can be determined by taking several readings of the illuminance level, e.g., the LUX level from several areas of the light source and averaging the values. In an embodiment, resin may be contained within fluidized bed. In some cases, one or more light sources may be disposed between a plurality of reactor units. In some cases, the illumination module 116 may be included in a reactor unit of one or more reactor units. In some cases, at least an illumination module source of one or more illumination module sources may include a light-emitting diode (LED).

[0048] In one or more embodiments, at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units and / or purification system for fluid and airflow may further include at least a reflecting element configured to direct illumination onto layer of photocatalytic material. In some cases, at least a reactor unit may include an inverted cone shape, and at least a reflecting element may accordingly be disposed at an inner surface of the inverted cone shape. In some cases, at least a reactor unit may include a pyramidal shape, and at least a reflecting element may accordingly be disposed at an inner surface of the pyramidal shape.

[0049] Reactor unit may further include a leveling mechanism configured to distribute a loading of photocatalytic material at or above a threshold. In one or more embodiments, threshold may include a threshold thickness of photocatalytic material. In one or more embodiments, threshold may include a threshold percentage of coverage of photocatalytic material. In one or more embodiments, leveling mechanism and / or at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units may further include a retaining screen disposed at a distance opposite confinement layer and configured to secure layer of photocatalytic material. In one or more embodiments, leveling mechanism may include a plurality of retaining screens, wherein layer of photocatalytic material may be disposed between a first retaining screen and a second retaining screen of the plurality of retaining screens and thus retained therebetween. In some cases, leveling mechanism may further include a plurality of support grids, wherein first retaining screen, second retaining screen, and layer of photocatalytic material may be disposed between a first support grid and a second support grid of the plurality of support grids. In one or more embodiments, leveling mechanism may include a plurality of cells, wherein layer of photocatalytic material is disposed across the plurality of cells. In some cases, a plurality of cells may be Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 disposed in a square lattice (e.g., a grid), a rectangular lattice, a hexagonal lattice (e.g., a honeycomb structure), or an oblique lattice. In some cases, leveling mechanism may include a gyroscope-type leveling mechanism. In some cases, leveling mechanism may be powered by one or more auxiliary vibrations. Screen may be made of a Dutch Weave pattern that allows for uniform fluidization and may eliminate the need for a retaining screen above a punched plate distributor to keep particles from falling through. The punched plate distributor may contain anywhere from between 1-10% open where open includes the sum of all hole areas divided by the total area of the plate. Hole diameters within the punched plate distributor may range from about 0.02 to 0.017 inches. In an embodiment, the open areas contained within the punched plate distributor may be circular holes. A “Dutch Weave” pattern as used in this disclosure is a pattern whereby warp wires that run lengthwise are thicker and spaced farther apart than weft wire that run crosswise which are finer and packed closely together. This may aid in creating a dense, wedge-shaped structure with very fine openings, which is ideal for filtering even microscopic particles that may be contained within reactor unit 104.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may be integrated with a container, wherein impurity-containing fluid stream may be generated from one or more contents within the container. In some cases, container may include a negative pressure with respect to an ambient pressure. Container may create an enclosure to surround off gassing material held at a negative pressure. In another embodiment, the container may be at a positive pressure when the off gassing material is outside the container so as to create a volume where the VOC concentration is reduced inside the container. In this case, the container may be habitable. In one or more embodiments, the purification system for fluid and airflow may further include at least a moisture-reducing device configured to reduce a moisture level within impurity-containing fluid stream. A “moisture-reducing device”, as used in this disclosure, is any component that controls, reduces, and / or captures ambient water. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may further include at least a filter configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of impurity-containing fluid stream. Moisture reducing device which may include a desiccant wheel as described below in more Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 detail is used to reduce the humidity of the air flow into purification system for fluid and airflow as a humidity-reducing device.

[0051] In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may be configured to connect to a power source. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may include at least a mobility element configured to move the purification system for fluid and airflow between a plurality of locations.

[0052] In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be enclosed to aid in treating contaminants such as VOCs and ethylene oxide at source rather than causing inefficient treatment of large volumes of diluted gas. Enclosure may include a physical structure that may be located inside and / or outside purification system for fluid and airflow. The enclosure may be under negative pressure by virtue of purification system for fluid and airflow removing air from the enclosure and venting it to the outside of the enclosure. The enclosure may contain a framing protected by a covering synthesized from a material such as plastic, mylar, and / or metal.

[0053] In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow may further include a processor and a memory communicatively connected to the processor, wherein the memory contains instructions configuring the processor to receive, from a detector, status data pertaining to the purification system for fluid and airflow, compare the received status data against one or more performance metrics, and output a status report as a function of the comparison. In some cases, detector may include a pressure sensor configured to monitor a pressure drop across layer of photocatalytic material.

[0054] Aspects of the present disclosure can be used to provide a robust photocatalytic platform in a nonstationary environment. Aspects of the present disclosure may be used to remove air pollutants and improve air quality. For purposes of description herein, relating terms, including “top”, “bottom”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “back”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, and derivatives thereof are defined from the perspective of a hypothetical person facing the purification system for fluid and airflow when it’s in operation. Referring now to FIG. 1 , elements of a purification system for fluid and airflow is illustrated. Purification system for fluid and airflow 100 includes one or more reactor units 104. For the purposes of this disclosure, a Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0055] “reactor unit” is a unit within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 configured to perform one or more aspects of a photocatalytic function. Such aspects may include without limitation fixating, absorbing, concentrating, and / or supporting one or more reactants or catalysts / photocatalysts, as well as providing or sustaining a set of suitable conditions such as pressure, temperature, and / or the like, for one or more chemical reactions to occur. Reactor unit 104 includes a layer of photocatalytic material 108. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “photocatalytic material” is a material capable of performing a photocatalytic function and functioning as a photocatalyst. Layer of photocatalytic material 108 includes a photocatalytic surface. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “photocatalytic surface” is a surface where one or more reactants interact in proximity or bind / adsorb and photocatalysis occurs. Additional details pertaining to photocatalytic function, photocatalysis, and photocatalysts will be provided below in this disclosure.

[0056] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , reactor unit 104 may have a rectangular shape. A “rectangular shape” as used in this disclosure, is a quadrilateral containing four sides with four right angles each measuring approximately 90 degrees whereby the opposite sides which run lateral are equal in length and opposite sides which run longitudinal are parallel from one another. In an embodiment, lateral sides may indicate the width of the rectangular shape and may be shorter in length than the longitudinal sides of the rectangle which may be longer in length than the lateral sides. In an embodiment, four sides may be of equal length whereby reactor unit 104 may have a square shape. Rectangular shape may allow for a low aspect ratio photoreactor that allows for scaling with efficient light utilization and good conversion with low attrition of the fluidizable media. Reactor unit 104 has a low aspect ratio of height to any lateral dimension. This may include the ratio of (length + width ) / height. Rectangular shape with shorter longitudinal length sides and longer lateral sides creates a flat plane that allows for minimal movement of the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material.

[0057] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be integrated into or coupled with a plurality of vehicular applications to treat for example ethylene oxide enroute to increase the overall sterilization process and Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 help protect against human exposure to toxic contaminants during vehicular applications. A “vehicular application” as used in this disclosure, is any application for the transport of people or goods. A vehicular application may include for example the movement of goods and people such as on land, by car, truck, cart, sea, and the like. A vehicular application may include any machine or device such as a car, bus, bicycle, train, forklift and the like that may be used to move people or cargo. This may be utilized for example when a forklift is run, when containers are moved, and / or when a car, truck, or other vehicle pulls into a loading dock. Such vehicular applications may include without limitation microcars, subcompact cars, compact cars, coupes, hatchbacks, roadsters, convertibles, sedans, crossovers, sport utility vehicles, station wagons, minivans, pickup trucks, off-road vehicles, vans, light trucks, heavy-duty trucks, trailers, semi-trailers, box trucks, forklifts or the like. Such vehicular applications may include without limitation freight trains, unit trains, intermodal trains, double-stack trains, mixed freight trains, bulk cargo trains, container trains, autorack trains, flatbed trains, and tanker trains, among others. Such vehicular applications may include container ships, bulk carriers, tankers, roll- on / roll-off (RoRo) ships, general cargo ships, refrigerated (reefer) ships, heavy lift ships, and barge carriers, among others. Such vehicular applications may include cargo planes (freighters), jumbo freighters, super freighters, turboprop cargo planes, wide-body freighters, narrow-body freighters, regional cargo aircraft, military transport aircraft, airlifters, and converted passenger aircraft, among others. Such vehicular applications may include transportation of cargos or containers between various locations within a loading dock / warehouse, e.g. via forklift. It is also worth noting that use cases for purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may not be limited to transportation-related applications only, and may be adapted to any stationary or nonstationary environment, as recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure. With continued reference to FIG. 1 , for the purposes of this disclosure, a “photocatalytic function” or “photocatalytic activity” is a capability of a chemical species to perform photocatalysis and function as a photocatalyst. For the purposes of this disclosure, “photocatalysis” is a process wherein a chemical species captures at least a portion of an electromagnetic spectrum and utilizes the energy therein to drive a chemical reaction. In some cases, photocatalysis may be capable of operating far from a Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 chemical equilibrium and driving a chemical reaction that is otherwise nonspontaneous (i.e., has a positive Gibbs free energy change). In some cases, photocatalysis may simply increase the rate of an otherwise relatively slow chemical reaction. In some cases, photocatalysis may utilize absorbed light energy to overcome an activation energy barrier, thereby increasing the rate constant of a chemical reaction. The chemical species capable of performing photocatalysis is accordingly classified as a photocatalyst. Reactor unit 104 may include a constrained bed whereby the constrained bed may act as a screen across the top of reactor unit 104 during transportation. This may aid in containment of outputs from reactor unit 104.

[0058] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , a photocatalyst may perform its photocatalytic function via a charge transfer mechanism, such as without limitation, via electron transfer and / or hole transfer. In such cases, one or more reactants or chemical moieties within the one or more reactants may function as a charge transfer partner. In some cases, sacrificial electron scavengers or hole scavengers may be used to maintain charge balance. Additionally, and / or alternatively, a photocatalyst may perform its photocatalytic function via an energy transfer mechanism, such as without limitation via Forster resonance energy transfer and / or Dexter energy transfer. Such energy transfer may utilize the energy captured by a photocatalyst to promote one or more reactants or chemical moieties within the one or more reactants to their excited states. In some cases, a photocatalyst may include one or more photosensitizers configured to capture light energy. In some cases, a plurality of photosensitizers may form an assembly and distribute captured energy with one another, via Forster resonance energy transfer, which bears resemblance to Photosystem II in nature. In some cases, a photocatalyst may include one or more photocatalytic centers configured to use captured light energy to drive one or more chemical transformations. In some cases, a chemical species may function as both a photosensitizer and a photocatalytic center. In some cases, a photocatalytic center may relay charges or redox equivalents, such as electron(s), hole(s) or both, to a photocatalytic center. In some cases, a photocatalytic center may transfer absorbed energy to one or more reactants via an energy transfer mechanism, such as without limitation Forster resonance energy transfer and / or Dexter energy transfer, as described above. In some cases, a photocatalytic center may relay transfer one or Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 more charges or redox equivalents, such as electron(s), hole(s) or both, to one or more reactants or chemical moieties within the one or more reactants, as described above.

[0059] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , for the purposes of this disclosure, a “catalytic function” or “catalytic activity” is a capability of a chemical species to perform catalysis and function as a catalyst. For the purposes of this disclosure, “catalysis” is a process wherein a chemical species accelerates a chemical reaction by lowering at least an activation barrier along a reaction coordinate and increases at least a rate constant associated with the at least an activation barrier. The chemical species capable of performing catalysis is accordingly classified as a catalyst. In some cases, to perform a catalytic function, a catalyst may first be consumed by one or more reactants to form one or more intermediates, then be regenerated as the one or more intermediates are converted to one or more products. In other words, a catalyst may not be consumed as a net result and accordingly may not be included as a reactant in a net chemical reaction. The catalytic function or activity of a catalyst may be described using mathematical tools such as Arrhenius equation, Eyring equation. Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk equation, among others, as deemed suitable by a person of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure.

[0060] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in some cases, one or more reactants may bind / adsorb to a catalyst, participate in a chemical reaction, then dissociate / desorb from the catalyst as one or more products. In some cases, a catalyst may include a homogeneous catalyst, wherein the catalyst and reactant(s) are dispersed in the same phase (often a solution). In some cases, a catalyst may include a heterogeneous catalyst, wherein the catalyst and reactant(s) are dispersed in two or more distinct phases, with at least an interface in between. As a nonlimiting example, a heterogeneous catalyst may be included in a solid phase, and one or more reactants may be dispersed in a gas phase; a chemical reaction catalyzed by the heterogeneous catalyst may accordingly occur at an interface between the solid phase and the gas phase. In some cases, a catalyst, such as a heterogeneous catalyst, may have a large specific surface area for one or more reactants to bind / adsorb to and react. In some cases, a heterogeneous catalyst may be implemented as a supported catalyst. For the purposes of this disclosure, a Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110

[0061] “supported catalyst” is a type of catalyst wherein one or more materials with catalytic activity are supported by a porous, catalytically inactive matrix to increase the specific surface area thereof. In some cases, a supported catalyst may include a plurality of monolithic composite photocatalysts, as described in detail below. For the purposes of this disclosure, the “specific surface area” of a material is the surface area of the material per unit mass. As a nonlimiting example, for a material of size a, the mass or volume of the material is expected to scale as a function of a3, whereas the surface area of the material is expected to scale as a function of a2; as a result, the specific surface area of the material is expected to scale as a function of 1 / a. In other words, the specific surface area of a material increases as the size of the material decreases. Therefore, theoretically, a catalyst is expected to show superior catalytic activity as fine particles, such as microparticles or nanoparticles, as opposed to bulk solids.

[0062] In some cases, a catalyst may include a colloidal catalyst. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “colloid” is a particle suspended in a matrix with a size typically between -1 nanometers and -100 nanometers. In other words, colloids may represent a unique state of matter between homogeneous and heterogenous mixtures. Colloids may be suspended in a solid-state matrix such as glass, a liquidstate matrix such as a liquid solvent or solution, or a gaseous matrix such as air. Nonlimiting examples of colloid may include gels, sols, and emulsions, among others. Colloids, when used as a catalyst, may combine the extended surface area of a heterogeneous catalyst and the solubility / solution processability of a homogeneous catalyst, thereby creating unique opportunities as a novel class of functional materials.

[0063] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , at least a portion of photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream 112. In one or more embodiments, impurity-containing fluid stream may include a gaseous fluid stream such as air. In one or more embodiments, impurity-containing fluid stream may include a liquid fluid stream. In one or more embodiments, impurity-containing fluid stream may include one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For the purposes of this disclosure, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of organic chemicals with a high vapor pressure allowing them to easily evaporate into the atmosphere at room temperature. VOCs may be emitted from a wide range of Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 sources, both natural and anthropogenic (human-made), and may include substances such as without limitation benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, xylene, acetaldehyde, dioxane, ethylene oxide (EtO), and isomers of ethylene oxide among others. Specifical details pertaining to EtO will be described below in this disclosure. VOCs are characterized by their ability to quickly transition from liquid / solid states to gaseous form, contributing to air pollution. Many VOCs are harmful to human health by causing respiratory issues, headaches, etc. Some VOCs may be carcinogenic. Additionally, VOCs may play a role in the formation of ground-level ozone and smog, which are major environmental challenges.

