Composite pane with evacuated aerogel layer

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composite pane comprising an exterior pane (1) and an interior pane (2), which are joined face to face, wherein preferably at least one photovoltaic component (4) is incorporated into the composite pane between the exterior pane (1) and the interior pane (2) and wherein the composite pane comprises an insulating unit (5) which has, in order, - an outer pane (5a) facing the exterior pane (1), - an evacuated aerogel layer (5c) and - an inner pane (5b), and wherein (i) the insulating unit (5) is incorporated into the composite pane between the exterior pane (1) and the interior pane (2) and has a smaller distance from the interior pane (2) than the at least one photovoltaic component (4) or (ii) the interior pane (2) of the composite pane forms the inner pane (5b) of the insulating unit (5).

Description

[0001] Composite disc with evacuated aerogel layer

[0002] The invention relates to a composite disc equipped with at least one insulation unit with an evacuated aerogel layer, and its use.

[0003] It is generally known that glazing can be equipped with photovoltaic components to generate electrical energy. For example, W003028114A2 discloses an insulating glass unit with a photovoltaic module. Insulating glass units are used particularly as building glazing.

[0004] In conventional insulating glass units, a spacer creates a gap between two panes of glass, which is filled with an inert gas. To further improve thermal insulation, vacuum insulating glazing (VIG) is known, in which the space between the panes is evacuated. Such glazing is known, for example, from EP1978199A1 and W09804802A1.

[0005] Glazing with photovoltaic components can also be of interest in the automotive sector, particularly as a vehicle roof window. The photovoltaic components can be used, for example, to charge the vehicle's battery or to power electrical consumers. This is gaining increasing importance, especially in connection with electric vehicles. EP1036683A2 discloses a vehicle roof window designed as a single pane of glass and equipped with a solar cell array on the interior side.

[0006] Vehicle roof windows are often designed as laminated glass, comprising an outer pane and an inner pane bonded together by a thermoplastic interlayer. In such laminated glass, photovoltaic components can be embedded in the interlayer, as is known, for example, from WO2013182398A1 and WO2013182399A1. These photovoltaic components can negatively impact thermal comfort in the vehicle. A photovoltaic component absorbs visible light and / or infrared radiation to convert it into electrical energy. This process causes the photovoltaic component to heat up considerably, representing an additional thermal load. As a result, the total solar energy received (composed of the directly received energy and the indirectly received energy as thermal radiation after heating of the window components, typically characterized as the TTS value) is increased.

[0007] Therefore, there is a need for composite glass panes with photovoltaic components that have a low TTS value and ensure high thermal comfort.

[0008] From EP3878827A1 a vehicle window is known which is designed as vacuum insulating glazing.

[0009] Aerogels are highly porous solids known for their very low thermal conductivity and heat-insulating properties. WO2012154602A1 discloses an insulating glass unit with an aerogel layer. US2014199805A1 discloses a solar cell with an electrode based on an aerogel. US5221364A discloses a solar cell on an aerogel substrate.

[0010] A type of insulating glass unit is known from CN102839893A, in which two glass panes are connected to each other via a spacer. The space between them is filled with aerogel and evacuated.

[0011] The present invention is based on the objective of providing an improved composite disc which has low heat input and ensures high thermal comfort.

[0012] The object of the invention is achieved by a composite disc according to independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are described in the dependent claims. The composite disc according to the invention comprises an outer disc and an inner disc, which are bonded together in a flat manner. Preferably, at least one photovoltaic component is embedded in the composite disc between the outer disc and the inner disc. The composite disc also includes an insulating unit.

[0013] The insulating unit comprises, in the specified order, an outer pane, an aerogel layer, and an inner pane. The aerogel layer is thus arranged between the outer and inner panes. The outer pane of the insulating unit faces the outer pane of the laminated glass, while the inner pane faces away from the outer pane. According to the invention, the aerogel layer is evacuated, thereby forming a type of vacuum insulating glass unit. The aerogel layer can alternatively also be referred to as an aerogel sheet.

[0014] The invention can, in principle, be implemented in two different variants. In a first variant (also referred to as "variant (i)"), the insulation unit is embedded in the composite pane between the outer pane and the inner pane, wherein the insulation unit has a smaller distance to the inner pane than the optional at least one photovoltaic component. In a second variant (also referred to as "variant (ii)"), the inner pane of the composite pane also forms the inner pane of the insulation unit.

[0015] The present invention is based on the concept of providing an insulation unit on the inner side of the laminated glass pane, preferably on the inner side facing the photovoltaic component. The insulation unit comprises an evacuated aerogel layer between two panes and is characterized by good thermal insulation properties. Due to these thermal insulation properties, heat input through the laminated glass pane is reduced, particularly the emissivity of the laminated glass pane on the inner side. The heat radiation from the heated photovoltaic component towards the inner pane is reduced. The aerogel layer also has acoustic insulation properties, which is advantageous for shielding against disruptive external noise. It is very lightweight, so the overall weight of the laminated glass pane is not significantly increased. These are major advantages of the present invention.

[0016] A photovoltaic component, as defined in the invention, is a single-unit electrical component for generating electrical energy or current by means of the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic component is handled as a single unit and preferably has only two electrical connections (two electrical poles, i.e., "positive and negative poles") through which the component as a whole is electrically connected. The photovoltaic component can also be referred to as a photovoltaic element or solar element. A photovoltaic cell, as defined in the invention, is the smallest possible photovoltaic unit, comprising a single photovoltaically active absorber layer between a single front electrode and a single back electrode. The photovoltaic cell is not structurally subdivided further. The photovoltaic cell can also be referred to as a solar cell.A photovoltaic module, as defined in the invention, is a single-unit component comprising a plurality of interconnected or electrically connected photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic cells can be connected in series or in parallel, or there can be groups of series-connected photovoltaic cells that are connected in parallel, or groups of parallel-connected photovoltaic cells that are connected in series. Series connection of all solar cells is preferred. The photovoltaic module can also be referred to as a photovoltaic module or solar module.

[0017] The inventive at least one photovoltaic component, when applied, can be or comprise a single photovoltaic cell or a photovoltaic module with a plurality of interconnected photovoltaic cells, the latter being the most common case in practice.

