Vehicle tyre comprising a tread, and tread composition

Abstract

The invention relates to a vehicle tyre which contains, at least in one tread (1), a vulcanisate which is obtained by sulphur vulcanisation of a rubber mixture which contains at least the following constituents: a) 70 phr to 95 phr of polyisoprene, selected from natural polyisoprene and synthetic polyisoprene; b) 5 phr to 30 phr of at least one diene rubber, selected from butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber; c) 25 to 70 phr of silica as a filler, wherein the silica has a BET surface area of 180 m² / g or higher in accordance with DIN ISO 9277, wherein a groove volume of the tread is between 0% and 12%, preferably at least 2% to at most 10%, more preferably at most 8%.

Description

[0001] 202404115

[0002] - 1 -

[0003] Description

[0004] Vehicle tires with tread and tread composition

[0005] The invention relates to a vehicle tire, in particular a commercial vehicle tire. Furthermore, the invention relates to the tread of a vehicle tire and a sulfur-curable rubber compound for the tread.

[0006] The rubber composition of the tread largely determines the properties of a vehicle tire. Therefore, these rubber compounds for the tread are subject to high demands, particularly regarding abrasion resistance / mileage, wet braking performance, and tire rolling resistance.

[0007] The terms "tread strip" and "tread surface" are to be considered synonymous in relation to the present text.

[0008] Wear and mileage are indicators of the same tire characteristic. High wear means low tire mileage, and vice versa. Mileage can generally be increased by using a low groove volume in the tread pattern.

[0009] In the case of a low groove volume in the tread pattern, the contact area between the tire and the road surface is comparatively large. The friction between the tire and the road surface is then lower compared to tires with a higher groove volume, so wear and rolling resistance are generally reduced. This increases mileage.

[0010] The rolling resistance (RR) of tires is measured by drum tests. Rolling resistance drum test measurements are the basis for legal rolling resistance certifications, the awarding of rolling resistance labels, and the verification of rolling resistance limit requirements. These rolling resistance drum test measurements are based on 202404115

[0011] - 2 -

[0012] Tests according to ISO 28580. Low rolling resistance is preferred to minimize friction losses and energy consumption.

[0013] On the other hand, a lower groove volume in the tread usually reduces wet braking performance.

[0014] Mileage, tire rolling resistance and wet braking performance are therefore properties that are typically in conflict with each other.

[0015] The present invention was based on the objective of providing a rubber compound for treads and a corresponding tread or tire with treads which, compared to the prior art, exhibits an improvement in the property profile, in particular with regard to the conflict of objectives between mileage, rolling resistance behavior and wet braking behavior.

[0016] Surprisingly, the rubber compound, vulcanizate, tread, and vehicle tire according to the invention improve the tire's performance profile, particularly with regard to the described conflict of objectives.

[0017] The invention encompasses all advantageous embodiments, which are reflected, inter alia, in the claims. In particular, the invention also encompasses embodiments resulting from the combination of different features, for example, components of the rubber compound or elements of the tire, with varying degrees of preference given to these features, such that a combination of a first feature designated as "preferred" or described within the framework of an advantageous embodiment with a further feature designated, for example, as "particularly preferred," is also encompassed by the invention.

[0018] The following section describes in more detail the components of the rubber compound according to the invention and the properties of the tread produced therefrom. 202404115

[0019] - 3 -

[0020] All information relating to the components of the rubber compound according to the invention, regardless of the degree of preference given to these features, also applies accordingly to the vulcanizate according to the invention, the tread according to the invention, the (commercial) vehicle tire according to the invention, and uses according to the invention.

[0021] The unit phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight) used in this document is the standard unit of measurement for compound formulations in the rubber industry. The dosage of the parts by weight of the individual substances is based on 100 parts by weight of the total mass of all rubbers present in the mixture with a molecular weight Mw according to GPC greater than 20,000 g / mol. The specified value ranges always include the limit values.

[0022] According to the invention, the rubber mixture contains at least polyisoprene (isoprene rubber, IR / NR) and at least one diene rubber selected from one or more of a butadiene rubber (synonyms: BR, BR rubber, polybutadiene) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).

