Methods of preparing regenerated cellulose fiber, and products thereof
A method using organic bases to dissolve cellulose at mild temperatures addresses the challenges of conventional solvents, enabling efficient recycling of cotton textiles into high-quality regenerated cellulose fibers with desirable properties for textile applications.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for preparing regenerated cellulose fibers face challenges such as high energy consumption, difficulty in dissolving cellulose with high degree of polymerization, complex production procedures, and environmental impact due to the use of conventional solvents like NMMO and aqueous NaOH, particularly for recycling fine woven cotton fabrics.
A method using an organic base, such as tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, to dissolve cellulose particles at mild temperatures (16-50 ℃) without derivatization, followed by degassing and extrusion into a coagulation bath to produce high-quality regenerated cellulose fibers.
The method enables efficient recycling of cotton textiles with high DP, producing fibers with silk-like glossiness and high tenacity, suitable for various textile applications, while reducing environmental impact and operational costs.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024117484-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024117484-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024117484-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
METHODS OF PREPARING REGENERATED CELLULOSE FIBER, AND PRODUCTS THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a method of preparing regenerated cellulose fiber from cellulose particles, which can originate from cotton textiles, such as virgin / used cotton fabrics, and products thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] Cotton is the most important natural fiber in the world, due to its wide range of applications in apparel and home furnishings. Fine woven cotton fabric like high yarn count (e.g., ≥ 80s) fabric, high twist yarn (e.g., ≥ 40 TPI) fabric, or high thread count (e.g., ≥ 200) fabric, is well known for its high tenacity, smooth finishing, and lightweight, which has a wide range of applications, including high-quality bed sheets and pillowcases. According to the latest survey of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2021, cotton lint accounts for 81%of world natural fiber production. However, 50%of the world’s cotton-growing region will face high temperatures, water scarcity and extreme weather events by 2040, according to an analysis commissioned by the Cotton 2040 initiative. Thus, higher cost pressure is affecting the global textile industry.
[0003] On the other hand, large quantities of textile waste negatively impact the environment. For example, in 2018, 17 million tons of textile waste ended up in landfills according to data from the Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle textile waste, especially cotton-containing materials for environmental and cost considerations.
[0004] Conventional solvents such as N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and aqueous sodium hydroxide had been widely used to prepare regenerated cellulose fibers. For example, CN110621701A describes a method to prepare regenerated cellulose fiber from bacterial cellulose with medium to high DP (<2000) by NMMO. CN101736426B describes a method to utilize NMMO solvent to produce regenerated cellulose fiber from cellulose source with lower DP (500-800) . In WO2019122648A1, NMMO or ionic liquid is used to recycle cotton in blended textile waste by wet spinning.
[0005] Yet, existing methods usually include derivatization of cellulose to enhance the cellulose solubility in the solvent. JP4034808B2 describes preparation of fibers with high tenacity from cellulose formate, in which formic acid and phosphoric acid were involved in the derivatization step. CN108277545 describes a method to prepare regenerated cellulose fibers from cellulose or cellulose carbamate, wherein large amount of urea was involved in the preparation of cellulose carbamate.
[0006] There thus exists a need for improved methods for preparing regenerated cellulose fibers that address or overcome at least some of the disadvantages existing in the prior art.SUMMARY
[0007] The present disclosure provides a method of preparing regenerated cellulose fibers, which reduces or eliminates problems associated with the use of conventional solvents (such as NMMO, and aqueous NaOH) including energy consuming dissolution process due to the extremely high / low dissolution temperature, difficulty to dissolve cellulose with higher degree of polymerization (DP) , difficulty in solvent recovery, the necessity of using additive or co-solvent, among others.
[0008] The operational temperature of NMMO for preparing regenerated cellulose fibers can be as high as 100 ℃ or higher, whereas for an aqueous solvent system consisting of NaOH and urea, it can be as low as or below 0 ℃. In particular, fine woven cotton fabric is generally difficult to recycle with conventional methods, due to its compact and strengthened structure. Further, derivatization of cellulose may lead to more complex production procedure, or formation of side products, thus making the process less easy for industrialization. The methods described herein can facilitate convenient and efficient recycling of cotton textiles, especially cotton materials containing cellulose with high DP (e.g., >800) , at mild temperature, without requiring a derivatization process or the use of additive / co-solvent. The methods described herein also enable recovery of valuable chemicals used in the dissolution of cellulose and ensure the production of high-quality regenerated cellulose fibers with desirable properties, such as silk-like feel, high glossiness, high tenacity, and the like. Another aspect of the present disclosure is the use of regenerated cellulose fibers in various textile applications, ranging, for example, from garments (e.g., T-shirt, woven shirt) to high-end products (e.g., scarf) .
[0009] To address all or at least some of the above problems in the art, in a first aspect, provided herein is a method of preparing regenerated cellulose fiber, the method comprising: (a) contacting cellulose particles and an organic base in an aqueous solution, at a temperature of 16-50 ℃, thereby forming a cellulose solution, wherein the organic base is R4NOH, wherein each R is independently selected from C1-C10 alkyl and benzyl, the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of 0.1≤x<5 mm and a degree of polymerization of 800-6500, the cellulose solution comprises 40.0-60%w / w of the organic base, and the cellulose particles and organic base are contacted in a weight ratio of 1: 15 to 1: 2, respectively; (b) degassing the cellulose solution; and (c) extruding the cellulose solution into a coagulation bath thereby forming the regenerated cellulose fiber.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the organic base is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) , tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH) , tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAH) , tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) , tetrapentylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) , tetrahexylammonium hydroxide (THAH) , triethylmethylammonium hydroxide (TEMAH) , benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (BTMAH) , benzyltriethylammonium hydroxide (BTEAH) , and any mixtures thereof.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution comprises 50-55%w / w of the organic base, and the cellulose particles and organic base are contacted in a weight ratio of 1: 10 to 1: 5, respectively.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles have a degree of polymerization of 1000-5500.
