Drilling framework

Abstract

A method can include receiving a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predicting power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, controlling equipment at the field site to perform the action while controlling a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment.

Description

I S22.0494- WO- PCTDRILLING FRAMEWORKCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 700,886, entitled “DRILLING FRAMEWORK,” filed September 30, 2024, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] A reservoir may be a subsurface formation that may be characterized at least in part by its porosity and fluid permeability. As an example, a reservoir may be part of a basin such as a sedimentary basin. A basin may be a depression (e.g., caused by plate tectonic activity, subsidence, etc.) in which sediments accumulate. As an example, where hydrocarbon source rocks occur in combination with appropriate depth and duration of burial, a petroleum system may develop within a basin, which may form a reservoir that includes hydrocarbon fluids (e.g., oil, gas, etc.).

[0003] To produce hydrocarbon fluids from a reservoir, a number of tasks may be performed, ranging from field surveys, to drilling and completing wells, implementing enhanced production techniques, etc. Field data acquired during field operations may help to characterize one or more subsurface regions in a geologic environment and / or behavior of equipment in performing one or more operations (e.g., field operations, etc.). As an example, a plan may depend on a model of a subsurface region where the plan may specify how a drilling operation may accurately construct a borehole according to a trajectory that penetrates a reservoir, etc., where fluid may be produced via the borehole (e.g., as a completed well, etc.). While fluid produced may be assessed as to it potential as a source of energy, that may be offset by resources expended. For example, drilling involve operating various types of equipment that consume power where power generation and / or power consumption may have associated emissions (e.g., consider greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions). Hence, how field operations are performed and powered, along with associated emissions, can impact an overall energy balance.

[0004] As an example, one or more workflows may be performed using one or more computational frameworks, systems, etc., for improving field operations, whichI S22.0494- WO- PCT may include improved control of equipment and / or power systems, which may be in a manner that helps to reduce emissions.SUMMARY

[0005] A method can include receiving a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predicting power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, controlling equipment at the field site to perform the action while controlling a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment. A system can include one or more processors; memory accessible to at least one of the one or more processors; and processor-executable instructions stored in the memory and executable to instruct the system to: receive a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predict power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, control equipment at the field site to perform the action and control a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment. One or more computer-readable storage media can include processorexecutable instructions to instruct a computing system to: receive a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predict power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, control equipment at the field site to perform the action and control a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment. Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

[0006] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever convenient Features and advantages of the described implementations mayI S22.0494- WO- PCT be more readily understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0008] Fig. 1 shows an example of a system;

[0009] Fig. 2 shows an example of a system;

[0010] Fig. 3 shows an example of a system;

[0011] Fig. 4 shows an example of a system;

[0012] Fig. 5 shows an example of a graphical user interface;

[0013] Fig. 6 shows an example of a system;

[0014] Fig. 7 shows an example of an architecture;

[0015] Fig. 8 shows an example of a system;

[0016] Fig. 9 shows an example of a framework;

[0017] Fig. 10 shows an example of a framework;

[0018] Fig. 11 shows an example of a method and an example of a system; and

[0019] Fig. 12 shows an example of a system.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but rather is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the implementations. The scope of the described implementations should be ascertained with reference to the issued claims.

[0021] Fig. 1 shows an example of a system 100 that includes a workspace framework 110 that may provide for instantiation of, rendering of, interactions with, etc., a graphical user interface (GUI) 120. In the example of Fig. 1 , the GUI 120 may include graphical controls for computational frameworks (e.g., applications, etc.) 121 , projects 122, visualization 123, one or more other features 124, data access 125, and data storage 126.

[0022] In the example of Fig. 1 , the workspace framework 110 may be tailored to a particular geologic environment such as an example geologic environment 150. For example, the geologic environment 150 may include layers (e.g., stratification) that include a reservoir 151 and that may be intersected by a fault 153. As an example, the geologic environment 150 may be outfitted with a variety of sensors, detectors,I S22.0494- WO- PCT actuators, etc. For example, equipment 152 may include communication circuitry to receive and to transmit information with respect to one or more networks 155. Such information may include information associated with downhole equipment 154, which may be equipment to acquire information, to assist with resource recovery, etc. Other equipment 156 may be located remote from a wellsite and include sensing, detecting, emitting or other circuitry. Such equipment may include storage and communication circuitry to store and to communicate data, instructions, etc. As an example, one or more satellites may be provided for purposes of communications, data acquisition, etc. For example, Fig. 1 shows a satellite in communication with the network 155 that may be configured for communications, noting that the satellite may additionally or alternatively include circuitry for imagery (e.g., spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric, etc.).

[0023] Fig. 1 also shows the geologic environment 150 as optionally including equipment 157 and 158 associated with a well that includes a substantially horizontal portion that may intersect with one or more fractures 159. For example, consider a well in a shale formation that may include natural fractures, artificial fractures (e.g., hydraulic fractures) or a combination of natural and artificial fractures. As an example, a well may be drilled for a reservoir that is laterally extensive. In such an example, lateral variations in properties, stresses, etc. may exist where an assessment of such variations may assist with planning, operations, etc. to develop a laterally extensive reservoir (e.g., via fracturing, injecting, extracting, etc.). As an example, the equipment 157 and / or 158 may include components, a system, systems, etc. for fracturing, seismic sensing, analysis of seismic data, assessment of one or more fractures, etc.

[0024] In the example of Fig. 1 , the GU1 120 shows some examples of computational frameworks, including the DRILLPLAN, DRILLOPS, PETREL, TECHLOG, PETROMOD, ECLIPSE, PIPESIM, and INTERSECT frameworks (SLB, Houston, Texas).

[0025] The DRILLPLAN framework provides for digital well construction planning and includes features for automation of repetitive tasks and validation workflows, enabling improved quality drilling programs (e.g., digital drilling plans, etc.) to be produced quickly with assured coherency.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0026] The DRILLOPS framework may execute a digital drilling plan and ensures plan adherence, while delivering goal-based automation. The DRILLOPS framework may generate activity plans automatically individual operations, whether they are monitored and / or controlled on the rig or in town. Automation may utilize data analysis and learning systems to assist and optimize tasks, such as, for example, setting ROP to drilling a stand. A preset menu of automatable drilling tasks may be rendered, and, using data analysis and models, a plan may be executed in a manner to achieve a specified goal, where, for example, measurements may be utilized for calibration. The DRILLOPS framework provides flexibility to modify and replan activities dynamically, for example, based on a live appraisal of various factors (e.g., equipment, personnel, and supplies). Well construction activities (e.g., tripping, drilling, cementing, etc.) may be continually monitored and dynamically updated using feedback from operational activities. The DRILLOPS framework may provide for various levels of automation based on planning and / or re-planning (e.g., via the DRILLPLAN framework), feedback, etc.

[0027] The PETREL framework may be part of the DELFI environment for utilization in geosciences and geoengineering, for example, to analyze subsurface data from exploration to production of fluid from a reservoir. The DELFI cognitive exploration and production (E&P) environment (SLB, Houston, Texas), referred to herein as the DELFI environment or DELFI framework, is a secure, cognitive, cloud-based collaborative environment that integrates data and workflows with digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning.