[0018] The outer pane is the pane of the laminated glass unit that, when installed, faces the sun or is intended to do so. The laminated glass unit is typically designed to separate an interior space from the exterior environment within an opening (in particular a window opening, for example, a window opening of a vehicle or a building). For the purposes of this invention, the inner pane refers to the pane facing the interior space. The outer pane refers to the pane facing the exterior environment and the sun. Both the outer and inner panes have an exterior and an interior surface, and a circumferential side edge surface extending between them. For the purposes of this invention, the exterior surface refers to the main surface that, when installed, is intended to face the exterior environment and the sun.In the context of the invention, the term "interior surface" refers to the main surface which, in the installed position, is intended to face the interior. The interior surface of the outer pane and the exterior surface of the inner pane face each other and are connected to one another.

[0019] In its installed position, the outer pane of the insulation unit also faces the outside environment and the outer pane. The inner pane of the insulation unit faces the interior and, in variant (i), the inner pane.

[0020] The composite pane according to the invention is preferably a vehicle window (window pane of a vehicle) or building glazing, most preferably a vehicle roof pane.

[0021] The outer pane is connected to the insulation unit via an intermediate layer. The at least one optional photovoltaic component is preferably embedded in this intermediate layer, positioned between the outer pane and the inner pane. The insulation unit is located on the inside side of the at least one optional photovoltaic component, thus having a greater distance to the outer pane than the at least one photovoltaic component. Conversely, the at least one optional photovoltaic component is located on the outside of the insulation unit, thus having a smaller distance to the outer pane (and, in its installed position, to the external environment) than the insulation unit.Viewed from above, the insulating unit preferably completely overlaps the at least one optional photovoltaic component; that is, the at least one optional photovoltaic component is entirely within the area bounded by the side edge of the insulating unit and does not protrude beyond the insulating unit. The term "at least one photovoltaic component" refers to all existing photovoltaic components.

[0022] The composite pane can preferably contain a single photovoltaic component or a plurality of photovoltaic components. If it contains a plurality of photovoltaic components, then preferably all photovoltaic components are arranged in the same plane or position of the composite pane. All photovoltaic components then have (at least approximately) the same distance to the outer pane or the inner pane. But even if the photovoltaic components are arranged in different planes or positions of the composite pane, the insulation unit is preferably arranged on the inner side of all photovoltaic components with a greater distance to the outer pane.

[0023] The composite pane can, in principle, also have several insulation units, with preferably all insulation units being arranged on the inside side of the outer pane and the at least one optional photovoltaic component at a greater distance from the outer pane. However, a single insulation unit is preferred due to a simpler design and easier manufacturing of the composite pane.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment, the at least one photovoltaic component is connected to the outer pane and the insulation unit via a thermoplastic layer. In variant (i), the insulation unit is connected to the inner pane via a thermoplastic layer.

[0025] In variant (i) of the invention, the composite disc comprises, in a preferred embodiment, the outer disc, a first thermoplastic layer, if applied, the at least one optional photovoltaic component, a second thermoplastic layer, the insulation unit, a third thermoplastic layer and the inner disc.

[0026] In variant (i) the outer pane and the inner pane are connected to each other via an intermediate layer, wherein both the at least one preferred photovoltaic component and the insulation unit are embedded in the intermediate layer.

[0027] In variant (ii) of the invention, the composite disc comprises, in a preferred embodiment, the outer disc in the specified order: the outer disc, a first thermoplastic layer, if applied, the at least one optional photovoltaic component, a second thermoplastic layer, the insulation unit.

[0028] In variant (ii), the insulation unit is an exposed element of the composite pane, with the exposed inner pane of the insulation unit also forming the inner pane of the composite pane. The inner pane and the outer pane are therefore identical. The outer pane and the insulation unit are connected to each other via an intermediate layer, with the at least one optional photovoltaic component optionally embedded in the intermediate layer.

[0029] In particularly preferred embodiments of the preferred configurations described above, the composite pane consists structurally only of the elements specified. The outer pane, the inner pane, the thermoplastic layer, and / or the panes of the insulation unit may additionally be provided with standard coatings or imprints.

[0030] In all embodiments, the outer pane and the first thermoplastic layer are preferably clear and have no tints or colors, so as not to attenuate the sunlight before it reaches the at least one preferred photovoltaic component. The second thermoplastic layer, the insulation unit, the inner pane, and, if present, the third thermoplastic layer can be clear, tinted, or colored independently of one another.

[0031] The thermoplastic layers can alternatively also be referred to as thermoplastic layers. Their function is to adhesively bond the components of the composite disc between which they are arranged.

[0032] The thermoplastic layers are preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU), or on mixtures, copolymers, or derivatives thereof, particularly preferably on PVB. This means that the layer contains the said polymer to a large extent (proportion greater than 50% by weight). In addition to the polymer, the layer may contain other additives, such as plasticizers, UV absorbers, or stabilizers. Each thermoplastic layer is preferably formed from at least one thermoplastic film. The thickness of each film is preferably from 0.2 mm to 1 mm.

[0033] For example, PVB films with standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm can be used.

[0034] Instead of thermoplastic layers, other types of bonding layers can also be used in principle, for example casting resin layers or adhesive layers, in particular layers of optically clear adhesives (OCA).

[0035] The outer and inner panes are preferably made of glass, particularly preferably of soda-lime glass, as is common for window panes. However, one or both panes can also be made of other types of glass, for example, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, or of rigid, clear plastics, for example, polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate. The thicknesses of the outer and inner panes are, independently of each other, preferably from 0.5 mm to 5 mm, and particularly preferably from 1 mm to 3 mm.

[0036] The outer and inner panes can optionally be thermally or chemically prestressed, partially prestressed, or not prestressed independently of each other. However, prestressing is generally not necessary because all layers of the laminated glass are typically fully bonded together, similar to laminated safety glass (the panes of the insulating unit by the aerogel layer).

[0037] According to the invention, the composite disc is equipped with an insulation unit. The insulation unit comprises an outer disc and an inner disc, between which an evacuated aerogel layer is arranged.