[0023] According to the invention, the isoprene rubber can contain natural polyisoprene (NR) or synthetic polyisoprene (IR) or both.

[0024] The proportion of polyisoprene in the rubber mixture is a maximum of 95 phr and preferably a minimum of 70 phr, more preferably between 75 and 90 phr.

[0025] Diene rubbers are rubbers that are formed by polymerization or copolymerization of dienes and / or cycloalkenes and thus have C=C double bonds either in the main chain or in the side groups.

[0026] According to the invention, the proportion of diene rubbers BR and / or SBR in the rubber compound is at least 5 phr and at most 30 phr. 202404115

[0027] - 4 -

[0028] Preferably, the proportion of diene rubbers BR and / or SBR in the rubber mixture is a maximum of 25 phr, more preferably a maximum of 20 phr, and more preferably a maximum of 15 phr.

[0029] The diene rubber styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) can be, in particular, solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) or emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR).

[0030] The preferred diene rubbers used are BR and SBR, which are functionalized for the binding of silica as a filler.

[0031] Preferably, the rubber mixture consists of BR / SBR and NR / IR. That is, the proportions of BR and / or SBR and NR and / or IR in phr preferably add up to 100 phr.

[0032] Other possible diene rubbers that may be present in smaller quantities in the mixture according to the invention are butadiene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene rubber, halobutyl rubber, polynorbornene, isoprene-isobutylene copolymer, ethylene-propylene diene rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, acrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, silicone rubber, polysulfide rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene terpolymer, hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber.

[0033] In this process, plasticizers, vulcanization systems and additives known to experts for these rubbers are used preferentially.

[0034] The invention's components of butadiene rubber (BR) and / or SBR and NR or IR particularly well solve the problem underlying the invention.

[0035] The sum of the contained rubbers, by definition, equals 100 phr.

[0036] It can be BR rubber with a high-cis or low-cis content, or with a high or low trans content. 202404115

[0037] - 5 -

[0038] The diene monomer rubber used is preferably end-group modified and / or functionalized along the polymer chains with modifications and functionalizations corresponding to the fillers used. The diene monomer rubber can be modified simply or with any number of modifications. The modifications can include hydroxy groups, ethoxy groups, epoxy groups, siloxane groups, amino groups, aminosiloxane groups, carboxy groups, phthalocyanine groups, and / or silane sulfide groups.

[0039] However, other modifications, also known as functionalizations and known to experts, are also possible. Metal atoms can be part of such functionalizations.

[0040] These functionalizations or modifications are specifically selected for the filler used, in particular, according to the invention, specifically for silica fillers. The terms "silica", "silica" and "silicon dioxide" are used synonymously within the scope of the present invention.

[0041] All rubber materials used can be based on recycled, renewable and / or bio-based raw materials or on recycled material, e.g. recycled rubber, in particular recycled natural rubber or IR / BR / SBR recycled rubber.

[0042] The rubber compound according to the invention contains at least the filler silica. The rubber compound contains at least one silica compound. The rubber compound preferably contains 20 to 80 phr, more preferably 25 to 70 phr silica, more preferably at least 30 phr silica, and particularly preferably at least 40 phr silica.

[0043] At least one silica compound has a mean nitrogen surface area (BET surface area) according to DIN ISO 9277 of at least 180 m² / g (square meters per gram), preferably at least 210 m² / g. 202404115

[0044] - 6 -

[0045] The combination of the described rubbers and the described amounts of silica enables an unexpectedly significant performance advantage of the rubber compound. In particular, an unexpectedly significant improvement in wet braking performance is observed at low groove volumes.

[0046] The rubber compound may contain, as a further component, carbon black selected from industrial carbon black and pyrolysis carbon black. The amount of carbon black is preferably a maximum of 10 phr. Carbon blacks known to those skilled in the art for use in rubber compounds may be employed.

[0047] The filler used (e.g., silica or other fillers) may consist partially or entirely of recycled, renewable and / or bio-based material, e.g., recovered or recycled filler or filler based on sustainable or renewable raw materials, e.g., silica based on rice husks or carbon black based on vegetable oil, such as palm oil, rapeseed oil, etc.