[0013] In certain embodiments, step (c) comprises extruding the cellulose solution at a temperature of 16 ℃-40 ℃ into a coagulation bath, and / or step (a) comprises mixing the cellulose solution for 4-18 hours.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises filtering the cellulose solution with one or more filters having a pore size of between 5-500 μm prior to step (c) .
[0015] In certain embodiments, step (c) comprises extruding the cellulose solution through a spinneret having a hole size of 40-160 μm into the coagulation bath kept at a temperature of 10 ℃-25 ℃, wherein the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of water, an acid, and optionally a salt.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, phytic acid, and any combination thereof, the salt is a conjugate base of the acid, and when present, the acid and the salt are present in a molar ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 2, respectively.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of sulphuric acid at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, sodium sulphate at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, and water.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises one or more of the following steps: (d) stretching the regenerated cellulose fiber in a stretching bath; (e) washing the regenerated cellulose fiber; (f) drying the regenerated cellulose fiber; and (g) collecting the regenerated cellulose fiber.
[0019] In certain embodiments, step (e) comprises washing the regenerated cellulose fiber in a washing bath kept at a temperature of 20 ℃-60 ℃, and / or step (f) comprises drying the regenerated cellulose fiber at a temperature of 60 ℃-200 ℃.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the regenerated cellulose fiber is stretched in an overall draw ratio of 0.4 to 2.0 in the method described herein.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the stretching takes place in one or more or all of the steps (c) to (f) .
[0022] In certain embodiments, the method does not comprise a derivatization step of cellulose.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles are obtained from cotton textiles comprising cotton fabric selected from the group consisting of virgin cotton fabric, used cotton fabric, low-density cotton fabric, knitted cotton fabric, high-density cotton fabric, high twist cotton fabric, fine woven cotton fabric, fabric made of high twist yarn, fabric of high thread count, fabric of high yarn count, and any combination thereof.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of 4-10%w / w of cellulose, 50-55%w / w of organic base, and water.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the method comprises: (a1) contacting cellulose particles and a TBAH in an aqueous solution, at a temperature of 20 ℃-40 ℃, thereby forming a cellulose solution; the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of 1.5 ≤x≤ 2.7 mm, and a degree of polymerization of 2000-5500; the cellulose solution comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of 5-9%w / w of cellulose, 50-55%w / w of TBAH, and water; (a2) filtering the cellulose solution with one or more filters having a pore size of between 5-500 μm thereby forming a filtered cellulose solution; (b) degassing the filtered cellulose solution at a reduced pressure at 20-100 mbar or by centrifugation at 20℃-40 ℃ thereby forming a cellulose dope; and (c) extruding the cellulose dope at a temperature of 20 ℃-40 ℃ through a spinneret having a hole size of 60-120 μm into a coagulation bath thereby forming regenerated cellulose fiber, wherein the coagulation bath is kept at a temperature of 10 ℃-20 ℃ and comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of sulphuric acid at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, sodium sulphate at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, and water; and wherein the regenerated cellulose fiber is stretched in an overall draw ratio of 0.4 to 1.0.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (h) recovering the TBAH from the coagulation bath after step (c) by electrodialysis.
[0027] In a second aspect, provided herein is regenerated cellulose fiber obtained according to the method of the first aspect, or textiles made from the regenerated cellulose fiber, wherein the fiber has an average diameter of 5 to 35 μm, and a spectacular reflectance of at least 5 GU.
[0028] In a third aspect, provided herein is a use of regenerated cellulose fiber obtained according to the method of the first aspect for preparing textiles, wherein the textiles comprise cotton fabric, low-density cotton fabric, knitted cotton fabric, high-density cotton fabric, high twist cotton fabric, fine woven cotton fabric, fabric made of high twist yarn, fabric of high thread count, fabric of high yarn count, beddings, sheets, pillowcases, duvet covers, garments, T-shirt, woven shirt, and any combination thereof.
[0029] It is an objective of the present disclosure to provide a method of preparing regenerated cellulose fibers using cellulose particles derived from cotton textiles, including virgin / used cotton fabrics with high DP (e.g., > 800) . The method described herein advantageously provides regenerated cellulose fibers with silk-like glossiness as well as ideal properties such as tenacity that are comparable to commercial fibers. The resulting fibers are useful in a wide range of textile applications including clothing, beddings, draperies and the like.
[0030] In the present disclosure, organic base can be used to directly recycle cotton textiles without the need of additive / co-solvent and cellulose derivatization, providing a non-toxic solvent system, and enabling subsequent recovery of the same. Meanwhile, by the method described herein, both cellulose dissolution and wet spinning can be conducted at mild temperatures, enhancing its applicability and feasibility for industrial use.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] The above and other objects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of the disclosure, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0032] Figure 1 depicts the microscopic image of cellulose particles produced in Example 1.
[0033] Figure 2 depicts a photo of regenerated cellulose fibers prepared in Example 3.
[0034] Figure 3 depicts the SEM image of regenerated cellulose fibers (magnification: 684x) prepared in Example 3.
[0035] Figure 4 depicts the SEM image of regenerated cellulose fibers (magnification: 3.86kx) prepared in Example 3.