[0038] In variant (i), the outer disk and the inner disk have a thickness of, for example, 0.3 mm to 5 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 3 mm, particularly preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm, most preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, and especially 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The outer disk and the inner disk are preferably thinner than the outer disk and the inner disk.

[0039] In variant (ii), the outer disc has a thickness of, for example, 0.3 mm to 5 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 3 mm, particularly preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm, and most preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, especially 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The inner disc is identical to the inner disc of the composite disc, and the preferred thicknesses specified above for the inner disc apply.

[0040] The outer and inner panes are preferably made of glass. Soda-lime glass can also be used. In particular, very thin outer and inner panes (for example, with thicknesses of 0.5 mm to 1 mm) can also be made of aluminosilicate glass, which is preferably chemically tempered. The outer and inner panes are preferably transparent.

[0041] According to the invention, the aerogel layer is evacuated to increase the thermal insulation effect of the aerogel. The insulation unit therefore represents a type of vacuum insulating glass.

[0042] This means that a negative pressure exists in the space between the outer and inner disks, where the aerogel layer is arranged; that is, a pressure lower than the ambient pressure. The pressure in the space is preferably no more than 100 mbar or 90 mbar, and particularly preferably no more than 10 mbar. The pressure can, for example, range from 0.01 mbar or 11 mbar to 100 mbar, preferably from 0.1 mbar to 10 mbar.

[0043] The insulation unit preferably has a gas-tight edge seal to maintain the negative pressure. The edge seal seals the space between the outer and inner discs, in which the aerogel layer is arranged, gas-tight from the environment. The edge seal can be made, for example, of glass, a metal or metal alloy (e.g., stainless steel, silver, or copper), or a gas-tight plastic.

[0044] The aerogel layer is preferably bonded to the outer and inner discs of the insulation unit via an adhesion-promoting layer. The adhesion-promoting layers can be, for example, adhesive layers, particularly preferably layers of an optically clear adhesive. Alternatively, the adhesion-promoting layers can be thermoplastic layers. The thermoplastic layers are preferably each formed from a thermoplastic film, particularly preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU), most preferably with a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm, and especially 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. It is also conceivable that the aerogel is produced directly on one of the discs and bonded to the other disc via an adhesion-promoting layer.It is also conceivable that the outer and inner discs are connected and kept at a distance, for example, by a circumferential peripheral spacer, and that the aerogel layer is arranged in the space between them without being adhesively bonded to the discs.

[0045] The thickness of the aerogel layer can be selected according to the requirements of the specific application. Factors particularly important include the thermal conductivity of the aerogel (which in turn depends on the material, density, and porosity), the heat absorption of the at least one optional photovoltaic component (which in turn depends on the type of component and the surface coverage), and the desired heat input (i.e., the desired TTS value, the total solar energy received). Preferably, the aerogel layer has a thickness in the range of 0.1 mm to 10 mm, more preferably 0.2 mm to 8 mm, and most preferably 0.5 mm to 6 mm or 0.5 mm to 5 mm. These thicknesses achieve good results in typical applications. Most preferably, the aerogel layer has a thickness of 1 mm to 4 mm.In typical applications, good thermal insulation is achieved even with such a thin aerogel layer because the evacuation process further improves the thermal insulation. This allows for the production of composite panels with advantageously thin aerogel layers.

[0046] Contrary to what the name might initially suggest, aerogels are not gels, but highly porous solids. The name stems from the fact that aerogels are typically produced from gels, with the liquid component of the gel being replaced by a gas without the gel structure collapsing, for example through supercritical drying or freeze-drying.

[0047] Aerogels consist structurally of a branching structure of particle chains (dendritic structure) with numerous interstitial spaces (pores), particularly in the form of open pores. The particle chains have contact points with each other, so the aerogel can be considered a stable, sponge-like network. The particle chains themselves often result from the fusion of, for example, spherical particles. A very high volume fraction of aerogels consists of pores, especially open pores. Therefore, aerogels have a very low density. The aerogel layer according to the invention is therefore lightweight, so that the weight of the composite panel is not significantly increased even by comparatively thick aerogel layers. Aerogels can also exhibit high optical transparency, which can be particularly advantageous for applications in glazing. Aerogels can be produced, for example, by sol-gel processes.

[0048] Deposits may be present in the pores, for example, to influence the mechanical, thermal, or optical properties of the aerogel layer. The pores are typically air-filled (corresponding to the negative pressure prevailing in the insulation unit), apart from any deposits. The aerogel layer according to the invention can also be referred to as a layer or layer made of or based on an aerogel.

[0049] For the purposes of this invention, porosity is defined as the proportion of the pore volume to the total volume of the aerogel. The aerogel layer according to the invention is preferably formed from or based on an aerogel having a porosity of 50% to 99.98%, particularly preferably 80% to 99%, and most preferably 85% to 98%. The porosity can be determined by gas absorption.

[0050] The pore size of the aerogel is preferably from 1 nm to 50 nm, particularly preferably from 10 nm to 40 nm. This refers in particular to the diameter of the typically approximately spherical pores.

[0051] The density of the aerogel is preferably from 0.16 mg / cm³ to 500 mg / cm³, particularly preferably from 10 mg / cm³ to 300 mg / cm³. This refers to the bulk density based on the volume including the pore spaces, whereby the air in the pores is not included in the mass calculation.

[0052] The particles that make up the network of particle chains typically have a size of 1 nm to 10 nm. Aerogels can be formed from various materials (material of the particle chains). The aerogel of the aerogel layer according to the invention is preferably composed of silicate, a polymer, carbon, cellulose, or a metal oxide. In principle, all polymers and metal oxides are suitable. Examples include polyimide for a polymer and aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide (all transparent and white or bluish), iron oxide (opaque, red or yellow), chromium oxide (opaque, green or blue), and vanadium oxide (opaque, olive-green) for metal oxides. Strictly speaking, silicate aerosols do not have the chemical composition of a silicate, but rather something like SiO(OH)y(OR)z, where R is an organic residue and the parameters y and z depend on the manufacturing process.They are nevertheless generally referred to as such, and the term silicate is also used accordingly within the scope of the present invention. In English, the term "silica aerogel" is also common (i.e., SiO2 aerogel). For the aerogel layer according to the invention, silicate aerogels and polymer aerogels are particularly preferred. These aerogels are well researched and already commercially available in large numbers.