[0048] Other optional non-reinforcing fillers within the scope of the present invention include, for example, aluminosilicates, kaolin, chalk, starch, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide or rubber gels as well as fibers (such as aramid fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers, cellulose fibers).

[0049] Other potentially reinforcing fillers include, for example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including discrete CNTs, so-called hollow carbon fibers (HCF) and modified CNTs containing one or more functional groups, such as hydroxy, carboxy and carbonyl groups), graphite and graphene and so-called "carbon-silica dual-phase filier".

[0050] Furthermore, the rubber compound may contain common additives in usual proportions by weight, which are preferably added during its manufacture in at least one basic mixing stage. These additives include:

[0051] 1) Anti-aging agents and ozone-protecting waxes such as 202404115

[0052] - 7 - e.g. diamines, such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), N,N'-ditolyl-p-phenylenediamine (DTPD), N-(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (7PPD), N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD), and / or dihydroquinolines, such as 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ), and / or substituted bisphenols, such as 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (BPH), and / or substituted phenols, such as butylhydroxytoluene (BHT),

[0053] 2) Activators, such as zinc oxide and fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid) and / or other activators, such as zinc complexes like zinc ethylhexanoate,

[0054] 3) further activators and / or agents for the binding of fillers, in particular carbon black, such as S-(3-Aminopropyl)-thiosulfuric acid and / or its metal salts.

[0055] 4) Hydrocarbon resins, in particular phenolic resins, especially as adhesive resins,

[0056] 5) Mastication aids, such as 2,2'-dibenzamidodiphenyldisulfide (DBD) and

[0057] 6) Process aids, in particular fatty acid esters and metal soaps, such as zinc soaps and / or calcium soaps,

[0058] 7) Plasticizers, in particular aromatic, naphthenic or paraffinic mineral oil plasticizers, such as MES (Mild Extraction Solvate) or RAE (Residual Aromatic Extract) or TDAE (Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract), or rubber-to-liquid (RTL) or biomass-to-liquid (BTL) oils, preferably with a polycyclic aromatic content of less than 3% by weight according to method IP 346 or 202404115

[0059] - 8 -

[0060] Triglycerides, such as rapeseed oil, or Faktisse or hydrocarbon resins or liquid polymers, whose mean molecular weight (determined by GPC = gel permeation chromatography, in accordance with BS ISO 11344:2004) is between 500 and 20000 g / mol.

[0061] When using mineral oil, it is preferably selected from the group consisting of DAE (Destilled Aromatic Extracts), RAE (Residual Aromatic Extract), TDAE (Treated Destillated Aromatic Extracts), MES (Mild Extracted Solvents) and naphthenic oils.

[0062] The quantity of other additives in the total quantity is preferably 3 to 100 phr, particularly preferably 3 to 50 phr, and most preferably 5 to 30 phr. Preferably, the rubber mixture contains no other components.

[0063] The rubber compound according to the invention is preferably used in vulcanized form, particularly in the treads of vehicle tires.

[0064] The terms “vulcanized” and “crosslinked” are used synonymously within the scope of the present invention.

[0065] The vulcanization of the rubber compound according to the invention is preferably carried out in the presence of sulfur and / or sulfur donors using vulcanization accelerators, wherein some vulcanization accelerators can also act as sulfur donors. The accelerator is selected from the group consisting of thiazole accelerators, mercapto accelerators, sulfenamide accelerators, thiocarbamate accelerators, thiuram accelerators, thiophosphate accelerators, thiourea accelerators, xanthate accelerators, and guanidine accelerators. The use of at least one sulfenamide accelerator selected from the group consisting of N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), N,N-dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (DCBS), benzothiazole-2-sulfene morpholide (MBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenimide 202404115

[0066] - 9 -

[0067] (TBSI), and / or at least a guanidine accelerator, such as diphenylguanidine (DPG).

[0068] In particular, two or more accelerators can also be used.

[0069] Any sulfur-donating substance known to experts can be used as the sulfur-donating substance.

[0070] Furthermore, one or more reversion protectants, such as 1,6-bis(N,N-dibenzylthiocarbamoyldithio)hexane, hexamethylene-1,6-bis(thiosulfate) disodium salt dihydrate, and / or tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (TBzTD), may be used in the rubber compound.

[0071] Furthermore, vulcanization retarders may be present in the rubber compound.