[0028] The PETREL framework provides components that allow for optimization of various exploration, development and production operations. The PETREL framework includes seismic to simulation software components that may output information for use in increasing reservoir performance, for example, by improving asset team productivity. Through use of such a framework, various professionals (e.g., geophysicists, geologists, and reservoir engineers) may develop collaborative workflows and integrate operations to streamline processes (e.g., with respect to one or more geologic environments, etc.). Such a framework may be considered an applicationI S22.0494- WO- PCT(e.g., executable using one or more devices) and may be considered a data-driven application (e.g., where data is input for purposes of modeling, simulating, etc.).

[0029] The TECHLOG framework may handle and process field and laboratory data for a variety of geologic environments (e.g., deepwater exploration, shale, etc.). The TECHLOG framework may structure wellbore data for analyses, planning, etc.

[0030] The PETROMOD framework provides petroleum systems modeling capabilities that may combine one or more of seismic, well, and geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. The PETROMOD framework may predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons, including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities, and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

[0031] The ECLIPSE framework provides a reservoir simulator (e.g., as a computational framework) with numerical solutions for fast and accurate prediction of dynamic behavior for various types of reservoirs and development schemes.

[0032] The INTERSECT framework provides a high-resolution reservoir simulator for simulation of detailed geological features and quantification of uncertainties, for example, by creating accurate production scenarios and, with the integration of precise models of the surface facilities and field operations, the INTERSECT framework may produce reliable results, which may be continuously updated by real-time data exchanges (e.g., from one or more types of data acquisition equipment in the field that may acquire data during one or more types of field operations, etc.). The INTERSECT framework may provide completion configurations for complex wells where such configurations may be built in the field, may provide detailed enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) formulations where such formulations may be implemented in the field, may analyze application of steam injection and other thermal EOR techniques for implementation in the field, advanced production controls in terms of reservoir coupling and flexible field management, and flexibility to script customized solutions for improved modeling and field management control. The INTERSECT framework, as with the other example frameworks, may be utilized as part of the DELFI environment, for example, for rapid simulation of multiple concurrent cases. For example, a workflow may utilize one or more of the DELFI environment on demand reservoir simulation features.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0033] The aforementioned DELFI environment provides various features for workflows as to subsurface analysis, planning, construction and production, for example, as illustrated in the workspace framework 110. As shown in Fig. 1 , outputs from the workspace framework 110 may be utilized for directing, controlling, etc., one or more processes in the geologic environment 150 and, feedback 160, may be received via one or more interfaces in one or more forms (e.g., acquired data as to operational conditions, equipment conditions, environment conditions, etc.).

[0034] As an example, a workflow may progress to a geology and geophysics (“G&G”) service provider, which may generate a well trajectory, which may involve execution of one or more G&G frameworks (e.g., consider the PETREL framework, etc.).

[0035] In the example of Fig. 1 , the visualization features 123 may be implemented via the workspace framework 110, for example, to perform tasks as associated with one or more of subsurface regions, planning operations, constructing wells and / or surface fluid networks, and producing from a reservoir.

[0036] As an example, a visualization process may implement one or more of various features that may be suitable for one or more web applications. For example, a template may involve use of the JAVASCRIPT object notation format (JSON) and / or one or more other languages / formats. As an example, a framework may include one or more converters. For example, consider a JSON to PYTHON converter and / or a PYTHON to JSON converter. Such an approach may provide for compatibility of devices, frameworks, etc., with respect to one or more sets of instructions.

[0037] As an example, visualization features may provide for visualization of various earth models, properties, etc., in one or more dimensions. As an example, visualization features may provide for rendering of information in multiple dimensions, which may optionally include multiple resolution rendering. In such an example, information being rendered may be associated with one or more frameworks and / or one or more data stores. As an example, visualization features may include one or more control features for control of equipment, which may include, for example, field equipment that may perform one or more field operations. As an example, a workflow may utilize one or more frameworks to generate information that may be utilized toI S22.0494- WO- PCT control one or more types of field equipment (e.g., drilling equipment, wireline equipment, fracturing equipment, etc.). As an example, generating a graphical user interface may include controlling a display device, for example, using instructions, which may be local instructions and / or transmitted instructions as may be transmitted via a wired and / or a wireless network from one device to another (e.g., consider a remote device).

[0038] As to a reservoir model that may be suitable for utilization by a simulator, consider acquisition of seismic data as acquired via reflection seismology, which finds use in geophysics, for example, to estimate properties of subsurface formations. As an example, reflection seismology may provide seismic data representing waves of elastic energy (e.g., as transmitted by P-waves and S-waves, in a frequency range of approximately 1 Hz to approximately 100 Hz). Seismic data may be processed and interpreted, for example, to understand better composition, fluid content, extent and geometry of subsurface rocks. Such interpretation results may be utilized to plan, simulate, perform, etc., one or more operations for production of fluid from a reservoir (e.g., reservoir rock, etc.).

[0039] Field acquisition equipment may be utilized to acquire seismic data, which may be in the form of traces where a trace may include values organized with respect to time and / or depth (e.g., consider 1 D, 2D, 3D or 4D seismic data). For example, consider acquisition equipment that acquires digital samples at a rate of one sample per approximately 4 ms. Given a speed of sound in a medium or media, a sample rate may be converted to an approximate distance. For example, the speed of sound in rock may be on the order of around 5 km per second. Thus, a sample time spacing of approximately 4 ms would correspond to a sample “depth” spacing of about 10 meters (e.g., assuming a path length from source to boundary and boundary to sensor). As an example, a trace may be about 4 seconds in duration; thus, for a sampling rate of one sample at about 4 ms intervals, such a trace would include about 1000 samples where latter acquired samples correspond to deeper reflection boundaries. If the 4 second trace duration of the foregoing example is divided by two (e.g., to account for reflection), for a vertically aligned source and sensor, a deepest boundary depth may be estimated to be about 10 km (e.g., assuming a speed of sound of about 5 km per second).I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0040] As an example, a model may be a simulated version of a geologic environment. As an example, a simulator may include features for simulating physical phenomena in a geologic environment based at least in part on a model or models. A simulator, such as a reservoir simulator, may simulate fluid flow in a geologic environment based at least in part on a model that may be generated via a framework that receives seismic data. A simulator may be a computerized system (e.g., a computing system) that may execute instructions using one or more processors to solve a system of equations that describe physical phenomena subject to various constraints. In such an example, the system of equations may be spatially defined (e.g., numerically discretized) according to a spatial model that that includes layers of rock, geobodies, etc., that have corresponding positions that may be based on interpretation of seismic and / or other data. A spatial model may be a cell-based model where cells are defined by a grid (e.g., a mesh). A cell in a cell-based model may represent a physical area or volume in a geologic environment where the cell may be assigned physical properties (e.g., permeability, fluid properties, etc.) that may be germane to one or more physical phenomena (e.g., fluid volume, fluid flow, pressure, etc.). A reservoir simulation model may be a spatial model that may be cell-based.