[0053] The aerogel layer according to the invention can have different structural configurations and be integrated into the composite disc, in particular as a so-called blanket; this refers to a composite material made of an aerogel (in particular silicate aerogel) with inclusions that influence the mechanical properties (in particular glass fibers); blankets are flexible and can, for example, be supplied on rolls;

[0054] - as felt (especially silicate aerogel felt); felts are flexible and can also be supplied on rolls, for example;

[0055] - as a film; films are flexible and can also be supplied on rolls, for example; they are typically made of a polymer aerogel-based material, which may optionally contain inclusions;

[0056] - as a rigid layer (“plate”);

[0057] - in the form of granules (with particle sizes, for example, in the millimeter range) or particles (with particle sizes, for example, in the micrometer range). Since the aerogel layer has acoustic damping properties, the use of so-called acoustic thermoplastic films can be avoided. Instead, single-layer films are preferably used as thermoplastic layers.

[0058] The outer pane has (at least) one transparent area, which, for the purposes of the invention, is referred to as the viewing area. Sunlight can pass through the outer pane in the transparent viewing area and excite the at least one optional photovoltaic component. The transparent viewing area of ​​the outer pane therefore defines an active area of ​​the laminated glass. This means that, in a top view of the laminated glass, the transparent area of ​​the outer pane and the active area are congruent. The at least one optional photovoltaic component is arranged (at least partially, in particular largely or even completely) in the viewing area.

[0059] The outer pane can be entirely transparent, so that the viewing area encompasses the entire outer pane. In this case, the entire laminated glass unit forms the active area. However, the outer pane can also have an opaque masking area through which no sunlight can pass, thus defining a masking area of ​​the laminated glass unit. The active area then corresponds to the laminated glass unit minus the masking area. Such masking areas are particularly common in vehicle windows. They are typically created by an opaque covering printed on the interior surface of the outer pane. An enamel printing paste, containing glass frits and a pigment, especially black pigment, is printed onto the surface, for example, using a screen printing process, and then fired on.The masking area typically comprises a circumferential edge of the outer pane, which surrounds a central viewing area like a frame. However, the masking area can also include further areas, which are, for example, designed as a kind of cross brace for the frame-like edge.

[0060] Alternatively, a masking area can also be formed by an opaque thermoplastic layer located between the at least one optional photovoltaic component and the outer pane, or by an opaque film or plate being embedded in the composite pane between the at least one optional photovoltaic component and the outer pane. In this case, too, no sunlight can reach the preferred photovoltaic component in the masking area. In this case, the active area of ​​the composite pane is also reduced, even though the outer pane is entirely transparent. The above applies accordingly.

[0061] The at least one preferred photovoltaic component can extend from the active area into the masking area. While the areas located there do not contribute to power generation, this may be desirable for aesthetic reasons.

[0062] The insulation unit according to the invention preferably covers at least the entire active area of ​​the composite panel. It can cover the entire composite panel and extend to its side edges. However, if the composite panel has a masking area in which no photovoltaic components are present, an insulation unit need not be provided there. Nevertheless, positioning an insulation unit is conceivable. For example, it is possible that the insulation unit is arranged in a section of a thermoplastic layer by which it is surrounded in a frame-like manner, the frame-like thermoplastic layer preferably being arranged in a circumferential peripheral masking area.

[0063] Opaque or transparent photovoltaic components can be used. Opaque photovoltaic components can be realized by having the photovoltaically active material (absorber layer) absorb in the visible spectral range and / or by using an opaque back electrode. Transparent photovoltaic components can be realized by having the photovoltaically active material absorb completely or at least mostly in the infrared spectral range (and not absorb in at least a large part of the visible spectral range) and by using transparent electrodes. In a first embodiment of the composite disk according to the invention, the at least one preferred photovoltaic component is opaque and completely covers the active area. The composite disk is then completely opaque. This can be achieved by using a single photovoltaic component that completely covers the active area.Alternatively, this can be achieved by using multiple photovoltaic components, with adjacent components either flush against each other or overlapping. In this case, the aerogel layer of the insulation unit can be transparent, translucent, or opaque.

[0064] In a second embodiment of the composite disc according to the invention, the at least one preferred photovoltaic component is opaque and covers only a portion of the active area. Preferably, a plurality of photovoltaic components are present in the active area.

[0065] There can be multiple, spaced-apart, opaque photovoltaic components in the active area. Alternatively, there can be several groups of photovoltaic components, with the components of each group either flush against each other or overlapping so that each group covers a closed area, and the groups being spaced apart. In each case, only a portion of the active area is covered by photovoltaic components, while another portion is not. In other words, the at least one preferred photovoltaic component (or the plurality of photovoltaic components) is opaque and only partially covers the active area. The composite disk is then partially opaque and partially transparent, meaning that it has both opaque and transparent areas.The size and spacing of the photovoltaic components can be freely selected in the application to adjust the coverage of the active area with photovoltaic components as desired. In this case, the aerogel layer of the insulation unit is preferably transparent or translucent to allow light to pass through the areas not covered with photovoltaic components.

[0066] In a translucent aerogel layer, the aforementioned transparent areas are, strictly speaking, not transparent, but translucent. In a third embodiment of the composite disc according to the invention, the at least one optional photovoltaic component is transparent. It preferably covers the active area completely to ensure optimal energy yield. This can again be achieved by using a single photovoltaic component that completely covers the active area, or by using a plurality of closely spaced or overlapping photovoltaic components. Alternatively, it is also fundamentally possible for a plurality of spaced-apart photovoltaic components (or a plurality of mutually overlapping groups of photovoltaic components) to be present in the active area.In this case, the aerogel layer of the insulation unit is preferably transparent or translucent, so that light can pass through the active area of ​​the laminated glass. The active area is then entirely transparent or translucent.