[0064] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments, impuritycontaining fluid stream 112 may include a concentration of EtO. For the purposes of this disclosure, ethylene oxide (EtO) is a flammable gas with a chemical formula of C2H4O. EtO is colorless with a slightly sweet odor. The highly strained threemembered ring with two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom makes EtO highly reactive. EtO is soluble in water, alcohol, and most organic solvents. EtO is capable of killing microorganisms, such as without limitation bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, by alkylating the proteins and DNA of these microorganisms, thereby preventing them from reproducing. The ability of EtO to penetrate various materials, including plastics, combined with its sterilizing properties, makes it particularly useful for sterilizing medical devices, surgical instruments, and other sensitive equipment that are heat-and / or moisture-sensitive and cannot withstand high-temperature steam sterilization. However, exposure to EtO may result in adverse health effects including but not limited to irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, vomiting, severe respiratory distress, and pulmonary edema. EtO may also pose a threat to aquatic life and contribute to air and water pollution if not properly contained and managed. EtO, among other VOCs described above, may be degraded via photocatalysis to convert to nontoxic products such as CO2 and H2O. This process may also be known as mineralization. In some cases, during a first stage, EtO may convert or be degraded to a toxic byproduct such as without limitation acetaldehyde and subsequently captured using a filter. In some instances, the first stage may be performed separately and / or incorporated into reactor via distributor plate, which may generate acetaldehyde and other VOCs as byproducts. During a second stage, EtO and / or any other VOC Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 byproducts may subsequently be mineralized via catalytic approaches and / or captured on adsorbent materials and converted into harmless gasses.

[0065] In one or more embodiments, layer of photocatalytic material 108 may include a longitudinal dimension and a lateral dimension. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “longitudinal dimension” is a dimension along a longitudinal direction. Assuming that layer of photocatalytic material 108 is lying flat, longitudinal dimension may be the dimension along the z axis of the Cartesian coordinates. As nonlimiting examples, longitudinal dimension may include a thickness or height at rest (i.e., under zero flow conditions). For the purposes of this disclosure, a “lateral dimension” is a dimension along a lateral direction. Assuming that layer of photocatalytic material 108 is lying flat, lateral dimension may be the dimension across the xy plane of the Cartesian coordinates. As nonlimiting examples, lateral dimension may include the length, width, and / or diagonal span of a square or rectangle, the diameter of a circle, the length of the major axis of an ellipse, among others. The ratio between lateral dimension and longitudinal dimension is between 0.0001 and 10,000. In a non-limiting example, the ratio between lateral dimension and longitudinal dimension may be between 1 and 10,000. As nonlimiting examples, the ratio between longitudinal dimension and lateral dimension may be between 0.0001 and 0.0002, between 0.0002 and 0.0003, between 0.0003 and 0.0004, between 0.0004 and 0.0005, between 0.0005 and 0.0006, between 0.0006 and 0.0007, between 0.0007 and 0.0008, between 0.0008 and 0.0009, between 0.0009 and 0.001 , between 0.001 and 0.002, between 0.002 and 0.003, between 0.003 and 0.004, between 0.004 and 0.005, between 0.005 and 0.006, between 0.006 and 0.007, between 0.007 and 0.008, between 0.008 and 0.009, between 0.009 and 0.01 , between 0.01 and 0.02, between 0.02 and 0.03, between 0.03 and 0.04, between 0.04 and 0.05, between 0.05 and 0.06, between 0.06 and 0.07, between 0.07 and 0.08, between 0.08 and 0.09, between 0.09 and 0.1 , between 0.1 and 0.2, between 0.2 and 0.3, between 0.3 and 0.4, between 0.4 and 0.5, between 0.5 and 0.6, between 0.6 and 0.7, between 0.7 and 0.8, between 0.8 and 0.9, between 0.9 and 1 , between 1 and 2, between 2 and 3, between 3 and 4, between 4 and 5, between 5 and 6, between 6 and 7, between 7 and 8, between 8 and 9, between 9 and 10, between 10 and 20, between 20 and 30, between 30 and 40, between 40 and 50, between 50 and Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0066] 60, between 60 and 70, between 70 and 80, between 80 and 90, between 90 and 100, between 100 and 200, between 200 and 300, between 300 and 400, between 400 and 500, between 500 and 600, between 600 and 700, between 700 and 800, between 800 and 900, between 900 and 1 ,000, between 1 ,000 and 2,000, between 2,000 and 3,000, between 3,000 and 4,000, between 4,000 and 5,000, between 5,000 and 6,000, between 6,000 and 7,000, between 7,000 and 8,000, between 8,000 and 9,000, or between 9,000 and 10,000. To maximize the throughput of a photochemical reaction per photocatalyst, it is generally advisable to choose a relatively small longitudinal dimension by implementing layer of photocatalytic material 108 as a thin bed and / or fixed bed, i.e., the ratio between lateral dimension and longitudinal dimension, as described above, should be relatively small, such as below 1 , below 0.1 , or below 0.01 . In an embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of catalyst bed containing photocatalytic material 108 may be between 0.5 and 50. In yet another non-limiting embodiment, this ratio may be between 1 and 25 inches. This may allow for limited gas accumulation resulting in limited gas bubble agglomeration within catalyst bed. Smaller gas bubbles have more efficient interaction with photocatalytic material 108 because diffusion dimensions are minimized, resulting in greater interaction of the gas species with the photocatalytic material 108 and catalyst bed at any particular unit time. With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments the photocatalytic material 108 may include titanium (IV) oxide. For the purposes of this disclosure, titanium (IV) oxide, titanium dioxide, TiO2, or titania, is an organic material that includes titanium and oxygen, usually in a stoichiometric 1 :2 ratio. Titanium (IV) oxide may exist naturally in several crystalline forms, with anatase, rutile, and brookite being the most common. Titanium (IV) oxide is a semiconductor with a wide band gap, approximately 3.2 eV for anatase and brookite, and 3.0 eV for rutile. As a result of such a wide band gap, titanium (IV) oxide absorbs light primarily in the ultraviolet region, typically within a wavelength range from 275 nanometers to 405 nanometers. Titanium (IV) oxide has a relatively small Bohr exciton radius between 3 nanometers to 8 nm, depending on the exact type of its crystal structure, which indicates a strong exciton binding energy. As the size of titanium (IV) oxide decreases towards its Bohr exciton radius, the quantum confinement effect may play an increasing role in its optoelectronic properties such as absorption profile. Titanium Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0067] (IV) oxide is extensively used as a white pigment in paints, coatings, and plastics due to its high refractive index, providing excellent opacity and brightness. Titanium (IV) oxide is used in sunscreens for its UV-blocking capabilities and in electronics, such as capacitors, sensors, and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), where it may serve as a photoanode material. As a photocatalyst, titanium (IV) oxide, particularly anatase, may be used for environmental applications such as without limitation water purification and air cleaning, as it can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV light, breaking down organic pollutants. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “reactive oxygen species (ROS)” is an oxygen-containing chemical species wherein at least an oxygen atom contains an unpaired electron in its valence shell. In other words, an ROS is a type of oxygen-containing free radical. Due to a missing valence electron and a violation of the octet rule, a ROS is typically highly reactive and capable of oxidizing and degrading organic molecules. Nonlimiting examples of a ROS may include a hydroxyl radical ( OH) and a superoxide ion (-02 ), among others, as recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure.

[0068] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments, the choice of photocatalytic material 108 may depend on several factors. Such factors may include the type of light source, such as the emission wavelength and emission profile thereof. Additionally, such factors may include the type of reaction to catalyze, the redox potential(s) of one or more reactants thereof, the binding affinity of the one or more reactants to a particular photocatalytic material, among others. Additionally, such factors may include one or more stability requirements pertaining to one or more chemical reactions, as some photocatalytic materials are more prone to degradation to others. Accordingly, photocatalytic material 108 may include one or more semiconductor materials in addition to or in place of titanium (IV) oxide. Nonlimiting examples of such semiconductor materials may include Si, Ge, GaAs, GaN, ZnO, CdS, CdTe, PbS, PbSe, InP, InAs, SnO2, WO3, MoS2, BiVO4, Fe2O3, CeO2, CuO, NiO, Cu2O, Ta2O5, SrTiO3, ZrO2, and Sb2S3, among others. In some cases, two or more semiconductor materials may be combined as adjacent layers using methods such as epitaxial growth, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and / or atomic layer deposition (ALD). Details pertaining to combining two or more semiconductor materials may be Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US9,480,766B2, patented on November 1 , 2016, entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC DEVICES AND SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some cases, two or more semiconductor materials may be combined to form a particle with a core-shell structure, additional details of which will be provided below in this disclosure.

[0069] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material may include a transition metal-containing compound or an inner transition metal-containing compound. As a nonlimiting example, a transition metal-containing compound may include one or more cations of one or more transition-metal elements, such as Co, W, V, W, Zr, Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, and / or Ag, among others. As another nonlimiting example, an inner transition metal-containing compound may include one or more cations of one or more lanthanide elements, such as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and / or Lu. As another nonlimiting example, a transition metalcontaining compound or an inner transition metal-containing compound may include one or more nonmetallic anions including O, N, S, and / or F, among others. In some cases, a cation of a transition metal or an inner transition metal may be introduced to photocatalytic material as a dopant to fine-tune its optoelectronic properties such as absorption profile. In some cases, such (inner) transition metal-containing compounds may be applied as a coating layer. Such coating layer may be either applied to a substantially flat surface as a laminate or the like or a highly curved surface as a shell to form a coreshell structure. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “substantially flat surface” is a surface that can be locally treated as flat despite having an extended curvature. A person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be able to recognize how certain (inner) transition metalcontaining compounds may be used for the invention described in this disclosure.

[0070] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material 108 may include a fluidizable photocatalytic material. In some cases, fluidizable photocatalytic material may be implemented as a fluidizable bed, in a fluidized bed reactor. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “fluidized bed reactor” is a type of reactor device capable of carrying out a variety of multiphase chemical Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 reactions. In an embodiment, the ratio of the resting bed height in a static nonfluidized state divided by the fluidized bed height when the bed height is expanded under flow may be less than or equal to 1. In some instances, fluidized bed reactor may include a fixed bed, and / or a stationary bed. In a fluidized bed reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst) at high enough speeds to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process, known as fluidization, may impart several important advantages as described in detail below. A solid (e.g., a photocatalyst) in a fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate, known as a distributor, wherein a fluid passes through the distributor up through the solid. Such distributor may include an active distributor or an inactive distributor, such as a screen or plate with a plurality of holes allowing flow through the plate and providing a suitable pressure drop or back pressure to evenly distribute the flow uniformly across the reactor. Uniformity may be described as the height of the bed. At lower fluid velocities, solid remains in place as fluid passes through the voids therein. Such configuration is known as a packed bed reactor. Packed bed may be composed of glass beads which allow for uniform fluidization. Glass beads may be synthesized from one or more materials containing for example, soda lime glass, and / or borosilicate. Desired diameters may range from about 100-1000 microns. In an embodiment, desired diameters may range from about 300-800 microns. Packed bed thickness may be between 0.25 inches-1 inch. In an embodiment, glass beads may include beads made of non-glass material including for example ceramic beads which may be synthesized from aluminum oxide and / or alumina-silicates. Metallic beads or spheres may also be used, for example stainless steel. As fluid increases its velocity, reactor may reach a stage where the force of fluid applied on solid is strong enough to counterbalance its weight. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at such minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the contents of reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor now becomes a fluidized bed. Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase, various flow regimes may be observed in this reactor. Nonlimiting examples of a fluidizable bed may include packed, moving, and / or ebullated beds. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “fluidizable catalyst” is a type of finely divided solid catalyst, typically ranging from 10 to 1000 micrometers in Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 size, designed for use in fluidized bed reactors, as described above, where it is suspended and mixed by an upward flow of gas or liquid. In some instances, fluidizable catalyst may range from 70 to 1000 micrometers in size. Such fluidization may create a buoyant force that keeps catalyst particles in motion, enhancing the contact between the catalyst and reactants, and ensuring an efficient heat transfer and uniform temperature distribution throughout a reactor. Fluidizable catalysts are commonly used in industrial processes such as catalytic cracking in petroleum refining, gasification, and chemical production, where they provide a large surface area for reactions and enable continuous operation. Additionally, these catalysts can often be regenerated in situ, allowing for the continuous removal of deposits like coke (fully carbonized VOC) or partially decomposed VOCs without shutting down the reactor, thereby improving the efficiency and longevity of the catalyst. Details pertaining to fluidized beds and / or fluidizable catalyst may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,241 , 671 B2, patented on February 8, 2022, entitled “MONOLITHIC COMPOSITE PHOTOCATALYSTS”, and U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,857,924B2, patented on January 2, 2024, entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR SYSTEMS”, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0071] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments, photocatalytic material 108 may include at least an inorganic photosensitizer. Use of such inorganic photosensitizer may modify the absorption profile of a semiconductor with a wide band gap and capture a larger fraction of an electromagnetic radiation spectrum, particularly in the visible light range. Such inorganic photosensitizer may include one or more transition-metal compounds, inner transition metal compounds, and / or semiconductor materials described above. Nonlimiting examples of such inorganic photosensitizer may include Bi2O3, Ag2O, and CuO, among others. Details pertaining to inorganic photosensitizers may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,241 , 671 B2, patented on February 8, 2022, entitled “MONOLITHIC COMPOSITE PHOTOCATALYSTS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0072] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , purification system for fluid and airflow 100 further includes an illumination module 116 containing one or more light sources configured to illuminate one or more reactor units 104 and drive one or more Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 photochemical reactions therein. In one or more embodiments, at least a photochemical reaction of one or more photochemical reactions may be configured to convert EtO to one or more nontoxic byproducts, consistent with details described above. In one or more embodiments, illumination module 116 may be configured to emit photons in a wavelength range between 250 nanometers and 420 nanometers. In some cases, illumination module 116 may be configured to emit photons primarily (e.g., at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or the like) in a wavelength range between 360 nanometers and 390 nanometers. In some cases, illumination module 116 may be configured to illuminate one or more reactor units 104 in an axial direction relative to the one or more reactor units 104. In some cases, one or more light sources 116 may be disposed between a plurality of reactor units 104. In some cases, illumination module 116 may be included in reactor unit 104. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “light source” is a fixture, device, or the like that is capable of emitting photons associated with at least a portion of an electromagnetic spectrum. Illumination module 116 may include a broadband light source that covers a relatively wide spectral window, or a narrowband light source that is relatively focused within a specific wavelength / frequency range. Illumination module 116 may include any type of light source deemed suitable by a person of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, such as without limitation sunlight, mercury vapor lamps, xenon lamps, metal halide lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), fluorescent lamps, laser diodes, tungsten halogen lamps, and high-pressure sodium lamps. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “light-emitting diode (LED)” is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. The light is produced as electrons recombine with holes within the semiconductor material, releasing energy in the form of photons. LEDs are known for their high efficiency, long lifespan, and durability compared to traditional light sources such as incandescent bulbs. LEDs may come in various colors, including red, green, blue, and white, depending on the materials used in the semiconductor and the specific design of the LED. Nonlimiting examples of LEDs may include standard LEDs, high- power LEDs, RGB LEDs, surface-mounted device (SMD) LEDs, chip-on-board (COB) LEDs, organic LEDs (OLEDs), ultraviolet (UV) LEDs, infrared (IR) LEDs, miniature LEDs, bi-color and tri-color LEDs, flashing LEDs, and light bar LEDs. Details pertaining to LEDs may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110