[0041] A simulator may be utilized to simulate the exploitation of a real reservoir, for example, to examine different productions scenarios to find an optimal one before production or further production occurs. A reservoir simulator does not provide an exact replica of flow in and production from a reservoir at least in part because the description of the reservoir and the boundary conditions for the equations for flow in a porous rock are generally known with an amount of uncertainty. Certain types of physical phenomena occur at a spatial scale that may be relatively small compared to size of a field. A balance may be struck between model scale and computational resources that results in model cell sizes being of the order of meters; rather than a lesser size (e.g., a level of detail of pores). A modeling and simulation workflow for multiphase flow in porous media (e.g., reservoir rock, etc.) may include generalizing real micro-scale data from macro scale observations (e.g., seismic data and well data) and upscaling to a manageable scale and problem size. Uncertainties may exist in input data and solution procedure such that simulation results too are to some extent uncertain. A processI S22.0494- WO- PCT known as history matching may involve comparing simulation results to actual field data acquired during production of fluid from a field. Information gleaned from history matching, may provide for adjustments to a model, data, etc., which may help to increase accuracy of simulation.

[0042] As an example, a simulator may utilize various types of constructs, which may be referred to as entities. Entities may include earth entities or geological objects such as wells, surfaces, reservoirs, etc. Entities may include virtual representations of actual physical entities that may be reconstructed for purposes of simulation. Entities may include entities based on data acquired via sensing, observation, etc. (e.g., consider entities based at least in part on seismic data and / or other information). As an example, an entity may be characterized by one or more properties (e.g., a geometrical pillar grid entity of an earth model may be characterized by a porosity property, etc.). Such properties may represent one or more measurements (e.g., acquired data), calculations, etc.

[0043] As an example, a simulator may utilize an object-based software framework, which may include entities based on pre-defined classes to facilitate modeling and simulation. As an example, an object class may encapsulate reusable code and associated data structures. Object classes may be used to instantiate object instances for use by a program, script, etc. For example, borehole classes may define objects for representing boreholes based on well data. A model of a basin, a reservoir, etc. may include one or more boreholes where a borehole may be, for example, for measurements, injection, production, etc. As an example, a borehole may be a wellbore of a well, which may be a completed well (e.g., for production of a resource from a reservoir, for injection of material, etc.).

[0044] While several simulators are illustrated in the example of Fig. 1 , one or more other simulators may be utilized, additionally or alternatively. For example, consider the VISAGE geomechanics simulator (SLB, Houston Texas) or the PIPESIM network simulator (SLB, Houston Texas), etc. The VISAGE simulator includes finite element numerical solvers that may provide simulation results such as, for example, results as to compaction and subsidence of a geologic environment, well and completion integrity in a geologic environment, cap-rock and fault-seal integrity in aI S22.0494- WO- PCT geologic environment, fracture behavior in a geologic environment, thermal recovery in a geologic environment, CO2 disposal, etc. The PIPESIM simulator includes solvers that may provide simulation results such as, for example, multiphase flow results (e.g., from a reservoir to a wellhead and beyond, etc.), flowline and surface facility performance, etc. The PIPESIM simulator may be integrated, for example, with the AVOCET production operations framework (SLB, Houston Texas). As an example, a reservoir or reservoirs may be simulated with respect to one or more enhanced recovery techniques (e.g., consider a thermal process such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), etc.). As an example, the PIPESIM simulator may be an optimizer that may optimize one or more operational scenarios at least in part via simulation of physical phenomena. The MANGROVE simulator (SLB, Houston, Texas) provides for optimization of stimulation design (e.g., stimulation treatment operations such as hydraulic fracturing) in a reservoir-centric environment. The MANGROVE framework may combine scientific and experimental work to predict geomechanical propagation of hydraulic fractures, reactivation of natural fractures, etc., along with production forecasts within 3D reservoir models (e.g., production from a drainage area of a reservoir where fluid moves via one or more types of fractures to a well and / or from a well). The MANGROVE framework may provide results pertaining to heterogeneous interactions between hydraulic and natural fracture networks, which may assist with optimization of the number and location of fracture treatment stages (e.g., stimulation treatment(s)), for example, to increased perforation efficiency and recovery.

[0045] As an example, data may include geochemical data. For example, consider data acquired using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technology and / or wireline geochemical technology.

[0046] As an example, one or more probes may be deployed in a bore via a wireline or wirelines. As an example, a probe may emit energy and receive energy where such energy may be analyzed to help determine mineral composition of rock surrounding a bore. As an example, nuclear magnetic resonance may be implemented (e.g., via a wireline, downhole NMR probe, etc.), for example, to acquire data as to nuclear magnetic properties of elements in a formation (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, etc.).I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0047] As an example, lithology scanning technology may be employed to acquire and analyze data. For example, consider the LITHO SCANNER technology (SLB, Houston, Texas). As an example, a LITHO SCANNER tool may be or include a gamma ray spectroscopy tool.

[0048] As an example, a tool may be positioned to acquire information in a portion of a borehole. Analysis of such information may reveal vugs, dissolution planes (e.g., dissolution along bedding planes), stress-related features, dip events, etc. As an example, a tool may acquire information that may help to characterize a fractured reservoir, optionally where fractures may be natural and / or artificial (e.g., hydraulic fractures). Such information may assist with completions, stimulation treatment, etc. As an example, information acquired by a tool may be analyzed using a framework such as the aforementioned TECHLOG framework.

[0049] As an example, a workflow may utilize one or more types of data for one or more processes (e.g., stratigraphic modeling, basin modeling, completion designs, drilling, production, injection, etc.). As an example, one or more tools may provide data that may be used in a workflow or workflows that may implement one or more frameworks (e.g., PETREL, TECHLOG, PETROMOD, ECLIPSE, etc.).

[0050] In the example of Fig. 1 , drilling may be performed in the geologic environment 150, for example, to access the reservoir 151 , which may be accessed from land or offshore. In Fig. 1 , the downhole equipment 154 may be, for example, part of a bottom hole assembly (BHA). The BHA may be used to drill a well. The downhole equipment 154 may communicate information to equipment at the surface, and may receive instructions and information from the equipment at the surface. During a well construction process, a variety of operations (such as cementing, wireline evaluation, testing, etc.) may be conducted. In such embodiments, data collected by tools and sensors and used for reasons such as reservoir characterization may be collected and transmitted.

[0051] A well may include a substantially horizontal portion (e.g., lateral portion) that may intersect with one or more fractures. For example, a well in a shale formation may pass through natural fractures, artificial fractures (e.g., hydraulic fractures), or a combination thereof. Such a well may be constructed using directional drillingI S22.0494- WO- PCT techniques as described herein. However, these same techniques may be used in connection with other types of directional wells (such as slant wells, S-shaped wells, deep inclined wells, and others) and are not limited to horizontal wells.