[0067] An opaque aerogel layer is understood to be one through which no transparency is possible. An opaque aerogel layer preferably has a light transmission of less than 5%, more preferably less than 2%, and particularly 0%. A transparent aerogel layer is understood to be one through which transparency is possible, allowing the observer to see objects behind it. The aerogel layer may, however, be tinted to reduce light transmission. A transparent aerogel layer preferably has a light transmission of more than 10%, more preferably more than 50%, and particularly more than 70%. A translucent aerogel layer is understood to be one through which light does pass, but is strongly scattered, so that the observer cannot clearly see (at most, only vaguely) objects behind it.

[0068] The at least one preferred photovoltaic component is suitable for directly converting sunlight into electrical energy. For this purpose, the preferred photovoltaic component has a photovoltaically active absorber layer between a front electrode and a back electrode (strictly speaking, each photovoltaic cell has its own separate absorber layer and its own separate electrodes if the component comprises several interconnected photovoltaic cells as a solar module). The front electrode faces the outer pane of the composite panel, and the back electrode faces the inner pane.

[0069] The electrodes are primarily flat electrodes that cover the entire absorber layer. When sunlight is absorbed, free charge carriers are generated in the absorber layer (photovoltaic effect as a special case of the internal photoelectric effect), which are then transferred via the electrodes to generate electrical energy or an electric current. The absorber layer often contains dopants to optimize the transport of the charge carriers to the electrodes.

[0070] Within the scope of the present invention, in principle all types of photovoltaic components or cells can be used. There are no restrictions to specific photovoltaic cells. In particular:

[0071] - Thin-film cells or thick-film cells can be used; in a thin-film cell, the absorber layer is a thin layer with a thickness of, for example, 0.5 pm to 3 pm; in thick-film cells, the absorber layer has a greater thickness (for example, 20 pm to 500 pm);

[0072] - Any photovoltaically active material can be used for the absorber layer, for example inorganic semiconductors (such as silicon, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium gallium phosphide, CI(G)S chalcopyrite semiconductors or combinations thereof) or organic conjugated polymers, organic conjugated oligomers or organic dyes;

[0073] - the crystal structure of the absorber layer can be monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous.

[0074] Thick-film cells can, for example, have an absorber layer based on monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon. Thin-film cells can, for example, have an absorber layer based on amorphous or polycrystalline (especially microcrystalline) silicon, on gallium arsenide, on cadmium telluride, or on organic conjugated polymers. Thin-film cells can also have a chalcopyrite semiconductor such as a copper-indium-sulfur / selenium compound (CIS; for example, CunSe₂) or a copper-indium-gallium-sulfur / selenium compound (CIGS; for example, Cu(lnGa)(SSe)₂).

[0075] Thin-film cells are preferred within the scope of the present invention because they are typically flexible and can therefore adapt to a curved shape of the composite disc, as is particularly common in vehicle windows.

[0076] The front electrode and the back electrode can, for example, be designed as thin conductive or semiconducting layers with thicknesses preferably of 50 nm to 2 pm. These layers can contain, for example, metals such as silver, gold, copper, molybdenum, titanium, tungsten, nickel, chromium, tantalum, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, or transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide. Alternatively, the front electrode and / or the back electrode can also be designed, for example, as a mesh of thin wires containing, for example, aluminum, copper, silver, and indium or gold.

[0077] At least the front electrode is transparent so that sunlight can penetrate the absorber layer. The electrodes can be designed as single layers or as stacks of multiple layers.

[0078] The preferred photovoltaic component can, in addition to the absorber layer and the electrodes, naturally comprise further individual layers known to the person skilled in the art, for example a buffer layer for adapting the electronic properties between the absorber layer and an electrode layer, or diffusion barrier layers.

[0079] Film-like photovoltaic components can also be used. In a film-like photovoltaic component, the electrodes and the absorber layer are printed independently onto a carrier film, applied using wet chemical processes, or deposited from the gas phase. They typically comprise thin-film photovoltaic cells. Film-like photovoltaic components can be supplied on rolls and are very easy to process and integrate into the composite panel, which makes them particularly advantageous. Furthermore, they are flexible and easily conform to a curved shape of the composite panel. The carrier film can be made of, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinyl fluoride, or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. The thickness of the carrier film ranges, for example, from 10 µm to 300 µm.

[0080] The at least one preferred photovoltaic component can optionally be surrounded by a further thermoplastic layer, which, for the purposes of the invention, is also referred to as a capsule layer. The capsule layer is particularly frame-like and arranged in a circumferential edge region of the composite panel, with the at least one preferred photovoltaic component being inserted into the frame-like capsule layer. The capsule layer has at least one recess into which the at least one photovoltaic component is inserted. The capsule layer can be formed by a thermoplastic film (or several thermoplastic films stacked on top of each other) into which the recess has been cut. Alternatively, the capsule layer can also be composed of several film sections surrounding the at least one photovoltaic component.The encapsulation layer preferably has approximately the same thickness as the at least one optional photovoltaic component. This compensates for the local thickness difference introduced by the at least one optional photovoltaic component, thus preventing air inclusions, avoiding glass breakage during lamination, and resulting in an improved optical appearance. If several photovoltaic components are present that only partially cover the active area of ​​the laminated glass, the encapsulation layer is preferably also arranged in the areas not covered with photovoltaic components.

[0081] The interior surface of the inner pane, facing away from the outer pane, is preferably coated with an emissivity-reducing coating. Emissivity-reducing coatings are also known as heat-reflective coatings, low-emissivity coatings, or LowE (low emissivity) coatings. Emissivity is the measure that indicates how much heat radiation the pane, in its installed position, emits into an interior space compared to an ideal heat radiator (a black body). Emissivity-reducing coatings serve to prevent heat radiation from entering the interior space (IR components of solar radiation and, in particular, the thermal radiation of the pane itself) and also from heat radiation from the interior space. They exhibit reflective properties with respect to infrared radiation, especially heat radiation in the spectral range of 5 Ωm - 50 Ωm (see also standard DIN EN 12898:2019-06).This effectively improves thermal comfort in the interior. The emissivity-reducing coatings can at least partially reflect the heat radiation emitted from the entire pane towards the interior at high outside temperatures and in direct sunlight. At low outside temperatures, they can reflect the heat radiation emitted from the interior, thus reducing the effect of the cold pane as a heat sink. The emissivity-reducing coating further enhances thermal comfort in the interior.