[0073] No. US11 ,857,924B2, patented on January 2, 2024, entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0074] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , illumination module 116 may be spaced within one or more reactor units 104 to uniformly illuminate the one or more reactor units 104. Uniform illumination as used in this disclosure is the minimum measured light intensity at any point compared to the maximum light intensity at any point. Uniform illumination may be >60%. Uniform illumination may be >80%. Uniform illumination may be >90%. Illumination module 116 may be configured to illuminate the one or more reactor units 104 in an axial director relative to the one or more reactor units 104. An “axial direction” as used in this disclosure is a perpendicular arrangement between fluidized bed and illumination module 116. A perpendicular arrangement may be where the fluidized bed and illumination module 116 intersect at a right angle. One or more light sources 116 may be spaced out relative to one another to provide for uniform illumination with no “dead zones” within reactor unit 104. In an embodiment, one or more light sources 116 such as LEDs may be spaced uniformly in a grid somewhere between 0.5 and 1 .5 inches apart for an LED to resting bed distance of somewhere between 1.5 to 5 inches. The uniformity of the LED illumination is such that it should be equal to or as close to 1 , which indicates completely uniform illumination. LUX values should range from 0.5 to 1 , or 0.6 to 1 , or 0.7 to 1 , or 0.8 to 1 , or 0.9 to 1. Uniformity of illumination can be determined by taking several readings of the illuminance level, e.g., the LUX level from several areas of the light source and averaging the values. One or more outlets located within reactor unit 104 may aid in decoupling illumination module 116 from outlet. In an embodiment, illumination module 116 may include an LED illumination module consisting of one or more LED illumination light sources which may be of the same size and shape as fluidized bed. LEDs may be comprised of a dome of silicon. LEDs may be spaced evenly throughout LED illumination module to provide uniform illumination. LED illumination module may include a reflector. A “reflector” as used in this disclosure is a surface designed to reflect light in a specific direction. Reflector may aid in reflecting light illuminated by one or more LEDs to help improve light utilization. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) and reflector may be enclosed within a protective glass casing that isolates them from airflow within reactor unit 104. Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0075] Protective glass casing may protect LEDs from interaction with particles contained within reactor unit 104. Protective glass casing may be comprised of one or more ingredients such as silica, sodium carbonate, and / or limestone. In some cases, the glass may be Borofloat manufactured by Schott. Contained within protective glass casing may be a breather. “Breather” as used in this disclosure is a vent or vale that may aid on equalizing pressure inside protective glass and LED assembly.

[0076] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , purification system for fluid and airflow 100 and / or components therein may be constructed using any suitable material or combination of materials having both sufficient rigidity and sufficient flexibility (i.e., elasticity). Suitable material or materials may not only support the weight of and / or tolerate the tension within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 while holding its components in place, but also withstand temporary deformation from their resting positions without cracking when assembled or disassembled. Suitable material or materials may include metals or metal alloys including but not limited to iron, manganese, nickel, copper, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, titanium and / or aluminum, comparably robust synthetic and / or polymeric materials such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and resins, composite materials such as fiberglass, any combination thereof, and / or any alternative material or materials known by a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the entirety of this disclosure to be suitable for purification system for fluid and airflow 100 and elements related thereto. In some cases, one or more elements within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include more internal voids to add lightness to purification system for fluid and airflow 100, making it easier to transport. In one or more embodiments, one or more elements within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include one or more internal bracing elements, such as triangular bracing made up of sheets or walls using one or more rigid materials. Bracing elements and voids may form any suitable configuration, including without limitation honeycomb construction. Such bracing may increase structural strength of an element while retaining lightness of construction introduced by one or more voids. In some cases, part of purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be made of one or more transparent materials such as glass, treated glass including laminated safety glass, or plexiglass including, but not limited to, Lexan Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 polycarbonate, acrylic plastics including stretched acrylic, reinforced glass, and / or any material known by a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the entirety of this disclosure to be suitable for transparent materials. In some cases, certain elements of purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be in contact with liquid or moisture and therefore constructed with antifouling and / or corrosionresistant materials such as silicone. Alternatively, and / or additionally, one or more elements within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be treated to create any type of appearance or finish using any type of materials and / or method deemed suitable by a person of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure; exemplary embodiments of finishes for metal-based materials may include metallic / metal oxide coatings, enamels, epoxy coatings, polyurethane coatings, among others.

[0077] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , in one or more embodiments, one or more elements within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be mounted to one another using mechanical fasteners including, but not limited to, screws, nuts and bolts, anchors, clips, welding, brazing, crimping, nails, blind rivets, pull-through rivets, pins, dowels, snap-fits, clamps, and / or the like. In one or more embodiments, one or more elements within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be bound to one another using one or more adhesives, such as epoxy adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, polyimide adhesives, acrylic adhesives or the like. In some cases, elements within purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be integrated with one another using one or more sets of mating features. For the purposes of this disclosure, a pair of “mating features” are two sets of complementary geometric structures, i.e., a first mating feature and a second mating feature, that are capable of interlocking with one another to secure a stable connection in between without slipping over one another. First mating feature may include any component of any latching or fastening apparatus and may latch or fasten to second mating feature, and vice versa. In one or more embodiments, first mating feature may form a mortise-and-tenon combination with second mating feature; the mortise-and-tenon combination may include at least a projection and / or recess in first mating feature that is inserted into and / or penetrated by a corresponding recess and / or projection in second mating feature. As a nonlimiting example, first mating feature may include at least a projection, which may be Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 cylindrical or have any other suitable form, that projects from a surface. Alternatively, and / or additionally, in one or more embodiments, other types of mating mechanisms, such as screws, bolts, snap lock mechanisms, twist lock mechanisms, and / or the like may be used. As a nonlimiting example, one or more mating components may include male grooves that are configured to be inserted into one or more receiving female grooves. Groove may include a tongue and groove, a half lap, a rabbet joint, a biscuit joint, a dowel joint, a dado going, an ordinary male groove, and the like. In one or more embodiments, a mating feature may be further divided into a plurality of mating sub-features, and more than one pair of mating sub-features may be implemented between two elements to further stabilize purification system for fluid and airflow 100.

[0078] With continued reference to FIG. 1 , purification system for fluid and airflow includes an inlet plenum and an outlet plenum. An “inlet plenum” as used in this disclosure, is an opening where air, a gas and / or a fluid enters purification system for fluid and airflow before being distributed to one or more components. An “outlet plenum” as used in this disclosure, is an opening where air, gas, and / or a fluid exit purification system for fluid and airflow.

[0079] Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary embodiment of a monolithic composite photocatalyst 200 is illustrated. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “monolithic composite photocatalyst” is a photocatalyst with two or more components integrated into a discrete unit. In some cases, a monolithic composite photocatalyst may include a particle such as a microparticle or nanoparticle. In one or more embodiments, monolithic composite photocatalyst 200 may include or be implemented as a supported catalyst, as described above in this disclosure, wherein each monolithic composite photocatalyst 200 of plurality of monolithic composite photocatalysts 200 may include a non-photocatalytic porous support 204 and at least a photocatalytic particle 208 deposited within one or more pores 212 of the non-photocatalytic porous support 204. Photocatalytic particle 208 may include any type of material with photocatalytic activity described above in this disclosure and may include one or more semiconductor materials and / or one or more (inner) transition metal compounds.

[0080] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, photocatalytic particle 208 may include a metallic particle. Metallic particles may include without limitation Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 transition-metal particles, precious-metal particles, and / or noble metal particles. Nonlimiting examples of metallic particles pertaining to the invention described herein may include Pt, Pd, Ag, Au, Cu, and Fe, among others. Metal particles may be incorporated into a host (e.g., non-photocatalytic porous support 204) using impregnation techniques. To implement such impregnation techniques, metal precursor solutions may be added to a host, and solvent may be removed in a subsequent drying step. Details described herein may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,052,385B2, patented on July 6, 2021 , entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC SURFACE SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0081] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, photocatalytic particle 208 may include a core-shell structure. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “coreshell structure” is a type of structure where a first material is encapsulated by a second material and isolated from an external chemical environment. Such coreshell structure may be implemented to provide additional stability to an often-labile core material and / or may passivate certain electron defects such as electron traps or hole traps therein. In some cases, a core material and a shell material may include different types of semiconductor materials with different band gaps, thereby forming type I, type II, quasi-type II, or type III band alignment. Details pertaining to core-shell structures may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,052,385B2, patented on July 6, 2021 , entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC SURFACE SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0082] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, a photocatalytic particle 208 may include a ligand layer with a plurality of ligands. For the purposes of this disclosure, a ligand layer is a layer of ligands that encapsulates, passivates, and stabilizes a particle by decreasing its surface Gibbs free energy. A ligand layer prevents a particle from aggregating with another particle or undergoing undesired degradation. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “ligand” is a chemical species capable of binding with and stabilizing another chemical species through coordinate covalent bond. A ligand may include a neutral molecule or an ion, and usually contains relatively polarizable elements such as O, N, P, S, or the like with lone-pair electrons available for forming coordinate covalent bonds. A ligand may include a surfactant with a hydrophilic head portion and a hydrophobic tail portion. A plurality Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 of ligands, once collectively anchored to a particle, constitutes a ligand layer. A ligand may include any type of ligand deemed suitable by a person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, such as without limitation alkoxysilanes, amines, thiols / thiolates, phosphonic acids / phosphonates, carboxylic acids / carboxylates, alcohols, sulfonic acids / sulfonates, among others. Details pertaining to ligand and ligand layer may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,052,385B2, patented on July 6, 2021 , entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC SURFACE SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0083] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, photocatalytic particle 208 may have a size between 2 nanometers and 10 nanometers. In some cases, photocatalytic particle 208 may have a size <10nm. As nonlimiting examples, photocatalytic particle 208 may have a size between 2 nanometers and 3 nanometers, between 3 nanometers and 4 nanometers, between 4 nanometers and 5 nanometers, between 5 nanometers and 6 nanometers, between 6 nanometers and 7 nanometers, between 7 nanometers and 8 nanometers, between 8 nanometers and 9 nanometers, or between 9 nanometers and 10 nanometers.

[0084] With continued reference to FIG. 2, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may include any type of support material deemed suitable by a person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure. Non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may include one or more inorganic porous supports such as zeolites, SiO2, MgO, AI2O3, silica-alumina, TiO2, ThO2, ZrO2, or another refractory oxide similar thereto, among others. For the purposes of this disclosure, “zeolites” are a group of naturally occurring and synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate minerals with a porous structure. Zeolites contain a three-dimensional framework of SiO4 (silicate) and AIO4 (aluminate) tetrahedra, linked by shared oxygen atoms. This structure creates a network of interconnected pores and channels of uniform size, making zeolites highly effective as molecular sieves. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “refractory oxide” is a type of metal oxide that is highly resistant to heat, chemical attack, and wear. Refractory oxides encompass a broad range of unary, binary, and ternary ceramic compounds and typically have high melting points, low thermal conductivity, and good mechanical strength. Refractory oxides may be used Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 in structural, insulating, and other applications. Due to their superior structural integrity at high temperatures, refractory oxides are particularly suitable for use in environments that require materials to withstand extreme temperatures and harsh conditions. Alternatively, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may include one or more organic porous supports such as polyurethanes, epoxies, or silicones, among others. In some cases, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may include a combination of one or more organic porous supports and one or more inorganic porous supports. Details pertaining to non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,052,385B2, patented on July 6, 2021 , entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC SURFACE SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0085] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may have a diameter between 20 micrometers and 3000 micrometers. As nonlimiting examples, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may include a diameter between 300 micrometers and 350 micrometers, between 350 micrometers and 400 micrometers, between 400 micrometers and 450 micrometers, or between 450 micrometers and 500 micrometers.

[0086] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may have a pore size between 2 nanometers and 50 nanometers. As nonlimiting examples, non-photocatalytic porous support 204 may have a pore size between 2 nanometers and 3 nanometers, between 3 nanometers and 4 nanometers, between 4 nanometers and 5 nanometers, between 5 nanometers and 6 nanometers, between 6 nanometers and 7 nanometers, between 7 nanometers and 8 nanometers, between 8 nanometers and 9 nanometers, between 9 nanometers and 10 nanometers, between 10 nanometers and 20 nanometers, between 20 nanometers and 30 nanometers, between 30 nanometers and 40 nanometers, or between 50 nanometers and 50 nanometers.

[0087] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some cases, monolithic composite photocatalyst 200 may include a loading between 1 % and 30% by mass of photocatalytic particle 208. As nonlimiting examples, such loading may be between 1 % and 2%, between 2% and 3%, between 3% and 4%, between 4% and 5%, between 5% and 6%, between 6% and 7%, between 7% and 8%, between 8% and Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110

[0088] 9%, between 9% and 10%, between 10% and 15%, between 15% and 20%, or between 20% and 25% by mass. Illumination from illumination module may be in an axial direction with respect to the fluidized bed. Axial direction is perpendicular to the planar surface of the fluidized bed.

[0089] Referring now to FIG 3, an exemplary embodiment 300 of a portion of reactor unit 104 is illustrated to reveal details therein. In one or more embodiments, reactor unit 104 may include a confinement layer 304 configured to support or secure a layer of permeable media. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “confinement layer” is a permeable structure configured to support and / or retain a layer of permeable media. Photocatalytic material 108 is disposed above the assembly allowing impurity-containing fluid stream 112 to pass through the assembly with a reasonably low resistance and light to contact the photocatalytic material 108. Confinement layers 304 may sustain a pressure drop below layer of photocatalytic material 108. Confinement layer 304 may be disposed both below and above layer of permeable media, thereby retaining it therebetween. Confinement layer 304 may be constructed using any suitable material recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure. As a nonlimiting example, confinement layer 304 may be constructed of a grid 312 with large open areas with a separate layer, for example, a retaining screen 308, with openings of a size at a maximum of slightly smaller than the permeable media for the case where the permeable media is in the form of beads or particles. Retaining screen 308 may aid in maintaining performance in applications where reactor unit 104 may not be level and / or subject to acceleration or deceleration forces such as for example during transportation. Retaining screen 308 may include lateral constraints such as many small reactor sectors which may aid in maintaining performance in situations where reactor unit 104 may not be level and / or subject to acceleration or deceleration forces such as for example during transportation. Slightly smaller may be defined as the difference between the largest dimension of the screen opening compared to the largest dimension of permeable media expressed as a percent. The percent difference may be from 1 - 50% or 1 - 25% or 1 - 10% or 1 - 5%. Slightly smaller may be defined as the difference between the largest dimension of the screen opening compared to the largest dimension of individual photocatalyst media Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 expressed as a percent. The percent difference may be from 1 - 50% or 1 - 25% or 1 - 10% or 1 - 5%. Grid 312 may be machined from a plate using drilling, milling, plasma, water-jet or laser cutting. Grid312 openings may be 5 - 1000 times larger than those in confinement layer 304. As further nonlimiting examples, confinement layer 304 may be alternatively constructed as an open cell foam, a membrane, a honeycomb, or a non-woven filter-like element.