[0036] Figure 5 depicts the SEM image of a cross-section of the regenerated cellulose fibers prepared in Example 3.
[0037] Figure 6 depicts a schematic showing organic base recovery from the coagulation bath after wet spinning by electrodialysis according to Example 4.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] The following terms shall be used to describe the present invention. In the absence of a specific definition set forth herein, the terms used to describe the present invention shall be given their common meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0039] Throughout the present specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0040] Furthermore, throughout the present specification and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0041] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0042] The present disclosure provides methods of preparing a cellulose solution, methods of preparing a cellulose dope, methods of preparing regenerated cellulose fibers, and products thereof. The regenerated cellulose fibers can have an average diameter of about 5 to 35 μm, and a spectacular reflectance of at least about 5 GU. The regenerated cellulose fibers possess desirable properties, such as high glossiness and high tenacity, making them useful in a wide range of textile applications.
[0043] The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a cellulose solution, the method comprising: contacting cellulose particles and an organic base (e.g., at a temperature of about 16-50 ℃) in an aqueous solution thereby forming a cellulose solution, wherein the organic base is R4NOH, wherein each R is independently selected from C1-C10 alkyl and benzyl; the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of about 0.1≤x<5 mm and a degree of polymerization (DP) of about 800-6500; the cellulose solution comprises about 40.0-60%w / w of the organic base, and the cellulose particles and organic base are contacted in a weight ratio of about 1: 15 to 1: 2, respectively.
[0044] In the methods described herein, a solvent system consisting of or consisting essentially of water and the organic base can be used as the only solvent system to dissolve the cellulose. In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution is free of additive (such as metal sulphate, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclic polyether) or cosolvent. In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution comprises, consists, or consist essentially of the organic base, cellulose, and water.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the organic base is R4NOH, wherein each R is independently selected from C1-C10 alkyl (such as C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C10 alkyl, C2-C4 alkyl, C3-C5 alkyl, C4-C7 alkyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl) and benzyl. In certain embodiments, the organic base is a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide and / or a tetraalkylbenzylammonium hydroxide. In certain embodiments, the organic base is selected from the group consisting of TMAH, TEAH, TPAH, TBAH, TPAOH, THAH, TEMAH, BTMAH, BTEAH, and any mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the organic base comprises or is TBAH. In certain embodiments, the organic base is a mixture of TBAH with one or more of TMAH, TEAH, TPAH, TPAOH, THAH, TEMAH, BTMAH, and BTEAH.
[0046] The cellulose solution can comprise about 40-60%w / w of the organic base. For example, the cellulose solution comprises about 42-57%w / w, about 44-53%w / w, about 44-56%w / w, about 45-55%w / w, about 46-54%w / w, about 46.5-53%w / w, about 46.5-52.5%w / w, about 47-52%w / w, about 50-55%w / w, about 52%w / w, about 52.25%w / w, about 52.5%w / w, about 53%w / w, about 53.5%w / w of the organic base, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0047] Cellulose particles can be obtained from cotton textiles including cotton fabric selected from the group consisting of virgin cotton fabric, used cotton fabric, low-density cotton fabric, knitted cotton fabric, high-density cotton fabric, high twist cotton fabric, fine woven cotton fabric, fabric made of high twist yarn (e.g., ≥ 40 TPI (Twist Per Inch) ) , fabric of high thread count (e.g., ≥ 200 TC (Thread Count) ) , fabric of high yarn count (e.g., ≥ 80s (Singles) ) , and any combination thereof.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of about 0.1≤x<5 mm, such as about 0.5≤x<4 mm, about 0.8≤x< 3.5 mm, about 1≤x≤ 3 mm, about 1≤x≤ 2 mm, about 1≤x< 2 mm, about 1.2≤x< 2.9 mm, about 1.5≤x≤ 2.7 mm, about 1.5 ≤x≤ 2.5 mm, about 1.5 ≤x≤ 2.2 mm, about 1.8 mm, about 2 mm, about 2.5 mm, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles have a DP of about 800-6500, such as about 1500-6000, about 2000-5500, about 2200-5300, about 2500-5000, about 3000-4500, about 3500-4000, about 2200, about 5200, about 5250, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles and the organic base can be contacted in a weight of ratio of about 1: 15 to 1: 2, such as about 1: 12 to 1: 2, about 1: 10 to 1: 3, about 1: 10 to 1: 5, about 1: 8 to 1: 4, about 1: 7 to 1: 5, about 1: 10, about 1: 10.5, about 1: 11, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution comprises about 4%w / w to about 18%w / w of cellulose. For example, in certain embodiments, the cellulose solution comprises about 4%w / w to about 15%w / w, about 4%w / w to about 13%w / w, about 4%w / w to about 10%w / w, about 5%w / w to about 12%w / w, about 5%w / w to about 9%w / w, about 5%w / w to about 8%w / w, about 6%w / w to about 11%w / w, about 7%w / w to about 14%w / w, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0052] The cellulose solution can be made of the cellulose particles, the organic base, and water. In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution is made of about 4-18%w / w (e.g., about 4.5-16%w / w, about 5-15%w / w, about 5-10%w / w, about 5-9%w / w, about 5.5-8%w / w, about 6-7%w / w, about 5%w / w, or any subranges and point values included therein) of the organic particles, about 40.0-60%w / w (e.g., about 42-57%w / w, about 44-53%w / w, about 44-56%w / w, about 45-55%w / w, about 46-54%w / w, about 46.5-53%w / w, about 46.5-52.5%w / w, about 47-52%w / w, about 50-55%w / w, about 52%w / w, about 52.25%w / w, about 52.5%w / w, about 53%w / w, about 53.5%w / w, or any subranges and point values included therein) of the organic base, and water, relative to the weight of the cellulose solution.
