Device having a connection of an outer part to an inner part

Abstract

The invention relates to a device comprising an outer part (50) and an inner part (52), wherein the outer part (50) is connected to the inner part (52), and the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to one another such that the inner part (52) is located at least partly within the outer part (50). At least one mass fraction (m50p) is located on the outer part (50), the mass fraction being a solidified solid melting zone (80), a tensile stress (σ50) acting in the outer part (50). The device is characterized in that the outer part (50) is plastically deformed by virtue of the tensile stress.

Description

[0001] R. 415592

[0002] - 1 -

[0003] Description

[0004] title

[0005] Device with a connection between an outer part and an inner part

[0006] State of the art

[0007] German patent application DE 10 2011 076 759 A1 discloses a method by which an inner part is fastened to an outer part by means of a press fit. First, the inner part is inserted into the outer part, and then at least one weld is formed on the outer surface of the outer part as a blind weld. The weld depth should only extend over a portion of the wall thickness of the outer part. For the blind weld described therein, for example, a closed, annular weld or a spiral weld is proposed.

[0008] Patent DE 103 03 853 B4 discloses a method for creating a high-pressure metal conduit from composite parts. This method involves creating a shrink fit. A first, inner pipe section is inserted into a bore of a second, outer pipe section. The outer pipe section is then heated and subsequently joined to the inner pipe section by cooling within the shrink fit. The heating of the outer pipe section is achieved by welding. For this purpose, for example, two diametrically opposed blind welds are produced axially parallel to each other. Cooling then occurs, during which the outer section shrinks firmly onto the inner section. This shrinkage is caused by the reduction in volume of the areas of the outer section that were previously melted by welding.

[0009] Embodiments of the invention R. 415592

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[0011] According to a first aspect of the invention, a device is provided with a connection between an outer part and an inner part, wherein the inner part and the outer part are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part is at least partially located within the outer part. The outer part contains a mass fraction that is at least a solidified, molten zone. A tensile stress acts on the outer part. It is provided that the outer part is plastically deformed by this tensile stress. This device has the advantage that a load on the inner part exerted by the outer part is technically easier to control, or rather, the load exerted by the outer part on the inner part is within a narrowly tolerable range.

[0012] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the outer part is made of a material that has an upper yield strength and induces plastic deformation of the outer part beyond this upper yield strength. This has the advantage that when the outer part is loaded to such an extent that it undergoes plastic deformation by the method used, not only can the load on the inner part be adjusted more precisely, but the method itself can also be adjusted relatively coarsely. A coarse adjustment refers, for example, to the selection of the joining partners, i.e., the outer part and the inner part, and their relative dimensions (selected fit). For example, an inner dimension of the outer part (inner diameter) can be determined with relatively large tolerances and manufactured accordingly. This means that a permissible minimum dimension and a permissible maximum dimension can deviate relatively significantly from each other.These deviations can be very well tolerated by machining the outer part in the plastic range, since in this range the forces or surface pressures exerted on the inner part per machining step (per melting and solidification process) no longer increase as sharply as they do below a yield strength – especially a pronounced yield strength ReL – or an equivalent yield strength – especially proof stress Rp0.2. A comparison with a stress-strain diagram for a metal, for example, clearly shows that below a yield strength, an increase in strain can be achieved with relatively little force. Or put another way: If shrinkage is induced by melting or creating a melt zone, a relatively sharp increase in stress R occurs in the elastic range below a yield strength. 415592.

[0013] - 3 - or force generated. This means that below a yield strength, a greater increase in stress or force is generated with a certain number of generated melt zones than is the case above a yield strength. Accordingly, it is advantageous if the outer part is loaded in the Lüder range. Especially if a wide range of elongation is to be used, it can also be permitted for the outer part to be loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength. If, in particular, excessive loading of the outer part is to be avoided in connection with the tensile strength, it is advantageous if, if necessary, a tensile stress is limited to a value between a lower yield strength and the tensile strength, especially to an average value.

[0014] If the outer part is made of a material that has a yield strength ratio – a ratio of the upper yield strength to the tensile strength – which is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7, the Lüder area can be used with particularly low risk, without risking overloading the outer part.

[0015] If the outer part is to be made of a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain and produces a deformation of the outer part which reaches at least a yield strength - to which a permanent strain of 0.2% is determined - then more cost-effective materials can be used.

[0016] If the process is designed such that the load on the outer part is greater than the yield strength, the load can typically be utilized in a range where the increase in load to strain is relatively small, at least compared to the initial increase. This has the advantage of resulting in a more robust design for the connection between the outer and inner parts. It is intended that the outer part is loaded between the yield strength and the tensile strength. The advantage is that a significantly larger geometric tolerance band can be permitted for the components to be joined, while still ensuring a secure connection. Because of this, the requirements regarding geometric tolerances of the individual joining partners are reduced. R. 415592

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[0018] This reduces the effort required for their respective production, especially the costs and time required.

[0019] The intention is that the outer part is work-hardened through deformation, in particular that the tensile strength of the work-hardened material is increased by 2% to 70% compared to the material's state before plastic deformation. This has the advantage that the materials involved can be utilized to their fullest potential with regard to their mechanical load-bearing capacity.

[0020] The possibility of forming at least one melting zone as point-like or dot-line-like, or linear or planar, allows, for example, finer designs of the connection between the outer part and the inner part, or allows, for example, the use of different energizing devices already used in an existing production process, e.g., laser beam generators.

[0021] If a melting mass fraction is designed as at least one melting zone extending between the first end and the second end of an outer part, the entire available width of an outer part can be used, thus enabling particularly good force transmission between an outer part and an inner part.

[0022] If there is an unprocessed or unmelted edge between a melting zone and an end, this prevents an energy beam from striking an area beyond an end that should not be energized during manufacturing. It also prevents unintended scattering of the radiation.

[0023] If the molten mass fraction has several melting zones that are designed to extend continuously between the first end and the second end of the outer part in different directions, then the manufacturing process can be carried out continuously without interruptions in the beam guidance leading to delays in production.

[0024] If it is intended that at least one melting zone is designed in such a way that it extends in a straight line, at least in part, then a simple R. 415592 can tend to be used.

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[0026] A determination of the effect on the connection between an outdoor part and an indoor part will be made.

[0027] If it is planned that the several melting zones run parallel to each other at least in sections, or that in addition to one melting zone another melting zone is created that runs parallel to the one melting zone, a potentially high density of non-crossing melting zones can be created.

[0028] If the multiple melting zones are spaced so that there is a bridge between two nearest melting zones that has been heated below the melting temperature of the outer part's material, then the energy input per outer part tends to be lower, and thus the distortion of the outer part is likely to be less.

[0029] If at least one melt zone is allowed to be at least partially remelted, a continuous generation of melt zones can generally be achieved, requiring less time per outer part and connection. This is especially true for a spiral-shaped melt zone.

[0030] Furthermore, a computer program is provided that is trained to perform all the steps of one of the procedures, or that it is programmed to perform a procedure when it is run on a computer.

[0031] A machine-readable storage medium is proposed on which the computer program is stored or on which the computer program is stored for use in a procedure.

[0032] A control unit should be designed to perform all steps of one of the procedures, or it should be programmed for use in one of the procedures.

[0033] The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the figures shown below: Figure 415592 shows...

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[0035] Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of an arrangement of an inner part to be joined and an outer part to be joined,

[0036] Figure 2 shows the inner part inserted into the outer part before a joining process according to the first embodiment in a longitudinal section.

[0037] Figure 3 shows the inner part inserted into the outer part before a joining process according to the first embodiment in an axial side view. An energy source and an energy conductor are also shown.

[0038] Figure 4 shows a radial side view (top view) of the outer part according to the first embodiment, after a few linear melt zones have been created.

[0039] Figure 5 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment (Figure 4), after a few - here four - linear melting zones have been created.

[0040] Figure 6 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after six linear melting zones have been created.

[0041] Figure 7 shows a partial view of the outer part according to the first embodiment, showing where the outer part is plastically deformed by a tensile stress generated by the method.

[0042] Figure 7A shows a schematic cross-section through a melting zone, with particular emphasis on the representation of tensile stress in the melting zone and compressive stress in radially inner regions.

[0043] Figure 7B is a schematic representation of the stress distribution between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part before it is applied to the inner part, showing in principle a transition from tensile stress to compressive stress, R. 415592

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[0045] Figure 7C shows the cross-section through the melting zone from Figure 7A with particular consideration of the schematic representation of tensile stress in the melting zone and in radially inner areas after application to the inner part, as well as compressive stress in the inner part and the effect of pressure on the inner part.

[0046] Figure 7D shows a schematic representation of the stress distribution between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part after it is placed against the inner part and pressure is applied to the inner part, as well as a schematic representation of the compressive stress distribution in the inner part.

[0047] Figure 8 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after eight linear melting zones have been created.

[0048] Figure 8A shows a schematic approximation of an inner contour of an outer part to an outer contour of an inner part after the formation of an exemplary eighth melting zone on the outer circumference, forming a general n-circle – here an octagon.

[0049] Figure 8B shows a schematic state of the outer part immediately before the production of the eighth melting zone at position 0 degrees.

[0050] Figure 8C shows a representation of a momentary state during the formation of a linear melt zone.

[0051] Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melting zones have been created.

[0052] Figure 10 shows a radial side view of the outer part according to a second embodiment, after point-shaped melting zones - here rows of point-shaped melting zones - have been created.

[0053] Figure 11 shows a radial side view of a third embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped R. 415592

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[0055] Melting zones are set so close together that an area of ​​a point-like melting zone is remelted by another point-like melting zone or another point-like energizing zone, resulting in linear melting zones that are axially aligned.

[0056] Figure 12 shows a radial side view of a fourth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped melting zones are placed so close together that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone was melted again by another point-shaped melting zone or another point-shaped energizing, thereby creating linear melting zones that are oriented in such a way that they have a component of the direction in the axial direction and simultaneously also in the circumferential direction.

[0057] Figure 13 shows a fifth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, wherein three rows of point-shaped melt zones are formed. These rows are linear or dot-linear melt zones arranged circumferentially.

[0058] Figure 14 shows a detail of a linear melting zone, which was created by example by two point-shaped melting zones, with the individual point-shaped melting zones merging into one another.

[0059] Figure 15 shows a sixth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part with an arrangement of individually generated point-shaped melting zones, forming several rows of point-shaped melting zones that create transition zones.

[0060] Figure 16 basically shows several individually generated point-shaped melting zones, which are arranged or placed in two axial directions and form a field of melting zones.

[0061] Figure 17 shows a seventh embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, which is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 4. (See R. 415592.)

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[0063] The outer part has linear melting zones, with different distances between the melting zones.

[0064] Figure 18 shows an eighth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, which is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 17. Linear melt zones are formed on the outer part, with common linear transition zones being formed.

[0065] Figure 19 shows several - here two - individually produced linear melting zones, which are arranged or placed next to each other in an axial direction and form a field of melting zones, wherein a common linear transition zone was formed between or as part of two linear melting zones.

[0066] Figure 20 shows an arrangement as in Figure 2, wherein the outer part and the inner part are eccentrically offset from each other.

[0067] Figure 21 shows another embodiment, which shows several elongated melt zones that are produced inclined to a central axis.

[0068] Figure 22 shows another embodiment with a spiral melting zone.

[0069] Figure 23 shows a longitudinal section through the outer part according to Figure 22 and the marking indicated there for a section line position.

[0070] Figure 24 shows a side view of an embodiment of a device with an outer part having two connections between itself and an inner part.

[0071] Figure 25 shows a cross-section corresponding to the section line in Figure 24,

[0072] Figure 26 shows an axial view of the object from Figure 24 from the left, enlarged.

[0073] Figure 27 shows an embodiment of a sequence for generating melt zones for the connection on the left in Figure 24. R. 415592

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[0075] Figure 28 shows a first basic manufacturing process,

[0076] Figure 29 shows the combination of outer part and inner part clamped in a machine.

[0077] Figure 30 shows the bearing of the second inner part as part of a shaft of a machine,

[0078] Figure 31 Relationships with the production of a target distance between an inner part and a reference point,

[0079] Figure 32 shows a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength,

[0080] Figure 33 shows a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength,

[0081] Figure 34 Process steps for an exemplary process,

[0082] Figure 35 Process steps for an exemplary embodiment of a process,

[0083] Figure 36 shows a general embodiment of another combination of an outer part and an inner part,

[0084] Figure 37 shows a general embodiment of another combination of an outer part and an inner part,

[0085] Figure 38 shows a computer program, a machine-readable storage medium, a control unit and a map.