[0090] With continued reference to FIG. 3, confinement layer 304 may include a mesh structure, and openings of such mesh structure may be larger than or smaller than the dimension of photocatalytic material 108 and / or monolithic composite photocatalyst 200 and / or permeable media. In some cases, confinement layer 304 may include a plurality of retaining screens 308 and a plurality of support grids 312. In particular, confinement layer 304 may be a dual screen structure with different opening sizes, different open area, and / or different wire sizes fused together thereby forming a dual-mesh structure. In such dual-mesh structure, layer of permeable media may be disposed between a pair of retaining screens 308, which is further disposed between a pair of support grids 312. Such double-mesh structure may, in some cases, function as part of a leveling mechanism. In some instances, structure may include perforated plates with different numbers and sizes of holes. Additional details will be provided below in this disclosure. Permeable media may include beads, pellets, glass wool, or fibers. The permeable media may have cross sectional dimensions from 0.01 to 1 mm. The permeable media may further be disposed within a spacing element between the confinement layers that comprises tubular standoffs oriented perpendicular to the confinement layers, machined elements, or a honeycomb material with the cells aligned perpendicular to the confinement layers to allow fluid flow therethrough.

[0091] With continued reference to FIG. 3, in some cases, at least a reactor unit of one or more reactor units may further include an adhesion layer (not shown), wherein layer of photocatalytic material 108 may be affixed to a confinement layer 304 through the adhesion layer. For the purposes of this disclosure, an “adhesion” layer is a layer of chemical capable of binding two elements together, preventing one element from separating from the other element using chemical bonds or sufficiently strong noncovalent interactions. As nonlimiting examples of adhesion layer may include phosphorous oxide-, potassium oxide-, or lithium oxide- Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 containing silicate glasses, which in some concentrations may have softening temperatures below 250 °C and melting points below 500 °C, while maintaining relatively low (e.g., below 5%) optical absorption for wavelengths in the wavelength range between 320 nanometers and 700 nanometers, i.e., ultraviolet-A (UVA) through visible wavelengths. Details pertaining to confinement layer and / or adhesion layer may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US12,042,780B2, patented on July 23, 2024, entitled “MONOLITHIC COMPOSITE PHOTOCATALYSTS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0092] Photocatalytic media may be embedded within fibrous networks through a microfibrous media entrapment method. Microfibrous entrapped catalysts (MFECs) sinterlock the catalyst particle in a fiber mesh with high voidage. The final product resembles a typical air filter but retains some flexibility to shape the resulting media for a desired application. The unique attributes of the monolithic composite photocatalyst allow greater flexibility in the materials that may be used for the microfibrous media and advantageously, UV-A transparent materials that are suitable for 365 nm illumination. Details pertaining to a MFEC layer may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US12,042,780B2, patented on July 23, 2024, entitled “MONOLITHIC COMPOSITE PHOTOCATALYSTS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0093] With continued reference to FIG. 3, in one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may further include a resin 316 as a permeable media configured to absorb and fixate a contaminant from impuritycontaining fluid stream 112. Resin 316 is disposed in close proximity to layer of photocatalytic material 108 within reactor unit 104, such that chemicals not captured or alternatively, released by the resin 316 may be photocatalytically degraded. In some cases, resin 316 may be in communication with reactor unit 104 / purifi cation system for fluid and airflow 100 and perform its function in a continuous manner as impurity-containing fluid stream 112 passes through. In some cases, resin 316 may include a resin layer disposed within reactor unit 104. In some cases, resin 316 may include a resin layer disposed between adjacent reactor units. In some cases, resin 316 may be implemented independently from reaction unit 104, as a separate element of purification system for fluid and airflow 100. In some cases, resin may be implemented in purification system for fluid and Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 airflow 100 / reactor unit 104 using an active distributor, consistent with details described elsewhere in this disclosure. In some cases, resin 316 may be in fluid communication with reactor unit 104. As nonlimiting examples, resin 316 may be implemented as a fixed-bed resin. As another nonlimiting example, resin 316 may be implemented under a pleated-filter configuration. As another nonlimiting example, resin 316 may be implemented as a fluidized-bed resin, consistent with details described elsewhere in this disclosure. In some cases, resin 316 may be configured to selectively absorb and retain EtO. The resin may be an ion exchange resin comprised of styrene and divinyl styrene with acidic functionality provided by sulfonic acid groups contained on or in the resin. Such resins may be obtained under the trade names of Dowex M-31 , DuPont Amberlyst 17, or similar materials.

[0094] With continued reference to FIG. 3, in one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include at least a filter layer configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of impurity-containing fluid stream 112. In some cases, resin 316 may be integrated within at least a filter layer. In some cases, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include one or more moisturereducing devices and / or compressor units to reduce a moisture level within impuritycontaining fluid stream 112.

[0095] Referring now to FIGS. 4A-B, additional exemplary embodiments 400a-b of reactor units 104 are illustrated. In one or more embodiments, as shown in embodiment 400a, reactor unit 104 may have a shape of a rectangular prism or a cylinder. In one or more embodiments, as shown in embodiment 400b, one or more reactor units 104 may be stacked in parallel to maximize the effective cross- sectional area thereof and increase the throughput of a photochemical reaction. In one or more embodiments, one or more reactor units 104 may be stacked in series, wherein impurity-containing fluid stream 112 may sequentially pass through multiple layers (e.g., via one or more distributors) of photocatalytic material 108. Such configuration may allow for sufficient contact between one or more reactants and a photocatalyst and drive a photochemical reaction to approach completion. Such configuration may also allow for a series of photochemical reactions to occur in a sequential manner using a plurality of different photocatalysts, each of which may be optimized for a particular step within the series of photochemical reactions. Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0096] Referring now to FIG. 5, an exemplary embodiment 500 of reactor unit 104 with an inverted-cone configuration is illustrated. Reactor unit 104 includes one or more reflecting elements 504. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “reflecting element” is a device capable of reflecting or redirecting a beam of light. Reflecting elements 504 may include either a planar / substantially planar surface or a curved surface and may reduce energy loss by concentrating photons within reactor unit 104. Nonlimiting examples of reflecting element 504 may include reflective surfaces or reflective walls such as mirrors or the like. In some cases, reflecting element 504 may include one or more layers of transparent and / or abrasion-resistant coatings. In one or more embodiments, reactor unit 104 may further include at least a reflecting element 504 configured to direct illumination onto layer of photocatalytic material 108 supported by distributor 508. Details pertaining to reflecting elements 504 and coatings applied to may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,857,924B2, patented on January 2, 2024, entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Reflecting element 504 may also be an anodized or other chemically treated aluminum layer.

[0097] With continued reference to FIG. 5, in some cases, reactor unit 104 may include an inverted cone shape, and at least a reflecting element 504 may accordingly be disposed at an inner surface of the inverted cone shape. Such cone shape may include a circular or elliptical cross-section in the lateral dimension (i.e., across the xy plan of the Cartesian coordinates). In some cases, reactor unit 104 may include a pyramidal shape, and at least a reflecting element 504 may accordingly be disposed at an inner surface of the pyramidal shape. Such cone shape may include a polygonal cross-section in the lateral dimension (i.e., across the xy plan of the Cartesian coordinates), which may include shapes such as without limitation square, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, or the like. In this arrangement, the photocatalytic material 108 rests upon the distributor 508 and is illuminated by a light source 509 at the opposite (top) end of the cone. This light source may comprise an LED or an array of LEDs with properties described herein previously. Optionally, the photocatalytic material 108 may be illuminated from below. In this case, the distributor 508 is substantially optically transparent at the illumination wavelengths. Substantially transparent means allowing >50%, or 60%, Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 or 70% or 80%, or 90% or 95%, or 99% transmission of photons at the illumination wavelength(s). Illumination of the photocatalytic material 108 may be from the top, from below, or both. Details pertaining to shapes of reactor unit 104 and arrangements of illumination module 116 related thereto may be consistent with any detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. US11 ,857,924B2, patented on January 2, 2024, entitled “PHOTOCATALYTIC FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR SYSTEMS”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Distributor 508 may be of the type described above, i.e., with permeable media or of a rigid element with perforations therein. The size of the perforations (e.g., diameter of holes) and spacing is chosen to minimize overall pressure drop while providing sufficient pressure drop for uniform fluidization across the bed. Uniform fluidization is defined as local linear flow thorough the distributor that is within 50% of the average flow, or 60% of the average flow, or 70% of the average flow, or 80% of the average flow, or 90% of the average flow, or 95% of the average flow. Local linear flow refers to the average flow over an area of the bed that is at least 10% of the total area of the bed. In addition to a perforated element, the rigid element may be an open cell foam, a frit, or rigid, permeable fibrous material. A screen is disposed above the perforated element with an opening size less than the size of the photocatalyst particles to prevent the photocatalyst from falling through the screen. The spacing between the distributor assembly and the screen may be from 0.1 to 20mm. A dual screen as described above may be employed to impart rigidity to the screen in order to maintain uniform spacing. Alternatively, spacers may be disposed between the distributor assembly and the screen to maintain uniform spacing between the two elements.

[0098] With continued reference to FIG. 5, distributor 508 may include a punched plate. A “punched plate” as used in this disclosure is a plate containing one or more holes or openings punched throughout it. This may allow for uniform fluidization throughout reactor unit 104.

[0099] Referring now to FIG. 6A, FIG. 6A illustrates a challenge 600a of utilizing a purification system for fluid and airflow 100 in a nonstationary environment, such as a cargo in transportation that frequently undergoes bumps, inclines, acceleration, and / or deceleration. As illustrated in FIG. 6A, an uneven distribution of catalysts may result in a bypass. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “bypass” is a scenario Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 where a catalyzed chemical reaction cannot occur efficiently due to reactants not in sufficient contact with a catalyst. To remediate such challenge, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 further includes a leveling mechanism configured to distribute a loading of photocata lytic material 108 at or above a threshold. In one or more embodiments, threshold may include a threshold thickness of photocatalytic material. As a nonlimiting example, to prevent a case of bypass, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be configured to maintain a minimum thickness of 1 mm - 2 cm for layer of photocatalytic material 108. In one or more embodiments, threshold may include a threshold percentage of coverage of photocatalytic material. As a nonlimiting example, to prevent a case of bypass, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be configured to maintain a minimum coverage of 80%, 80%, 95%, 99%, or the like, of photocatalytic material 108.

[0100] Referring now to FIGS. 6B-D, exemplary embodiments of leveling mechanisms 600b-d are illustrated. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “leveling mechanism” is a structural element in a system that keeps the system and content(s) therein at a certain location, orientation, or the like. In one or more embodiments, a leveling mechanism may be fully automatic. It has been surprisingly discovered that if the bed is pushed to one side prior to starting the reactor that the bed “self-levels” or evens out in thickness. In one or more embodiments, a leveling mechanism may be semi-automated and require some extent of human intervention. In one or more embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6B, leveling mechanism 600b may include a self-leveling mechanism. Such self-leveling mechanism may be powered by a power source, as described below, and may be activated or deactivated using a computing device, a mechanical switch, or the like. As a nonlimiting example, such self-leveling mechanism may be implemented as a gimble. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “gimbal” is a pivoted support mechanism that allows an object to remain level or rotate freely along one or more axes. It typically consists of rings or frames, mounted on bearings, that can rotate independently of one another, enabling a supported object to maintain its orientation regardless of the motion of its base, some cases, leveling mechanism 600b may be powered by one or more auxiliary vibrations, such as using one or more auxiliary vibrators / shakers. In some cases, leveling mechanism 600b may be Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 powered by normal shaking from inherent vibrations from bumps, inclines, acceleration, and / or deceleration, among others.

[0101] With continued reference to FIGS. 6B-D, in one or more embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6C, leveling mechanism 600c may include a retaining screen 610 disposed at a distance 604 opposite confinement layer 304 (alternatively the screen above a permeable plate distributor) and configured to secure layer of photocatalytic material 108. As nonlimiting examples, such distance may be selected to be 1.1 times, 1 .2 times, or 1 .3 times the resting thickness 608 photocatalytic material 108. Such configuration may ensure a minimum thickness / coverage of photocatalytic material 108 in the case of incline or rapid acceleration / deceleration, e.g., as a vehicle or the like moves uphill / downhill or triggers an accelerator / brake. Such configuration may also allow for sufficient freedom for redistributing the photocatalytic material 108, such as through a fluid flow, by normal shaking from inherent vibrations, or via auxiliary vibrators / shakers. In one or more embodiments, leveling mechanism 600c may include a plurality of retaining screens 610, wherein layer of photocatalytic material 108 may be disposed between a first retaining screen 610 and a second retaining screen 610 of the plurality of retaining screens 610 and thus retained therebetween.

[0102] With continued reference to FIGS. 6B-D, in one or more embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6D, leveling mechanism 600d may include a plurality of cells 612, wherein layer of photocatalytic material 108 is disposed across the plurality of cells 612. To some extent, each cell 612 containing photocatalytic material 108 may be considered a mini reactor. Such configuration may ensure that photocatalytic material 108 is evenly distributed, at least to some extent, i.e., above a threshold thickness or threshold percentage of coverage, as described above, despite being placed in a nonstationary environment. In some cases, plurality of cells 612 may be disposed in a square lattice (e.g., a grid), a rectangular lattice, a hexagonal lattice (e.g., a honeycomb structure), or an oblique lattice. In some cases, plurality of cells 612 may be created using a plurality of intersecting dividers. Cell 612 may be of any suitable shape recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art as suitable for accommodating a photocatalyst upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure. As nonlimiting examples, shape of cell 612 may include right rectangular prism / right square prism, triangular prism, pentagonal prism, hexagonal prism, parallelepiped, Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 rhombohedron, trigonal trapezohedron, right or oblique circular cylinder, elliptic cylinder, truncated sphere, truncated ellipsoid, or a similar geometry, including one or more variations thereof, that is flat or substantially flat on a first side and includes an opening on a second side facing opposite the first side.