[0053] The cellulose particles will dissolve in the aqueous solution once they are contacted with the organic base, particularly under stirring, thereby forming the cellulose solution. In certain embodiments, when the cellulose particles are used in a high amount to contact with the organic base, such as above 15%w / w based on the cellulose solution, the cellulose solution may comprise a small amount (such as trace amount, such as less than about 3%w / w, 2 %w / w, 1%w / w, 0.5%w / w, 0.2%w / w, 0.1 %w / w, or even lower) of undissolved cellulose particles. If present, the undissolved cellulose particles can be removed via filtering.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles may be obtained by grinding the cotton textiles into smaller size, for example, into particles with an average length of x as defined above. Said grinding may include but is not limited to cutting (e.g., by using a cutting mill) . In certain embodiments, the cotton textiles may be decolored by common decolorization methods such as bleaching, prior to said grinding.
[0055] Contacting cellulose particles and the organic base in an aqueous solution may comprise contacting the cellulose particles, the organic base and the aqueous solution in any order thereby forming the cellulose solution. The order of addition is not particularly limited, and all order of additions are contemplated by the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water. In certain embodiments, contacting cellulose particles and the organic base in the aqueous solution comprises contacting the cellulose particles with an aqueous solvent system comprising the organic base thereby forming the cellulose solution. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solvent system consists of or consists essentially of the organic base and water. In certain embodiments, the cellulose particles are first combined with water and the organic base is then added.
[0056] In certain embodiments, contacting cellulose particles and the organic base can be performed at a temperature of about 16-50 ℃, such as at about 18-45 ℃, about 20-40 ℃, about 25-30 ℃, about 19 ℃, about 20 ℃, about 22 ℃, about 26 ℃, or any subranges and point values included therein. Therefore, in certain embodiments, the cellulose solution is prepared at a temperature of about 16-50 ℃, such as at about 18-45 ℃, about 20-40 ℃, about 25-30 ℃, about 19 ℃, about 20 ℃, about 22 ℃, about 26 ℃, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0057] In certain embodiments, contacting cellulose particles and the organic base comprises mixing the cellulose solution for about 4-18 hours, such as about 6 to less than 18 hours, about 8-17 hours, about 10-16 hours, about 12-15 hours, about 14 hours, about 16 hours, or any subranges and point values included therein. Said mixing can be conducted by mixing devices, including but not limited to an overhead stirrer, a kneader reactor, a centrifugal mixer, or any combination thereof.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the method of preparing a cellulose solution comprises: contacting cellulose particles and a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, selected from one or more of the group consisting of TMAH, TEAH, TPAH, TBAH, TPAOH, THAH, TEMAH, BTMAH, and BTEAH, in an aqueous solution, at a temperature of about 18 ℃-30 ℃ thereby forming a cellulose solution, wherein the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of about 1.5≤x≤2.7 mm, and a degree of polymerization of about 2000-5500; the cellulose solution comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of cellulose, the tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, and water; the cellulose solution comprises about 50-55%w / w of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, and the cellulose particles and organic base are contacted in a weight ratio between of about 1:8 to 1: 12, respectively. In such embodiments, the tetraalkylammonium hydroxide is TBAH or is TBAH with one or more of TMAH, TEAH, TPAH, TPAOH, THAH, TEMAH, BTMAH, and BTEAH. In such embodiments, the cellulose solution comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of 5-9%w / w of cellulose, 50-55%w / w of the tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, and water.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the cellulose has an intrinsic viscosity of about 5-20 dL / g, such as about 6-18 dL / g, about 7-16 dL / g, about 7.5-15 dL / g, about 8-14 dL / g, about 10-12 dL / g, or any subranges and point values included therein. Intrinsic viscosity is another indicator to measure the DP of cellulose.
[0060] Cellulose derivatization is commonly employed to enhance its solubility in solvents. However, this process may lead to more complex production procedure, or formation of side products, posing challenges for industrial scalability. In the present disclosure, by using the organic base according to the method described herein, cellulose derivatization is no longer necessary. Hence, in certain embodiments, the method of preparing cellulose solution does not include a step of derivatization of cellulose.
[0061] By the method described herein, the cellulose particles can be directly and conveniently dissolved by the organic base, simplifying the dissolution process. In addition, by controlling the size of the cellulose particles to less than 5 mm, especially less than 3 mm (e.g., 1.5-2.7 mm) in average length, they can be effectively dissolved. Also, the organic base is non-toxic and its physical-chemical properties facilitate its convenient recovery in subsequent process, which can increase efficiency and reduce the cost and environmental impact of the method described herein.
[0062] The cellulose solution obtained according to the method described herein is also contemplated by the present disclosure, which is useful for preparing cellulose dope, regenerated cellulose fibers and / or related products.
[0063] The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a cellulose dope, comprising degassing the cellulose solution according to the present disclosure (e.g., at a temperature of about 20 ℃-40 ℃) to form the cellulose dope. In certain embodiments, the method described herein further comprises filtering the cellulose solution according to the present disclosure with one or more filters prior to degassing. As used in the present disclosure, the term “cellulose dope” refers to cellulose solution after degassing or after filtering and degassing. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the term “cellulose dope” is interchangeable with “degassed cellulose” or similar terminologies.