[0052] Fig. 2 shows an example of a wellsite system 200 (e.g., at a wellsite that may be onshore or offshore). As shown, the wellsite system 200 may include a mud tank 201 for holding mud and other material (e.g., where mud may be a drilling fluid), a suction line 203 that serves as an inlet to a mud pump 204 for pumping mud from the mud tank 201 such that mud flows to a vibrating hose 206, a drawworks 207 for winching drill line or drill lines 212, a standpipe 208 that receives mud from the vibrating hose 206, a kelly hose 209 that receives mud from the standpipe 208, a gooseneck or goosenecks 210, a traveling block 211 , a crown block 213 for carrying the traveling block 211 via the drill line or drill lines 212, a derrick 214, a kelly 218 or a top drive 240, a kelly drive bushing 219, a rotary table 220, a drill floor 221 , a bell nipple 222, one or more blowout preventors (BOPs) 223, a drillstring 225, a drill bit 226, a casing head 227 and a flow pipe 228 that carries mud and other material to, for example, the mud tank 201.

[0053] In the example system of Fig. 2, a borehole 232 is formed in subsurface formations 230 by rotary drilling; noting that various example embodiments may also use one or more directional drilling techniques, equipment, etc.

[0054] As shown in the example of Fig. 2, the drillstring 225 is suspended within the borehole 232 and has a drillstring assembly 250 that includes the drill bit 226 at its lower end. As an example, the drillstring assembly 250 may be a bottom hole assembly (BHA).

[0055] The wellsite system 200 may provide for operation of the drillstring 225 and other operations. As shown, the wellsite system 200 includes the traveling block 211 and the derrick 214 positioned over the borehole 232. As mentioned, the wellsite system 200 may include the rotary table 220 where the drillstring 225 pass through an opening in the rotary table 220.

[0056] As shown in the example of Fig. 2, the wellsite system 200 may include the kelly 218 and associated components, etc., or a top drive 240 and associatedI S22.0494- WO- PCT components. As to a kelly example, the kelly 218 may be a square or hexagonal metal / alloy bar with a hole drilled therein that serves as a mud flow path. The kelly 218 may be used to transmit rotary motion from the rotary table 220 via the kelly drive bushing 219 to the drillstring 225, while allowing the drillstring 225 to be lowered or raised during rotation. The kelly 218 may pass through the kelly drive bushing 219, which may be driven by the rotary table 220. As an example, the rotary table 220 may include a master bushing that operatively couples to the kelly drive bushing 219 such that rotation of the rotary table 220 may turn the kelly drive bushing 219 and hence the kelly 218. The kelly drive bushing 219 may include an inside profile matching an outside profile (e.g., square, hexagonal, etc.) of the kelly 218; however, with slightly larger dimensions so that the kelly 218 may freely move up and down inside the kelly drive bushing 219.

[0057] As to a top drive example, the top drive 240 may provide functions performed by a kelly and a rotary table. The top drive 240 may turn the drillstring 225. As an example, the top drive 240 may include one or more motors (e.g., electric and / or hydraulic) connected with appropriate gearing to a short section of pipe called a quill, that in turn may be screwed into a saver sub or the drillstring 225 itself. The top drive 240 may be suspended from the traveling block 211 , so the rotary mechanism is free to travel up and down the derrick 214. As an example, a top drive 240 may allow for drilling to be performed with more joint stands than a kelly / rotary table approach.

[0058] In the example of Fig. 2, the mud tank 201 may hold mud, which may be one or more types of drilling fluids. As an example, a wellbore may be drilled to produce fluid, inject fluid or both (e.g., hydrocarbons, minerals, water, etc.).

[0059] In the example of Fig. 2, the drillstring 225 (e.g., including one or more downhole tools) may be composed of a series of pipes threadably connected together to form a long tube with the drill bit 226 at the lower end thereof. As the drillstring 225 is advanced into a wellbore for drilling, at some point in time prior to or coincident with drilling, the mud may be pumped by the pump 204 from the mud tank 201 (e.g., or other source) via the lines 206, 208 and 209 to a port of the kelly 218 or, for example, to a port of the top drive 240. The mud may then flow via a passage (e.g., or passages) in the drillstring 225 and out of ports located on the drill bit 226 (see, e.g., a directionalI S22.0494- WO- PCT arrow). As the mud exits the drillstring 225 via ports in the drill bit 226, it may then circulate upwardly through an annular region between an outer surface(s) of the drillstring 225 and surrounding wall(s) (e.g., open borehole, casing, etc.), as indicated by directional arrows. In such a manner, the mud lubricates the drill bit 226 and carries heat energy (e.g., frictional or other energy) and formation cuttings to the surface where the mud (e.g., and cuttings) may be returned to the mud tank 201 , for example, for recirculation (e.g., with processing to remove cuttings, etc.).

[0060] The mud pumped by the pump 204 into the drillstring 225 may, after exiting the drillstring 225, form a mudcake that lines the wellbore which, among other functions, may reduce friction between the drillstring 225 and surrounding wall(s) (e.g., borehole, casing, etc.). A reduction in friction may facilitate advancing or retracting the drillstring 225. During a drilling operation, the entire drillstring 225 may be pulled from a wellbore and optionally replaced, for example, with a new or sharpened drill bit, a smaller diameter drillstring, etc. As mentioned, the act of pulling a drillstring out of a hole or replacing it in a hole is referred to as tripping. A trip may be referred to as an upward trip or an outward trip or as a downward trip or an inward trip depending on trip direction.

[0061] As an example, consider a downward trip where upon arrival of the drill bit 226 of the drillstring 225 at a bottom of a wellbore, pumping of the mud commences to lubricate the drill bit 226 for purposes of drilling to enlarge the wellbore. As mentioned, the mud may be pumped by the pump 204 into a passage of the drillstring 225 and, upon filling of the passage, the mud may be used as a transmission medium to transmit energy, for example, energy that may encode information as in mud-pulse telemetry.

[0062] As an example, mud-pulse telemetry equipment may include a downhole device configured to effect changes in pressure in the mud to create an acoustic wave or waves upon which information may modulated. In such an example, information from downhole equipment (e.g., one or more modules of the drillstring 225) may be transmitted uphole to an uphole device, which may relay such information to other equipment for processing, control, etc.

[0063] As an example, telemetry equipment may operate via transmission of energy via the drillstring 225 itself. For example, consider a signal generator thatI S22.0494- WO- PCT imparts coded energy signals to the drillstring 225 and repeaters that may receive such energy and repeat it to further transmit the coded energy signals (e.g., information, etc.).

[0064] As an example, the drillstring 225 may be fitted with telemetry equipment 252 that includes a rotatable drive shaft, a turbine impeller mechanically coupled to the drive shaft such that the mud may cause the turbine impeller to rotate, a modulator rotor mechanically coupled to the drive shaft such that rotation of the turbine impeller causes said modulator rotor to rotate, a modulator stator mounted adjacent to or proximate to the modulator rotor such that rotation of the modulator rotor relative to the modulator stator creates pressure pulses in the mud, and a controllable brake for selectively braking rotation of the modulator rotor to modulate pressure pulses. In such an example, an alternator may be coupled to the aforementioned drive shaft where the alternator includes at least one stator winding electrically coupled to a control circuit to selectively short the at least one stator winding to electromagnetically brake the alternator and thereby selectively brake rotation of the modulator rotor to modulate the pressure pulses in the mud.