[0103] Referring now to FIG. 7A, an exemplary use case 700a for purification system for fluid and airflow 100 is illustrated. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be integrated with a container 704, as abatement unit 708, wherein impurity-containing fluid stream 112 may be generated from one or more contents within the container 704. Container 704 may be of any size / shape and may include without limitation cargos, trucks, seacontainers, manufacturing modules, or the like. Container 704 may also include one or more inlets or outlets. The number, size, spacing, and / or locations of these inlets and outlets may be strategically selected based on a specific use case to optimize the performance of purification system for fluid and airflow 100. In some cases, container 704 may include a negative pressure with respect to an ambient pressure. Such negative pressure may be achieved by connecting a blower 712 to an outlet instead of an inlet. Such configuration may ensure that container 704 takes in air from an outside environment instead of pushing contaminated air into the outside environment. This consideration may be particularly relevant when hermeticity is challenging to maintain, as certain pollutants, such as EtO, are capable of permeating a seal or a polymeric component in a container. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may further include at least a moisture-reducing device, such as a desiccant wheel, configured to reduce a moisture level within impurity-containing fluid stream 112, as described above. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may further include at least a filter configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of impurity-containing fluid stream 112, as described above.

[0104] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, purification system for fluid and airflow is configured to discharge airflow directly into external occupied space. This allows for airflow to be directly discharged to external environment instead of having to utilize a duct system to discharge into a waste air stream. In an embodiment, purification system for fluid and airflow may be in communication with an occupied space under positive pressure to provide a habitable space. In an embodiment, Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 purification system for fluid and airflow may be in communication with an occupied space under negative pressure to provide a habitable space. In an embodiment, an occupied space may include for example, a forklift cab. This may aid in expelling air of an acceptable quality that requires no further treatment. Air of an acceptable quality may contain a removal efficiency of about 85%; a removal efficiency of about 90%; and most preferably a removal efficiency of about 99.9%. Inlet concentrations of air may be anywhere from about 0.01 to 100 parts per billion (PPB). Discharged air may be free of contaminants and easily breathable by humans or animals alike.

[0105] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be configured as stationary or mobile, depending on its exact use case. In one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include at least a mobility element configured to move the purification system for fluid and airflow 100 between a plurality of locations. In some cases, such mobility element may include a wheel, a rail, a pulley, or the like.

[0106] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, in one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be configured to connect to a power source. In some cases, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may utilize power to maintain a suitable illumination or range of illumination for a photochemical reaction. In some cases, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may utilize power to activate one or more elements related thereto, such as blower 712 or a moisture-reducing device. In some cases, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include or be connected to one or more integral connectors for containers with receptacles in specific locations along a process flow. In some cases, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be configured to minimize power consumption via specifically programmed duty cycles. Power source may include any fixture or device capable of providing energy to at least a component of purification system for fluid and airflow 100 and one or more therein. Power source may include, without limitation, a wall outlet, a generator, a photovoltaic device, a fuel cell such as a hydrogen fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, and / or solid oxide fuel cell, or an electric energy storage device; electric energy storage device may include without limitation a battery, a capacitor, and / or inductor. In some cases, power source and / or energy storage device may include an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) when there’s a case of interruption such as a disconnected trailer. For Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 the purposes of this disclosure, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is an electrical device that provides emergency power to a load when the main power source fails or drops below an acceptable voltage level. A UPS typically contains a battery that kicks in instantly when it detects a loss of power, ensuring that connected equipment continues to operate without interruption. UPS systems are commonly used to protect critical electronic devices such as computers, data centers, telecommunications equipment, and medical devices from power disruptions that could lead to data loss, hardware damage, or downtime. In addition to providing backup power, many UPS systems also offer surge protection and voltage regulation to safeguard connected devices from power spikes and fluctuations.

[0107] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, power source and / or energy storage device may include at least a battery, a battery cell, and / or a plurality of battery cells connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of series and parallel connections such as series connections into modules that are connected in parallel with other like modules. Battery and / or battery cell may include elements such as, without limitation, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxides, nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium manganese oxide cathodes, which may be mixed with one another or with another cathode material to provide more specific power as required by the application; lithium metal anodes that provide high power on demand; and silicon or titanite anode. In one or more embodiments, battery may include, without limitation, a battery using nickel-based materials such as nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride, a battery using lithium ion battery materials such as a nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, and / or lithium manganese oxide, a battery using lithium polymer technology, lead-based batteries such as without limitation lead acid batteries, metalair batteries, or any other suitable alternative. Power source may also be provided by a generator or power take off from a mobile unit such as a forklift. A person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various devices of components that may be used as power source.

[0108] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, in one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may further include a processor. Processor may include or be included in a computing device. Computing device Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 could include any analog or digital control circuit, including an operational amplifier circuit, a combinational logic circuit, a sequential logic circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or the like. Computing device may include a processor communicatively connected to a memory, wherein the memory contains instructions configuring the processor to perform any processing steps described herein. Computing device may include any computing device as described in this disclosure, including without limitation a microcontroller, microprocessor, digital signal processor, and / or system on a chip as described in this disclosure. Computing device may include, be included in, and / or communicate with a mobile device such as a mobile telephone, smartphone, or tablet. Computing device may include a single computing device operating independently, or may include two or more computing device operating in concert, in parallel, sequentially or the like; two or more computing devices may be included together in a single computing device or in two or more computing devices. Computing device may interface or communicate with one or more additional devices as described below in further detail via a network interface device. Network interface device may be utilized for connecting computing device to one or more of a variety of networks, and one or more devices. Examples of a network interface device include, but are not limited to, a network interface card (e.g., a mobile network interface card, a LAN card), a modem, and any combination thereof. Examples of a network include, but are not limited to, a wide area network (e.g., the Internet, an enterprise network), a local area network (e.g., a network associated with an office, a building, a campus, or other relatively small geographic space), a telephone network, a data network associated with a telephone / voice provider (e.g., a mobile communications provider data and / or voice network), a direct connection between two computing devices, and any combinations thereof. A network may employ a wired and / or a wireless mode of communication. In general, any network topology may be used. Information (e.g., data, software etc.) may be communicated to and / or from a computer and / or a computing device. Computing device may include but is not limited to, for example, a first computing device or cluster of computing devices in a first location and a second computing device or cluster of computing devices in a second location. Computing device may include one or more computing devices dedicated to data storage, security, distribution of traffic for load balancing, and the Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 like. Computing device may distribute one or more computing tasks as described below across a plurality of computing devices of computing device, which may operate in parallel, in series, redundantly, or in any other manner used for distribution of tasks or memory between computing devices. Computing device may be implemented, as a nonlimiting example, using a “shared nothing” architecture.

[0109] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, computing device may be designed and / or configured to perform any method, method step, or sequence of method steps in any embodiment described in this disclosure, in any order and with any degree of repetition. For instance, computing device may be configured to perform a single step or sequence repeatedly until a desired or commanded outcome is achieved; repetition of a step or a sequence of steps may be performed iteratively and / or recursively using outputs of previous repetitions as inputs to subsequent repetitions, aggregating inputs and / or outputs of repetitions to produce an aggregate result, reduction or decrement of one or more variables such as global variables, and / or division of a larger processing task into a set of iteratively addressed smaller processing tasks. Computing device may perform any step or sequence of steps as described in this disclosure in parallel, such as simultaneously and / or substantially simultaneously performing a step two or more times using two or more parallel threads, processor cores, or the like; division of tasks between parallel threads and / or processes may be performed according to any protocol suitable for division of tasks between iterations. A person skilled in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various ways in which steps, sequences of steps, processing tasks, and / or data may be subdivided, shared, or otherwise dealt with using iteration, recursion, and / or parallel processing. More details regarding computing devices will be described below.

[0110] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may further include a memory communicatively connected to the processor. For the purposes of this disclosure, “communicatively connected” means connected by way of a connection, attachment, or linkage between two or more relata which allows for reception and / or transmittance of information therebetween. For example, and without limitation, this connection may be wired or wireless, direct, or indirect, and between two or more components, circuits, devices, systems, and the like, which allows for reception and / or transmittance of data and / or signal(s) therebetween. Data Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 and / or signals therebetween may include, without limitation, electrical, electromagnetic, magnetic, video, audio, radio, and microwave data and / or signals, combinations thereof, and the like, among others. A communicative connection may be achieved, for example and without limitation, through wired or wireless electronic, digital, or analog, communication, either directly or by way of one or more intervening devices or components. Further, communicative connection may include electrically coupling or connecting at least an output of one device, component, or circuit to at least an input of another device, component, or circuit. For example, and without limitation, using a bus or other facility for intercommunication between elements of a computing device. Communicative connecting may also include indirect connections via, for example and without limitation, wireless connection, radio communication, low-power wide-area network, optical communication, magnetic, capacitive, or optical coupling, and the like. In some instances, the terminology “communicatively coupled” may be used in place of communicatively connected in this disclosure.

[0111] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, memory contains instructions configuring processor to receive from a detector 716, status data pertaining to purification system for fluid and airflow 100, compare the received status data against one or more performance metrics, and output a status report as a function of the comparison. Status data may include any type of data pertinent to the proper functioning of purification system for fluid and airflow 100, such as without limitation temperature, pressure, humidity, oxygen level, among others. Accordingly, status report may indicate any aspect pertaining to the overall health of purification system for fluid and airflow 100. As a nonlimiting example, status report may include one or more level reports indicating a general level of performance or the like, e.g., normal, vs. abnormal, automated vs. requiring maintenance, among others. As another nonlimiting example, status report may include a concentration of contaminant, ROS, or the like, such as a concentration of water vapor at 200 ppm. As another nonlimiting example, status report may include a percentage score of catalytic activity, such as 85% of photocatalysts being active. As another nonlimiting example, status report may include a need for replenishing catalyst, such as a scheduled refill in two days, among others. In some cases, detector 716 may be placed inside reactor unit 104. In some cases, detector 716 may include a temperature sensor, a Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, an oxygen sensor, or the like, and may be either specific or nonspecific. In some cases, detector 716 may include an EtO sensor that continuously monitors the EtO level in a container. In some cases, detector 716 may include a pressure sensor configured to monitor a pressure drop across layer of photocatalytic material 108, among other potential undesired flow conditions.

[0112] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, detector 716 may include a Volatile Organic Compound sensor (VOC). A VOC sensor is a device designed to detect and measure the concentration of VOCs contained within reactor unit 104 and / or in any nearby space or location where purification system for fluid and airflow may be located. A VOC sensor may detect one or more VOCs including but not limited to ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, acetone, acetaldehyde and the like. In an embodiment, detector 716 may include an ethylene oxide sensor which may be configured to detect ethylene oxide.

[0113] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, for the purposes of this disclosure, a detector is a device configured to capture at least a signal and / or one or more features contained therein, as described below. In one or more embodiments, detector 716 may be an electrical detector that detects one or more changes in electrical signal. Detector 716 may include an ammeter, a voltmeter, and / or one or more variations thereof. In one or more embodiments, detector 716 may be a photodetector that detects one or more changes in optical signal. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “signal” is any intelligible representation of data, for example from one device to another. A signal may include an optical signal, a hydraulic signal, a pneumatic signal, a mechanical signal, an electric signal, a digital signal, an analog signal, and the like. In some cases, a signal may be used to communicate with a computing device, for example by way of one or more ports. In some cases, a signal may be transmitted and / or received by a computing device, for example by way of an input / output port. An analog signal may be digitized, for example by way of an analog to digital converter. In some cases, an analog signal may be processed, for example by way of any analog signal processing steps described in this disclosure, prior to digitization. In some cases, a digital signal may be used to communicate between two or more devices, including without limitation computing devices. In some cases, a digital signal may be communicated by way of one or more communication protocols, including without limitation internet protocol (IP), controller Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 area network (CAN) protocols, serial communication protocols(e.g., universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter [UART]), parallel communication protocols (e.g., IEEE 128 [printer port]), and the like.

[0114] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, for the purposes of this disclosure, a “photodetector” is a device or component that, upon receiving at least a photon, generates a measurable change in at least an electrical parameter within a circuit incorporating the photodetector; as a result, other components of the circuit may amplify, detect, record, or otherwise use the signal for purposes that include without limitation analysis of the detected at least a photon, which may be combined with analyses of photons detected by other photodetectors, imaging based on detected photons, and other similar purposes. Photodetector may include, without limitation, avalanche photodiodes (APDs), single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs), micro-channel plates (MCPs), micro-channel plate photomultiplier tubes (MCP-PMTs), indium gallium arsenide semiconductors (InGaAs), photodiodes, and / or photosensitive or photondetecting circuit elements, semiconductors and / or transducers. For the purposes of this disclosure, avalanche photo diodes (APDs) are diodes (e.g. without limitation p- n, p-i-n, and others) reverse-biased such that a single photo-generated carrier can trigger a short, temporary “avalanche” of photocurrent on the order of milliamps or more caused by electrons being accelerated through a high field region of the diode and impact-ionizing covalent bonds in the bulk material, these in turn triggering greater impact ionization of electron-hole pairs. APDs provide a built-in stage of gain through avalanche multiplication. When the reverse bias is less than the breakdown voltage, the gain of APD is approximately linear. For silicon APDs, this gain is on the order of 10-100. Material of APD may contribute to gains. Germanium APDs may detect infrared out to a wavelength of 1 .7 micrometers. InGaAs may detect infrared out to a wavelength of 1 .6 micrometers. Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe) may detect infrared out to a wavelength of 14 micrometers. An APD reverse-biased significantly above the breakdown voltage is referred to as a single photon avalanche diode, or SPAD. In this case, the n-p electric field is sufficiently high to sustain an avalanche of current with a single photon, hence referred to as “Geiger mode”. This avalanche current rises rapidly (on a sub-nanosecond timescale), such that detection of the avalanche current can be used to approximate the arrival time Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 of the incident photon. The SPAD may be pulled below breakdown voltage once triggered in order to reset or quench the avalanche current before another photon may be detected, as while the avalanche current is active, carriers from additional photons may have a negligible effect on the current in the diode.

[0115] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, a plurality of photodetectors may be in close proximity to each other. For instance, each photodetector may be placed directly next to neighboring photodetectors of plurality of photodetectors, for instance in a two-dimensional grid, a grid on a curved surface or manifold, or the like. Placement in close proximity may eliminate or reduce to a negligible level spatially dependent variation in received signals, permitting a control circuit, as described below, to infer other causes for signal variation between detectors. As a nonlimiting example, an array of photodetectors may be comprised of photodetectors occupying a length or breadth of less than 25 pm, permitting a resolution of more than 1 ,600 per square millimeter; by introducing electrical connections on a second level of a multilevel wafer, or similar techniques, the resolution of the array may be limited only by the package size and / or fabrication size of photodetectors.

[0116] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, photodetectors and / or array of photodetectors may be constructed using any suitable fabrication method. Fabrication may be performed by assembling one or more electrical components and / or photodetectors in one or more circuits. Electrical components may include passive and active components, including without limitation resistors, capacitors, inductors, switches or relays, voltage sources, and the like. Electrical components may include one or more semiconductor components, such as diodes, transistors, and the like, consisting of one or more semiconductor materials, such as without limitation silicon, germanium, indium, gallium, arsenide, nitride, mercury, cadmium, and / or telluride, processed with dopants, oxidization, and ohmic connection to conducting elements such as metal leads. Some components may be fabricated separately and / or acquired as separate units and then combined with each other or with other portions of circuits to form circuits. Fabrication may depend on the nature of a component; for instance, and without limitation, fabrication of resistors may include forming a portion of a material having a known resistivity in a length and cross-sectional volume producing a desired degree of resistance, an inductor may be formed by performing a prescribed number of wire winding about a core, a Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 capacitor may be formed by sandwiching a dielectric material between two conducting plates, and the like. Fabrication of semiconductors may follow essentially the same general process in separate and integrated components as set forth in further detail below; indeed, individual semiconductors may be grown and formed in lots using integrated circuit construction methodologies for doping, oxidization, and the like, and then cut into separate components afterwards. Fabrication of semiconductor elements, including without limitation diodes, transistors, and the like, may be achieved by performing a series of oxidization, doping, ohmic connection, material deposition, and other steps to create desired characteristics; persons skilled in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various techniques that may be applied to manufacture a given semiconductor component or device.