[0064] In certain embodiments, the step of filtering comprises filtering the cellulose solution with one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) filters having a pore size of between about 5-500 μm, such as about 15-200 μm, about 5-100 μm, about 5-50 μm, about 5-30 μm, about 10-400 μm, about 15-300 μm, about 15-30 μm, about 15-25 μm, about 50-150 μm, or any subranges and point values included therein. In certain embodiments, the one or more filters have a pore size of about 15-25 μm. Filtration can remove insoluble cellulose particles (if any) or agglomerates, which may affect the dope extrusion and fiber formation in the subsequent wet spinning process. As used in the present disclosure, the term “wet spinning” mainly comprises the extruding step as described above.
[0065] The cellulose solution (such as the filtered cellulose solution) can be degassed to remove dissolved gases and air bubbles which may possibly affect the polymer alignment in subsequent wet spinning process. Degassing can be carried out under the following conditions: at a reduced pressure (e.g., at around 20 -100 mbar) ; centrifugation (e.g., 3000 -6000 RPM, at 20 ℃ -40 ℃) ; vacuum degassing; ultrasonic treatment; stirring; or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution (such as the filtered cellulose solution) is degassed by centrifugation at about 4000-5000 RPM, such as about 4200-4800 RPM, about 4500-4700 RPM, about 4600 RPM, or any subranges and point values included therein. In certain embodiments, the cellulose solution (such as the filtered cellulose solution) is degassed by centrifugation at about 4500-4700 RPM under about 25 ℃-40 ℃ (such as 30 ℃-40 ℃, 35 ℃, or 40 ℃) for a period of 5-20min (such as 10-15min, 10-12min, or 10min) .
[0066] The cellulose dope obtained according to the method described herein is also contemplated by the present disclosure. The resulting dope is characterized by its improved purity and absence of entrained gases, and thus is beneficial for achieving high-quality cellulose-based products. The cellulose dope can then be further processed into various products such as films, fibers (such as regenerated cellulose fibers) , membranes, and / or other cellulose-based materials.
[0067] The present disclosure provides a method of preparing regenerated cellulose fibers, comprising extruding the cellulose dope according to the present disclosure into a coagulation bath thereby forming the regenerated cellulose fiber.
[0068] Extruding can be performed (e.g., by an extruder) at a temperature of about 16 ℃-50 ℃, such as about 16 ℃-40 ℃, 20 ℃-40 ℃, 25 ℃-35 ℃, 30 ℃-35 ℃, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0069] In certain embodiments, extruding comprises extruding the cellulose solution through a spinneret having a hole size of about 40-160 μm (such as about 40-120 μm, about 40-100 μm, about 50-80 μm, about 40-60 μm, or any subranges and point values included therein) into the coagulation bath.
[0070] The coagulation bath can be kept at a temperature of about 10 ℃-25 ℃, such as about 10 ℃-20 ℃, 12 ℃-18 ℃, 15 ℃-20 ℃, or any subranges and point values included therein.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and an acid. In certain embodiments, the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water, an acid, and a salt, such as a conjugate base of the acid. In certain embodiments, the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, phytic acid, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the salt is a conjugate base of the acid [such as a Group I or Group II (e.g., Li, Na, K, Ca, or Mg) salt of sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, acetate, citrate, or phytate] , and when present, the acid and the salt are present in a molar ratio of about 1: 1 to 1: 2 (such as about 1: 1, 1: 1.2, 1: 1.5, 1: 1.8, or 1: 2) , respectively.
[0072] In certain embodiments, the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of sulphuric acid (e.g., at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, 0.5 M-0.7 M, or 0.8 M) , sodium sulphate (e.g., at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, 0.5 M-0.8 M, or 0.7 M) , and water.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the method described herein further comprises one or more or all of the following steps: stretching the regenerated cellulose fiber in a stretching bath; washing the regenerated cellulose fiber; drying the regenerated cellulose fiber; and collecting the regenerated cellulose fiber.
[0074] In the stretching step, the regenerated cellulose fiber can be stretched in a stretching bath kept at a temperature of about 20 ℃-60 ℃ (such as about 20-50 ℃, 25-45 ℃, 30-40 ℃, 20 ℃, 28 ℃, or 35 ℃) .
[0075] In certain embodiments, the regenerated cellulose fiber is stretched, e.g., in an overall draw ratio of about 0.4 to 2.0 (such as about 0.5-1.8, 0.6-1.5, 0.8-1.2, 1.0-2.0) , in the method described herein. In the method described herein, the fiber can be loaded onto various roller (s) , such as those installed next to a coagulation bath, a stretching bath, a washing bath, and / or one or more heaters, and when the fiber is being moved as the roller (s) rotate, the fiber is being stretched. Therefore, in certain embodiments of the method described herein, stretching can occur in different steps (e.g., at different extents) . For example, stretching can occur in a coagulation bath, a stretching bath, a washing bath, and / or on heaters. For example, stretching can occur in various steps including the extruding step, the stretching step, the washing step, and / or the drying step. In certain embodiments, stretching occurs in one or more or all of the extruding step, the stretching step, the washing step, and the drying step. In certain embodiments, stretching occurs in all of the extruding step, the stretching step, the washing step, and the drying step. As used herein, the term “draw ratio” is defined as a ratio of take up velocity (i.e., linear speed of the final roller) to exit velocity (i.e., linear speed of extrusion) . As used herein, while stretching may occur in one or more of the extruding step, the stretching step, the washing step, and the drying step, for the sake of clarity, the term “stretching step” or similar terminology such as the “step of stretching” refers only to stretching that takes place in the stretching bath, unless the context requires otherwise. In certain embodiments, the stretching bath is the same as the coagulation bath. In certain embodiments, the stretching bath is diluted from the coagulation bath. In certain embodiments, the stretching bath comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of sulphuric acid at a concentration of 0.5 M, sodium sulphate 0.4 M, and water..