[0065] In the example of Fig. 2, an uphole control and / or data acquisition system 262 may include circuitry to sense pressure pulses generated by telemetry equipment 252 and, for example, communicate sensed pressure pulses or information derived therefrom for process, control, etc.

[0066] The assembly 250 of the illustrated example includes a logging-while- drilling (LWD) module 254, a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) module 256, an optional module 258, a rotary-steerable system (RSS) and / or motor 260, and the drill bit 226. Such components or modules may be referred to as tools where a drillstring may include a plurality of tools.

[0067] As to an RSS, it involves technology utilized for directional drilling. Directional drilling involves drilling into the Earth to form a deviated bore such that the trajectory of the bore is not vertical; rather, the trajectory deviates from vertical along one or more portions of the bore. As an example, consider a target that is located at a lateral distance from a surface location where a rig may be stationed. In such an example, drilling may commence with a vertical portion and then deviate from vertical such that the bore is aimed at the target and, eventually, reaches the target. DirectionalI S22.0494- WO- PCT drilling may be implemented where a target may be inaccessible from a vertical location at the surface of the Earth, where material exists in the Earth that may impede drilling or otherwise be detrimental (e.g., consider a salt dome, etc.), where a formation is laterally extensive (e.g., consider a relatively thin yet laterally extensive reservoir), where multiple bores are to be drilled from a single surface bore, where a relief well is desired, etc.

[0068] One approach to directional drilling involves a mud motor; however, a mud motor may present some challenges depending on factors such as rate of penetration (ROP), transferring weight to a bit (e.g., weight on bit, WOB) due to friction, etc. A mud motor may be a positive displacement motor (PDM) that operates to drive a bit (e.g., during directional drilling, etc.). A PDM operates as drilling fluid is pumped through it where the PDM converts hydraulic power of the drilling fluid into mechanical power to cause the bit to rotate.

[0069] As an example, a mud motor (e.g., PDM) may be operated in different modes, which may include a rotating mode and a sliding mode. A sliding mode involves drilling with a mud motor rotating the bit downhole without rotating the drillstring from the surface. Such an operation may be conducted when a BHA has been fitted with a bent sub or a bent housing mud motor, or both, for directional drilling. Sliding may be used in building and controlling or adjusting hole angle. In directional drilling, pointing of a bit may be accomplished through a bent sub, which may have a relatively small angle offset from the axis of a drillstring, and a measurement device to determine the direction of offset. Without turning the drillstring, the bit may be rotated with mud flow through the mud motor to drill in the direction it is pointed. With steerable motors, when a desired wellbore direction is attained, the entire drillstring may be rotated to drill straight rather than at an angle. By controlling the amount of hole drilled in the sliding mode versus the rotating mode, a wellbore trajectory may be controlled rather precisely.

[0070] As an example, a PDM may operate in a combined rotating mode where surface equipment is utilized to rotate a bit of a drillstring (e.g., a rotary table, a top drive, etc.) by rotating the entire drillstring and where drilling fluid is utilized to rotate the bit of the drillstring. In such an example, a surface RPM (SRPM) may be determined by use of the surface equipment and a downhole RPM of the mud motor may beI S22.0494- WO- PCT determined using various factors related to flow of drilling fluid, mud motor type, etc. As an example, in the combined rotating mode, bit RPM may be determined or estimated as a sum of the SRPM and the mud motor RPM, assuming the SRPM and the mud motor RPM are in the same direction.

[0071] As an example, a PDM mud motor may operate in a so-called sliding mode, when the drillstring is not rotated from the surface. In such an example, a bit RPM may be determined or estimated based on the RPM of the mud motor.

[0072] An RSS may drill directionally where there is continuous rotation from surface equipment, which may alleviate the sliding of a steerable motor (e.g., a PDM). An RSS may be deployed when drilling directionally (e.g., deviated, horizontal, or extended-reach wells). An RSS may aim to minimize interaction with a borehole wall, which may help to preserve borehole quality. An RSS may aim to exert a relatively consistent side force akin to stabilizers that rotate with the drillstring or orient the bit in the desired direction while continuously rotating at the same number of rotations per minute as the drillstring.

[0073] The LWD module 254 may be housed in a suitable type of drill collar and may contain one or a plurality of selected types of logging tools. It will also be understood that more than one LWD and / or MWD module may be employed. Where the position of an LWD module 254 is mentioned, as an example, it may refer to a module at the position of the LWD module 254, the MWD module 256, etc. An LWD module may include capabilities for measuring, processing, and storing information, as well as for communicating with the surface equipment. In the illustrated example, the LWD module 254 may include a seismic measuring device.

[0074] The MWD module 256 may be housed in a suitable type of drill collar and may contain one or more devices for measuring characteristics of the drillstring 225 and the drill bit 226. As an example, the MWD module 256 may include equipment for generating electrical power, for example, to power various components of the drillstring 225. As an example, the MWD module 256 may include the telemetry equipment 252, for example, where the turbine impeller may generate power by flow of the mud; it being understood that other power and / or battery systems may be employed for purposes of powering various components. As an example, the MWD module 256 may include oneI S22.0494- WO- PCT or more of the following types of measuring devices: a weight-on-bit measuring device, a torque measuring device, a vibration measuring device, a shock measuring device, a stick slip measuring device, a direction measuring device, and an inclination measuring device.

[0075] Fig. 2 also shows some examples of types of holes that may be drilled. For example, consider a slant hole 272, an S-shaped hole 274, a deep inclined hole 276 and a horizontal hole 278.

[0076] As an example, a drilling operation may include directional drilling where, for example, at least a portion of a well includes a curved axis. For example, consider a radius that defines curvature where an inclination with regard to the vertical may vary until reaching an angle between about 30 degrees and about 60 degrees or, for example, an angle to about 90 degrees or possibly greater than about 90 degrees.

[0077] As an example, a directional well may include several shapes where each of the shapes may aim to meet particular operational demands. As an example, a drilling process may be performed on the basis of information as and when it is relayed to a drilling engineer. As an example, inclination and / or direction may be modified based on information received during a drilling process.

[0078] As an example, deviation of a bore may be accomplished in part by use of a downhole motor and / or a turbine. As to a motor, for example, a drillstring may include a positive displacement motor (PDM).

[0079] As an example, a system may be a steerable system and include equipment to perform method such as geosteering. As mentioned, a steerable system may be or include an RSS. As an example, a steerable system may include a PDM or of a turbine on a lower part of a drillstring which, just above a drill bit, a bent sub may be mounted. As an example, above a PDM, MWD equipment that provides real time or near real time data of interest (e.g., inclination, direction, pressure, temperature, real weight on the drill bit, torque stress, etc.) and / or LWD equipment may be installed. As to the latter, LWD equipment may make it possible to send to the surface various types of data of interest, including for example, geological data (e.g., gamma ray log, resistivity, density and sonic logs, etc.).I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0080] The coupling of sensors providing information on the course of a well trajectory, in real time or near real time, with, for example, one or more logs characterizing the formations from a geological viewpoint, may allow for implementing a geosteering method. Such a method may include navigating a subsurface environment, for example, to follow a desired route to reach a desired target or targets.