[0086] With reference to Figures 1 to 9, a basic embodiment is first explained. In this embodiment, an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 are provided. The outer part 50 is a body generally referred to as a ring or cylindrical ring. This outer part 50 has an outer diameter D50 and an inner diameter d50. Furthermore, this outer part 50 has a length, which here is referred to as the axial extent a50. From R. 415592

[0087] - 11 -

[0088] The outer diameter D50 and the inner diameter d50 result in a material thickness for the outer part 50, which is designated here as t50. The inner part 52 is a cylinder with a diameter D52 and an axial extent a52, which corresponds to the height of the cylinder. The outer part 50 has an inner contour 54, which here has a cylindrical shape. Furthermore, this outer part 50 has an outer contour 56, which here is also cylindrical. The inner part 52 has an outer contour 58, which here is also cylindrical (cylindrical shell). Due to the aforementioned basic shape, the outer part 50 has an end face 60, which is circular or annular in shape. This end face 60 is not only present on a right side (Figure 1) of the outer part 50, but also at the left end of the outer part 50, which is not visible here. The inner part 52 also has an end face 64, which is purely circular in this case.In this embodiment, the axial extent a50 of the outer part 50 is exactly the same length as the axial extent a52 of the inner part 52. Under this condition, the common overlap Ug of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is exactly the same size or length as the axial extent a50 and the axial extent a52; this is true at least when the two parts, outer part 50 and inner part 52, are located in the same axial position. It should also be noted that the outer part 50 has a first end E150 on the left side shown in Figure 1 and a second end E250 on the right side of the outer part 50 shown in Figure 1. Similarly, the inner part 52 has a first end E152 on the left side of the inner part 52 shown in Figure 1 and a second end E252 on the right side of the inner part 52 shown in Figure 1.Furthermore, it should be noted that the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 is smaller than the diameter d50 of the outer part 50. The dimensions of the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 are to be chosen such that, when the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, a clearance B is created between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50. This means that, after the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, the inner part 52 can move relative to the outer part 50. Here, the clearance B is defined, by way of example, as the maximum length of a straight line that the inner part 52 can move radially within the outer part 50. For the embodiment according to Figure 1, the resulting freedom of movement B is the difference between the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52. R. 415592.

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[0090] The outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are to be physically arranged (step S100) such that the inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50, or the outer part 50 is located around the inner part 52. For this purpose, the inner part 52 can be placed inside the outer part 50 and within its interior space 62, by moving it essentially in a straight line into the outer part 50, as indicated by the arrow on the right side of Figure 1. Conversely, the outer part 50 can be moved relative to the inner part 52 in an analogous manner, for example, by moving it in a straight line, as indicated by the arrow on the left side of Figure 1, and thereby arranging it around the inner part 52. Naturally, a combination of these two movements is also possible.

[0091] Figure 2 shows the situation as it results after the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50 according to the specifications in Figure 1. As can be seen in Figure 2, a gap 66 (annular gap) is formed between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, which is ideally represented or assumed to be of a uniform size. On average, the size of the gap 66 – i.e., its width b – corresponds to half of the clearance B. A cross-sectional area A50 is a radial cross-sectional area through the outer part 50, which is the product of the axial extent (width) a50 and the material thickness t50 (rectangle).

[0092] As shown in Figure 2, both bodies, inner part 52 and outer part 50, have a common central axis 68 in this particular arrangement. Based on this idealized arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, a force-fit connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is to be created by machining the outer part 50.

[0093] Figure 3 shows an axial side view of the arrangement of inner part 52 and outer part 50 as illustrated in Figure 2. This basic embodiment according to Figures 1 to 9 does not initially address the representation of auxiliary devices that could serve to hold the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in relation to each other. In connection with the method described here, an energy source 70 provides energy E to R. 415592

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[0095] The provision stipulates that this energy is transferred to the outer part 50 and specifically to the outer contour 56 via an energy conductor 72. The energy E is thereby transferred to a portion of the surface of the outer part 50, i.e., to a portion of the outer contour 56, by means of an energy beam 85. If the energy is directed or transferred to the outer part 50, for example, in the form of electromagnetic waves, particularly in the form of a laser beam, the actual direct energy transfer point 74 (or energy transition point) is relatively small. In principle, the transfer of energy E to the outer part 50 energizes the outer part 50 (energy is added, enriched with energy).By energizing the outer part 50, it can be achieved, for example, that a mass fraction m50p located below a point-like energy transfer point 74 – particularly radially – is energized, and in particular heated, to such an extent that this mass fraction m50p melts. It is specifically intended that this mass fraction m50p, measured radially inwards from a radial position of the energy transfer point 74 on the outer circumference or in the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, preferably melts up to 90% of the thickness t50 of the outer part 50 (wall thickness). In other words, a region should remain between the melted or partially melted mass fraction m50p that is not melted or partially melted. The depth to which the outer part 50 can be melted is here referred to as depth tm. The depth that should remain solid, i.e.,The depth ts, which is not intended to melt due to the energy input, is used here to refer to the area that remains solid after the energy input. Introducing energy at only one point, as mentioned above, and considering that a certain zone of the outer part 50 with a depth ts is to remain solid, can lead to the mass fraction m50p, which is to be melted and is indeed melted, having, for example, a paraboloid shape, as approximately illustrated in Figure 3 by a cross-section of such a shape. The heating of this mass fraction m50p, in the case of point-source heating, is terminated after a defined time tE (energizing time). The time tE can be specified for, for example, two different energizing procedures as follows: If the outer part 50 is energized by a stationary, point-source energy transfer point 74, then the time tE corresponds to the switch-on time or transfer time of the energy.If the energizing of the outer part 50 is carried out by a movable point-like energy transfer point 74, then the time tE results from a speed of movement of the R. 415592.

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[0097] Energy transmission point 74 and a length measurement of energy transmission point 74 in the direction of movement.

[0098] The cessation of energy input leads to the onset of cooling (energy release to the surroundings), causing the mass fraction m50p to solidify. If only a single, contiguous mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is melted, there is identity between the mass fraction m50p and a melt zone 80. Since this mass fraction m50p, as well as volume elements of the outer part 50 arranged directly around it, shrink during and after solidification, an internal stress state arises in this formerly molten (liquid melt zone 80) and now solidified mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80). This internal stress state can be characterized or described by tensile stress. The stress state is a multiaxial tensile stress state.This formation of the stress state (tensile stress state) in this mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80) leads continuously and in interaction with the remaining mass of the outer part 50 to a change in the stress state in the outer part 50. The remaining mass of the outer part 50 is here generally described by the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was never liquid after the formation of a shape of the outer part 50, and the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was liquid (melted) after the formation of the shape of the outer part 50 and has solidified again.

[0099] If one considers, for example, only one point 76 and here the complete – in particular rectangular – cross-section A50 of the outer part 50, which lies opposite the first molten mass fraction m50p (liquid melt zone 80), one will find that this cross-section A50 is characterized by a stress situation which, after the beginning of the solidification of the mass fraction m50p (melt zone 80), is characterized by a (slight, low) tensile stress in cross-section A50 compared to the situation before the introduction of energy. If one assumes, for example, point-like energy transfer points 74, these could be arranged, for example, at an axial position of the outer part 50 and, for example, offset from each other by 10°, so that, for example, an annular arrangement of – e.g., successively – molten and resolidified melt zones 80 – which together form a molten and resolidified R. 415592

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[0101] If the mass fraction m50p is represented, in this example there would be thirty-six such locations, i.e., solidified melt zones 80. If, for example, several such rings were produced with such an arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80, each rotated by, say, 5° and offset axially by a suitable distance, then such an arrangement of energized, then melted, and subsequently solidified melt zones 80 could induce a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50, leading to plastic deformation of the outer part 50. This plastic deformation of the outer part 50 leads to a reduction in the outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 and also to a reduction in the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50. The tensile stress is denoted here by 050 (the arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80 in this sense is, for example, as shown in Figure 10).To distinguish between compressive stress, tensile stress is indicated elsewhere in the description with a preceding + (+o50), and compressive stress with a preceding - (-o50).

[0102] The outer part is to be made of a material that can be described by a material property that denotes a mechanical stress marking the transition from elastic to plastic behavior. This material property can be, for example, a yield strength—especially a pronounced upper yield strength (ReH)—or an equivalent yield strength—especially a proof strength (Rp0.2)—of the material. One such material is X5CrNi18-10 (designation according to DIN), or alternatively designated as 1.4301 (designation according to EN), or as 304 (designation according to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)). X5CrNi18-10 has a proof strength (Rp0.2) of ≥ 190 N / mm². The tensile strength (Rm) is between 500 N / mm² and 700 N / mm² (Newtons per square millimeter).Furthermore, for the outer part 50, a material is preferably selected which has a yield strength ratio ReH / Rm which is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0103] In the corresponding processing of the outer part according to this first embodiment, the process sequence, i.e., the generation of a plastic deformation of the outer part 50, is to proceed as follows: Individual point melt zones 80 are to be generated on the outer part 50 by the input of energy. Through this melting and the subsequent solidification, R. 415592 is to be and will be produced in the outer part 50.

[0104] - 16 - a tensile stress 050 is increased, so that during or at the end of a first phase, after an unspecified number of such individual, localized melting zones 80, the outer part 50 initially approaches the inner part 52 and then finally aligns with it. During this first phase, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases, so that the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 finally aligns completely with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. With each melting of a melting zone 80 or each solidification of a molten melting zone 80, the tensile stresses 050 in the outer part 50 increase; simultaneously, with the increase in the tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases. During this first phase, not only tensile stress but also compressive stress arises in the outer part 50. Details will be discussed later, for example, in connection with Figure 7A.

[0105] After, for example, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has been completely aligned with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52, a second phase of the process follows. With the further creation of such solidified melt zones 80, a compressive stress is then induced in the second phase of the process by further increasing the tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. In this second phase, an elastic material load on the outer part 50 preferably predominates. In this second phase, two different material types are broadly distinguished: Firstly, metals or metal alloys that exhibit a transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. Secondly, metals or metal alloys in which the elastic material load initially – and in particular significantly – predominates over the plastic material load, i.e.,which exhibit an equivalent yield strength – in particular, proof strength Rp0.2 – or are described, among other things, by it. In this second phase of the process, this increase in tensile stress 050 is to be increased until a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH – or an equivalent yield strength – in particular proof strength Rp0.2 – of the material is reached.

[0106] In a third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is to be deformed or loaded in such a way that the deformation or loading of the outer part 50 takes place predominantly in a plastic range, i.e., through the R. 415592

[0107] - 17 - Further generation of initially liquid melt zones 80 and then solidified melt zones 80 influences the internal tensile stress 050 in such a way that the outer part 50 deforms – particularly significantly – predominantly within the plastic range. In this third phase, the two different material types are again roughly distinguished:

[0108] Firstly, the process involves metals or metal alloys that exhibit the transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. In this third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is loaded between the pronounced yield strength Re (ReH = Re), represented by the upper yield strength ReH, and the stress (oL), which – preferably – describes an end of the so-called Lüders deformation or Lüders strain. This loading in this third phase has the advantage that, until the Lüders strain is reached, the tensile stress o50 in the outer part remains approximately constant, and thus the pressure on the inner part also remains approximately constant. This is particularly advantageous for more sensitive inner parts (e.g., brittle parts, outer rings of bearings). In practice, this would be...A load exceeding the Lüders elongation is also possible, but this involves uncertainties in the technical implementation. It is particularly important to note that the tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50 increases again, and consequently, so does the pressure on the inner part 52.

[0109] A method is thus disclosed in which, by reducing the circumference / outer circumference or outer contour 56—in particular stepwise—and increasing tensile and compressive stresses in the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is initially applied to the inner part 52 at least at individual points on the inner circumference in a first phase (step S150). Then, in a second phase, by further increasing the tensile stresses—in particular stepwise—and, for example, compensating for compressive stresses—a compressive stress (pressure) is generated or increased on the inner part 52 by the outer part 50 until a yield strength Re, ReH is reached (step S200). Finally, in a third phase, the outer part 50 is further deformed primarily tangentially in at least a plastic range (step S250). The resulting melt zones 80 can be point-like, dot-linear, linear, or planar. R. 415592

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[0111] On the other hand, metals or metal alloys can be used in which the elastic material stress significantly outweighs the plastic material stress in certain areas of the load, i.e., whose behavior under tensile stress is partially described by an equivalent yield strength – in particular, the proof stress Rp0.2. In this third phase of the process, the loading of the outer part 50 takes place above the proof stress Rp0.2. An upper end of the third phase of the process, defined by its loading, is preferably located in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, whereby the stress 050 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm.

[0112] Figure 4 shows a first embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, which together form a corresponding device 113. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined such that four individual linear melt zones 80 are created. Of these four linear melt zones 80, three are visible. In this embodiment, they are oriented in the direction of rotation or...

[0113] The symmetry axis or central axis 68 is oriented. This applies at least to their longer extent. These melt zones 80 could also extend from one axial end E150 of the outer part 50 to the other end E250 of the outer part 50. In this embodiment, a so-called edge 105, 107 is deliberately left free at the respective axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, i.e., there are no melt zones 80 or ends of melt zones 80 at the edges 105, 107 of the outer part 50. Or, put another way: On both sides of the melt zones 80, there is an unprocessed (unenergized, unlasered) edge 105, 107.