[0076] In the washing step, the regenerated cellulose fiber can be washed in a washing bath kept at a temperature of about 20 ℃-60 ℃ (such as 25 ℃-50℃, 30 ℃-45 ℃, or 55 ℃) .
[0077] In the drying step, the regenerated cellulose fiber can be dried at a temperature of about 60 ℃-200 ℃ (such as 65 ℃-150℃, 100 ℃-180 ℃, or 120 ℃) . In certain embodiments, the drying step takes place on one or more heaters. The regenerated fiber can be dried at multiple stages. After drying, the resulting fiber can be collected on a robbin.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the method described herein further comprises recovering the organic base from the coagulation bath after extruding. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises recovering the organic base from the stretching bath. Organic base recovery can be done at a neutral to acidic condition with a pH of no more than 10 via, e.g., electrodialysis. By using the method described herein, the recovery rate can be reached over 90%. Organic base recovery with high recovery rate enhances the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of regenerated cellulose fiber production processes. The recovered organic base can be reintroduced into subsequent cellulose dissolution cycles, thereby minimizing waste, and reducing environmental impact associated with cellulose processing.
[0079] The prepared cellulose dope can be loaded into an extruder with temperature control of the dope throughout the spinning process. Extrusion rate of the dope through a spinneret can be controlled by a gear pump. The spinneret can be configured vertically or horizontally toward the coagulation bath. An aqueous mixture of sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate can be used as the coagulation bath or also as the stretching bath. Multiple drawing of the fiber can be performed by rollers installed at different coagulation bath, stretching bath (s) and washing bath (s) and / or by roller (s) installed next to heaters. Fiber is dried at multiple stages with drying temperature set at 60-200℃. Finally, the fiber is collected on a robbin.
[0080] Filtering and degassing can improve the quality and purity of the cellulose solution, contributing to the enhanced properties of the resulting fibers. However, as an alternative approach, the preparation can be streamlined by omitting the filtering step. This offers flexibility in the manufacturing process, potentially reducing time and resource requirements while still yielding useful regenerated cellulose fibers.
[0081] The present disclosure presents techniques for producing silk-like regenerated cellulose fibers with high glossiness. The wet spinning solvent system is sustainable in which no toxic chemical is used, and extremely high / low wet spinning temperature can be eliminated. In particular, the organic base in the wet spinning solvent system can be readily recycled by common recovery methods, e.g., electrodialysis. The methods of the present invention can be applied on virgin / used cotton fabrics.
[0082] The regenerated cellulose fiber obtained according to the method described herein is also contemplated by the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the regenerated cellulose fiber has an average diameter of about 5-35 μm (such as about 6-34 μm, 7-33.5 μm, 8-33 μm, 8-32 μm, 8-28 μm, 9-31 μm, 10-30 μm, 12-25 μm, 15-29 μm, 18-28 μm, 20 to 27 μm, 21-26 μm, 22-25.5 μm, 22.5 to 25 μm, 23 μm, 24.5 μm, 25.5 μm, or any subranges and point values included therein) . In certain embodiments, the regenerated cellulose fiber has a spectacular reflectance of at least about 5 GU (such as at least about 6.5 GU, at least about 7.5 GU, at least about 8 GU, at least about 9 GU, at least about 10 GU, at least about 12 GU, about 5-14 GU, about 5-9 GU, about 8-14 GU, about 8.5-13 GU, about 5.5-8.5 GU, about 5.8-8 GU, about 6-7.8 GU, about 6.2-7.5 GU, about 6.5-7 GU, about 5.4 GU, about 5.9, about 6.7 GU, or any subranges and point values included therein) .
[0083] The regenerated cellulose fiber obtained according to the method described herein exhibits high glossiness comparable to silk. In addition, it demonstrates excellent properties such as high tenacity, elongation at break, and fineness comparable to commercially available fibers. These exceptional attributes render the fiber well-suited for diverse textile applications.
[0084] EXAMPLES
[0085] The present disclosure is further elaborated in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating certain embodiments of the disclosure, are given by way of illustration only, therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
[0086] Example 1 -Preparation of Cellulose Particles from Cotton Textiles
[0087] 1. Materials
[0088] Knitted cotton fabric: purchased from market (i.e., virgin cotton)
[0089] Fine woven cotton fabric: obtained from used hotel pillowcase (i.e., used cotton)
[0090] All fabrics were non-colored. Intrinsic viscosity (IV) analysis according to ASTM D1795-2013 (2021) was conducted to characterize the IV. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was performed to estimate DP of the cotton fabrics. Results are shown in Table 1.
[0091] Table 1. Summary of DP and IV of the cotton fabrics.
[0092] The fine woven cotton fabric (i.e., used cotton fabric) has an IV and DP significantly lower than those of the knitted cotton fabric, implying that depolymerization may take place during washing cycles / usage. Both fabrics were used in the subsequent Examples.
[0093] 2. Instruments
[0094] Cutting mill, having a rotor equipped with special cutting blades, and a sieve installed at the bottom of the cutting mill.
[0095] The fabrics as mentioned above each was grinded by the cutting mill. Output materials was collected with the use of sieve in which the hole size was 1 mm.