[0081] As an example, a drillstring may include an azimuthal density neutron (ADN) tool for measuring density and porosity; a MWD tool for measuring inclination, azimuth and shocks; a compensated dual resistivity (CDR) tool for measuring resistivity and gamma ray related phenomena; one or more variable gauge stabilizers; one or more bend joints; and a geosteering tool, which may include a motor and optionally equipment for measuring and / or responding to one or more of inclination, resistivity and gamma ray related phenomena.

[0082] As an example, geosteering may include intentional directional control of a wellbore based on results of downhole geological logging measurements in a manner that aims to keep a directional wellbore within a desired region, zone (e.g., a pay zone), etc. As an example, geosteering may include directing a wellbore to keep the wellbore in a particular section of a reservoir, for example, to minimize gas and / or water breakthrough and, for example, to maximize economic production from a well that includes the wellbore.

[0083] Referring again to Fig. 2, the wellsite system 200 may include one or more sensors 264 that are operatively coupled to the control and / or data acquisition system 262. As an example, a sensor or sensors may be at surface locations. As an example, a sensor or sensors may be at downhole locations. As an example, a sensor or sensors may be at one or more remote locations that are not within a distance of the order of about one hundred meters from the wellsite system 200. As an example, a sensor or sensor may be at an offset wellsite where the wellsite system 200 and the offset wellsite are in a common field (e.g., oil and / or gas field).

[0084] As an example, one or more of the sensors 264 may be provided for tracking pipe, tracking movement of at least a portion of a drillstring, etc.

[0085] As an example, the system 200 may include one or more sensors 266 that may sense and / or transmit signals to a fluid conduit such as a drilling fluid conduit (e.g.,I S22.0494- WO- PCT a drilling mud conduit). For example, in the system 200, the one or more sensors 266 may be operatively coupled to portions of the standpipe 208 through which mud flows. As an example, a downhole tool may generate pulses that may travel through the mud and be sensed by one or more of the one or more sensors 266. In such an example, the downhole tool may include associated circuitry such as, for example, encoding circuitry that may encode signals, for example, to reduce demands as to transmission. As an example, circuitry at the surface may include decoding circuitry to decode encoded information transmitted at least in part via mud-pulse telemetry. As an example, circuitry at the surface may include encoder circuitry and / or decoder circuitry and circuitry downhole may include encoder circuitry and / or decoder circuitry. As an example, the system 200 may include a transmitter that may generate signals that may be transmitted downhole via mud (e.g., drilling fluid) as a transmission medium.

[0086] As an example, one or more portions of a drillstring may become stuck. The term stuck may refer to one or more of varying degrees of inability to move or remove a drillstring from a bore. As an example, in a stuck condition, it might be possible to rotate pipe or lower it back into a bore or, for example, in a stuck condition, there may be an inability to move the drillstring axially in the bore, though some amount of rotation may be possible. As an example, in a stuck condition, there may be an inability to move at least a portion of the drillstring axially and rotationally.

[0087] As to the term “stuck pipe”, this may refer to a portion of a drillstring that cannot be rotated or moved axially. As an example, a condition referred to as “differential sticking” may be a condition whereby the drillstring cannot be moved (e.g., rotated or reciprocated) along the axis of the bore. Differential sticking may occur when high-contact forces caused by low reservoir pressures, high wellbore pressures, or both, are exerted over a sufficiently large area of the drillstring. Differential sticking may have time and financial cost.

[0088] As an example, a sticking force may be a product of the differential pressure between the wellbore and the reservoir and the area that the differential pressure is acting upon. This means that a relatively low differential pressure (delta p) applied over a large working area may be just as effective in sticking pipe as may a high differential pressure applied over a small area.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0089] As an example, a condition referred to as “mechanical sticking” may be a condition where limiting or prevention of motion of the drillstring by a mechanism other than differential pressure sticking occurs. Mechanical sticking may be caused, for example, by one or more of junk in the hole, wellbore geometry anomalies, cement, keyseats or a buildup of cuttings in the annulus.

[0090] Fig. 3 shows an example of a wellsite system 300, specifically, Fig. 3 shows the wellsite system 300 in an approximate side view and an approximate plan view along with a block diagram of a system 370.

[0091] In the example of Fig. 3, the wellsite system 300 may include a cabin 310, a rotary table 322, drawworks 324, a mast 326 (e.g., optionally carrying a top drive, etc.), mud tanks 330 (e.g., with one or more pumps, one or more shakers, etc.), one or more pump buildings 340, a boiler building 342, an HPU building 344 (e.g., with a rig fuel tank, etc.), a combination building 348 (e.g., with one or more generators, etc.), pipe tubs 362, a catwalk 364, a flare 368, etc. Such equipment may include one or more associated functions and / or one or more associated operational risks, which may be risks as to time, resources, and / or humans.

[0092] As shown in the example of Fig. 3, the wellsite system 300 may include a system 370 that includes one or more processors 372, memory 374 operatively coupled to at least one of the one or more processors 372, instructions 376 that may be, for example, stored in the memory 374, and one or more interfaces 378. As an example, the system 370 may include one or more processor-readable media that include processor-executable instructions executable by at least one of the one or more processors 372 to cause the system 370 to control one or more aspects of the wellsite system 300. In such an example, the memory 374 may be or include the one or more processor-readable media where the processor-executable instructions may be or include instructions. As an example, a processor-readable medium may be a computer- readable storage medium that is not a signal and that is not a carrier wave.

[0093] Fig. 3 also shows a battery 380 that may be operatively coupled to the system 370, for example, to power the system 370. As an example, the battery 380 may be a back-up battery that operates when another power supply is unavailable for powering the system 370. As an example, the battery 380 may be operatively coupledI S22.0494- WO- PCT to a network, which may be a cloud network. As an example, the battery 380 may include smart battery circuitry and may be operatively coupled to one or more pieces of equipment via a SMBus or other type of bus.

[0094] In the example of Fig. 3, services 390 are shown as being available, for example, via a cloud platform. Such services may include data services 392, query services 394 and drilling services 396. As an example, the services 390 may be part of a system such as the system 100 of Fig. 1 (e.g., consider planning services and / or operational services). As an example, the services 390 may include one or more services for directional drilling (e.g., consider a computational framework that may provide for one or more services that utilize real-time data to estimate one or more parameters, etc.).

[0095] As an example, the system 370 may be utilized to generate one or more rate of penetration drilling parameter values, which may, for example, be utilized to control one or more drilling operations.

[0096] As an example, a method may include automating operations of one or more types of downhole tools. For example, consider automating operations of one or more of mud motors, rotary steerable systems (RSSs) and at-bit steerable systems (ABSSs). As an example, one or more of such types of equipment, systems, etc., may be implemented using one or more features of the system 200 of Fig. 2.

[0097] As an example, an ABSS may include an actuator with a pressure drop range, hold inclination and azimuth (HIA), and dual downlinking capabilities. As an example, an ABSS may include onboard near-bit sensors that may acquire continuous six-axis inclination and azimuth measurements with a 6-ft range, and optional natural gamma ray and azimuthal images with a 9-ft range. As an example, an ABSS may include one of more features of one or more of the NEOSTEER family of ABSSs (SLB, Houston, Texas).