[0072] The rubber compound is otherwise produced according to the standard procedure in the rubber industry, in which a base mixture containing all components except the vulcanization system (e.g., sulfur and vulcanization-influencing substances) is first produced in one or more mixing stages. The finished mixture is then produced by adding the vulcanization system in the mixing stages, preferably in the final stage.

[0073] The finished compound is further processed, for example, by extrusion or calendering, and formed into the appropriate shape. The rubber compound according to the invention is particularly suitable for use as a tread in vehicle tires, especially pneumatic tires. Such a tread can be composed of several layers. In the case that the tread is composed of several layers, this invention relates to the radially outer region of the tread. 202404115

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[0075] For use as tread in vehicle tires, the mixture is prepared as a ready-made mixture and shaped accordingly before vulcanization, and then applied and vulcanized as usual during the production of the vehicle tire blank.

[0076] As already explained at the outset, the subject matter of the present invention is in particular a vehicle tire and a tread in the vehicle tire, which comprises at least one vulcanizate made from the vulcanized rubber compound according to the invention.

[0077] Furthermore, the present invention also includes tread compounds for hot retreaded tires and for cold retreaded tires, in which PCTs (Pre-Cured-Treads, pre-vulcanized treads for cold retreading of tires) are used, comprising rubber compounds of the described formulation.

[0078] Within the scope of the present invention, vehicle tires are understood to include pneumatic and solid rubber tires as well as non-pneumatic tires such as spoked tires, including tires for industrial and construction vehicles, truck, car and two-wheeler tires.

[0079] The tires can be used as drive axle tires, front or rear axle tires, or as FRT tires (“Free Rolling Tire”, according to UNECE Regulation No. 54), e.g. on trailers.

[0080] The present invention is directed in particular to commercial vehicle tires, designed, for example, for trucks and other commercial vehicles, and especially also for front axle tires. In particular, the tires are preferably designed for a cold tire pressure of 5 to 9.5 bar, more preferably 6 to 9 bar, and most preferably 7 to 9 bar. During operation, the tire pressure can increase further.

[0081] The tread is preferably constructed in two layers in the radial direction and consists of a tread cap containing the tread pattern (also referred to as tread profile in this text) and a radial rubber sheet running inside the tread cap, the tread base. The tread base 202404115

[0082] - 11 - extends in the axial direction over the width of the tread cap, but can also be wider or narrower in the axial direction than the tread cap.

[0083] Alternatively, the tread can also be constructed in three or four layers in the radial direction.

[0084] At least the tread cap then comprises the vulcanizate according to the invention with the composition according to the invention or consists of it.

[0085] Further, partly optional, features are also described below in relation to the figure.

[0086] Optionally, the vehicle tires according to the present invention can have two to six belt plies, with angles for individual belt plies from 0° to 90°, including parallel (0°) and intersecting (90°) belt plies. The belt plies can, for example, have steel cord reinforcements or other non-steel cord reinforcements, such as aramid, glass fiber, carbon fiber, synthetic fibers, or cord.

[0087] Preferably, the vehicle tires have a tread profile with a low groove volume between 0% and 12%, preferably a minimum of 2% to a maximum of 10%, and particularly preferably a maximum of 8% (see also the definition of groove volume according to EP 2 292 448 B1 below).

[0088] Possible tread profiles include, for example, rib profiles, groove profiles, lamella profiles, or block profiles. Groove or lamella geometries can be oriented laterally (90°) or circumferentially (0°), or with a constant or alternating direction between 0° and 90° relative to the circumferential direction. The directions, geometries, or widths of the lamellae can change along the tread. The profiles can, for example, have 1 to 10 circumferential grooves, preferably at least 2 grooves, across the entire tread width. The profiles can, for example, have 30 to 600 transverse grooves or lamellae per circumferential rib. 202404115

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[0090] Possible configurations include lateral or circumferential grooves or lamellae with rectangular grooves or grooves with a radially increasing or decreasing width. Other possibilities include constant groove widths from the groove base to the running surface or varying groove widths from bottom to top.

[0091] The invention comprises tires with different base geometries and base thicknesses or base volumes.