[0082] The emissivity-reducing coating is typically a transparent stack of thin films. The emissivity-reducing coating comprises at least one, preferably exactly one, electrically conductive layer, which provides the IR-reflective properties. The conductive layer is preferably based on a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), in particular indium tin oxide (ITO), alternatively indium zinc mixed oxide (IZO), or gallium-doped tin oxide (GZO).

[0083] Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, SnO2:F), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO, SnO2:Sb), or niobium-doped titanium oxide (TiO2:Nb). Unlike metals, TCOs are not susceptible to corrosion, so they can be used on the exposed inner surface of the inner disk. In addition to the conductive layer, the coating typically has dielectric layers (for example, based on silicon oxide or nitride), which serve in particular to optimize the optical properties (e.g., light transmission) or act as barrier layers to regulate oxygen diffusion during the coating deposition.

[0084] The laminated glass can be flat, cylindrical, or spherically curved. Spherically curved laminated glass is common, especially for vehicle windows, while flat laminated glass is used for building glazing. All layers arranged on the outside of the at least one optional photovoltaic component are preferably clear, without tints or colors, so that sunlight can reach the photovoltaic component as unimpeded as possible. They preferably have a light transmission of at least 70%, particularly preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90%. This applies in particular to the outer pane and the first thermoplastic layer to which the at least one photovoltaic component is connected. The outer pane is preferably made of clear glass and has a light transmission of at least 90% in the visible spectral range.The front electrode is also preferably transparent with a light transmission of at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90%. The first thermoplastic layer is preferably formed from a clear film. The subsequent thermoplastic layers, the inner disc and the discs of the insulation unit, and the aerogel layer can be clear, tinted, or colored independently of one another.

[0085] The composite disc can be manufactured by stacking the individual layers in the intended sequence into a layer stack and then laminating them together. Well-known methods can be used for this purpose, such as autoclave processes, vacuum bag processes, vacuum ring processes, calender processes, vacuum laminators, or combinations thereof. The bonding of the outer and inner discs is usually achieved under the influence of heat, vacuum, and / or pressure.

[0086] Before or during the stacking of the layers, the at least one preferred photovoltaic component is provided with the necessary electrical connections, with electrical conductors extending beyond the side edge of the layer stack by means of which the at least one preferred photovoltaic component can later be electrically contacted, for example, for connection to an electrical system, a battery, or one or more individual electrical loads. If a plurality of photovoltaic components are present, they are electrically interconnected (at least in groups) and thus interconnected, so that all photovoltaic components (or each group of photovoltaic components) can be externally electrically contacted by common electrical conductors.

[0087] The invention further comprises the use of a composite pane according to the invention in buildings or in means of transport for traffic on land, in the air or on water, in particular as a vehicle window or building glazing. The composite pane is particularly preferably used as a vehicle roof window, especially as a roof window of a passenger car or truck.

[0088] The invention is explained in more detail with reference to a drawing and examples of its embodiment. The drawing is a schematic representation and not to scale. The drawing does not limit the invention in any way. It shows:

[0089] Fig. 1 shows a top view of a first embodiment of the composite disc according to the invention.

[0090] Fig. 2 shows a cross-section along XX' through the composite disk from Figure 1 ,

[0091] Fig. 3 shows a top view of a second embodiment of the composite disc according to the invention.

[0092] Fig. 4 shows a cross-section through the composite disk from Figure 3,

[0093] Fig. 5 shows a top view of a third embodiment of the composite disc according to the invention and

[0094] Fig. 6 shows a cross-section through the composite disk from Figure 5.

[0095] Figures 1 and 2 each show a detail of a first embodiment of the laminated glass according to the invention. The laminated glass is a vehicle roof window. The laminated glass consists of an outer pane 1 and an inner pane 2, which are bonded together by an intermediate layer. The outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 are made of soda-lime glass. The outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm, and the inner pane 2 has a thickness of 1.6 mm. The outer pane 1 is installed facing the outside environment, and the inner pane 2 faces the vehicle interior. The outer pane 1 has an opaque masking area M, which is arranged around the perimeter and surrounds a central transparent viewing area D in a frame-like manner. A black cover print 8 is applied to the interior-facing surface of the outer pane 1, which faces the inner pane 2, within the masking area M.The transparent area D defines an active area A of the composite pane, in which electrical energy can preferably be generated by photovoltaics. For this purpose, a preferred photovoltaic component 4 is embedded in the intermediate layer. The preferred photovoltaic component 4 is opaque, completely covers the active area A, and extends from there into the masking area M. The composite pane is therefore completely opaque overall.

[0096] The intermediate layer has a multi-layered structure. Starting from the outer pane 1, it comprises, in the following order: a first thermoplastic layer 3a, a preferred layer with the photovoltaic component 4, a second thermoplastic layer 3b, an insulation unit 5, and a third thermoplastic layer 3c, which adjoins the inner pane 2.

[0097] The layer with the optional photovoltaic component 4 contains a thermoplastic capsule layer 3d, which is frame-like around a recess in which the photovoltaic component 4 is preferably arranged.

[0098] The thermoplastic layers 3a, 3b, and 3c are each made of a PVB film with a thickness of 0.76 mm. The thermoplastic capsule layer 3d is made of a PVB film with a thickness of 0.38 mm, which corresponds approximately to the thickness of the photovoltaic component 4.

[0099] The layer containing the photovoltaic component 4 is connected to the outer pane 1 via the first thermoplastic layer 3a and to the insulation unit 5 on the opposite side via the second thermoplastic layer 3b. The insulation unit 5 is in turn connected to the inner pane 2 on the other side via the third thermoplastic layer 3c.

[0100] The photovoltaic component 4, for example, is a film-like component comprising a thin, photovoltaically active absorber layer between a front electrode and a back electrode on a carrier film. Only a single large-area photovoltaic component 4 is present, which is divided into a plurality of interconnected photovoltaic cells (by suitably positioned insulation lines in the electrodes and the absorber layer). Alternatively, complete coverage of the active area A can also be achieved by a plurality of photovoltaic components 4 interconnected with adjacent components 4 either flush against each other or overlapping each other.