[0098] Fig. 4 shows an example of a system 400 that includes offsite equipment 401 (e.g., remote) and onsite equipment 402 (e.g., local). As shown, the offsite equipment 401 may include a drill operations framework 410, a drill planning framework 420 and a database 430 and the onsite equipment 402 may include a controller 440 that may receive real-time data and output recommendations such as control instructions toI S22.0494- WO- PCT control onsite equipment. In such an example, the drill operations framework 410 may provide for steering sheets, execution parameters, etc., and the drill planning framework 420 may provide for evaluation of steering responses and statistics. As shown, the controller 440 may output information to the drill operations framework 410 and receive information from the drill planning framework 420. The system 400 may include plan generation features for real-time plan generation during drilling operations execution phase and / or plan generation during a planning phase. The system 400 may be utilized for one or more types of drilling (e.g., rotary, mud motor, RSS, ABSS, etc.). The system 400 may operate loops, which may include at least one real-time loop that provides for control of equipment to perform drilling operations.

[0099] A system such as the system 400 may utilize various functions and constraints for generation of plans, which may provide for single or multiple target aiming. Such a system may provide for re-planning, for example, where additional data become available, which may be from a rig site and / or from one or more offset sites (e.g., offset rig or wellsites).

[0100] As explained, planning may implement a drill planning framework such as the drill planning framework 420. Such a framework may include components that form a planner. As an example, a planner may utilize one or more types of languages. For example, consider the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) that may be utilized for a specifying planning problem.

[0101] As an example, a plan may include one or more plan metrics. The use of plan metrics may be subtle and may have a dramatic impact on plans being sought. As an example, consider a case where actions increase a metric that is to be minimized, or decrease one that must be maximized.

[0102] As shown in the example of Fig. 4, the system 400 may include a drilling framework 460 that may provide for planning of field operations and / or execution of field operations in a manner that considers power and / or emissions. Various types of field equipment may consume power. For example, consider drawworks, top drives, rotary tables, mud pumps, pipe handling, etc., which may be powered directly or indirectly via one or more power sources. As an example, the drilling framework 460 may provide for consuming field data, control instructions, a digital well plan, etc., and, for example, inI S22.0494- WO- PCT response generate power data and / or emissions data that may be utilized for planning of field operations and / or execution of field operations.

[0103] As an example, equipment at a site may include one or more of internal combustion engines and electric motors. As an example, equipment at a site may include hydraulic equipment where hydraulic fluid may be utilized. As an example, an internal combustion engine may provide for generation of electricity to power one or more electric motors. As an example, a top drive may be driven by one or more electric motors rated at more than 250 kW. As an example, a mud pump may be rated at over 250 kW. As an example, one or more electric motors may be rated at over 250 kW and utilized to drive one or more pieces of equipment (e.g., mud pumps, drawworks, rotary tables, etc.).

[0104] As an example, a site may include one or more generator sets (e.g., gensets). For example, consider an internal combustion diesel engine genset that may be operated using a control system, which may provide for increased efficiency, a reduction in run time, etc., which may conserve fuel and decrease associated CO2 emissions (e.g., due to internal combustion engine, etc.). As an example, a rig may include a number of gensets where, for example, effective optimization may reduce the number of gensets to meet power demands. As an example, a site may include one or more energy storage systems (e.g., consider leveraging a battery energy storage system).

[0105] As an example, a drawworks may be chain-driven capable of operation ranging from 3,000 to 4,500 input horsepower (e.g., approximately 2,200 kW to approximately 3,350 kW). As an example, hoisting power of a drawworks may be provided by a two- or three-motor drive system, which may be either a variable frequency AC drive or a Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) DC drive. A chain-driven drawworks may be equipped with a robust disc brake system featuring hydraulically applied service brake calipers as well as spring-actuated emergency and parking brake calipers for operational safety. A drawworks may be available for transport by being mounted on an oilfield-type skid with provisions for crane lifting and easy tailboard loading onto transport trucks or rig structures.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0106] As to mud pumps, consider, for example, 1 ,600- and 2,000-horsepower mud pumps for land applications. As an example, single-acting reciprocating triplex mud pumps may provide for delivery of increased reliability and maintainability in a smaller, lighter footprint. Such pumps may use advanced materials and treatments to improve bearing life where carburized and hardened gears resist pitting and wear. As to offshore operations, consider, for example, a 2,200-horsepower mud pump that may be a single-acting reciprocating triplex mud pump designed for high fluid flow rates, even at low operating speeds, and with a long stroke design. Such features may reduce the number of load reversals in various components and increase life of fluid end parts. As to maintenance, a two-piece, quick-release piston rod may provide for piston removal without disturbing a liner, which may help to minimize downtime when replacing fluid parts.

[0107] As to a top drive, consider a single motor or a multi-motor top drive. As an example, a top drive may be specified according to tons such as, for example, a 500 tonllS, a 750 tonUS, a 1 ,000 tonUS, etc., top drive. As an example, a top drive may include one or more AC motors where torque may be rated as continuous maximum torque (e.g., consider 50,000 N.m, 70,000 N.m, 90,000 N.m torque, etc.). As to power ratings, consider 500 horsepower, 1 ,000 horsepower, 1 ,500 horsepower, etc., noting that equipment with a 1 ,500 horsepower rating or more may be provided.

[0108] As an example, a drilling framework may provide for controlling power and / or emissions. Such a framework may provide for determining greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for control of power. For example, consider determining which power source or power sources may provide for reduced GHG emissions (e.g., individually, collectively, etc.) and controlling power delivered to equipment from one or more power sources such that GHG emissions are controlled.

[0109] As an example, equipment power demand may vary depending on one or more factors. For example, as a borehole is deepened, mud pumps may demand more power to circulate mud a greater distance. Additionally, as a borehole is deepened, a drillstring becomes longer, such that a top drive may demand more power to rotate and / or oscillate the drillstring (e.g., for rotary drilling or slide drilling).I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0110] As an example, a drilling framework may incorporate planning, monitoring, and forward-looking predicting as to power demand to thereby allow for automatic adjustment of a power system. In various instances, operations may be aligned to match optimum utilization of power at a site. As an example, a drilling framework may implement a holistic approach to achieve reductions of GHG while meeting operational goals.

[0111] As explained, a digital well plan may be generated and utilized for execution of drilling operations. As an example, a framework may consume a digital well plan and estimate GHG emissions for planned field operations. During drilling, feedback may be generated by a rig control system (RCS) and utilized to assess progress of field operations specified in a well plan. Based on such feedback from an RCS, a framework may validate and update one or more GHG estimates. Based at least in part on updated information, a framework may estimate power demand going forward giving an optimized running of field equipment, which may include power generation equipment and / or power storage equipment. As an example, a framework may provide for control of power at a site for various activities, which can include field equipment for drilling operations, wireline operations, completions operations, well testing operations, local transportation, living quarters, thruster system (e.g., for applying weight on bit), etc.

[0112] As explained, a top drive, a drawworks, a mud pump, etc., may consume power. Tables 1 , 2, and 3, below, shows some examples of data that may be available for different types of equipment.