[0114] The advantage of this lies in the fact that it avoids or even prevents an energy transfer point 74 from being located even remotely outside the surface of the outer part 50. If the energy transfer point 74 were, for example, beyond an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, there would be a risk that another object beyond an end E150, E250 would be affected by a corresponding energy E, or even damaged, for example by melting. Accordingly, between a melting zone 80 and an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, there is an edge 105, 107 which is free of a melting zone 80. R. 415592

[0115] - 19 -

[0116] Figure 5 shows a cross-section through a combination of the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, corresponding to the position indicated in Figure 4. The four elongated melting zones 80 and their respective angular intervals of 90° with respect to the central axis 68 are visible. Since the outer part 50 has not yet come into contact with the inner part 52 in this illustration, this embodiment is still in the first phase of the process.

[0117] Figure 6 shows a further illustration of the embodiment according to Figures 4 and 5. In contrast to the illustration in Figure 5, this combination of inner part 52 and outer part 50 is still in the first phase of the process, but an approximation of the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 is already visible. The freedom of movement B is reduced compared to the initial state. In addition, according to this illustration, a fifth and a sixth elongated melting zone 80 are already formed on the outer surface and outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, respectively.

[0118] In the idealized representation according to Figure 7, it is already apparent that, according to this representation, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has just aligned with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 (compare also with Figure 8) and, accordingly, the first phase of the process is complete. With each additional melting zone 80, a tensile stress 050 is increased in the outer part 50, and the process continues accordingly in its second phase. A compressive stress is then induced in the inner part 52.

[0119] Figure 7, anticipating the number and positions of the melt zones 80 according to Figure 8, shows where, for example, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the tensile stress 050. As can be seen there, several solidified melt zones 80 are again depicted. According to the dimensions shown in Figure 7, the material thickness t50 of the outer part is dimensioned in principle. Likewise, the radial area or the material depth ts is dimensioned by way of example, which preferably remains in the solid phase not only in this single melt zone 80 during the production of the weld, but preferably in all melt zones 80. R. 415592

[0120] - 20 -

[0121] Figures 7A and 7B illustrate, in principle (but not exclusively), the stresses acting in the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in the region of a melt zone 80 for the intermediate manufacturing stages shown in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. Essentially, the shrinkage of a solidified melt zone 80 in the annular outer part 50 creates a stress state that generates a tensile stress 050 in the melt zone 80 itself. This tensile stress acts not only tangentially to the outer part 50, as shown in Figure 7A, but also, for example, in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a generatrix of the cylindrical outer contour 56). Accordingly, or triggered by the shrinkage (action), a compressive stress (reaction) is also generated in the outer part 50. This compressive stress acts firstly in the tangential direction in the cross-section A50s and secondly also in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a generatrix of the cylindrical outer contour 56).A transition or zero crossing from tensile stress to compressive stress is ideally assumed in Figures 7A and 7B for the location of a boundary between the molten or solidified melt zone 80 and the solid part of the cross-section. In Figure 7B, the circled “-(-)” symbol represents tensile stress, and the circled “-” symbol represents compressive stress.

[0122] In principle, nothing changes in this idealized state according to Figure 7A between the production of one melting zone 80 and the last melting zone 80 until the outer part 50 is just placed against the inner part 52 without any force being applied. The only changes are the magnitude of the tensile stresses in the cross-sections of the melting zones 80 – they increase – and the magnitude of the compressive stresses in the cross-sections radially within the melting zones 80 – they also increase.

[0123] With the beginning of the second phase, i.e. with the creation of the first melting zone 80 after being applied to the inner part 52, the change in stresses / compressive stresses in the cross-sectional areas A50s changes in principle.

[0124] An intermediate phase can precede the complete attachment of the outer part 50 to the inner part 52: The outer part 50 is deformed as the individual melting zones 80 are created, melting zone 80 by melting zone 80, which is caused by the stresses visualized in Figure 7A and Figure 7B. For example, R. 415592

[0125] - 21 - With only very small dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, a first section (e.g., with a point shape or area, or a line shape or area) of the inner contour 54 comes into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 with only one melt zone 80 produced. With larger dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, and with an ideally centered relative position of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, an outer part 50 may, for example, after the eighth melt zone 80 produced around the circumference – e.g., regularly – compare with Figure 8 – approximate the shape of a general n-circle – here an octagon 81 – compare with the basic representation of an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 in Figure 8A. After which melting zone 80 is there a section (e.g. with a dot shape or area or line shape or...)The degree to which the inner contour 54 (line surface) of the inner contour 54 contacts the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 generally depends, for example, on the aforementioned dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50. According to Figure 8A, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50, after the production of the eighth melt zone 80, contacts the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 with eight sections (e.g., with a dot shape or surface, or line shape or surface) of the inner contour 54.

[0126] Depending on the number and mass fraction of the melt zones 80 on the outer part 50, the cross-sectional area A50s in which a compressive stress acts can vary in size. If the solidified mass fraction m50p, for example, as shown in Figure 4, is formed by several solidified melt zones 80 that are linear within the outer part 50, then the area or cross-sectional area A50s of the melt zone 80 radially within this linear melt zone 80, or formed as a line mass, can extend radially between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and the radially innermost extent of the melt zone 80, and axially across the entire width of the outer part 50.

[0127] Under the exemplary assumption that Fig. 8B showed a state of the outer part 50 immediately before the production of the eighth melt zone 80 at position 0 degrees, after the production of the eighth solidified melt zone 80, it would move radially inwards from its original position immediately before the start of the production of the melt zone 80 with solidification and shrinkage, cf. position 0 R. 415592

[0128] - 22 -

[0129] Degrees in Figure 8A. This would result in a change in stress at the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. Before the production of the eighth melt zone 80, the stress state in cross-section A50 would transition continuously from a maximum tensile stress at the outer contour 56 to a maximum compressive stress at the inner contour 54. After the production of the eighth melt zone 80 in cross-section A50, the tensile stress at the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 would be increased, and the compressive stress at the inner contour 54 would be increased.

[0130] With reference to Figure 8, it is further explained how, assuming an outer part 50 is attached to the inner part 52, the stress state changes with each additional melt zone 80 in the cross-section of the outer part 50 by creating melt zones 80 – here, in this example, linear melt zones 80, as shown in Figure 4. In this case, a primarily tangentially oriented tensile stress +050 in cross-section A50 is increased step by step, melt zone 80 by melt zone 80. With each additional melt zone 80, the tensile load increases, so that the tensile stress in the outer part 50 between the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 and point T (Figure 7B) increases, and the compressive stress in the outer part 50 between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and point T (Figure 7B) decreases.In this process, a zero crossing (point T) shifts further radially inwards with each additional melt zone 80 produced, until the compressive stress -050 in the outer part 50 becomes zero.

[0131] With each melt zone 80 produced from this zero crossing onwards, the tensile stress +0.50 increases not only in cross-section A50I, but also in cross-section A50s, so that a tensile stress +0.50 acts across the entire cross-section A50, as shown in Figures 7C and 7D. The exemplary straight line shown in Figure 7D for the tensile stress +0.50 across cross-section A50 can represent an intermediate state between the moment when the compressive stress -0.50 in the outer part 50 becomes zero and the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. This line, shown in Figure 7D, can also represent the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. This line "moves" – more or less parallel – from the zero crossing (point T) further to the left with each additional melt zone 80 produced, indicating the increased tensile stress +0.50. R. 415592

[0132] - 23 -

[0133] As can also be seen from Figures 7C and 7D, the contact of the outer part 50 with the inner part 52 produces the desired pressure. Accordingly, with each additional melt zone 80 produced, the pressure on the inner part 52 increases from zero, as shown by the compressive stress -050 in the inner part 52.

[0134] As already explained with reference to Figure 2, a cross-section through the outer part 50 in the radial direction is designated A50. The cross-sectional portion of this A50 that describes a cross-section of a melt zone 80 is designated here as A50I, since this cross-section is intended to describe a cross-sectional portion of the outer part 50 that was once liquid (I = liquid). For the purposes of describing the processes described with reference to Figures 8 and 8C, it is assumed here, by way of example and without limitation, that no edge 105, 107 is created or remains when the melt zone 80 is formed, but rather that the melt zone 80 extends from end E150 to end E250. The cross-sectional portion A50s, which is part of the radial cross-section A50, is the cross-sectional portion that remains in the solid state (solid = s) when a melt zone 80 is formed.Accordingly, it is ideally assumed here that a cross-sectional area A50 of an outer part 50 can be considered as the sum of the partial cross-sectional areas A50I and A50s. Figure 8 shows a total of eight melting zones 80, which are designated in the conventional clockwise direction not only with the reference number 80, but also with a supplementary number -1 to -8. These numbers are not intended to explicitly describe a sequence for the production of an individual melting zone 80, but merely a location on the outer part 50. Thus, melting zone 80-1 (C>12 o'clock position) is arranged opposite melting zone 80-5 (“6 o'clock position”) on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. The melting zone 80-3 (3 o'clock position) is located between these two melting zones 80-1 and 80-5 on the outer contour 56. The melting zone 80-7 (9 o'clock position) is located opposite the melting zone 80-3.For example, melting zone 80-2 is located midway between melting zone 80-1 and melting zone 80-3, for example, melting zone 80-4 is located midway between melting zone 80-3 and melting zone 80-5, for example, melting zone 80-6 is located midway between melting zone 80-5 and melting zone 80-7, and for example, R. 415592.

[0135] - 24 - Melting zone 80-8 is located midway between melting zone 80-7 and melting zone 80-1. Melting zones 80-1 to 80-8 are ideally assumed to be evenly distributed around the circumference of the outer part 50. Each of these melting zones 80 has a cross-section A50, which is further divided into cross-sectional parts A50I and A50s. The following exemplary sequence of events applies to the description of the processes during the production of the melting zones 80.

[0136] The process begins with the arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, as shown in Figure 3. The first melting zone 80-1 is positioned at the "12 o'clock" position. At this point, the cross-section A50 is "divided" into a cross-sectional part A50I, characterized by liquefaction / melting, and a cross-sectional part A50s, characterized by remaining solid. The liquid melting zone 80 has the cross-section A50I, and the remaining solid part of the cross-section is designated A50s. During the subsequent solidification process of the melting zone 80 ("solidified melting zone"), the volume of a replacement volume of the melting zone 80 immediately surrounding it decreases by approximately 1% to approximately 5%, depending on the starting material and the material of the outer part 50.This solidification and the resulting "solid shrinkage" primarily create a residual stress C (internal stress) in the solidified melt zone 80-1. This is mainly because the molten melt zone 80 does not solidify freely. The molten material of the melt zone 80 will solidify first at the end facing the inner ring, the inner contour 54, i.e., in the section of the liquid melt zone 80 closest to the solidified part of the cross-section A50s of the outer part 50. The heat bound in the molten material of the melt zone 80 can dissipate most effectively there. The metal or steel of the outer part 50 conducts heat better than the air closest to the energy transfer point 74. Finally, the outer surface of the molten material of the melt zone 80 will solidify, i.e., the aforementioned energy transfer point 74 or a linear trace of the energy transfer point. 74.As long as the melt zone 80 is liquid, this melt transmits neither tensile nor compressive stress to the liquid melt zone 80. This melt is essentially stress-free. The residual stress generated by the shrinkage of the melt zone 80 in the solidified melt zone 80 is under the influence of the adjacent solid or solid R. 415592.

[0137] - 25 - remaining areas of the outer part 50, so that the solid areas of the outer part 50, which were not liquefied in connection with the production of the first melt zone 80-1, are subject to shrinkage through their connection with the solidifying or solidified melt zone 80-1 and thus to the internal stress developing in this melt zone 80-1. The tensile stress 050 acting outside the solidified melt zone 80 is transmitted in the circumferential direction of the outer part 50. If one considers the outer part 50 at the point opposite the first melt zone 80-1, i.e., at the point of the melt zone 80-5 to be produced later, it can be assumed that – ideally considered – the tensile stress state formed by the production of the first melt zone 80-1 at the 6 o'clock position (later position of the melt zone 80-5) will have developed uniformly over the entire cross-section A50.

[0138] If another melt track is now set and thus another melt zone 80 is created, for example at the position of the melt zone 80-5 shown in Figure 8, a stress-free state (melt) is again created via a cross-section A50I.

[0139] If an area of ​​the outer part 50 is energized via a point-like energy transfer point 74, a melt zone core 83 will form, roughly described as conical or parabolic in shape, extending radially outward to radially inward—in any case, extending from the energy transfer point 74 and tapering radially inward. Figure 8C shows that, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), a melt zone area 87 is located in front of the melt zone core 83, which will only be melted later, and that, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), a melt zone area 89 is located behind the melt zone core 83, which has already been melted and may—for example, largely—have already solidified.When a moving point-like energy transfer point 74 and a moving melt zone core 83 are generated, a stress in the cross-section A50s and the melt zone regions 87, 89 will behave as described below. R. 415592.