[0101] The photovoltaic component 4 absorbs light in the visible spectral range and converts it (partially) into an electric current, which is the basis of its opacity. The photovoltaic component 4 heats up in the process. It then emits thermal radiation, some of which is directed towards the inner window 2 and the vehicle interior.

[0102] This contributes significantly to the so-called interior emissivity of the laminated glass. As a result, the vehicle interior heats up, reducing thermal comfort for the vehicle occupants. The insulation unit 5 is designed to reduce this interior emissivity. It possesses heat-insulating properties that enable it to do so. The insulation unit 5 effectively shields the vehicle interior from the thermal radiation of the optional photovoltaic component 4 (and also from the thermal radiation of the outer pane 1).

[0103] The insulation unit 5 consists of an outer disk 5a and an inner disk 5b, between which an aerogel layer 5c is arranged. The aerogel layer 5c is bonded to disks 5a and 5b, for example, by a layer of adhesive (not shown). The space between disks 5a and 5b containing the aerogel layer 5c is evacuated. The outer disk 5a faces the outer disk 1 and is bonded to the layer containing the photovoltaic component 4 via the second thermoplastic layer 3b. The inner disk 5b faces the inner disk 2 and is bonded to it via the third thermoplastic layer 3c. The outer disk 5a and the inner disk 5b are each made of chemically tempered aluminosilicate glass and have a thickness of 0.7 mm. The aerogel layer 5c has a thickness of, for example, 2 mm.In the edge area, a circumferential edge seal 5d is arranged between the outer pane 5a and the inner pane 5b, which gas-tightly seals the evacuated space with the aerogel layer 5c. The edge seal 5d is made, for example, of a gas-tight plastic or glass. For instance, the edge seal 5d can be introduced into the insulation unit 5 in the form of glass powder or granules, and the panes 5a and 5b can be fused together via the glass powder or granules. For subsequent evacuation, the edge seal 5d can be equipped with a valve, which can optionally be removed after evacuation.

[0104] The aerogel layer 5c is made of a silicate aerogel. Since the composite disc is opaque anyway, it makes no difference whether the aerogel layer 5c is opaque, transparent, or translucent.

[0105] An emissivity-reducing coating 9 is applied to the interior surface of the inner pane 2, facing away from the outer pane 1 and the interlayer. Such coatings are also known as Low-E coatings. The emissivity-reducing coating 9 exhibits reflective properties in the mid-infrared range. The emissivity-reducing coating 9 further reduces the interior emissivity of the laminated glass. In particular, it shields the vehicle interior from the thermal radiation emitted by the inner pane 2, which is unaffected by the aerogel layer 5.

[0106] For the sake of simplicity, the electrical connections of the photovoltaic component 4, which extend beyond the side edge of the composite disc, are not shown. These connections allow the photovoltaic component 4 to be connected to the vehicle's electrical system, for example, to charge the vehicle battery. Figures 3 and 4 each show a detail of a second embodiment of the composite disc according to the invention. The second embodiment differs fundamentally from the first embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 in two ways: firstly, in the design of the at least one photovoltaic component 4, and secondly, in the layer structure of the composite disc.

[0107] There is a plurality of photovoltaic components 4, which cover only a portion of the active area A. Another portion of the active area A has no photovoltaic components 4. The active area A has five sections, each equipped with one photovoltaic component 4 and separated from each other by sections without photovoltaic components 4. Alternatively, it is also possible that each of the five sections is equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic components 4, which are interconnected, with adjacent components 4 either flush against each other or overlapping.

[0108] The photovoltaic components 4 (and thus the areas of the laminated glass with them) are opaque in this configuration as well. However, sunlight can penetrate into the vehicle interior through the areas located between and at the edges without photovoltaic components 4. The aerogel layer 5c of the insulation unit 5 should therefore not be opaque, but transparent or translucent.

[0109] The layer containing the photovoltaic components 4, in its second embodiment, also includes a thermoplastic capsule layer 3d in addition to the photovoltaic components 4 themselves. The thermoplastic capsule layer 3d is again arranged in a frame-like fashion around all the photovoltaic components 4 and additionally in the spaces between adjacent photovoltaic components 4. In other words, the thermoplastic capsule layer 3d forms a frame around each individual photovoltaic component 4.

[0110] Regarding the layer structure, the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 in that the insulation unit 5 is not arranged between the outer pane 1 and a separate inner pane 2. Instead, the inner pane 2 is part of the insulation unit 5 and also forms its inner pane 5b.

[0111] The composite pane in this particular design comprises, in the specified order: the outer pane 1, a first thermoplastic layer 3a, the layer with the photovoltaic components 4, a second thermoplastic layer 3b and the insulation unit 5.

[0112] The outer pane 1 with the cover print 8, the first thermoplastic layer 3a and the second thermoplastic layer 3b are designed in the same way as in the embodiment of Figure 2. The differences regarding the position with the photovoltaic components 4 have already been pointed out.

[0113] The outer pane 5a, the aerogel layer 5c, and the edge seal 5d of the insulation unit 5 are also configured identically to the embodiment shown in Figure 2. The inner pane 2, like the one in Figure 2, is also a pane of soda-lime glass with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Here, it also forms the inner pane 5b of the insulation unit 5 and is connected to the outer pane 5a via the aerogel layer 5c and the edge seal 5d. An emissivity-reducing coating 9 is again arranged on the interior surface of the inner pane 2, facing away from the aerogel layer 5c.

[0114] To reduce the amount of light entering the vehicle interior, the inner pane 2, the second thermoplastic layer 3b, the outer pane 5a and / or the aerogel layer 5c can be tinted or colored. The outer pane 1 and the first thermoplastic layer 3a should be clear to optimize the efficiency of the photovoltaic components 4.

[0115] Figures 5 and 6 each show a detail of a third embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention. The composite pane is constructed similarly to the first embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2. In particular, the outer pane 1 with the cover print 8, the inner pane 2 with the emissivity-reducing coating 9, the insulation unit 5, and the thermoplastic layers 3a, 3b, and 3c are configured in the same way as in Figures 1 and 2. The following discussion focuses solely on the differences compared to the first embodiment.