[0117] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, one or more components and / or circuits may be fabricated together to form an integrated circuit. This may generally be achieved by growing at least a wafer of semiconductor material, doping regions of it to form, for instance, npn junctions, pnp junctions, p, n, p+, and or n+ regions, and / or other regions with local material properties, to produce components and terminals of semiconductor components such as base, gate, source and drain regions of a fieldeffect transistor such as a so-called metal oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET), base, collector and emitter regions of bipolar junction BJT transistors, and the like. Common field-effect transistors include but are not limited to carbon nanotube fieldeffect transistor (CNFET), junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET), metalsemiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET), high-electron-mobility transistor (HE MT), metal-oxide-sem iconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), inverted-T field-effect transistor (ITFET), fin field-effect transistor (FinFET), fast-recovery epitaxial diode field-effect transistor (FREDFET), thin-film transistor, organic fieldeffect transistor (OFET), ballistic transistor, floating-gate transistor, ion-sensitive fieldeffect transistor (IFSET), electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (EOSFET), and / or deoxyribonucleic acid field-effect transistor (DNAFET). A person of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of various forms or categories of semiconductor devices that may be created, at least in part, by introducing dopants to various portions of a wafer. Further fabrication steps may include oxidization or other processes to create insulating layers, including without limitation at the gate of Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 a field-effect transistor, formation of conductive channels between components, and the like. In one or more embodiments, logical components may be fabricated using combinations of transistors and the like, for instance by following a complimentary MOSFET (CMOS) process whereby desired element output based on element inputs are achieved using complementary circuits each achieving the desired output using active-high and active-low MOSFETS or the like. CMOS and other processes may similarly be used to produce analog components and / or components or circuits combining analog and digital circuit elements. Deposition of doping material, etching, oxidization, and similar steps may be performed by selective addition and / or removal of material using automated manufacturing devices in which a series of fabrication steps are directed at particular locations on the wafer and using particular tools or materials to perform each step; such automated steps may be directed by or derived from simulated circuits as described in further detail below.

[0118] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, fabrication may include the deposition of multiple layers of wafer; as a nonlimiting example, two or more layers of wafer may be constructed according to a circuit plan or simulation which may contemplate one or more conducting connections between layers; circuits so planned may have any three-dimensional configuration, including overlapping or interlocking circuit portions, as described in further detail below. Wafers may be bound together using any suitable process, including adhesion or other processes that securely bind layers together; in some embodiments, layers are bound with sufficient firmness to make it impractical or impossible to separate layers without destroying circuits deposited thereon. Layers may be connected using vertical interconnect accesses (VIA or via), which may include, as a nonlimiting example, holes drilled from a conducting channel on a first wafer to a conducting channel on a second wafer and coated with a conducting material such as tungsten or the like, so that a conducting path is formed from the channel on the first wafer to the channel on the second wafer. VIAs may also be used to connect one or more semiconductor layers to one or more conductive backing connections, such as one or more layers of conducting material etched to form desired conductive paths between components, separate from one another by insulating layers, and connected to one another and to conductive paths in wafer layers using VIAs. Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10

[0119] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, each photodetector of plurality of photodetectors may have at least a signal detection parameter. For the purposes of this disclosure, a signal detection parameter is a parameter controlling the ability of a photodetector to detect at least a photon and / or one or more properties of a detected photon. In one or more embodiments, a signal detection parameter may determine what characteristic or characteristics at least a photon directed to the photodetector must possess to be detected. For instance, a signal detection parameter may include a wavelength and / or frequency at which a photon may be detected, a time window within which detection is possible at a particular photodetector, an angle of incidence, polarization, or other attributes or factors as described in further detail below. A signal detection parameter may include an intensity level of the at least a photon, i.e. , a number of photons required to elicit a change in at least an electrical parameter in a circuit incorporating the at least a photodetector. Plurality of photodetectors may have heterogenous signal detection parameters; signal detectors and / or signal detection parameters may be heterogeneous where the plurality of photodetectors includes at least a first photodetector having a first signal detection parameter of the at least a signal detection parameter and at least a second photodetector having a second signal detection parameter of the at least a signal detection parameter, and where the at least a first signal detection parameter differs from the at least a second signal detection parameter. Heterogenous signal detection parameters may assist array in eliminating noise, increase the ability of array to detect attributes of tissue being sampled, and / or increase the temporal resolution of array.

[0120] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, at least a signal detection parameter may include a temporal detection window. For the purposes of this disclosure, a temporal detection window is a period of time during which a photodetector is receptive to detection of photons, such as when an SPAD is in pre-avalanche mode as described above. Temporal detection window may be set by a delay after a given event or time, including reception of signal by another photodetector. This may be accomplished using delay circuitry. Delay circuitry may operate to Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 set photodetector to a receptive mode at the desired time. SPADs and other similar devices have the property that the bias voltage may be dynamically adjusted such that the detector is “off” or largely insensitive to incoming photons when below breakdown voltage, and “on” or sensitive to incoming photons when above breakdown voltage. Once a current has been registered indicating photon arrival, the diode may be required to be reset via an active or passive quenching circuit. This may lead to a so-called “dead time” in which no arriving photons are counted. Varied temporal detection windows may permit a control circuit as described below to set bias voltages in a sequence corresponding to initiation of each temporal detection window, so that while one detector is quiescent, other nearby detectors are capable of receiving signals. As a nonlimiting example, a first signal detection parameter may include a first temporal detection window, a second signal detection parameter may include a second temporal detection window, and at least a portion of the first temporal detection window may not overlap with the second temporal detection window.

[0121] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, delay circuitry may also block circuit transmission of signals from photodetectors that are outside their temporal detection windows, for instance by passing output of photodetectors through a Boolean “AND” gate having a second input at delay circuitry and passing a “false” value to the second input for any detector outside its temporal detection window. The increase in temporal and / or spatial resolution of a SPAD or other photodetector may have several advantages when applied to 2D or 3D imaging of biological tissue, such as the eye or other organ, based on a time-of-flight measurement device or the like. This may particularly be the case when interested in detecting time-varying signals with good spatial resolution. In a representative use, time-varying absorption of photons may be correlated to blood oxygenation. In another use, Doppler flow measurement may be more accurate in a system with greater time and / or spatial resolution. This approach may have additional utility in industrial applications e.g. automotive Lidar, where the ability to increase spatial and / or temporal resolution within all or some regions of the field of view is of interest.

[0122] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, setting of receptive modes of photodetectors and / or intensity levels at which photodetectors emit detection signals may be controlled using a bias control circuit. Bias control circuit may Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 function to set a bias of a photodetector to enable detection of some quantity of photons. In the case of SPAD detector, voltage bias of diode may be programmable in one or more steps such that the SPAD may be reverse-biased above the breakdown voltage of the junction in order to enable “Geiger-mode” single photon detection or biased below breakdown voltage to enable linear gain detection mode. In the case of other detector types of variable gain (e.g. PMT, MCP, MCP-MPT, photodiode, or the like), voltage bias may be programmable to enable adjustable gain. Gain may be fixed, adjusted dynamically via feedback from the incident photon flux (e.g. to avoid saturation), or via other means, e.g. lookup table or other. In an embodiment, gain may be used to determine an intensity of a detected at least a photon. Voltage bias control of the detector may be triggered via some means, such as without limitation via local delay elements such as buffer circuits, fixed or programmable or triggered by a timing reference, e.g., a reference clock edge or the like. In the case of SPAD detector, detector bias control may incorporate an active, passive or combination quenching circuit to reset the diode. Reset signal may be based on photocurrent reaching a threshold level, change in photocurrent level (e.g. via sense amplifier) or other. Detector bias control may incorporate stepwise voltage level adjustment to minimize after-pulsing and other noise sources. Detector bias control may incorporate adiabatic methods to recover energy and reduce power of a high voltage bias system. System may incorporate delay logic, which may include, without limitation, local delay elements fixed or programmable and / or controlled via other reference timing circuitry. Delay logic may incorporate feedback from the incident photon flux or via other means, such as without limitation a lookup table or other. A person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be able to identify how to select and / or implement one or more photodetectors for purification system for fluid and airflow 100.

[0123] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, in one or more embodiments, purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may include a display device. Display device may be used to display status report, as described above. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “display device” is a device configured to show visual information. In some cases, display device may include a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma display, a light emitting diode (LED) Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 display, and any combinations thereof. Display device may include, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet, laptop, monitor, tablet, and the like. Display device may include a separate device that includes a transparent screen configured to display computer-generated images and / or information. In some cases, transparent screen may include a touchscreen. In one or more embodiments, display device may be configured to visually present data through a user interface or a graphical user interface (GUI) to at least a user, wherein the user may interact with the data through the user interface or GUI, as described below. In one or more embodiments, user may view GUI through display device.

[0124] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, for the purposes of this disclosure, a “user interface” is a means by which a user and a computer system interact, for example, using input devices and software. User interface may include a GUI, command line interface (CLI), menu-driven user interface, touch user interface, voice user interface (VUI), form-based user interface, any combination thereof, or the like. In one or more embodiments, a user may interact with user interface using a computing device distinct from and communicatively connected to processor, such as a smartphone, tablet, or the like operated by the user. User interface may include one or more graphical locator and / or cursor facilities allowing user to interact with graphical models and / or combinations thereof, for instance using a touchscreen, touchpad, mouse, keyboard, and / or other manual data entry device. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “graphical user interface (GUI)” is a type of user interface that allows end users to interact with electronic devices through visual representations. In one or more embodiments, GUI may include icons, menus, other visual indicators or representations (graphics), audio indicators such as primary notation, display information, and related user controls. Menu may contain a list of choices and may allow users to select one from them. A menu bar may be displayed horizontally across the screen as a pull-down menu. Menu may include a context menu that appears only when user performs a specific action. Files, programs, web pages, and the like may be represented using a small picture within GUI. In one or more embodiments, GUI may include a graphical visualization of a user profile and / or the like. In one or more embodiments, processor may be configured to modify and / or update GUI as a function of at least Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 a user input or the like by populating a user interface data structure and visually presenting data through modification of the GUI.

[0125] With continued reference to FIG. 7A, in one or more embodiments, GUI may contain one or more interactive elements. For the purposes of this disclosure, an “interactive element” is an element within GUI that allows for communication with processor by one or more users. For example, and without limitation, interactive elements may include a plurality of tabs wherein selection of a particular tab, such as for example, by using a fingertip, may indicate to purification system for fluid and airflow 100 to perform a particular function and display the result through GUI. In one or more embodiments, interactive element may include tabs within GUI, wherein the selection of a particular tab may result in a particular function. In one or more embodiments, interactive elements may include words, phrases, illustrations, and the like to indicate a particular process that one or more users would like purification system for fluid and airflow 100 to perform. A person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various ways in which user interfaces, GUIs, and / or elements thereof may be implemented and / or used for purification system for fluid and airflow 100 as described in this disclosure.

[0126] Referring now to FIG. 7B, an exemplary use case 700b for a purification system for fluid and airflow is illustrated, wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow 100 includes a moisture-reducing device 720, consistent with details described above. In some cases, moisture-reducing device 720 may have a thickness between 1 inches and 10 inches. As nonlimiting examples, such thickness may be 5 inches, 6 inches, 7 inches, 8 inches, 9 inches, or 10 inches, among others. As further nonlimiting examples, such thickness may be between 5 inches and 6 inches, between 6 inches and 7 inches, between 7 inches and 8 inches, between 8 inches and 9 inches, or between 9 inches and 10 inches, among others. In some cases, moisture-reducing device 720 may include a plurality of channels. Such channels may be dispersed in parallel, in a matrix of desiccant materials. Desiccant material used herein may include without limitation silica gel, activated alumina, calcium chloride (CaCI2), molecular sieves (zeolites), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and barium oxide (BaO), among others. In some cases, moisture-reducing device 720 may be integrated within purification Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 system for fluid and airflow 100 to ensure its photocatalytic function. In some cases, moisture-reducing device 720 may include a heat-recycling mechanism, where heat may be exchanged between exhaust at an outlet and impurity-containing fluid stream 112 at an inlet to improve energy efficiency. Moisture-reducing device 720 may include a desiccant wheel. A desiccant wheel may be a rotating device that dehumidifies the humidity of contaminant such as a gas contained within purification system for fluid and airflow. Desiccant wheel may work in conjunction with resin later to improve reactor unit 104 performance. Desiccant wheel may be utilized to first remove water from the air flow from which ethylene oxide and / or other VOCs may be removed. Desiccant wheel may be regenerated to put water back into the decontaminated airflow that is released. This cyclic air drying and regeneration process may be repeated continuously as airflow containing ethylene oxide and / or other VOCs is run through purification system for fluid and airflow. Desiccant wheel may act as a passive device that requires no energy and contains a small motor that rotates a wheel which contains an absorbent medium such as zeolite. Desiccant wheel may generate heat and improve reactor unit 104 performance and resin layer performance by removing water from gas stream and heating gas stream. Desiccant wheel may include a plurality of channels that allow gas and liquids to flow through the device. Desiccant wheel may include a heat recycling system where the action of removing humidity from impurity containing fluid stream and / or impurity containing airflow generates heat which is recirculated throughout desiccant wheel to push water off. Impurity containing fluid stream and / or impurity containing airflow may be gently warmed by the heat recycling system. In an embodiment, desiccant wheel may be integrated within purification system for fluid and airflow. Moisture reducing device such as desiccant wheel may include a relative humidity sensor. A “relative humidity” sensor as used in this disclosure, is a device that measures the amount of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature. A relative humidity sensor may include a temperature sensor to aid in calculating relative humidity. A relative humidity sensor may aid in slowing the movement of the desiccant wheel when it is not needed to allow for optimal photoreactor conditions.

[0127] With continued reference to FIG. 7B, temperature sensor may include any device that measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object, substance, Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 and / or environment. Temperature sensor may be configured to report temperature in either Celsius © or Fahrenheit (F). Temperature sensor may be utilized to communicate with the illumination module. For example, when temperature sensor detects illumination module has exceeded a temperature range, it may enact a cooling mechanism throughout purification system for fluid and airflow via the liquid cooled heat blocks and may also reduce or turn off one or more LEDs to reduce temperature. In an embodiment, liquid cooled heat blocks may be continuously turned on. Liquid cooled heat blocks may be cooled by liquids such as for example water, ethylene oxide, aluminum corrosion inhibitors, and / or any combination thereof. Purification system for fluid and airflow may operate the LEDs somewhere between 50 and 80% of their maximum specified operating temperature set by a manufacturer. If a temperature range is exceeded, power may be cut to the LEDs proportionally.