[0140] - 26 -

[0141] Before the energy transmission point 74 is created on the left side of the outer part 50, a stress state is to exist in the outer part 50 characterized by tensile stress near the outer contour 56 and compressive stress at the inner contour 54. Before melting, the melting zone region 87 is identical to the cross-section A50I. Once the melting of the melting zone region 87 begins, the already melted portion of the melting zone region 87 – the melting zone core 83 – is no longer able to transmit a tensile (or compressive) stress as long as it has not solidified. If the melting zone core 83 has initially penetrated or formed within the melting zone region 87 with its entire width, the melting zone region 87 changes; it becomes shorter. This changes the tensile stress.As the melt zone core 83 moves, the solidified melt zone area 89 behind the melt zone core 83 will shrink, thereby increasing the tensile stress there. Ultimately, this process leads to increased tensile stresses and—if still present—to reduced compressive stresses in cross-sections A50 at other locations within the cross-section.

[0142] Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part 52 inserted into the outer part 50 according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melt zones 80 have been created. It is clear from the description of Figures 1 to 9 that the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the process between a solidifying melt zone 80 of the outer part 50 and an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50.

[0143] With the aid of the following figures, a second embodiment II is explained in more detail:

[0144] Figure 10 shows another embodiment. Starting with the arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, which together form a corresponding device 113, a difference from the previous embodiment is described below. The difference is that instead of a linear melting zone 80, a point-shaped melting zone 80 is formed – viewed only from the outside. This "point-shaped" melting zone 80 extends radially inwards from the energy transfer point 74. Considering the actual spatial extent of this R. 415592

[0145] - 27 -

[0146] The “point-shaped” melting zone 80 can be described, for example, and roughly, as extending in a conical or rather parabolic shape from the radial outside to the radial inside – in any case, tapering from the energy transfer point 74. This “point-shaped” melting zone 80, thus formed, is also referred to here as melting zone 80. As can be clearly seen in Figure 10, several individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have been created. For example, five such point-shaped melting zones 80 are directly visible in a row 82 of melting zones 80 in the circumferential direction. The other three melting zones 80 are located entirely on the rear side of the outer part 50, which is not visible here (compare analogously with the illustration in Figure 8). As can be clearly seen here, in this embodiment, a total of five rows 82 of melting zones 80 are formed in the circumferential direction – transverse to the central axis 68.It can also be stated that in this embodiment according to Figure 10, several rows 84 of (point-shaped) melting zones 80 are visible in the axial direction – parallel to the central axis 68 – of the outer part 50. These rows 84 are arranged here in the rotational axis of the annular outer part 50. Based on this description, a total of sixteen rows 84 of melting zones 80 can be assumed in Figure 10, arranged in the axial direction, nine of which are directly visible. Furthermore, it can be described that the rows 84 of melting zones in the axial direction can be of different axial lengths. Thus, a total of eight rows 84 are designed as short rows 84, each consisting of only two point-shaped melting zones 80 arranged in the axial direction, whereas eight further rows 84 of melting zones 80 are designed as long rows 84, i.e.,These rows 84 have more melting zones 80 in the axial direction than the shorter rows 84, which have fewer melting zones in the axial direction. Or, put another way: The outer part 50 according to Figure 10 has rows 84 of melting zones 80 that are shorter than other rows 84 of melting zones 80. Another description of the embodiment according to Figure 10 can be given, for example, by stating that the point-like melting zones 80 shown there are arranged in several rows 86 of melting zones 80, each row 86 having, by its position, a component in the axial direction and also a component in the circumferential direction. Taking this type of description into account, eight such rows 86 are designed and shown in Figure 10. R. 415592.

[0147] - 28 -

[0148] Figure 11 shows a further embodiment. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined such that individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are positioned so close together that at least one of the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 has an area that is melted a second time by the creation of a further point-shaped melting zone 80. As can be seen from this formulation, such a series 88 can have at least two point-shaped melting zones 80, wherein, by creating a second point-shaped melting zone 80, an area of ​​the previously created point-shaped melting zone 80 is melted a second time (compare with Figure 14 described below). Such a series 88 can consist not only of at least two point-shaped melting zones 80, but also of a second point-shaped melting zone 80.not just two point-like melting zones 80, but a plurality of point-like melting zones 80, for example five or, as shown in Figure 11, sixteen point-like melting zones 80, which are arranged in a row 88 and continuously have a region that has been melted at least twice. In this example, a number n of point-like melting zones 80 are provided in each row 88, and a number n of melting zones 80 have a region that has been melted a second time. Or, put another way and more generally: A number n of point-like melting zones 80 are provided in each row 88, and a number n of melting zones 80 have a region that has been energized (energy added, enriched with energy) a second time. n-1 regions of n melting zones 80 that have been melted at least twice are disclosed.In the example, 15 areas of 16 melting zones 80 are revealed, which were melted at least twice. In Figure 14, these areas are designated as transition zones 94.

[0149] Between the two extremes shown in Figures 10 and 11, consisting of individual, point-like melt zones 80 (Figure 10) and a series 88 of point-like melt zones 80 as shown in Figure 11, there can also be an intermediate form, for example, in which the individual point-like melt zones 80 are placed so close together that the molten areas of the individual point-like melt zones 80 are directly adjacent. As can also be seen in Figure 11, an outer part 50 can also be machined in such a way that it has both individual point-like melt zones 80, which may be arranged in a series, as shown here. R. 415592

[0150] - 29 -

[0151] 84 are arranged (but do not have to be) and are combined with a row 88 or several rows 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80.

[0152] Figure 12 shows another embodiment of an outer part 50 with an outer contour 56. In this embodiment as well, individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are placed so close together that an area of ​​one point-shaped melting zone 80 is melted or energized a second time by another point-shaped melting zone 80. In a modification of the embodiment according to Figure 11, the rows 90 of point-shaped melting zones 80 shown here exhibit, in their overall appearance, both an axial and a circumferential component. Thus, these rows 90 can, for example, have a kind of helical shape on the outer circumference or on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50.

[0153] Figure 13 shows another embodiment. This embodiment has three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, wherein the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have areas that merge into one another, i.e., several melting zones 80 have areas that have been remelted or energized. In this example, three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 are arranged. The number of rows 92 need not be limited to three, but could also be, for example, four, five, or more. In the extreme case, the arrangement of the rows 92 could be so dense that the individual rows 92 are directly adjacent. This means that at least two rows 92 can be directly adjacent.In another extreme form of the arrangement of rows 92, at least two rows 92 can be arranged in such a way that at least one area of ​​a point-like melting zone 80 of one row 92 has a common area with a point-like melting zone 80 of another row 92, which has been melted or energized a second time by a point-like melting zone 80 of the other row 92.

[0154] Figure 14 shows an enlarged view of what a series of - especially point-shaped - melting zones 80 can generally look like, as described in R. 415592.

[0155] - 30 - for the embodiments of series 88, 90, 92, the following applies, in which a first point-like melting zone 80.1 and then a second point-like melting zone 80.2 are placed, the second point-like melting zone 80.2 being placed after the first point-like melting zone 80.1, and the individual point-like melting zones 80.1, 80.2 thereby transitioning into one another. As can be seen in the view according to Figure 14, there exists a melting zone here called transition zone 94, in which material from the first point-like melting zone 80.1 was first melted and then, through the second point-like melting zone 80.2, material from the first point-like melting zone 80.1 is energized or melted again, then becomes the melting zone here called transition zone 94, and is then the transition zone 94.

[0156] Figure 15 shows a further embodiment of an arrangement of individually generated point-shaped melt zones 80, which are arranged in the axial direction (axis of rotation or axis of symmetry with respect to rotational symmetry, central axis 68) of the outer part 50 and therefore form several rows 88 of such point-shaped melt zones 80. At least two rows 88 are arranged so close to each other, or are generated so close together, that at least two such axially arranged rows 88 also each have at least one point-shaped melt zone 80 in the circumferential direction, forming a transition zone 96 that arises from the successive formation of point-shaped melt zones 80. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melt zone 80 that is at least partially melted a second time.Within the framework of the disclosed method, it is provided that a tensile stress 050 induced in the outer part 50 is caused by at least one melt zone 80, wherein the at least one melt zone 80 is or is formed as a point, a dot-like, a line, or an area. Preferably, a plurality of melt zones 80 are produced, which are or can be formed as points, dot-like, a line, or an area. An area consisting of several solidified melt zones 80 can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-like or line-like melt zones 80. An area of ​​solidified or solidifying material can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-like or line-like melt zones 80. R. 415592.

[0157] - 31 -

[0158] Figure 16 shows a basic representation of a total of four different point-shaped melting zones 80. These four point-shaped melting zones 80 shown here are additionally numbered with appended digits according to an exemplary sequence of their formation during the process. This means that the first point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.1) is formed according to the proposed process. By subsequently generating a second point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.2), a first row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 is created, as shown in the example presented here. These zones are arranged in the axial direction—here rotationally axial or symmetry-axial to the outer part 50—and individual point-shaped melting zones 80 merge into one another. This creates the transition zone 94 of the first row 88, the upper row in Figure 16, which was mentioned previously. By subsequently generating yet another point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.2), the first row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 is formed.3) Due to the proximity of the second row 88 of point-like melting zones 80 to be formed, a further transition zone 96 (96.1) is created, which here forms between the first row 88 and the point-like melting zone 80 that is not part of the first row 88. Rather, it is specifically intended that this third melting zone 80 (here 80.3) is part of a row 88 of point-like melting zones 80 to be formed, by generating the fourth melting zone 80 (here 80.4) after the formation of the third melting zone 80 (here 80.3). This not only creates another transition zone 94 within the second row 88 between the third melting zone 80 (80.3) and the fourth melting zone 80 (80.4), but also another transition zone 96 (96.2), which is created between the last point-like melting zone 80 (80.4) in this example and the second melting zone 80 (80.2) of the first row 88.The transition zones 96 are each part of a melting zone 80, which is at least partially melted again.

[0159] Figure 17 shows a further embodiment of a machined outer part 50 in accordance with the methods presented here. The arrangement shown here is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 4. Five different melt zones 80 of a mass fraction m50p are directly visible, which are designed here as linear melt zones 80. Each of the melt zones 80 extends with its longer dimension, length L80, in the direction of the central axis 68 of the outer part 50 in this example. With its width B80, which is shorter than its length L80, the linear melt zone 80 extends in the circumferential direction of the R. 415592

[0160] - 32 -

[0161] Outer part 50. The arrangement of several linear melting zones 80 shown here, the distance D80 between which is smaller than the distance to other linear melting zones 80 or other melting zones 80 – if other melting zones 80 are present at all – is here referred to as field 80F of melting zones 80. A distance D80 between such linear melting zones 80 can be smaller than a width B80 of a single linear melting zone 80. Alternatively, a distance D80 between two linear melting zones 80 can also be equal to a width 80 of a single linear melting zone 80 or – further alternatively – larger than a width B80 of a single linear melting zone 80.Individual linear melting zones 80, in particular immediately adjacent linear melting zones 80, can be produced directly one after the other. However, it may be particularly preferred that these linear melting zones 80, in particular of a field 80F, are not produced directly one after the other. This means that after the production of a linear melting zone 80 of a designated field 80F, another melting zone 80 is produced, which is to be arranged outside the intended field 80F. A corresponding procedure for such production will be discussed later in connection with the embodiment according to Figures 24 to 27.In this exemplary embodiment, it is shown how the multiple melting zones 80 are spaced apart such that a bridge 98 remains between two nearest melting zones 80, which is heated below a melting temperature TL of the material of the outer part 50 during the process. Regarding a preferred embodiment of an array 80F, it is defined that an array 80F of—in particular, straight—melting zones 80 comprises a plurality of more than two melting zones 80, which are equidistant from one another D80. The more than two melting zones 80 can be spaced apart from one another by a distance D80 greater than zero, or be directly adjacent to one another (distance D80 equal to zero), or even overlap (distance D80 less than zero).

[0162] Figure 18 shows another embodiment of linear melting zones 80. In this modification – starting from the embodiment according to Figure 17 – the individual linear melting zones 80 are arranged such that they no longer have any space between them. Rather, two linear melting zones 80 arranged directly next to each other merge into one another. R. 415592

[0163] - 33 - manufactured such that these two immediately adjacent linear melting zones 98 have a common linear transition zone 100. In the embodiment according to Figure 18, a field 80F of a total of six linear melting zones 80 is also shown. Analogous to the representation according to Figure 14, by manufacturing linear melting zones 80, which are formed so close to each other, at least one transition zone 100 is formed between two linear melting zones 80 as presented here. Within this field 80F, a certain or determinable number n80 (6) of linear melting zones 80 are manufactured and a number (5) of transition zones 100 are formed. The number of transition zones is then, for example, one less than the number of melting zones 80 (n80 - 1).Among other things, in the embodiments shown in Figures 4 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 20, several melting zones 80 are disclosed which are generated at least sectionally parallel to each other, or that in addition to a melting zone 80, another melting zone 80 is generated and is parallel to the first melting zone 80.