[0092] A commercial vehicle tire and its configurations are known, for example, from EP 3 611 036 B1.

[0093] The rolling resistance (RR) of a tire, as measured according to standards such as ISO 28580, provides a good indication of a tire's heat dissipation. To ensure, for example, particularly good suitability for use on battery-electric vehicles, the rolling resistance coefficient of the tire should be ≤3.9 kg / t (where ≤ means less than or equal to), preferably ≤3.8 kg / t, and most preferably ≤3.7 kg / t, especially considering the high load-bearing capacity requirements. The rolling resistance coefficient mentioned here is measured using the RR test according to ISO 28580.

[0094] The invention will now be explained in more detail using comparative and exemplary embodiments.

[0095] Tire tests were conducted with tires according to the invention and reference tires. Both are tires in size 315 / 70 R22.5". Both are tires with treads preferably intended for the front axle and tread rubber compounds and profiles – each with four circumferential grooves and individual sipes in the ribs. Both tires comprise a tread compound consisting essentially of natural rubber NR; however, the reference tire contains almost exclusively carbon black as a filler, while the tire according to the invention has a tread compound according to the present invention that has a correspondingly high proportion of silica as a filler. 202404115

[0096] - 13 -

[0097] The tires have a low groove volume (determination of groove volume according to EP 2 292 448) of 8.2%, while the reference tire has a groove volume of 14.2%.

[0098] As described in EP 2 292 448 B1, the treads of pneumatic tires for commercial vehicles have circumferential grooves that divide the tread into circumferential ribs. An envelope running parallel to the tread periphery, which contacts the deepest circumferential groove from the radial inside, defines a gross tread volume together with the tread periphery and shoulder-side sidewall sections. All grooves in the tread define the groove volume. "All grooves" includes, in particular, all lateral, circumferential, or angled grooves and other incisions in the tread.

[0099] The wet braking performance was measured in each case. For this purpose, the SAW braking performance, i.e., the braking performance using ABS (an anti-lock braking system) on wet asphalt, was measured. This involved braking from 80 km / h to 0 km / h. The water depth was between 1 and 2 mm.

[0100] The braking performance (here synonymous with braking efficiency) of the reference tire is rated at 100%. The tire according to the invention surprisingly exhibits a braking performance of 109%.

[0101] This means that the braking distance of the tire according to the invention is 9% shorter than that of the reference tire.

[0102] The tire rolling resistance was measured in the drum test according to ISO 28580.

[0103] The rolling resistance of the reference tire is set at 100%. The tire according to the invention has a rolling resistance of 106%. This means that the rolling resistance of the tire according to the invention is 6% lower than that of the reference tire; in other words, the rolling resistance performance is improved by 6%. The tire, optimized by means of tread pattern and compound, thus achieves 202404115

[0104] - 14 - a rolling resistance according to ISO of 3.6 kg / t. With lower rolling resistance, energy consumption due to friction losses is reduced.

[0105] Furthermore, wear and mileage were investigated in long-distance field tests. The mileage of the reference tire is set at 100%. The tire according to the invention exhibits a mileage of 125%. This means that the mileage of the tire according to the invention is 25% higher than that of the reference tire.

[0106] The mileage is the inverse of the wear. This means that the wear in the tire according to the invention has been reduced by 25% compared to the reference tire.

[0107] In addition, empirical observations and the state of the art document CN 102001264 A also show that a decrease in groove volume of 1% leads to an increase in mileage or a decrease in wear of approximately 2 to 3%.

[0108] It is also known that tires with a low groove volume exhibit good rolling resistance compared to tires with a higher groove volume. Table 1 compares the rolling resistance according to ISO 28580 for standard tires of size 385 / 65 R22.5" with varying groove volumes and the same tread pattern.

[0109] It is empirically demonstrated that a lower groove volume leads to an improvement in rolling resistance behavior, meaning that the rolling resistance and thus the friction losses of the tire decrease with decreasing groove volume and increase with increasing groove volume.

[0110] The rolling resistance performance is given in Table 1 as a relative value based on 100% rolling resistance at 0% groove volume. A higher percentage corresponds to higher rolling resistance.