[0128] Referring now to FIG. 8, it is to be noted that any one or more of the aspects and embodiments described herein may be conveniently implemented using one or more machines (e.g., one or more computing devices that are utilized as a user computing device for an electronic document, one or more server devices, such as a document server, etc.) programmed according to the teachings of the present specification, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the computer art. Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the software art. Aspects and implementations discussed above employing software and / or software modules may also include appropriate hardware for assisting in the implementation of the machine executable instructions of the software and / or software module. Such software may be a computer program product that employs a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable storage medium may be any medium that is capable of storing and / or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and / or embodiments described herein. Examples of a machine-readable storage medium include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk, an optical disc (e.g., CD, CD-R, DVD, DVD-R, etc.), a magneto-optical disk, a read-only memory “ROM” device, a randomaccess memory “RAM” device, a magnetic card, an optical card, a solid-state Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 memory device, an EPROM, an EEPROM, and any combinations thereof. A machine-readable medium, as used herein, is intended to include a single medium as well as a collection of physically separate media, such as, for example, a collection of compact discs or one or more hard disk drives in combination with a computer memory. As used herein, a machine-readable storage medium does not include transitory forms of signal transmission. Such software may also include information (e.g., data) carried as a data signal on a data carrier, such as a carrier wave. For example, machine-executable information may be included as a data- carrying signal embodied in a data carrier in which the signal encodes a sequence of instruction, or portion thereof, for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and any related information (e.g., data structures and data) that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and / or embodiments described herein. Examples of a computing device include, but are not limited to, an electronic book reading device, a computer workstation, a terminal computer, a server computer, a handheld device (e.g., a tablet computer, a smartphone, etc.), a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify an action to be taken by that machine, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a computing device may include and / or be included in a kiosk.

[0129] With continued reference to FIG. 8, the figure shows a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a computing device in the exemplary form of a computing system 800 within which a set of instructions for causing the computing system 800 to perform any one or more of the aspects and / or methodologies of the present disclosure may be executed. It is also contemplated that multiple computing devices may be utilized to implement a specially configured set of instructions for causing one or more of the devices to perform any one or more of the aspects and / or methodologies of the present disclosure. Computing system 800 may include a processor 804 and a memory 808 that communicate with each other, and with other components, via a bus 812. Bus 812 may include any of several types of bus structures including, but not limited to, a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, a local bus, and any combinations thereof, using any of a variety of bus architectures. Processor 804 may include any suitable processor, such as without limitation a Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 processor incorporating logical circuitry for performing arithmetic and logical operations, such as an arithmetic and logic unit, which may be regulated with a state machine and directed by operational inputs from memory and / or sensors; processor 804 may be organized according to Von Neumann and / or Harvard architecture as a non-limiting example. Processor 804 may include, incorporate, and / or be incorporated in, without limitation, a microcontroller, microprocessor, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array, complex programmable logic device, graphical processing unit, general- purpose graphical processing unit, tensor processing unit, analog or mixed signal processor, trusted platform module, a floating-point unit, and / or system on a chip.

[0130] With continued reference to FIG. 8, memory 808 may include various components (e.g., machine-readable media) including, but not limited to, a randomaccess memory component, a read only component, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a basic input / output system 816, including basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computing system 800, such as during start-up, may be stored in memory 808. Memory 808 (e.g., stored on one or more machine-readable media) may also include instructions (e.g., software) 820 embodying any one or more of the aspects and / or methodologies of the present disclosure. In another example, memory 808 may further include any number of program modules including, but not limited to, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, program data, and any combinations thereof.

[0131] With continued reference to FIG. 8, computing system 800 may also include a storage device 824. Examples of a storage device (e.g., storage device 824) include, but are not limited to, a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, an optical disc drive in combination with an optical medium, a solid-state memory device, and any combinations thereof. Storage device 824 may be connected to bus 812 by an appropriate interface (not shown). Example interfaces include, but are not limited to, small computer system interface, advanced technology attachment, serial advanced technology attachment, universal serial bus, IEEE 1394 (FIREWIRE), and any combinations thereof. In one example, storage device 824 (or one or more components thereof) may be removably interfaced with computing system 800 Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110

[0132] (e.g., via an external port connector (not shown)). Particularly, storage device 824 and an associated machine-readable medium 828 may provide nonvolatile and / or volatile storage of machine-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data for computing system 800. In one example, software 820 may reside, completely or partially, within machine-readable medium 828. In another example, software 820 may reside, completely or partially, within processor 804.

[0133] With continued reference to FIG. 8, computing system 800 may also include an input device 832. In one example, a user of computing system 800 may enter commands and / or other information into computing system 800 via input device 832. Examples of input device 832 include, but are not limited to, an alpha-numeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), a pointing device, a joystick, a gamepad, an audio input device (e.g., a microphone, a voice response system, etc.), a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a touchpad, an optical scanner, a video capture device (e.g., a still camera, a video camera), a touchscreen, and any combinations thereof. Input device 832 may be interfaced to bus 812 via any of a variety of interfaces (not shown) including, but not limited to, a serial interface, a parallel interface, a game port, a USB interface, a FIREWIRE interface, a direct interface to bus 812, and any combinations thereof. Input device 832 may include a touch screen interface that may be a part of or separate from display device 836, discussed further below. Input device 832 may be utilized as a user selection device for selecting one or more graphical representations in a graphical interface as described above.

[0134] With continued reference to FIG. 8, user may also input commands and / or other information to computing system 800 via storage device 824 (e.g., a removable disk drive, a flash drive, etc.) and / or network interface device 840. A network interface device, such as network interface device 840, may be utilized for connecting computing system 800 to one or more of a variety of networks, such as network 844, and one or more remote devices 848 connected thereto. Examples of a network interface device include, but are not limited to, a network interface card (e.g., a mobile network interface card, a LAN card), a modem, and any combination thereof. Examples of a network include, but are not limited to, a wide-area network (e.g., the Internet, an enterprise network), a local area network (e.g., a network associated with an office, a building, a campus or other relatively small geographic Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 space), a telephone network, a data network associated with a telephone / voice provider (e.g., a mobile communications provider data and / or voice network), a direct connection between two computing devices, and any combinations thereof. A network, such as network 844, may employ a wired and / or a wireless mode of communication. In general, any network topology may be used. Information (e.g., data, software 820, etc.) may be communicated to and / or from computing system 800 via network interface device 840.

[0135] With continued reference to FIG. 8, computing system 800 may further include a video display adapter 852 for communicating a displayable image to a display device, such as display device 836. Examples of a display device include, but are not limited to, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma display, a light emitting diode (LED) display, and any combinations thereof. Video display adapter 852 and display device 836 may be utilized in combination with processor 804 to provide graphical representations of aspects of the present disclosure. In addition to a display device, computing system 800 may include one or more other peripheral output devices including, but not limited to, an audio speaker, a printer, and any combinations thereof. Such peripheral output devices may be connected to bus 812 via a peripheral interface 856. Examples of a peripheral interface include, but are not limited to, a serial port, a USB connection, a FIREWIRE connection, a parallel connection, and any combinations thereof.

[0136] In another embodiment, the resin described earlier may be housed in a separate element or elements in fluid communication with the photopurification system for fluid and airflow. A “photoreactor” as used in this disclosure is a vessel designed to carry out chemical reactions initiated and / or driven by light. The resin may be held between confinement layers described previously, or otherwise known as scrims, which are porous layers with an opening size smaller than the resin particle size. The scrim / resin / scrim sandwiched layer comprises a filter. The filter may be planar, or it may be pleated, that is folded in an accordion-like manner to increase the effective area relative to the fluid flow direction. The pleating factor may be between 0 (planar) and 100, i.e. , the number of pleats by which to multiply the planar area to give the total effective area. Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110

[0137] Referring now to FIG. 9, an exemplary embodiment of purification system for fluid and airflow 100 is illustrated. Purification system for fluid and airflow 100 may be implemented in any way as described above in reference to FIGS. 1-8.

[0138] Referring now to FIG. 10, an exemplary embodiment of data pertaining to destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) as a function of EtO concentration and relative humidity (RH) is described. A system designed for 100 cubic feet per minute (CFM) throughput was subjected to a series of gas streams comprising air and EtO with different relative humidities. The ambient temperature of the gas stream was 21 °C (70 °F). EtO concentration was measured with a cavity ring down spectrometer (Picarro G2920) at locations upstream and downstream of the system. Destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) is expressed as a percent of the outlet concentration in parts per billion (ppb) divided by the inlet concentration in ppb times 100. The system removed EtO with a DRE of > 98.8% at all conditions tested.

[0139] Referring now to FIG. 11 A-L, exemplary embodiments 110Oa-l of an appendix containing additional information is described. Enclosure may surround gas material held at a negative pressure until it can be safely expelled. Graph displayed herein illustrates ethylene oxide concentration (parts per million) measured and projected when purification system for fluid and airflow is not running; when it is turned on; and when it is measured as exhaust in enclosure.

[0140] Referring now to FIG. 12A, an exemplary embodiment 1200 of parallel configuration of reactor units 104 are illustrated. Compact design of reactor units 104 allow them to be stacked when placed in a parallel configuration. Air that enters a first reactor unit 104 at inlet 1204 goes up through the reactor unit, passes through distributor 1208, catalyst bed and photocatalytic material 108, and is output via outlet 1212. Illumination module 116 may include for example one or more LED lights spaced out at a set interval as described above in more detail. Heat sink feature 1216 may monitor temperate emitted by illumination module 116 and may enable a cooling mechanism when temperatures outside normal operating limits are achieved. A second reactor unit 104 may be stacked above first reactor unit 104 whereby inlet 1204 is perpendicular to inlet of first reactor unit 104. Outlet 1212 may be located in parallel position between first reactor unit 104 and second reactor unit 104. This may enable a “S” shaped turn Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 throughout purification system for fluid and airflow of air flow that provides stability to stack each reactor unit 104 efficiently.

[0141] Referring now to FIG. 12B, an exemplary embodiment 1200 of stacked parallel configuration of reactor units 104 are illustrated. One or more reactor units 104 may be stacked in a parallel position on top of one another forming a tower. In an embodiment, one or more towers may be stacked next to one another. For example, one configuration may contain two towers stacked next to one another with each tower containing six individual reactor units 104 stacked in a parallel configuration as illustrated in FIG. 12B.

[0142] Referring now to FIG. 13, an exemplary embodiment 1300 of reactor unit 104 is illustrated. Reactor unit 104 may be of a square and / or rectangular shape as described above in more detail. This shape may aid in the creation of a low aspect ratio photoreactor that is able to be scaled with efficient light utilization. The square and / or rectangular shape may allow for good conversion, highly novel geometry and a low attrition. Square and / or rectangular shape may allow for easy implementation of parallel position of one or more reactor units as described above in more detail. In an embodiment, inlet airflow opening 1204 may permit airflow into the reactor unit 104 whereby the outlet airflow opening 1214 is located axial to the inlet 1204 airflow opening. In an embodiment, the axial location may be a perpendicular configuration.

[0143] Referring now to FIG. 14, an exemplary embodiment 1400 of desiccant wheel is illustrated. In an embodiment, moisture-reducing device may include a desiccant wheel. Desiccant wheel may be enclosed in a case 1404. Case 1404 may serve to enclose and protect desiccant wheel by forming a shell around desiccant wheel. A flow divider 1408 may separate flow exiting via outlet airflow opening 1212 and inlet airflow opening 1204. Desiccant wheel may be utilized to first remove water from air entering reactor unit 104 at inlet airflow opening 1204 and subsequently to then remove ethylene oxide and other contaminants from airflow. The desiccant wheel regenerates to put water back into the decontaminated airflow that is released via outlet airflow opening 1212. Desiccant wheel may be approximately 21 inches in diameter and 6 inches in thickness. Other sizes may be employed for larger or smaller air purification systems. The desiccant wheel may be comprised of an alumina and / or zeolite Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 media dispersed on a honeycomb structure through which gas may flow in a manner perpendicular to the honeycomb to absorb and desorb water.

[0144] Referring now to FIG. 15A, an exemplary embodiment 1500 of flow path of air flow filtration is illustrated. “Filtration” as used in this disclosure, is composed of one or more devices and filter layers that removes unwanted substances or components within reactor unit 104 and / or purification system for fluid and airflow. Filter layer may aid in optimal removal of impurities such as VOCs and ethylene oxide. Filter layer may include a dust and / or carbon filter 1504. A carbon filter may utilize activated carbon to remove impurities from aid or liquid through a process of adsorption, where molecules may stick to the surface of the carbon rather than being absorbed into it. As air passes through the carbon filter these contaminants may adhere to the carbon’s surface. A dust filter may trap and remove airborne dust particle from air or gas streams to aid in improving the air quality. A dust filter may capture solid particles such as for example, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, fine dust from wood, metal, or concentrate, dust from external environment surrounding purification system for fluid and airflow and the like. Airflow may then be directed to moisture-reducing device 720 such as desiccant wheel which during this first processing level may remove water from the air. Filter layer may include resin layer 1508 which may contain a resin filter that serves as a pre-filter to remove contaminated gas or fluid that may contain VOCs such as ethylene oxide. The filter layer may contain resin between sheets of permeable material which may be planar or pleated. Airflow may then be input into reactor unit 104 for further processing. Upon release from reactor unit 104, filter layer may include a high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) 1512. HEPA filter 1512 may capture extremely small particles and remove almost all airborne particles that are anywhere from 0.01-0.5 microns in diameter. A HEPA filter 1512 may be made of a dense mat of randomly arranged fibers such as fiberglass or synthetic materials that may trap particles using multiple different mechanisms. This may include for example particle interception that allows particles to follow the airflow and stick to fibers they touch. This may include for example impaction where larger particles can’t follow the air stream and crash into fibers. This may include for example diffusion where tiny particles bounce around and collide with fibers. This may include electrostatic attraction where some filters may use static charge to pull in particles. Filter layer may include an ultra-low penetration air filter (ULPA) 1512. Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110

[0145] An LILPA 1512 may aid in removing airborne particles as small as 0.1 microns and below in size. An ULPA 1512 may use a dense web of randomly arranged microfibers to trap particles through interception whereby particles may stick to fibers they pass nearby. An ULPA 1512 may use impaction where larger particles collide with fibers. Airflow may then be regenerated via desiccant wheel which an ULPA 1512 may use diffusion where tiny particles may zigzag due to Brownian motion and hit fibers. Filter layer may include an external filter whereby one or more filters may be located on or near the exterior of purification system for fluid and airflow to capture any contaminants that are output from purification system for fluid and airflow into surrounding location or air. Filtering sequence of airflow and / or liquid may provide for first traveling through a dust and carbon filter 1504; then moving onto a moisture-reducing device 720 such as desiccant wheel; then moving through resin layer 1508; then being input into one or more reactor units 104; moving onto HEPA and / or ULPA filter 1512; removal of ethylene oxide, VOCs, and / or any other contaminants by moisture-reducing device 720 in a second regeneration process and lastly moving through an external filter.