[0164] Figure 19 shows an exemplary arrangement of two linear melting zones 80 forming a field 80F. Here, for example, both melting zones 80 are arranged so close to each other that the material of the outer part 50, which was melted first, is partially melted a second time, forming a melting zone 80. As previously described in relation to another embodiment, the further melting of part of this linear melting zone 80 occurs through the creation of a second linear melting zone 80 (in Figure 19, the melting zone 80 arranged or created on the left). This process results in the formation of a linear transition zone 100 between the two linear melting zones 80.

[0165] According to another embodiment of linear melting zones 80, which is not shown here, the two linear melting zones 80 can also be arranged so close together that there is no gap between them and, accordingly, no linear transition zone 80 is formed or present. R. 415592

[0166] - 34 -

[0167] In summary, it should be mentioned here that a melting zone 80 can, for example, be configured as a point; compare, for instance, the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 shown in Figure 10. Furthermore, a melting zone 80 can also be dot-like, as first described in the embodiment shown in Figure 11. Another embodiment of dot-like melting zones 80 is, for example, a series 92 of point-like melting zones 80 according to the embodiment shown in Figure 13. The embodiment shown in Figure 14 can, for example, represent the smallest embodiment of a dot-like melting zone 80 in this sense.Such a (short) row can, for example, be a row 82 of point-shaped melting zones 80 with an orientation of the axis in the circumferential direction or with an orientation of the axis in the axial direction (axis of rotation, axis of symmetry), or a row 86 of melting zones 80 with a component in an axial direction and a circumferential direction. The solidified melting zones 80 can also be formed as a planar field 80F. An example of this is shown in Figure 15. The rows 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 arranged or shown there are arranged so close together that individual point-shaped melting zones merge into one another in two axial directions. In detail, the embodiment according to Figure 16 will be discussed here, according to which – as shown there – the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are arranged in two mutually perpendicular axial directions.The coordinate directions are adjacent, thus forming a planar structure of solidified melt zones 80. In the embodiment according to Figure 17, a total of five solidified linear melt zones 80 can be seen. Figures 18 and 19 show a field 80F of linear melt zones 80.

[0168] Starting from the first embodiment, which is introduced by Figure 1 and which, in conjunction with Figure 2, shows that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a clearance B in the outer part 50, the embodiment according to Figure 20 is briefly described. This embodiment also has a clearance B in the outer part 50. As a modification of the arrangement according to Figure 2, the arrangement according to Figure 20 alternatively provides that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are also selected such that the inner part 52 has a clearance B. 415592

[0169] - 35 -

[0170] The space for movement B is arranged in the outer part 50. However, it is provided that the center of the inner part 52 and the center of the outer part 50 are not concentric with each other, but offset from each other (non-concentric, eccentric). A center of the inner part 52 can be its central axis 69, which, if the inner part 52 is cylindrical, is its central axis 69 (e.g., geometrically determined axis of rotation, axis of symmetry). A center of the outer part 50 can be its central axis 68, which, for example, as shown in this embodiment, can also be its axis of rotation or axis of symmetry. Figure 20 shows an extreme example in which the two central axes 68, 69 are offset from each other to such an extent that their distance corresponds to the gap dimension according to column 66 in Figure 2.In another embodiment not shown here, the central axes 68, 69 can be positioned such that their distance is smaller than the ideal width b of the gap 66 according to Figure 2. In the embodiment according to Figure 20, all previously described embodiments of melt zones 80 can be produced, since the concentricity of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 shown by way of example in Figures 1 and 2 is not absolutely necessary.

[0171] According to the embodiments shown in Figures 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, and 18, melt zones 80, which may be point-like, dot-like, linear, or planar, are formed on an outer part 50. The outer part 50 extends between a first end E150 and a second end E250 in the direction of a central axis 68. These melt zones 80 are formed on an outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. At least one melt zone 80 extends between the first end E150 and the second end E250. At least one melt zone 80, or several melt zones 80, may extend, at least partially, in a straight line, a wave pattern, or a spiral.

[0172] In particular, it can be provided that an axially outermost position of a melting zone 80 is arranged at a distance from one end E150 or one end E250 or from both ends E150, E250. Thus, a melting zone 80 is provided at least at one position, with a distance between this melting zone 80 and R. 415592.

[0173] - 36 - at one end E150, E250 an unworked edge 105, 107 remains or is, which has not been melted.

[0174] It should be mentioned here that when the outer part 50 is energized, i.e., heated and liquefied, the initially solid area exists in a first microstructure. Through liquefaction or melting, this first microstructure is transformed into a melt, i.e., a melt zone 80. Through the solidification of the liquid melt zone 80, i.e., the transformation of the liquid melt zone 80 into a solid, solidified melt zone 80, a new microstructure, the second microstructure, is established in the melt zone 80.

[0175] As is evident from the preceding description, a method for joining an outer part 50 to an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are first positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50. Subsequently, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, thereby melting it, so that at least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed. This at least one liquid melt zone 80 then solidifies into at least one solid melt zone 80. This solidification induces a tensile stress o50 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress o50 in the outer part 50 is intended to be high enough to cause plastic deformation of the outer part 50.This also discloses a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, wherein the outer part 50 is connected to the inner part 52, and the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p is located on the outer part 50, which is at least one solidified solid melt zone 80, and a tensile stress o50 acts in the outer part 50. Due to the tensile stress o50, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed, i.e., a volume fraction of the outer part 50 is plastically deformed.

[0176] According to the foregoing description, in one embodiment, the outer part 50 is made of a material having a pronounced upper yield strength ReH; see also Figures 32 and 33 and the accompanying description. When the outer part 50 is subjected to stress by the solidifying melt zones 80, plastic deformation of the outer part 50 beyond R. 415592 is to be avoided.

[0177] - 37 - the pronounced yield strength ReH is generated. In this process, the outer part 50 is stretched plastically in addition to any purely elastic elongation. During the generation and thus application of the tensile stress, a discontinuous transition from an elastic to the plastic range occurs, depending on the material. Preferably, the outer part 50 should be loaded in the Lüder range. According to another variant, the outer part 50 can be loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength Rm. Preferably, the outer part 50 should be made of a material that has a yield strength ratio – i.e., a ratio of the upper yield strength ReH to the tensile strength Rm – which lies in the range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0178] Figure 21 shows another embodiment, which depicts an elongated melting zone 80 or several elongated melting zones 80, as is already the case in the embodiment according to Figure 4. The difference from the embodiment according to Figure 4 is that the melting zones 80 are attached to or generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 at an angle α to the central axis 68. As in the embodiment according to Figure 17, linear melting zones 80 are also formed here, which in this case are generated as a single field 80F that extends completely over the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. In this example, there is a gap D80 between the individual linear melting zones 80, each with a web 98. A single linear melting zone 80 also has, for example, a width B80.As in the embodiment shown in Figure 20, it is also provided here, by way of example, that edges 105, 107 are left unworked, i.e., unprocessed edges 105, 107 remain. In this example, 120 linear melt zones 80 have been created to securely hold the inner part 52 in the outer part 50 by frictional engagement.

[0179] Figure 22 shows a view of an outer part 50 of a device 113, which has a melting zone 80 on its outer contour 56. As in the previously mentioned embodiments, an inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50. A special feature of this embodiment is that the melting zone 80 has a particularly long length. During the production of this melting zone 80, the energy transfer point 74, which is particularly point-like, performs an absolute or relative movement consisting of two different types of movement. R. 415592

[0180] - 38 - is composed of (relative motion between energy transfer point 74 and outer part 50). One type of motion is a circular motion, which can be, for example, a circular motion 74K. The other type of motion is a linear motion 74L. Such a motion of the energy transfer point 74, which results from a circular motion and a linear motion, yields a kind of "shallow spiral motion". This "shallow spiral motion" can consist of a combination of a rotation of the outer part 50 about its central axis 68, which, viewed from an external point on the outer circumference, appears as a quasi-linear motion, and a rotational motion that results from a deflection of the stationary energy beam 85 by means of a beam deflection unit (e.g., a wobbling mirror) not shown here. This "shallow spiral motion" has the advantage that the energy source does not have to be constantly switched on or off.The energy source must be switched off, or, in the event that it is neither switched on nor off, no type of aperture or similar device needs to be introduced into a beam path between the energy transfer point 74 and the energy source or into the energy beam 85 to interrupt the energy input to the outer part 50. In other words, the melting zone 80 can be generated continuously on the outer circumference of the outer part 50 without any interruption. In an extreme variant of such a melting zone 80, during the production of the melting zone 80, areas of the melting zone 80 intersect at least once during a complete relative rotation of the outer part 50 relative to the energy transfer point 74.Starting from a point where material of the outer part 50 is melted, an energy beam 85 is directed such that an energy transfer point 74 of the energy beam 85 is moved so that its movement crosses the melting zone 80 at an angle y greater than zero - Figure 22.

[0181] The molten mass fraction m50p can have several melt zones 80, which are designed to extend continuously and in different directions between the first end E150 and the second end E250 of the outer part 50 (Figure 22). The different directions are symbolically represented by the legs of the angle y. One or more melt zones 80 can, for example, extend in a wave-like pattern around the circumference of the outer part 50, Figure 22. R. 415592

[0182] - 39 -

[0183] As can be seen in Figure 22, the device 113 shown there also optionally provides unmachined edges 105, 107. As can be seen from the description of the melting zone 80 (Figure 22), a melting zone 80 is designed such that a melting zone 80, which is particularly spiral or wave-shaped, crosses itself at least once, and in particular several times, and thus extends over the outer circumference of the outer part 50. In a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, a crossing point 114 can thus be present, i.e., formed, at least once, and in particular several times. This means that a melting zone 80 is melted again after its initial production. In particular, it can be provided that such a melting zone 80 – even if it is interrupted several times – is melted many times.Alternatively, a method and a device 113 can also be provided in which several solidified melt zones 80 are arranged such that at least one intersection point 114 is formed or has been formed by the several solidified melt zones 80, i.e., that at least one solidified melt zone is present which has an intersection point 114 with another solidified melt zone 80.

[0184] Figure 23 shows a longitudinal section through the outer part 50 according to Figure 22 and the markings indicating the position of the section line, which is also designed here as a substantially cylindrical tube section. In this Figure 23, the outer part 50, the inner part 52, a longitudinal section through the melt zone 80 of an external connection area 51, and the edges 105, 107 (which are not specified here but are generally optional) are clearly visible. It is also apparent that the at least one melt zone 80 of the external connection area 51 has a bead 110 at each of its axial ends (right, left) with respect to the central axis 68. This bead is formed, in particular, by the production of the melt zone 80, specifically by repeated melting and solidification of one or more melt zones 80.

[0185] The outer part 50 has different outer diameters: While the outer part 50, in the presence of an optional rim 105, 107 (one rim or both rims) next to the at least one melting zone 80, has, for example, a maximum outer diameter D105, D107, a bead 110 has a R. 415592

[0186] - 40 -

[0187] The outer part 50 has an outer diameter D110. In the area of ​​the melt zone 80, particularly in its axial center, the outer part 50 has an outer diameter D80. The size ratios of the outer diameters can be as follows: The outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melt zone 80 or the outer connection area 51 of the machined outer part 50 is smaller than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 after the production of at least one melt zone 80. Furthermore, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than the outer diameter D105, D107 of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, which is the intended configuration here. Additionally, the outer diameter D110 of one bead 110 can be smaller than the outer diameter D110 of the other bead 110. Or to put it another way: The outer diameter D110 of one bead 110 can be larger than the outer diameter D110 of the other bead 110.

[0188] It should be noted that an alternative embodiment to the embodiment shown in Figure 23 may be designed such that a melting zone 80 or several melting zones 80 are provided or generated on only one side—in particular, an axial side with an open end E150 as shown in Figure 23—in an arrangement consisting of a rim 105 (or rim 107), a bead 110, and a region of the melting zone 80. The term "open end" E150, E250, in accordance with the illustrations in the figures, can mean that the outer part 50 at the end that is an open end E150, E250 is shaped like a tube, i.e., for example, an annular cylinder. On one or the other axial side of the melting zone 80 or the outer connection region 51, the outer part may be designed differently from the other side, for example,by a transition to a radius radially outward or radially inward, to which, for example, a flange (outward or inward) is attached, or instead of a radius, a section of the outer part that structurally corresponds to an edge (ring cylinder), but is larger, i.e., longer in the axial direction, consequently having the shape of a tube. However, even then, it is provided, by way of example, that the size ratios of the outer diameters behave—in particular—as follows: The outer diameter D80 in the area or at the center of the melt zone 80 of the machined outer part 50 is, after the production of at least one melt zone 80, smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. Furthermore, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be R. 415592.