[0116] As in the first embodiment, only a single (e.g., film-like) photovoltaic component 4 is present, which completely covers the active area A of the composite panel. Alternatively, complete coverage of the active area A can also be achieved by multiple interconnected photovoltaic components 4, with adjacent components 4 either abutting each other or overlapping. In the third embodiment, the layer containing the photovoltaic component 4 also includes, in addition to the photovoltaic component 4 itself, a thermoplastic encapsulation layer 3d. The photovoltaic component is arranged in a recess of the encapsulation layer 3d, so that the encapsulation layer 3d again surrounds the photovoltaic component 4 in a frame-like manner. The photovoltaic component is again a film-like component.

[0117] In contrast to the first embodiment, the photovoltaic component 4 is not opaque but transparent. This is achieved in particular by the fact that the photovoltaically active absorber layer is not sensitive or hardly sensitive in the visible spectral range and absorbs sunlight, but rather in the near-infrared spectral range. The aerogel layer 5c of the insulation unit 5 is transparent or translucent, so that the active area A of the composite panel is entirely transparent or translucent.

[0118] If the light radiation into the vehicle interior is to be reduced, the inner pane 2, the second thermoplastic layer 3b, the pane 5a, 5b of the insulation unit 5, the aerogel layer 5c and / or the third thermoplastic layer 3c can be tinted or colored.

[0119] In other embodiments, the insulation unit 5 can also be surrounded by a further thermoplastic capsule layer, which is arranged in the masking area M. The combinations of the design of the at least one photovoltaic component 4 and the design of the layer structure of the composite disc shown here are merely examples. A layer structure such as in the second embodiment in Figure 4, with the insulation unit 5 whose inner disc 5b is identical to the inner disc 2, can also be used in conjunction with a fully opaque photovoltaic component 4 as in the first embodiment of Figures 1 and 2, or with a fully transparent photovoltaic component 4 as in the third embodiment of Figures 5 and 6.Conversely, a layered structure with an insulation unit 5 between an outer pane 1 and a separate inner pane 2, as in the first and third embodiments of Figures 1 and 2 as well as 5 and 6, can also be used in conjunction with opaque photovoltaic components 4 that only partially cover the active area A, as in the second embodiment of Figures 3 and 4.

[0120] Reference symbol list:

[0121] (1) The disc of the composite disc

[0122] (2) Inner pane of the composite pane (3a) first thermoplastic layer

[0123] (3b) second thermoplastic layer (3c) third thermoplastic layer (3d) thermoplastic capsule layer (3e) fourth thermoplastic layer

[0124] (4) photovoltaic component

[0125] (5) Insulation unit

[0126] (5a) outer pane of insulation unit 5 (5b) inner pane of insulation unit 5 (5c) evacuated aerogel layer of insulation unit 5 (5d) edge seal

[0127] (8) Cover printing

[0128] (9) emissivity-reducing coating (LowE coating)

[0129] (D) Viewing area of ​​outer pane 1 (M) Masking area of ​​outer pane 1 (A) Active area of ​​the laminated pane

[0130] X - X' Intersection line

[0131] Y - Y' Intersection line Z - Z' Intersection line

Claims

patent claims 1. Composite disc comprising an outer disc (1) and an inner disc (2) which are joined together in a flat plane, wherein preferably at least one photovoltaic component (4) is embedded in the composite disc between the outer disc (1) and the inner disc (2), and wherein the composite disc has an insulating unit (5) which comprises, in the specified order, an outer disc (5a) facing the outer disc (1), an evacuated aerogel layer (5c) and an inner disc (5b), and wherein (i) the insulating unit (5) is embedded in the composite pane between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2) and preferably has a smaller distance to the inner pane (2) than the at least one photovoltaic component (4) when applied, or (ii) the inner pane (2) of the composite pane forms the inner pane (5b) of the insulation unit (5).

2. Composite pane according to claim 1 according to variant (i), comprising in the specified order: the outer pane (1), a first thermoplastic layer (3a), the at least one preferred photovoltaic component (4), a second thermoplastic layer (3b), the insulation unit (5), a third thermoplastic layer (3c) and the inner pane (2).

3. Composite disc according to claim 1 according to variant (ii), which comprises in the specified order: the outer disc (1), a first thermoplastic layer (3a), the at least one preferred photovoltaic component (4), a second thermoplastic layer (3b), the insulation unit (5).

4. Composite disc according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the aerogel layer (5c) has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 10 mm, particularly preferably 0.5 mm to 6 mm, most preferably 1 mm to 4 mm.

5. Composite disc according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the aerogel layer (5c) is based on a silicate aerogel or polymer aerogel.

6. Composite disc according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the aerogel layer (5c) is based on an aerogel having a porosity of 50% to 99.98%, preferably 80% to 99%.

7. Composite disc according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the pressure in the aerogel layer (5c) is at most 10 mbar, preferably at most 1 mbar.

8. Composite pane according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the outer pane (1) has a transparent viewing area (D) which defines an active area (A) of the composite pane, and wherein the insulation unit (5) at least completely covers the active area (A).

9. Composite disc according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the insulating unit (5) is provided with an edge seal (5d) which is made of tungsten, a metal or a metal alloy or a gas-tight plastic.

10. Composite disc according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least one preferred photovoltaic component (4) is opaque and covers only a part of the active area (A) or is transparent and preferably covers the active area (A) completely, and wherein the aerogel layer (5c) is transparent or translucent.

11. Composite disc according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the outer disc (5a) and the inner disc (5b) are made of Gias.

12. Composite disc according to one of claims 1 to 11 according to variant (i), wherein the outer disc (5a) and the inner disc (5b) have a thickness of 0.3 mm to 3 mm, preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Or according to variant (ii), wherein the outer disc (5a) has a thickness of 0.3 mm to 3 mm, preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.

13. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the surface of the inner pane (2) facing away from the outer pane (1) is provided with an emissivity-reducing coating (9).

14. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2) are made of soda-lime glass and preferably have a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm.

15. Use of a composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 14 as a vehicle window or building glazing, preferably as a vehicle roof window.

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