[0096] The average fiber length of the output cellulose particles obtained from cotton fabrics was around 0.60 ± 0.21 mm, according to microscopic image (FIG. 1) .
[0097] Example 2 -Preparation of Cellulose Dope
[0098] Cellulose particles obtained from Example 1 were mixed with a solvent system, consisting of 55 w / w %tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) and water, to form a cellulose solution with the concentration of TBAH of 5 w / w %-9%w / w, respectively.
[0099] The mixture was stirred at 150-200 RPM for 16 hours at room temperature (~20 ℃) using an overhead stirrer.
[0100] After mixing, the cellulose solution was filtered by a filter (pore size: 19-20 μm) .
[0101] The filtered cellulose solution was then degassed by centrifugation at 4600 RPM for 10 minutes under 40 ℃, to obtain cellulose dope.
[0102] The cellulose dope with the concentration of TBAH of 5 w / w %-9%w / w (see below Table 2) was used for preparing regenerated cellulose fibers in the subsequent Example.
[0103] Example 3 -Preparation of Regenerated Cellulose Fiber
[0104] The cellulose dope obtained according to Example 2 was kept at a temperature of 40 ℃. An aqueous mixture of 0.8 M sulphuric acid and 0.7 M sodium sulphate at 10 ℃was used as coagulation bath. A dilute acid bath consisting of 0.5 M sulphuric acid and 0.4 M sodium sulphate at 20 ℃ was used as stretching bath. Water at 55 ℃ was used as washing bath.
[0105] The preparation process comprises:
[0106] 1. Loading the cellulose dope into an extruder kept at ~40 ℃;
[0107] 2. Extruding the cellulose dope through a spinneret with a hole size of 100 μm into the coagulation bath to form regenerated cellulose fiber;
[0108] 3. Stretching the regenerated cellulose fiber in the stretching bath;
[0109] 4. Washing the regenerated cellulose fiber in the washing bath; and
[0110] 5. Drying the regenerated cellulose fiber,
[0111] wherein the regenerated cellulose fiber was also stretched during extruding, washing, and drying, and the regenerated cellulose fiber was stretched in an overall draw ratio of 0.4-1.0 in the whole process.
[0112] In this Example, commercially available lyocell fiber and viscose fiber were utilized as controls.
[0113] Fiber Properties
[0114] Tenacity, Elongation at break, and Fiber fineness
[0115] Tenacity and Elongation at break were determined according to ASTM D3822; and Fiber fineness was determined according to ASTM D1577-07 (2018) . The results are summarized in Table 2.
[0116] Table 2. Summary of fiber properties.
[0117] As can be seen from Table 2, the regenerated cellulose fibers of the present disclosure exhibit appropriate fineness and excellent mechanical properties. They (especially sample 7) demonstrate a fiber tenacity comparable to commercial products like lyocell and viscose.
[0118] Glossiness
[0119] The glossiness of fiber surface is further determined, which can be evaluated by measuring the spectacular reflectance using a gloss meter. Spectacular reflectance is defined as the ratio of radiant flux of reflection to radiant flex of incidence. To quantify the glossiness of different samples, a gloss meter conforming to ISO 2813 was utilized to measure the spectacular reflectance of the surface at a 60° angle. For each sample, six different points were selected for measurement, and the average spectacular reflectance is presented in Table 3.
[0120] Table 3. Summary of spectacular reflectance.
[0121] As can be seen from Table 3, the regenerated cellulose fiber of the present disclosure possesses excellent glossiness. For example, the spectacular reflectance of Samples 1 and 4 (i.e., Test no. 6-7) are higher than those of the respective cellulose source, as well as commercial regenerated cellulose fibers such as lyocell staple fiber and viscose staple fiber. In particular, the specular reflectance of Samples 1 and 4 closely resembles that of silk fabric, indicating their silk-like glossiness (refer also to FIG. 2) .
[0122] Fiber Diameter
[0123] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to characterize Sample 4 in Table 2 (see FIGS. 3-5) . As shown in FIG. 3, the average fiber diameter is 24.27 ± 1.16 μm. Sample 4 was further analyzed at higher magnification, and the fiber possesses smooth surface. In addition, FIG. 5 describes that the fiber cross section is triangular-like with round corners. In principle, fiber with triangular-like cross section together with smooth surface favors much more even reflection of light, giving rise to good luster (i.e., higher glossiness) .
[0124] Example 4 –Organic Base Recovery
[0125] Following extruding, tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate (TBAHS) and trace amounts of sulphuric acid will remain in the coagulation bath. The recovery of tetrabutylammonium cation (TBA+) was achieved through electrodialysis, employing a bipolar electrodialysis system comprising a bipolar membrane (BM) and an anionic exchange membrane (AM) , as shown in FIG. 6.
[0126] This system was connected to an anode and cathode. In the system, TBA+ cation was trapped between the AM due to its larger molecular size and positive charge, while OH-and HSO4-anions permeated through the AM. This concentration process enabled anionic exchange, resulting in the concentration of TBA+ cation and the recovery of TBAH at a rate exceeding 90%.
[0127] While the present disclosure has been described and illustrated with specific embodiments, these descriptions and illustrations are not restrictive. It is understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made and equivalents substituted without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The illustrations may not necessarily be to scale, and there may be differences between the artistic depictions and actual apparatuses due to manufacturing processes and tolerances. Other embodiments of the disclosure not specifically illustrated may exist. The specification and drawings are illustrative and not restrictive. Adaptations may be made to suit particular situations, materials, compositions of matter, methods, or processes within the scope of the present disclosure. All such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Operations described herein may be combined, subdivided, or reordered to form an equivalent method without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. Thus, unless otherwise specified, the sequence and grouping of operations are not limiting factors.