[0189] - 41 - smaller than an outer diameter D105 (or outer diameter D107) of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150 (or end E250) of the outer part 50.

[0190] A numerical example for a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is as follows: D107 = 15.00 mm, D80 = 14.74 mm, D110 = 14.88 mm.

[0191] If a flange follows a bead 110 inwards, the outer diameter D110 of the nearest bead 110 can be larger than the outer diameter D105 (or outer diameter D107) of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150 (or end E250) of the outer part 50.

[0192] In the embodiments shown in Figures 22, 23, and 24, such a bead 110 can form because the movement of the energy transfer point 74 causes areas of the melting zone 80 at the edge of a melting zone 80 to be melted repeatedly, for example, five to ten times in succession, towards an edge 105, 107. With regard to a bead 110 on the left side of the outer part 50 and a bead 110 on the right side of the outer part 50, it can also be observed that the bead 110s differ from each other. This is due to the different speeds (relative speeds: rotation of the outer part 50 about the axis 68 and rotation of the energy transfer point 74 about another axis, which is, for example, oriented perpendicular (radially) to the axis 68) of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 and the left side of the outer part 50.As illustrated, for example, in Figure 23, the velocity of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 is greater than on the left side of the outer part 50. This is a consequence of the vector addition of the velocities. For example, the absolute orbital velocity or rotational velocity v74r of the energy transfer point 74 on the surface of the outer part 50, i.e., on a part of the outer contour 56, with respect to the stationary environment of the manufacturing or energizing device, is assumed to have the magnitude vr. A rotation of the outer part 50 about the axis 68 on the outer contour 56 is assumed to result in a rotational velocity v56 with the magnitude 1 / 2*vr. This would lead to the following situations at the two locations where a bead 110 might form: At one of the R. 415592.

[0193] - 42 - At both locations, vector addition would result in an effective velocity v74eff of the energy transfer point 74 of v74eff = 1.5*vr, and at the other of the two locations, vector addition would result in an effective velocity v74eff of the energy transfer point 74 of v74eff = 0.5*vr. This difference in velocity leads to different bulges 110.

[0194] Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in Figures 22 and 23, which is structurally similar to the embodiments shown in Figures 1 to 21, a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is disclosed. The inner part 52 is located in the outer part 50 and is joined to the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has an external connection area 51 and at least one melt zone 80 on its outer contour 56. This melt zone 80 is a solidified, formerly liquid melt zone 80. The outer part 50 has, for example, a first axial end E150 and a second, different axial end E250. These ends are preferably arranged to point axially away from each other. The at least one melt zone 80 has a first axial end E80L and a second axial end E80R.In particular, viewed along axis 64, the first axial end E80L is located on one axial side of the melting zone 80, and the second axial end E80R is located on the other axial side of the melting zone 80. It is provided that an edge 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is located between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of the at least one melting zone 80 of the outer connection area 51. The edge 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melting zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in the center of the at least one melting zone 80. As can be clearly seen from Figure 23, the device 113 has a melting zone 80 which has at least one bead 110 - here two bead 110 - and the bead 110 has an outer diameter D110.The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melt zone 80. According to another aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. It is specifically provided that the rim 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted or that this rim 105, 107 exhibits residual stresses that have caused a change in shape. The rim 105, 107 is preferably open at an end E150, R. 415592.

[0195] - 43 -

[0196] E250 of the outer part 50. There, the edge 105, 107 has a material thickness t105, t107 and the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80. The material thickness t107, t105 of the edge 105, 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80, particularly in its axial center or between the two beads 110. Furthermore, a joint 260 – particularly annular wedge-shaped – can be located between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid substance, such as a sealant, or a liquid substance, such as oil, or a gaseous substance, such as air.

[0197] Figures 24 to at least 27 show an embodiment of a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 with two connections 120 between itself and an inner part 52. The outer part 50, designed and depicted in Figure 24 as a sleeve or sleeve section, has two external connection areas 51 (right external connection area 51R, left external connection area 51L), which in this example are integrally connected to each other via the outer part 50. One connection 120 on the right side of the device 113 shown in Figure 24 shows an inner part 52, which here is exemplified as a permanent magnet, a relatively brittle component, i.e., a component that is more brittle than the outer part 50. This permanent magnet is connected to the outer part 50 by the annular external connection area 51R on the right side of the outer part 50 in the figure – in particular by frictional connection.In particular, it is held only by frictional engagement. The external connection area 51 R of the outer part 50 is integrally connected here via a flange 123 to another external connection area 51 L on the other, left side. The preceding explanations of the previously described embodiments are all applicable to the connection 120 shown on the right side in Figure 24.

[0198] It is also provided here that between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of at least one melt zone 80 of one outer connection area 51R, there is a rim 105, 107 of the outer part 50. The rim 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melt zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D80 in a R. 415592

[0199] - 44 -

[0200] Center of the melting zone 80. As can be clearly seen from Figure 24, the device 113 has at least one melting zone 80, which has at least one bead 110 – here two bead 110 – and each bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 at the center of the melting zone 80. According to a further aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In particular, it is provided that the rim 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted at the outer connection area 51 R, or that this rim 107 has residual stresses that have caused or are causing a change in shape. The edge 107 is preferably located at an open end E250 of the outer part 50. There, the edge 107 has a material thickness t107 and the outer connection area 51 R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80.The material thickness t107 of the rim 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection area 51 R at the melting zone 80. In Figure 24, the material thickness t107 of the rim 107 is exaggerated, as is the thermal distortion. The latter refers in particular to its deflection away from the axis 68. Furthermore, a joint 260 – in particular annular wedge-shaped – can exist between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid, such as a sealant, or a liquid, such as oil, or a gaseous, such as air. When comparing the outer diameters D105, 107 of the edges 105, 107 with each other, it is noticeable that the outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which has the flange 123.of the external connection area 51 R there.

[0201] As shown in Figure 24, the outer part 50 transitions on the left side of the right outer connection area 51 R via a flange 123 to the other outer connection area 51 L, shown on the left in Figure 24. This mass accumulation with respect to the central axis 68 (e.g., axis of rotation) at the left end of the right outer connection area 51 R in Figure 24, caused by the flange 123, results in particularly good heat dissipation from the end E80L of the melting zone 80 facing the flange 123, away from the outer connection area 51 R, in conjunction with the input of energy to create the at least one melting zone 80 or the multiple melting zones 80.

[0202] - 45 -

[0203] This results in a difference compared to the right end E250R of the external connection area 51R. The diameter D105 formed at the left end E150R of the external connection area 51R (at the unmachined edge 105) or next to the melt zone 80 in the area of ​​the flange 123 is smaller than the diameter D107 at the right end E250R of the external part 50. When comparing the external diameters D105 and D107 of the edges 105 and 107, it is noticeable that the external diameter D107 of the open end of the external part 50 is larger than the external diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the external part 50 or of the external connection area 51R – in particular the end with the flange 123.Furthermore, it can be stated that a diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80 (especially and by way of example in its axially central position) is smaller than the diameter D105 or put another way: the diameter D107 at the end E250R is larger than the diameter D105 in the area of ​​the end E150R or at the end E150R or in the area of ​​the flange 123 (axial position), which in turn is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. If the melting zone 80 is bounded by at least one bead 110 (to the right or left of the melting zone 80), then a diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the diameter D80 in the axial center of the melting zone 80 or between the two bead 110s of the melting zone 80 and smaller than the diameter D107 at the free end E250R, but larger than the diameter D105 of the bead 110 at the end E150R.At this end E150R, the cooling (heat dissipation) is particularly good due to the flange-related mass accumulation away from the melting zone 80, so that thermal distortion is reduced.

[0204] In one right-hand external connection area 51 R, the right-hand internal part 52 has an outer diameter D52 that is larger than the outer diameter D52 of the other left-hand internal part 52 of the other left-hand external connection area 51 R. Furthermore, it is possible – and in this case, it is – that the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in one right-hand external connection area 51 R is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in the other left-hand external connection area 51 R.

[0205] Furthermore, it can be stated that the size ratios of the connection 120 shown in Figure 24, or the external connection area 51 R, can be as follows: The device 113 has an outer diameter D107 R. 415592

[0206] - 46 - of the open end E250R of the outer part 50, which is larger than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50 is larger than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123.The outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the axial center of the at least one melting zone 80.

[0207] The connection 120 shown on the left in Figure 24 between the outer part 50 (similar to a pipe fitting) and its left outer connection area 51 L represents a connection 120 with an inner part 52, in particular a shaft fitting. The fastening between the parts is achieved, as in the previously described embodiments, by creating a shrink fit through the formation of fusion zones 80. This shaft fitting can, for example, be integrally connected to a shaft, which in turn is supported and driven in a housing by means of bearings (e.g., rolling bearings). This inner part 52 can also be designed as a type of pin or shaft pin, which is inserted as a "plug" into an end face of a shaft and a bore provided there, in particular a blind hole, in order to be held there, for example, by means of a press fit.To form the connection 120 shown on the left in Figure 24, the inner part 52 is inserted into the tubular outer part 50, or the tubular outer part 50 is placed onto the inner part 52. A distance s can be provided and set, for example, between an end face 64 of the left inner part 52 and the end face 64 of the right inner part 52. The outer part 50 holds one inner part 52 and another inner part 52 by connecting the two inner parts 52 together. There is a distance s between the one inner part 52 and the other inner part 52, which is zero or greater than zero. R. 415592.

[0208] - 47 -

[0209] The connection 120 between the left inner part 52 and the left outer part 50 is explained in more detail with reference to Figures 25, 26 and 27.

[0210] Figure 25 shows a cross-section as shown in Figure 24. Figure 25 shows that a total of three fields 80F of melting zones 80 are located on the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 or outer connection area 51L. It is intended, for example, that these three fields 80F are at least approximately uniform in width and accordingly have an angular width a80F of 100 degrees with respect to the outer circumference of the outer contour 96. The angular distance aFR between the individual fields 80F should be equally uniform. The clearance 126 is located there. This clearance 126 has an angular range aFR of, for example, 20 degrees. The melting zones 80 of a field 80F are designed here by way of example, as shown in Figure 18. This means that each field 80F has linear melting zones 80 extending in the direction of the central axis 68.It is specifically provided that the melting zones 80 overlap, thus forming linear transition zones 100. The manner in which the individual melting zones 80 are arranged within the plurality of fields 80F will be discussed later. A device 113 with an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is thus disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has an outer contour 96, wherein at least one solidified melting zone 80 is present on the outer part 50, forming part of the outer contour 96. The outer part 50 has several fields 80F of melting zones 80.Regarding a definition of a preferred embodiment of a field 80F, it shall also apply here that a field 80F of - in particular straight - melting zones 80 has a plurality of more than two melting zones 80 which have the same distance D80 between them. The more than two melting zones 80 can be spaced apart from each other by a distance D80 greater than zero, or be directly adjacent to each other (distance D80 equal to zero), or even overlap (distance D80 less than zero).

[0211] Figure 26 shows a view (end view of the pipe stub) corresponding to the section line in Figure 24. As can be seen in this Figure 26, a view from the left of the end E150L of the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is the R. 415592

[0212] - 48 - pipe-shaped section - deformed during the manufacture of the connection 120. It becomes clear that a gap, and thus a gap 128, has formed between the inner part 52, which here has a cylindrical outer contour 58, and a previously cylindrical inner contour of the outer part 50 of the pipe-shaped section (analogous to the joint 260, Figure 24). This gap 128 has a varying dimension in the circumferential direction of the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. Thus, this gap 128 has a minimum dimension sFR and a maximum dimension smF. There is a gap 128 between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which is uneven, particularly uneven in the circumferential direction of the inner part 52. With reference to the end view according to Figure 26, it can generally be stated that a minimum dimension sFR is formed between two fields 80F. In contrast, a maximum gap dimension smF is formed in the center of a field 80F.Such a shape of the gap 128 is due to the fact that free spaces 126 are formed between the individual fields 80F. These spaces are not energized during the process of producing the connection 120 and therefore act as heat sinks arranged – for example, symmetrically – with respect to the fields 80F. The embodiment of a connection 120 shown in Figures 24, 25, and 26, consisting of three fields 80F and three free spaces 126, each of which is uniformly shaped, is only one embodiment of several possible embodiments. For example, it is also possible to provide for not three fields 80F, but rather, for example, four fields 80F, five fields 80F, or more fields 80F. These fields 80F can be separated by gaps or free spaces 126 of equal size. As is shown particularly clearly in Figure 26, the multiple fields 80F are defined by a number nF of fields 80F.The outer part 50 has an end face 60 at one end E150L. The end face 60 has an outer contour 96, which has the shape of a polycircle 97. By generating the multiple fields 80F, the outer contour 96 acquires the shape of a polycircle 97, as the outer part 50 warps thermally unevenly due to the uneven generation of melting zones 80 caused by uneven heat dissipation. This results in the formation of minimum radii r96min and maximum radii r96max. A polycircle 97 can be described as having multiple minimum radii r96min and maximum radii r96max, where the number nrk of the minimum radii r96min and the number nrg of the maximum radii r96max correspond to the number nF of the fields 80F. The relative position of the smallest radii r96min, the largest radii r96max and the fields 80F to each other can be given by R. 415592.