[0111] Table 1: 202404115

[0112] - 15 -

[0113] As can be seen from the described tests and empirical observations, the tires according to the invention with low groove volume, preferably below 12%, advantageously exhibit a surprisingly high mileage or surprisingly low abrasion and at the same time good wet braking properties and low rolling resistance.

[0114] Contrary to what one might expect when using silica as a filler, the abrasion does not increase with the low groove volume used in the tread profile, but surprisingly decreases significantly.

[0115] This resolves the described conflict of objectives, allowing the development of tires with low groove volume that offer high mileage or low wear while also providing good braking performance. Furthermore, rolling resistance is also low.

[0116] Figure 1 further shows an exemplary embodiment of the tread strip 1 comprising a vulcanizate of the rubber compound according to the invention.

[0117] Fig. 1 shows, in particular, the usual components of a commercial vehicle tire in radial construction a tread 1, radially within the tread 1 a belt reinforcement 2, a radial carcass 3 reinforced with reinforcing material and an airtight inner layer 4.

[0118] The tread 1 has a two-layer structure in the radial direction and consists of a tread cap 5 containing the profiling and the vulcanizate according to the invention, and a tread base 6 extending radially within the tread cap 5. In this figure, the tread base 6 extends axially across the width of the tread cap 5.

[0119] In the illustrated embodiment, the tread 1 has circumferential grooves 7 extending within the tread cap 5, which are suitable for commercial vehicle tires 202404115

[0120] - 16 - have the usual tread depth. The circumferential grooves 7 divide the tread 1 circumferentially around continuous profile ribs 8, which can be structured in a block-like manner or can consist of profile blocks. The tread cap 5 is made from the rubber compound according to the invention.

[0121] Base 6 can be made from the same or a different suitable rubber compound.

[0122] 202404115

[0123] - 17 -

[0124] Reference symbol list

[0125] 1 tread

[0126] 2 belts 3 radial carcass

[0127] 4 inner layer

[0128] 5 tread strip cap

[0129] 6 tread base

[0130] 7 Circumferential groove 8 Profile rib

Claims

202404115 - 18 - Patent claims 1. Vehicle tire comprising at least in one tread (1) a vulcanizate obtained by sulfur vulcanization of a rubber compound comprising at least the following components: a) 70 phr to 95 phr of polyisoprene selected from natural and synthetic polyisoprene, b) 5 phr to 30 phr of at least one diene rubber selected from butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber, c) 25 to 70 phr of silica as a filler, wherein the silica has a BET surface area according to DIN ISO 9277 of 180 m² / g or higher, wherein a groove volume of the tread is between 0% and 12%, preferably a minimum of 2% to a maximum of 10%, more preferably a maximum of 8%.

2. Vehicle tires according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of polyisoprene in the rubber compound is between 75 and 90 phr.

3. Vehicle tires according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the proportion of the diene rubbers butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber in the rubber compound is a maximum of 25 phr, preferably a maximum of 20 phr, preferably a maximum of 15 phr.

4. Vehicle tire according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the sum of the proportions of polyisoprene, butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber is 100 phr.

5. Vehicle tires according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the rubber compound has at least 30 phr silica, preferably at least 40 phr silica.

6. Vehicle tires according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the raw materials used in the rubber compound are partially or completely based on recycled, renewable and / or bio-based raw materials, wherein preferably all rubber materials used in the rubber compound are based on recycled, renewable and / or bio-based raw materials, in particular on recycled 202404115 - 19 - natural rubber and / or IR recycled rubber and / or BR recycled rubber and / or SBR recycled rubber.

7. Vehicle tire according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the tire is a new tire, a hot retreaded tire or a cold retreaded tire, and is a pneumatic tire, a solid rubber tire or a non-pneumatic tire with spoke construction.

8. Vehicle tire according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein it is a front axle tire.

9. Vehicle tire according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the tire is a commercial vehicle tire.

10. Vehicle tire according to claim 9 which, in the case of application for commercial vehicles, has rolling resistance values ​​according to ISO 28580 of less than or equal to 3.9 kg / t, preferably less than or equal to 3.8 kg / t, particularly preferably less than or equal to 3.7 kg / t.

11. Pre-vulcanized tread for the cold retreading of vehicle tires, comprising at least one rubber compound according to one of claims 1 to 6.

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