Claims
1.A method of preparing regenerated cellulose fiber, the method comprising:(a) contacting cellulose particles and an organic base in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 16-50 ℃ thereby forming a cellulose solution,wherein the organic base is R4NOH, wherein each R is independently selected from C1-C10 alkyl and benzyl,the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of 0.1≤x<5 mm and a degree of polymerization of 800-6500,the cellulose solution comprises 40.0-60%w / w of the organic base, and the cellulose particles and organic base are contacted in a weight ratio of 1: 15 to 1: 2, respectively;(b) degassing the cellulose solution; and(c) extruding the cellulose solution into a coagulation bath thereby forming the regenerated cellulose fiber.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the organic base is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) , tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH) , tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAH) , tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) , tetrapentylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) , tetrahexylammonium hydroxide (THAH) , triethylmethylammonium hydroxide (TEMAH) , benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (BTMAH) , benzyltriethylammonium hydroxide (BTEAH) , and any mixtures thereof.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cellulose solution comprises 50-55%w / w of the organic base, and the cellulose particles and the organic base are contacted in a weight ratio of 1: 10 to 1: 5, respectively.4.The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the cellulose particles have a degree of polymerization of 1000-5500.5.The method of any of claims 1-4, wherein step (c) comprises extruding the cellulose solution at a temperature of 16 ℃-40 ℃ into a coagulation bath, and / or step (a) comprises mixing the cellulose solution for 4-18 hours.6.The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the method further comprises filtering the cellulose solution with one or more filters having a pore size of between 5-500 μm prior to step (c) .7.The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein step (c) comprises extruding the cellulose solution through a spinneret having a hole size of 40-160 μm into the coagulation bath kept at a temperature of 10 ℃-25 ℃, wherein the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of water, an acid, and optionally a salt.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, phytic acid, and any combination thereof, the salt is a conjugate base of the acid, and when present, the acid and the salt are present in a molar ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 2, respectively.9.The method of any of claims 1-8, wherein the coagulation bath comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of sulphuric acid at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, sodium sulphate at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, and water.10.The method of any of claims 1-9, wherein the method further comprises one or more of the following steps:(d) stretching the regenerated cellulose fiber in a stretching bath;(e) washing the regenerated cellulose fiber;(f) drying the regenerated cellulose fiber; and(g) collecting the regenerated cellulose fiber.11.The method of claim 10, wherein step (e) comprises washing the regenerated cellulose fiber in a washing bath kept at a temperature of 20 ℃-60 ℃, and / or step (f) comprises drying the regenerated cellulose fiber at a temperature of 60 ℃-200 ℃.12.The method of any of claims 1-11, wherein the regenerated cellulose fiber is stretched in an overall draw ratio of 0.4 to 2.0.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the stretching takes place in one or more or all of steps (c) to (f) .14.The method of any of claims 1-13, wherein the method does not comprise a derivatization step of cellulose.15.The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein the cellulose particles are obtained from cotton textiles comprising cotton fabric selected from the group consisting of virgin cotton fabric, used cotton fabric, low-density cotton fabric, knitted cotton fabric, high-density cotton fabric, high twist cotton fabric, fine woven cotton fabric, fabric made of high twist yarn, fabric of high thread count, fabric of high yarn count, and any combination thereof.16.The method of any of claims 1-15, wherein the cellulose solution comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of 4-10%w / w of cellulose, 50-55%w / w of organic base, and water.17.The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises:(a1) contacting cellulose particles and a TBAH in an aqueous solution, at a temperature of 20 ℃-40 ℃ thereby forming a cellulose solution,the cellulose particles have an average length of x in the range of 1.5≤x≤ 2.7 mm, and a degree of polymerization of 2000-5500,the cellulose solution comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of 5-9%w / w of cellulose, 50-55%w / w of TBAH, and water;(a2) filtering the cellulose solution with one or more filters having a pore size of between 5-500 μm thereby forming a filtered cellulose solution;(b) degassing the filtered cellulose solution at a reduced pressure at 20-100 mbar or by centrifugation at 20℃-40 ℃ thereby forming a cellulose dope; and(c) extruding the cellulose dope at a temperature of 20 ℃-40 ℃ through a spinneret having a hole size of 60-120 μm into a coagulation bath thereby forming regenerated cellulose fiber, wherein the coagulation bath is kept at a temperature of 10 ℃-20 ℃ and comprises, consists of, or essentially consists of sulphuric acid at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, sodium sulphate at a concentration of 0.5 M-1.0 M, and water; andwherein the regenerated cellulose fiber is stretched in an overall draw ratio of 0.4 to 1.0.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises (h) recovering the TBAH from the coagulation bath after step (c) by electrodialysis.19.A regenerated cellulose fiber obtained from the method of any of claims 1-18, or textiles made from the regenerated cellulose fiber, wherein the fiber has an average diameter of 5 to 35 μm, and a spectacular reflectance of at least 5 GU.20.Use of the regenerated cellulose fiber according to claim 19 for preparing textiles, wherein the textiles comprise cotton fabric, low-density cotton fabric, knitted cotton fabric, high-density cotton fabric, high twist cotton fabric, fine woven cotton fabric, fabric made of high twist yarn, fabric of high thread count, fabric of high yarn count, beddings, sheets, pillowcases, duvet covers, garments, T-shirt, woven shirt, and any combination thereof.
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