[0213] - 49 - for example, describe such that the smallest radii r96min and the largest radii r96max alternate on the end face 60 of the outer part 50. The end face 60 is located at an axial position x60, Figure 24, which is related to the common central axis 68. The clearances 126 and the fields 80F are not only located at an axial position due to their axial extension with respect to the central axis 68, but also, because of their axial extension, in an axial region. For the purposes of this disclosure, it can be specified for the clearances 126 and the fields 80F that they are located, for example, at a common axial position xgem (Figure 24, Figure 25), which is axially spaced from the axial position x60 of the end face 60. Regarding the number nF of fields 80F, it is provided that the number nF of fields 80F can be, for example, even (2, 4, 6, 8, ...) or alternatively odd (1 , 3, 5, 7, ...).In particular, it is provided that an odd number nF of fields 80F of melting zones 80 are generated on the outer part 50, and that the outer part 50 has, in particular, three such fields 80F. If the number nF = 3, the outer contour 96 is distorted so that the end face 60 has an outer contour 96 that has the shape of a tricircle as a special form of a polycircle 97. As already explained, for example, with regard to Figures 17, 18 and 19, a field 80F is an arrangement of - in particular linear - melting zones 80, the distance D80 between which is smaller than the distance D80F to other - in particular linear - melting zones 80, in particular melting zones 80 of another field 80F.A particular embodiment is provided in that a field 80F is an arrangement of – in particular linear – melting zones 80, the spacing D80 between which is smaller than the spacing D80F to other – in particular linear – melting zones 80, especially melting zones 80 of another field 80F, wherein the spacing D80 between – in particular linear – melting zones 80 is zero or less than zero and is designed accordingly. The melting zones 80 are thus either directly adjacent to each other or with a transition zone 100, cf. Figure 19. Between a field 80F and an end E150L of the outer part 50 there is an edge 105, cf. Figure 24. This edge 105 is in particular an unprocessed, in particular unenergized, unheated edge 105. This edge 105 is left intact by not bringing the melting zones 80 close to the end E150L. As indicated in Figure 24, the edge 105 is reinforced.The rim 105 has a larger outer diameter and a greater radial extent than an R. 415592.

[0214] - 50 - adjacent area of ​​the outer part 50 in its original state, before the at least one melt zone 80 is created. In particular, the edge 105 has a maximum radial extent that is greater than the outer diameter of the outer part 50 when a melt zone 80 of a field 80F has solidified, by means of a corresponding manufacturing process. The outer part 50 is and is - as in the other embodiments - force-fitted to the inner part 52 by the fields 80F of melt zones 80.

[0215] Figure 27 shows an exemplary embodiment of a sequence for the production of melting zones 80 for a field 80F. The outer contour 56 is shown in a 360° unfolded view in Figure 27. For example, a first melting zone 80 (shown on the far left of Figure 27 with the number 1 at the bottom of the unfolded view) is produced. Particularly with regard to energy distribution, in order to achieve the best possible uniform distribution of heat energy and the coolest possible position for the next melting zone 80 to be formed, the position opposite the first melting zone 80 (position 2) is selected and executed as the position of the next melting zone 80. The third melting zone 80 (position 3) is produced approximately evenly between the two melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2.The fourth melting zone 80 (position 4) is, for example, placed opposite the melting zone 80 that was manufactured at position 3. The further melting zones 80 at positions 5, 6, 7, and 8 are placed, for example, in the following sequence: the melting zone 80 at position 5 is manufactured between the melting zones 80 at positions 3 and 1; the melting zone 80 at position 6 is placed between the melting zones 80 at positions 2 and 3; the melting zone 80 at position 7 is placed between the melting zone at position 1 and the melting zone at position 4; and the melting zone 80 at position 8 is placed between the melting zone 80 at position 4 and the melting zone 80 at position 2. An alternative description is that, for example, the first three melting zones 80 are each placed in their designated field 80F, i.e.,First, a melting zone 80 (position 1) is set for the first field 80F, then the next melting zone 80 (at position 2) for the next field 80F, and then the next melting zone 80 (at position 3) for the next field 80F. In yet another alternative formulation, the example can be described as follows, R. 415592.

[0216] - 51 - that a first melting zone 80 is placed at a position that is a starting position, and the next melting zone 80 is placed at a position opposite the first melting zone 80 (180° opposite). A third melting zone 80 is placed, for example, midway between the first melting zone 80 and the second melting zone 80, so that it is located—preferably centrally—between the melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2. Subsequently, the melting zone 80 placed at the fourth position is opposite the melting zone 80 placed at the third position. This position of the melting zone 80 is accordingly preferably uniform between the melting zone 80 at the first position and the melting zone 80 at the second position.The next melting zone 80, which is thus produced in the fifth position, is preferentially placed between the already most cooled melting zone 80 at position 1 and the next melting zone 80 that is closest to and coolest from this melting zone 80 at position 1, i.e., the melting zone 80 at position 3. The production of the next three melting zones 80 at positions 6, 7, and 8 continues in this manner, such that the melting zone 80 at position 6 is placed between the melting zones 80 at positions 2 and 3, and the melting zone 80 at position 7 is placed between the melting zone 80 at position 1 and the melting zone 80 at position 4. The melting zone 80, which is produced in the eighth position, is then produced between the melting zone 80 at position 2 and the melting zone 80 at position 4.

[0217] In the embodiment based on the previously described embodiments according to Figures 24 to 27, a method for connecting an outer part 50 with an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is initially located at least partially inside the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, causing several liquid melt zones 80 to form. The melt zones 80 then solidify, thereby creating a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. Several fields 80F of melt zones 80 are generated on the outer part 50.

[0218] The following section details the manufacturing processes related to the previously described embodiments, particularly those in R. 415592.

[0219] - 52 -

[0220] This relates to the example shown in Figures 24 to 27. Figure 28 illustrates the manufacturing process described below in principle. To connect an outer part 50 with a first inner part 52 and with a second inner part 52, the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 are first aligned (e.g., as shown in Figure 1 or Figure 20) so that they can be inserted or joined together. For this purpose, the outer part 50 is connected to a receptacle 153, for example, before the inner part 52 is inserted, and detachably fastened to the receptacle 153, for example, by means of a clamping force FK, step S50, so that a drive torque M can and is subsequently transmitted to the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 by a lathe 156 – a machine for driving the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 together by means of rotation.

[0221] Both parts, outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, are energized in step S130 and joined together by at least one melt zone 80. The at least one melt zone 80 can be designed according to one of the previously described embodiments. It is preferably provided that the inner part 52 is placed against an inner surface 159 of the flange 123 or an end face of the outer part 50 and is preferably positioned there before the outer part 50 begins to rotate, until the inner part 52 is in contact with the inner surface 159 of the flange 123. A holding force FH is applied to the inner part 52 before and during the creation of the at least one melt zone 80 (step S120) so that the inner part 52 remains in place in the outer part 50. During the generation of the at least one melting zone 80, the drive torque M is transferred to the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 and the holding force FH is applied, Figure 29.While the outer part 50 is arranged and rotating within the first inner part 52, during step S130 the first inner part 52 is preferably rotated at the same speed n52 as the rotating outer part 50. The generation of the at least one melting zone 80 takes place with a stationary energy conductor 72 (see Fig. 3) and – for example – a similarly stationary energy transmission point 74. Alternatively, the energy beam can also be directed onto the outer part 50 by means of a deflecting device – see the description for Figure 22. That is, the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 rotates past the energy conductor 72, so that during step S130 the melting zone 80 is generated on the rotating outer part 50. This is R. 415592.

[0222] - 53 - an assembly 200 is formed from the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, the two parts being firmly connected. The outer part 50 can thus transmit a torque to the inner part 52, which is held so firmly in the outer part 50 that it is secured against falling out of the outer part 50. In a further step S270, the holding force FH is released or reduced to zero, and in step S300 the assembly 200 is removed from the receptacle 153. In a further step S320, the assembly 200 is placed onto a second inner part 52, and in a further step S340, by further energizing, the outer part 50 is connected to the second inner part 52 at a second external connection area 51 by at least one melt zone 80. For this purpose, the assembly 200 is placed onto the second inner part 52, as shown in Figure 24. The second inner part 52 is designed in the manner of a shaft nozzle 203, oris a shaft stub 203 of a machine 204. This shaft stub 203 is, for example, integrally connected to a shaft 206, which in turn is supported in a housing 212 by means of bearing means 209 (for example, rolling bearings), Figure 30. For the purpose of generating the at least one melt zone 80 during step S340 between the second outer connection area 51 and the second inner part 52 (equivalent to shaft stub 203), the inner part 52, the shaft stub 203, or the shaft 206 is not driven, but held or fixed, and thus remains stationary. The outer part 50 is also stationary. In principle, during step S340, the assembly 200 can simply be attached, preferably held or fastened by step S330, and then connected by energizing.For the design of the second connection point between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 (shaft), it is preferably provided that the second inner part 52 – particularly in an embodiment of the inner part 52 as a shaft 206 – has a rotational moment of inertia I52, and the assembly 200 consisting of the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 has a rotational moment of inertia I200, wherein the rotational moment of inertia I52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200. To implement the second connection point, the previously mentioned embodiments for the at least one melting zone 80 can be applied and produced. The second connection point can be formed by at least one point-shaped melting zone 80 or several point-shaped melting zones 80, by at least one line-shaped melting zone 80 or several line-shaped melting zones 80 (e.g. as shown in Figures 4 to 9 or R. 415592).

[0223] - 54 -

[0224] Figures 17 to 22 or Figures 25 and 26 are described), by several point-shaped melting zones 80 (e.g. as described in Figures 10 to 16), which are formed, for example, by forming transition zones 94 (point-shaped melting zones 80).

[0225] When mounting the assembly 200 onto the second inner part 52 – particularly when the inner part 52 is configured as a shaft 206 – the distance s between the end faces 64 of the two inner parts 52, already mentioned in relation to Figure 24, is established. For this purpose, the right inner part 52 has, by way of example, its right-facing end face 215. For instance, a point 218 is a reference point used to establish the distance s. Point 218 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 215 and thus an element of the assembly 200. A point 221 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 224 and is thus connected to the left inner part 52. Establishing the distance s results from setting a distance sO.The distance sO, as the actual distance, is the distance sO between point 218, the reference point of assembly 200, and point 221, the reference point of the second inner part 52. A target dimension s_target encompasses several possible actual dimensions and thus also the distance sO. This point 221 is a machine-side reference point, or rather, the reference point of the second, or left, inner part 52. The end face 224 is produced, for example, by facing a designated area of ​​the housing 212. Point 221, as such, can be an element of the end face 224, a mounting surface of the lathe 156, e.g., a mounting flange and / or a bearing plate of the lathe 156. The connection of the second inner part 52 with a point 221 is given by the fact that the shaft 206 or the second inner part 52 is mounted in the housing 212 in a fixed but rotatable manner, and point 221 is an element of the end face 224 of the housing 212.

[0226] The following procedure is used to adjust the distance sO: The assembly 200 is slid or inserted onto the second or left inner part 52 in the direction of the central axis 68, step S320. The distance sO is measured or determined while the assembly 200 is being slid, step S325. After reaching a target dimension s_target, the sliding is stopped and the target dimension s_target is held. The assembly 200 is held or secured in step S330. Thus, a distance sO satisfies R. 415592

[0227] - 55 - between point 218 as reference point of assembly 200 and point 221 as reference point of the second inner part 52 the target dimension s_target.

[0228] After reaching the position of assembly 200, which is given by the target dimension s_target, the connection between assembly 200 and the second or left inner part 52 is created (energized) by generating at least one melt zone 80 on the outer connection area 51 L, according to the previously described embodiments, step S340.

[0229] In connection with all the previously described embodiments, to improve the process and the connection, the following specific procedures or process steps can be carried out during the process for generating the at least one melt zone 80 for joining the outer part 50 to an inner part 52. First, the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50 (step S100), as shown in all the previously illustrated and described figures. Then, as already described, at least one or the intended mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, and the intended mass fraction m50p is melted to create the connection between the outer part 50 and an inner part 52 according to the previously described examples (step S130).At least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed, and then the mass fraction m50p solidifies into at least one solid melt zone 80. This induces a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has a surface in the shape of the outer contour 56. At an energy transfer point 74, the surface or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is energized, and the energy transfer point 74 is actively cooled by means of a step S350; compare, for example, with Figures 3 and 27, which show corresponding devices and methods.