[0146] Referring now to FIG. 15B, an exemplary embodiment 1500 of an alternative flow path of air flow filtration is illustrated. In an embodiment, airflow may be first filtered by resin filter 1508; then input into one or more reactor units 104; whereby the airflow may then be passed through resin filter 1508 or an adjacent resin filter for a second time; and output where a byproduct and / or unreacted product removal device 1516 such as a carbon filter, modified resin filter, and / or other absorbative media may further process airflow.

[0147] Referring now to FIG. 16, an exemplary embodiment 1600 of a method of purifying a fluid using a purification system for fluid and airflow is illustrated. At step 1605, a fluid stream and an airflow are introduced into one or more reactor units 104 through an inlet airflow opening 1204. This may be performed utilizing any methodology as described above in more detail in reference to FIGS. 1-15.

[0148] With continued reference to FIG. 16, at step 1610, the fluid stream and the airflow come into contact with an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material 108 within each reactor unit 104, wherein the adjustable layer transitions between a resting and a fluidized state. Adjustable layer of photocatalytic material 108 may be configured whereby the adjustable layer can be expanded or contracted between a Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 resting and a fluidized state. Adjustments may be made based on inputs to purification system for fluid and airflow. Depending on one or more contaminants contained within fluid stream and the airflow, adjustable layer of photocatalytic material 108 may rest or expand. This may be performed utilizing any methodology as described above in more detail in reference to FIGS. 1 -15.

[0149] With continued reference to FIG. 16, at step 1615, at least a portion of a photocatalytic surface 108 engages in fluid exchange with the fluid stream and airflow. Photocatalytic surface 108 may seek to remove one or more contaminants contained within the fluid stream and the airflow. A contaminant may include for example, a VOC, ethylene oxide, acetone, acetaldehyde, dioxane, and / or any combination thereof. This may be performed utilizing any methodology as described above in more detail in reference to FIGS. 1-15.

[0150] With continued reference to FIG. 16, at step 1620, one or more reactor units 104 are illuminated with one or more light sources 116 to activate one or more photochemical reactions within the impurity containing fluid stream and airflow on the photocatalytic surface 108 to generate a treated airflow.

[0151] With continued reference to FIG. 16, at step 1625, the treated airflow is expelled from the reactor units through an outlet airflow opening. This may be performed utilizing any methodology as described above in more detail in reference to FIGS. 1-15.

[0152] Referring now to FIG. 17, an exemplary embodiment 1700 of a method of purifying a fluid and airflow is illustrated. At step 1705, a fluid stream and an airflow are introduced through a purification system for fluid and airflow to generate a treated airflow. This may be performed utilizing any methodology as described above in more detail in reference to FIGS. 1-16.

[0153] Referring now to FIG. 18, an exemplary embodiment 1800 of reactor dimensions reported in inches is illustrated. In an embodiment, reactor may measure 2 inches in length; 4 inches in width; 4 inches in height; and contain a (Length+Width) / Height of 1 .5 inches. In an embodiment, reactor may measure 4 inches in length; 4 inches in width; 4 inches in height; and contain a (Length+Width) / Height of 2.0 inches. In an embodiment, reactor may measure 10 inches in length; 10 inches in width; 4 inches in height; and contain a (Length+Width) / Height of 5.0 inches. In an embodiment, reactor may measure 20 Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110 inches in length; 5 inches in width; 4 inches in height; and contain a (Length+Width) / Height of 6.3 inches. In an embodiment, reactor may measure 20 inches in length; 10 inches in width; 4 inches in height; and contain a (Length+Width) / Height of 7.5 inches. In an embodiment, reactor may measure 48 inches in length; 24 inches in width; 4 inches in height; and contain a (Length+Width) / Height of 18.0 inches.

[0154] Referring now to FIG. 19, an exemplary embodiment 1900 of dimensions of photocatalytic material in resting and fluidized state is illustrated. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 0.25 inches; a fluidized height of 0.35 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.71 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 0.25 inches; a fluidized height of 0.5 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.50 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 0.25 inches; a fluidized height of 0.75 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.33 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 0.25 inches; a fluidized height of 1.0 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.25 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 0.5 inches; a fluidized height of 0.5 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 1 .0 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 0.5 inches; a fluidized height of 1.0 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.5 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 1.0 inches; a fluidized height of 1.25 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.8 inches. In an embodiment, photocatalytic material may have a resting height of 1.0 inches; a fluidized height of 2.0 inches; and a resting height / fluidized height of 0.5 inches.

[0155] The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the invention. Various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Features of each of the various embodiments described above may be combined with features of other described embodiments as appropriate in order to provide a multiplicity of feature combinations in associated new embodiments. Furthermore, while the foregoing describes a number of separate embodiments, what has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Additionally, although particular methods herein may be illustrated and / or described Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 as being performed in a specific order, the ordering is highly variable within ordinary skill to achieve methods, systems, and software according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, this description is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not to otherwise limit the scope of this invention. Exemplary embodiments have been disclosed above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, omissions and additions may be made to that which is specifically disclosed.

Claims

Attorney Docket No. 36057-100110CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A purification system for fluid and airflow, the purification system for fluid and airflow comprising: one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units comprises: an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to expand and contract between a resting and a fluidized state; wherein: the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material comprises a photocatalytic surface; and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow throughout the one or more reactor units; an inlet airflow opening in contact with the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to permit airflow into the one or more reactor units; and an outlet airflow opening configured to release airflow out of the one or more reactor units. a resin layer; a filter layer; at least a humidity reducing device; an illumination module, wherein the illumination module comprises one or more light emitting diode (LED) light sources spaced within the illumination module to uniformly illuminate the one or more reactor units and drive one or more photochemical reactions therein; and an inlet plenum; and an outlet plenum.Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001102. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a leveling mechanism configured to distribute a loading of photocatalytic material at or above a threshold.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the threshold comprises a threshold thickness of the photocatalytic material.

4. The system of claim 2, wherein the threshold comprises a threshold percentage of coverage of the photocatalytic material.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic material comprises titanium (IV) oxide.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic material comprises one or more photocatalytic enhancing species.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic material comprises a fluidizable photocatalytic material.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein: the layer of photocatalytic material comprises a longitudinal dimension and a lateral dimension; and a ratio between the longitudinal dimension and the lateral dimension is between 0.0001 and 10,000.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic material comprises a plurality of monolithic composite photocatalysts.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein each monolithic composite photocatalyst of the plurality of monolithic composite photocatalysts comprises: a non-photocatalytic porous support; and at least a photocatalytic particle deposited within one or more pores of the non-photocatalytic porous support.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least a photocatalytic particle comprises a size between less than 10 nanometers.

12. The system of claim 10, wherein the non-photocatalytic porous support comprises a diameter between 70 micrometers and 3000 micrometers and a pore size between 2 nanometers and 50 nanometers.Attorney Docket No. 36057-10011013. The system of claim 10, wherein the monolithic composite photocatalyst comprises a loading between 1% and 30% by mass of the at least a photocatalytic particle.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic material comprises at least an inorganic photosensitizer.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the illumination module is configured to emit photons in a wavelength range between 250 nanometers and 420 nanometers.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the illumination module is configured to emit photons primarily in a wavelength range between 350 nanometers and 400 nanometers.

17. The system of claim 1 wherein the reactor is in the shape of a rectangular prism.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the illumination module is configured to illuminate the one or more reactor units in a direction orthogonal to the planar area of the one or more reactor units.

19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the illumination module further comprises a reflector.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the illumination module and the reflector are enclosed within a glass casing that isolates them from the airflow.

21. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least a reactor unit of the one or more reactor units further comprises a confinement layer configured to support the layer of photocatalytic material.

22. The system of claim 21 , wherein at least a reactor unit of the one or more reactor units further comprises a retaining screen disposed at a distance opposite the confinement layer and configured to secure the layer of photocatalytic material.

23. The system of claim 2, wherein the leveling mechanism comprises a plurality of retaining screens, wherein: the layer of photocatalytic material is disposed between a first retaining screen and a second retaining screen of the plurality of retaining screens and thus retained therebetween.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein: the leveling mechanism further comprises a plurality of support grids; andAttorney Docket No. 36057-100110 the first retaining screen, the second retaining screen, and the layer of photocatalytic material are disposed between a first support grid and a second support grid of the plurality of support grids.

25. The system of claim 2, wherein the leveling mechanism comprises a plurality of cells, wherein the layer of photocatalytic material is disposed across the plurality of cells.

26. The system of claim 25, wherein the plurality of cells comprises one or more members selected from a group consisting of a square lattice, a rectangular lattice, a hexagonal lattice, and an oblique lattice.

27. The system of claim 2, wherein the leveling mechanism is powered by one or more auxiliary vibrations.

28. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least a reactor unit of the one or more reactor units has a rectangular shape.

29. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more reactor units are stacked in a parallel architecture.

30. The system of claim 29, wherein the parallel architecture processes 500 or more cubic feet per minute.

31. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more reactor units are stacked in series.

32. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more reactor units are configured in a four parallel reactor unit configuration and a two series reactor unit configuration.

33. The system of claim 1 , wherein: the purification system for fluid and airflow is integrated with a container; and the fluid stream is generated from one or more contents within the container.

34. The system of claim 33, wherein the container comprises a negative pressure with respect to an ambient pressure.

35. The system of claim 1 , wherein the resin layer is configured to absorb and fixate a contaminant from the impurity-containing fluid stream, wherein the resin is disposed in close proximity to the layer of photocatalytic material within at least a reactor unit of the one or more reactor units.

36. The system of claim 35, wherein the resin layer is disposed within at least a reactor unit of the one or more reactor units.Attorney Docket No. 36057-10011037. The system of claim 35, wherein the resin layer is disposed between adjacent reactor units.

38. The system of claim 1 , wherein the filter layer is configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of the impurity-containing fluid stream.

39. The system of claim 38, wherein filter layer further comprises the resin layer integrated within the filter layer.

40. The system of claim 1 , wherein the filter layer is configured to eliminate an undesired constituent of the impurity-containing airflow.

41. The filter layer of claim 1 , further comprising a dust filter.

42. The filter layer of claim 1 , further comprising a carbon filter.

43. The filter layer of claim 1 , further comprising a high efficiency particulate air filter.

44. The filter layer of claim 1 , further comprising an ultra low penetration air filter.

45. The filter layer of claim 1 , further comprising an external filter.

46. The system of claim 1 , wherein the impurity-containing fluid stream comprises a concentration of ethylene oxide; and at least a photochemical reaction of the one or more photochemical reactions is configured to convert ethylene oxide to one or more nontoxic byproducts.

47. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device is configured to reduce a moisture level within the impurity-containing fluid stream.

48. The system of claim 47, wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device comprises a desiccant wheel with a thickness between 1 inches and 10 inches.

49. The system of claim 47, wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device comprises a plurality of channels.

50. The system of claim 47, wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device is integrated within the purification system for fluid and airflow.

51. The system of claim 47, wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device further comprises a heat-recycling mechanism.

52. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device further comprises a desiccant wheel.Attorney Docket No. 36057-10011053. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least a moisture-reducing device further comprises a relative humidity sensor.

54. The system of claim 1 , wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is configured to connect to a power source.

55. The system of claim 1 , further comprising at least a mobility element configured to move the purification system for fluid and airflow between a plurality of locations.

56. The system of claim 1 , wherein the airflow further comprises a contaminant.

57. The system of claim 56, wherein the contaminant further comprises a volatile organic compound.

58. The system of claim 56, wherein the contaminant further comprises ethylene oxide.

59. The system of claim 56, wherein the contaminant further comprises dioxane.

60. The system of claim 56, wherein the contaminant further comprises acetaldehyde.

61. The system of claim 56, wherein ethylene oxide accumulates during transport.

62. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor.

63. The system of claim 56, wherein the temperature sensor is configured to communicate with the illumination module.

64. The system of claim 1 , further comprising: a processor; and a memory communicatively connected to the processor, wherein the memory comprises instructions configuring the processor to: receive, from a detector, status data pertaining to the purification system for fluid and airflow; compare the received status data against one or more performance metrics; and output a status report as a function of the comparison.

65. The system of claim 64, wherein the detector comprises a pressure sensor configured to monitor a pressure drop across the layer of photocatalytic material.Attorney Docket No. 36057-10011066. The system of claim 1 , wherein: the layer of photocatalytic material comprises a longitudinal dimension and a lateral dimension; and a ratio between the longitudinal dimension and the lateral dimension is between 1 and 10,000.

67. The system of claim 1 , wherein the inlet airflow opening further comprises a heat sink feature.

68. The system of claim 1 , wherein the resin layer further comprises a resin filter.

69. The system of claim 1 , wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is enclosed.

70. The system of claim 1 , wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is utilized for vehicular applications.

71. The system of claim 1 , wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is configured to discharge airflow directly into external occupied space.

72. The system of claim 1 , wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is in communication with an enclosed space containing ethylene oxide off-gassing items.

73. The system of claim 1 , wherein the enclosed space is a transportation module.

74. A purification system for fluid and airflow, the purification system for fluid and airflow comprising: one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units comprises: an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to expand and contract between a resting and a fluidized state; wherein: the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material comprises a photocatalytic surface; and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow throughout the one or more reactor units; and a resin layer;Attorney Docket No. 36057-10011075. The system of claim 74, wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is in communication with an occupied space under positive pressure to provide a habitable space.

76. The system of claim 74, wherein the purification system for fluid and airflow is in communication with an occupied space under negative pressure to provide a habitable space.

77. The system of claim 76, wherein the occupied space is a forklift cab.

78. A purification system for fluid and airflow purification, the reactor system comprising: one or more reactor units, wherein each reactor unit of the one or more reactor units comprises: an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material configured to expand and contract between a resting and a fluidized state; wherein: the adjustable layer of photocatalytic material comprises a photocatalytic surface; and at least a portion of the photocatalytic surface is in fluid exchange with an impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow throughout the one or more reactor units; and an illumination module, wherein the illumination module comprises one or more light emitting diode (LED) light sources spaced within the one or more reactor units configured to uniformly illuminate the one or more reactor units and drive one or more photochemical reactions therein.

79. A purification system according to claim 78 further comprising a resin layer.

80. A purification system according to claim 78 further comprising one or more of a filter layer or a humidity reducing device.81 .A method of purifying a fluid and airflow using a purification system, the method comprising: introducing a fluid stream and an airflow into one or more reactor units through an inlet airflow opening;Attorney Docket No. 36057-1001 10 contacting the fluid stream and the airflow with an adjustable layer of photocatalytic material within each reactor unit, wherein the adjustable layer transitions between a resting and a fluidized state; allowing at least a portion of a photocatalytic surface within the adjustable layer to engage in fluid exchange with the fluid stream and airflow; illuminating the reactor units with one or more light sources to activate one or more photochemical reactions within the impurity-containing fluid stream and airflow on the photocatalytic surface to generate a treated airflow; and expelling the treated airflow from the reactor units through an outlet airflow opening.

82. A method of purifying a fluid and airflow using a purification system, the method comprising: introducing a fluid stream and an airflow through a purification system of claim 1 to generate a treated airflow.

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