[0230] Figures 3 and 27 each show an exemplary supply 227 of a coolant, in particular air. Air, represented by an arrow symbolizing a volume flow 230, is driven onto the surface, and especially onto the energy transfer point 74, by means of a blower 233. The energy transfer point 74 is cooled by forced convection during step S350. (See R. 415592.)

[0231] - 56 - In the exemplary embodiment according to Figure 3, the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. This means that the supply 227 of the coolant through the rotating outer part 50 regularly cools different sections or areas of the surface of the outer part 50, but during the energizing process in step S340, it is the energy transfer point 74 that is cooled. In the embodiment according to Figure 27, the energy transfer point 74 is not moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. It is intended that the outer part 50 is stationary, e.g. because the rotational moment of inertia I52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia 1200 of the assembly 200, cf. with the embodiment according to figures 28 to 31, in which the melting zones 80 are generated with the second inner part 52 stationary.The blower 233 is stationary relative to the outer part 50, while the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the outer part 50. The embodiments shown in Figures 24 to 31 demonstrate that a volume flow 230 is first guided over an edge 105, 107 and / or an end E250R and then over the energy transfer point 74. After the connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 has been formed, the product is removed from the production system in step 400.

[0232] Figure 32 shows a basic stress-strain diagram for a metal or metal alloy that, for example, has a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. According to part of the description preceding Figure 4, the melting of a specified mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is intended to generate a stress in the outer part 50 that lies in the plastic range. This means that a tensile stress 050 is induced in the outer part 50, causing it to deform plastically. This deformation connects the outer part 50 to the inner part 52, particularly by frictional engagement. The stress state in the outer part 50 increases from the origin of the diagram along the straight line. This first phase ends when the outer part 50 is brought into contact with the inner part 52, after which the second phase begins.According to the behavior of metals possessing a pronounced upper yield strength ReH, in the aforementioned examples, it is assumed that the stress reaches the yield strength ReH. At that point, the end of a second phase is reached. This end is finally marked by a value of R. 415592, which is not quantified here.

[0233] - 57 -

[0234] Melting zone 80 is reached. The third phase begins. With each additional melting zone 80 created, the metal is stressed in the Lüders region between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL, with the plastic component of the strain increasing with each additional melting zone 80. After reaching the lower yield strength ReL, and depending on the number of additional melting zones 80 created, the tensile stress 050 in the region between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm increases, provided this is permissible. The end of the third phase of the process can generally be positioned such that the tensile stress 050 lies between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL. For example, when dimensioning the end of the third phase of the process, it can be selected that the strain is between 0.25 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain sL, preferably between 0.5 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain sL.Alternatively, the end of the third phase of the process, as intended by its load, can also be reached if the load on the outer part 50 lies in the range between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, wherein the tensile stress o50 preferably does not exceed a mean value o50m between ReL and Rm.

[0235] As previously described, it is also possible for a metal or metal alloy to behave as shown in Figure 33. This figure depicts a basic stress-strain diagram for corresponding materials where, in the region of the initial increase in tensile stress 050, the elastic material stress significantly outweighs the plastic material stress, i.e., they exhibit an equivalent yield strength, specifically the proof stress Rp0.2. As with the other metal or metal alloy, the first phase ends when the outer part 50 is applied to the inner part 52. The second phase then follows until the proof stress Rp0.2 is reached. Above the proof stress Rp0.2, the third phase of loading of the outer part 50 begins.An upper end of the third phase of the process, determined by its load, is located in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, whereby the tensile stress 050 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm. Consequently, with regard to material selection, it is alternatively provided that, within the framework of the process, the outer part 50 is manufactured from a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain and a deformation of R. 415592.

[0236] - 58 -

[0237] The outer part 50 is designed to achieve at least a yield strength Rp0.2, for which a permanent elongation Rp of 0.2% is determined. If a higher load is desired, the load on the outer part 50 can be greater than the yield strength Rp0.2. Preferably, the load on the outer part 50 should be between the yield strength Rp0.2 and the tensile strength Rm.

[0238] The behavior of the materials, whose properties can be described according to Figures 32 and 33, can be used in such a way that, after an exemplary specific number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape and roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50, a load on an outer part 52 made of a material that can be described by Figures 32 or 33, e.g., is safely in the Lüder range or safely above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a defined area.

[0239] An alternative method does not involve the exemplary determination of a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape for roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50 in order to ensure that an outer part 52 made of a material that can be described by Figures 32 or 33 can withstand a load within the Lüder range or above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a defined area. Instead, the method described below involves precisely dimensioning the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 and then individually determining and producing a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape.

[0240] The method for joining an outer part 50 with an inner part 52 comprises the following steps: first, at least one dimension of the inner part 52 and one dimension of the outer part 50 are determined (step S500). Then, the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other (step S100) such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50 (see Figures 1 to 31). Following this, as in the previously described embodiments, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized and thereby melted (step S130). At least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed. This at least one melt zone 80 then solidifies into a solid melt zone 80. This causes a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. R. 415592

[0241] - 59 -

[0242] Tensile stress 050 causes the outer part 50 to be pressed against the inner part 52, step S150. The outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 is to be determined as a dimension of the inner part 52, and the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 is to be determined as a dimension of the outer part 50. This allows, as a first approximation and in step S550, the determination of the quantity or number of melt zones 80, which, according to their shape and number, determine the plastic deformation of the outer part 50 and the desired pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. This is particularly relevant if the wall thickness t50 of the outer part 50 is known. As a second approximation, an inner diameter d52 of the inner part 52 (if present, because it is shaped like a tube) and / or an outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 are to be determined as a further dimension.To determine a precise tensile stress o50 in the outer part 50 and a pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52, it is provided that a dimension for the total mass m50p of the outer part 50 to be melted is determined from at least one dimension. From this, a number n80 of melting zones 80 to be generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is determined. For each of the melting zones 80 to be generated, a shape (length, depth) and possibly also a width are determined, unless the width is simply defined by the width of the energy beam. The width is then determined, for example, by a transition zone 94. A length is determined, for example, by the duration of a single energizing process, and a depth, for example, by the velocity of an energy beam or an energy transfer point of the energy beam.

[0243] Depending on the design of the process, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 can be determined in different ways. For example, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined or calculated as a function of one or more of the aforementioned dimensions (step S570, calculation). Alternatively, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined by reading (step S580) a characteristic map 590. After determining (S550, S570, S580) the quantity of mass fraction m50p to be melted or the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated, the determined melt zones 80 are energized (steps S130, S340) and thus R. 415592

[0244] - 60 - a pressure p50 is generated between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which brings about sufficient static friction between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. By generating the specific amount of melt zones 80 in the outer part 50, an elastic strain s or additionally a plastic strain s (by steps S150, S200, S250) or an elastoplastic strain s is generated in the outer part 50.

[0245] The corresponding process steps are shown in Figures 34 and 35. The process steps shown in Figure 34 are exemplary and only partially apply to all examples. For instance, the process steps shown in Figure 34 may apply to the embodiment shown from Figure 24 onwards. The process steps according to Figure 35 may, for example, be applied after process step S120 instead of step S130.

[0246] Finally, various embodiments of the outer part 50 and inner part 52 are briefly described and shown, in which the presented methods can be carried out.

[0247] Figure 36 shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a simple cylindrical shape. The outer part 50 has an outwardly facing flange 123 at each of its two ends E150 and E250. Depending on the magnitude of the rotational moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200 to be manufactured, the two parts can rotate (low moment of inertia 1200) or remain stationary (high moment of inertia I200) during the production of the melting zones 80 and the joining of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. Since the two flanges 123 obstruct the axial flow of coolant, the energy transfer point 74 would, for example, be approached radially or tangentially with respect to the axis 68.

[0248] Figure 37 again shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a ring-cylindrical shape and is exemplified as the outer ring 223 of a rolling bearing 226. R. 415592

[0249] - 61 -

[0250] Furthermore, a computer program 600 is provided, as shown in Figure 38, which is configured to execute all the steps of one of the aforementioned procedures or is programmed to execute a procedure when run on a computer. Additionally, a machine-readable storage medium 620 is proposed on which the computer program 600 is stored or on which the computer program 600 is stored for use in one of the aforementioned procedures.

[0251] A control unit should be designed to perform all steps of one of the procedures, or it should be programmed for use in one of the procedures.

Claims

R. 415592 - 62 - Claims 1. Device comprising an outer part (50) and an inner part (52), wherein the outer part (50) is connected to the inner part (52) and the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part (52) is at least partially located inside the outer part (50), wherein at least a mass fraction (m50p) of the outer part (50) is a solidified solid melt zone (80), wherein a tensile stress (o50) acts in the outer part (50), characterized in that the outer part (50) is plastically deformed.

2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer part (50) is made of a material which has a pronounced yield strength (ReH) and exhibits plastic deformation of the outer part (50) beyond the pronounced yield strength (ReH).

3. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the outer part (50) is loaded in the Lüder area.

4. Device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the outer part (50) is loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength (Rm).

5. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer part (50) is made of a material which has a yield strength ratio - a ratio of the upper yield strength (ReH) and the tensile strength (Rm) - which is in a range of 0.2 to 0.

7.

6. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer part (50) is made of a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain and produces a deformation of the outer part (50) which R. 415592 - 63 - at least a yield strength (RpO,2) - to which a permanent elongation (Rp) of 0.2% is determined - is reached.

7. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that the load on the outer part (50) is greater than the yield strength (Rp0.2).

8. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that the load on the outer part (50) has a value between the yield strength (Rp0.2) and the tensile strength (Rm).

9. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer part (50) is cold-worked by its deformation, in particular a tensile strength (Rm) of the cold-worked material is increased by 2% to 70% compared to a state of the material before plastic deformation.

10. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer part (50) is plastically deformed between a solidified melt zone (80) of the outer part (50) and an inner contour (54) of the outer part (50).

11. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one melting zone (80) is formed as a point or dot-line, or as a line or as a planar area.

12. Device according to claim 11, characterized in that at least a region of the outer part (50) between a first end (E150) and a second end (E250) in the direction of an axis (68) and between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) the mass fraction (m50p) is designed as at least one melt zone (80) which extends between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) of the outer part (50).

13. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the mass fraction (m50p) has several melting zones (80) extending between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) of the outer part (50). R. 415592 - 64 - 14. Device according to claim 13, characterized in that the mass fraction (m50p) has several melting zones (80) which are designed such that they extend continuously and in different directions between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) of the outer part (50).

15. Device according to claims 12 to 14, characterized in that the at least one melting zone (80) is designed such that it extends at least partially in a straight line.

16. Device according to claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the several melting zones (80) are at least partially parallel to each other or that next to a melting zone (80) there is a further melting zone (80) which is parallel to the one melting zone (80).

17. Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the multiple melting zones (80) are spaced apart such that an unmelted bridge (98) remains between two nearest melting zones (80).

18. Device according to one of claims 12 to 17, characterized in that at least one solidified melt zone (80) is present which has been remelted multiple times.

19. Device according to claim 18, characterized in that at least one solidified melt zone is present which has an intersection (114) with another solidified melt zone (80).

20. Device according to claim 18 or 19, characterized in that the at least one melting zone (80) is designed such that it extends in a spiral shape.

21. Device according to claim 20, characterized in that the outer part (50) has an axis of rotation and the melting zone (80) has an axial center with respect to the axis of rotation and an outer diameter (D80), and at the R. 415592 - 65 - axial ends of at least one melt zone (80) of an external connection area (51) each have a bead (110).

22. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that one bead (110) at one axial end differs from the other bead (110) at the other axial end.

23. Device according to claim 22, characterized in that one bead (110) at one axial end of the at least one melting zone (80) has an outer diameter (D110) and the other bead (110) at the other axial end of the at least one melting zone (80) has an outer diameter (D110), wherein the outer diameter (D110) of one bead (110) at one axial end is larger than the outer diameter (D110) of the other bead (110) at the other axial end.

24. Device according to one of claims 21, 22 or 23, characterized in that it has different outer diameters on the outer part (50), wherein the at least one melting zone (80) has an outer diameter (D80) in its axial center, and wherein the at least one melting zone (80) has one of the beads (110) with an outer diameter (D110) at an axial end, wherein the outer diameter (D80) of the melting zone (80) is smaller than an outer diameter (D110) of the bead (110).

25. Device according to one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that the outer part (50) has different outer diameters, wherein an outer diameter (D110) of a bead (110) is smaller than an outer diameter (D105, D107) at the extreme end (E150, E250) of the outer part (50).

26. Device according to one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that the outer part (50) has different outer diameters, wherein an outer diameter (D110) of a bead (110) is larger than an outer diameter (D105, D107) at the end (E150R) of the outer part (50), in particular at an end (E150R) which is adjacent to a flange (123).

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