[0113] Table 1. Examples of Power Related Data of a Top Drive.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0114] Table 2. Examples of Power Related Data of a Drawworks.

[0115] Table 3. Examples of Power Related Data of a Mud Pump.

[0116] As shown in the Tables 1 , 2, and 3, data may be acquired via one or more variable frequency drives (VFDs) and / or one or more motor control centers (MCCs) that control one or more electric motors. In various instances, data may be measured and / or data may be computed (e.g., calculated). Data may be acquired in one or more forms such as, for example, as words (e.g., text), Boolean, codes, etc. As an example, one or more pieces of equipment may be represented using a power hierarchy where various components may support other components. For example, a gear box oil pump supports a gear box where gears are driven by a motor. In various instances, such aI S22.0494- WO- PCT lubricant and / or cooling pump may be operated whether an electric motor is rotating or not rotating (e.g., rotating a drillstring, rotating a drum of a drawworks, driving a mud pump, etc.).

[0117] As example, a framework may provide reporting emissions for individual pieces of equipment, which may be reported on a stand-by-stand basis. As explained, during slide drilling, mud flow may drive a mud motor that causes a drill bit to rotate. During slide drilling a top drive may also be utilized, for example, to oscillate a drillstring to ease sliding (e.g., consider oscillations that may be less than a few rotations in either direction, etc., that may help to reduce frictional forces on a drillstring).

[0118] As to a slide mode, as an example, drilling may occur using a mud motor for rotating a drill bit downhole without rotating the drillstring from the surface (e.g., noting that oscillating may be utilized by a top drive). A slide mode of operation may be conducted when a BHA has been fitted with a bent sub or a bent housing mud motor, or both, for directional drilling. Sliding is a predominant method to build and control or correct hole angle in modern directional drilling operations. Directional drilling may involve pointing a drill bit in a desired direction. Such pointing may be accomplished through a bent sub, which has a small angle offset from the axis of the drillstring, and a measurement device to determine the direction of offset. Without turning the drillstring, the drill bit may be rotated with a mud motor such that drilling occurs in the direction it is pointed. With steerable motors, when a desired wellbore direction is attained, the entire drillstring may be rotated and drill straight rather than at an angle. By controlling the amount of hole drilled in the sliding versus the rotating mode, a wellbore trajectory may be controlled precisely.

[0119] As an example, the drilling framework 460 may provide for intelligent power management (IPM), for example, to reduce emissions associated with field operations. Such a framework may provide for automated, semi-automated and / or manual adjustments to a power system, for example, to match power demand from equipment. Such a framework, as explained, may provide for planning, monitoring, and forward-looking predicting as to power demand, which may provide for automatic adjustment of a power system or power systems at a site. Such a framework may provide for aligning operations to match the optimum utilization of power and / or storageI S22.0494- WO- PCT of power. As an example, a holistic approach may provide for reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG), which may be greater than if a non-systems approach is implemented. As explained, a framework may consider a number of types of equipment that can perform various aspects of drilling, which may be expected to operate in a coordinated manner. As explained, such equipment may include a drawworks, a top drive and mud pumps.

[0120] Fig. 5 shows example graphical user interfaces (GUIs) 510, 531 , 532, 533, 534, 535, and 536, which may be generated using a framework such as, for example, the drilling framework 460 of Fig. 4. The GUI 510 may include equipment identifiers and one or more power and / or emissions utilization metrics. As shown, the types of equipment may include mud pumps (MP), drawworks (DW), top drive (TD), control panel (CP) water heaters, duct heaters, air compressors, fan motors, HPU motors, lighting panels, mixers, mixing transfer pumps, transfer pumps, VFD cabinets, washers, supercharge pump motors, etc.

[0121] As shown, the GUI 531 can include information as to server requests; the GUI 532 can include information as to memory, CPU and / or GPU utilization and / or availability (e.g., provisioning, etc.); the GUI 533 can include information as to logins (e.g., access requests, etc.); the GUI 534 can include information as to application and / or GUI loads (e.g., generations of instances of one or more apps, one or more GUIs, etc.); the GUI 535 can include information as to traffic in and / or out (e.g., data flows, etc.); and the GUI 536 may be for one or more other aspects of operations, power, and / or emissions.

[0122] As explained, a framework may provide for implementing a systems approach to operations, power, and / or emissions where the framework itself may provide for tracking, controlling, generating visualizations of its own operations, which may be interfaced with equipment, one or more other frameworks, one or more humanmachine interfaces (HMIs), etc. Such an approach can provide for improved integrity (e.g., confidence) and oversight. For example, a piece of equipment may appear to be operating acceptably at a particular level of power consumption, however, where traffic between that piece of equipment and a framework (e.g., interface, server, etc.) is anomalous, that may be an indicator that one or more issues may exist. For example, consider data being stale as receipt of sensor data has not occurred within a certainI S22.0494- WO- PCT period of time regarding equipment operation. Hence, one or more metrics may be generated and utilized regarding operation of a framework itself, with respect to equipment at a site, whether such equipment pertains to operations, power generation, power provision, power storage, emissions, etc.

[0123] Fig. 6 shows an example of a rig control system (RCS) 600 that includes multiple network layers 610 and 620. As shown, at one level, the RCS 600 may provide for linking one or more HMIs 611 , one or more servers 612, one or more workstations 613, one or more surveillance systems 614 (e.g., security, machine vision, etc.), and one or more data management systems 615. As shown, at another level, the RCS 600 may provide for interactions with and / or between a component for analysis-while-drilling (AWD) 621 , a drawworks 622, a top drive 623, mud pumps 624, pipe handling equipment 625, roughnecking 626, and one or more machinery interfaces 627.

[0124] As an example, the RCS 600 may include one or more features of the ONTRACK integrated drilling controls system (SLB, Houston, Texas). For example, consider an RCS where various types of drilling equipment and processes can be integrated into one RCS. Such an approach may provide a human driller and / or a machine driller (e.g., autodriller, etc.) with optimal monitoring and controls, together with decision-making information. Such an approach can help to assure localized control systems from one or more suppliers can fit together for proper integration.

[0125] As an example, the RCS 600 may provide for exploration as to scenarios using a drilling analysis workstation, which may access real-time and historical data from one or more system servers. As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for tubular interlock equipment monitoring, for example, to increase personnel safety and uptime and prevents unintentional drop of tubulars. As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for drill floor zone management, for example, to enable communication with one or more other systems to help detect and avoid collisions between drill floor equipment. As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for single-operator drilling controls, which may cause a drilling operation to act as one system rather than several individual machines, enabling a single operator to control multiple drilling machines, whether the single operator is a human or a machine. As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for integration of drilling parameter sensorsI S22.0494- WO- PCT and / or one or more other sensors (e.g., consider power, emissions, etc.). As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for top drive schemes (e.g., consider anti- stick / slip schemes that may reduce risks of stick / slip, improvement of a wellbore, reduction in wear and tear on downhole tools, improvement of steerable system performance, etc.). As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for drilling management that may make drilling data generated at a rig site available locally and / or remotely. As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for generating and / or implementing a historian real-time drilling activity recorder that records drilling activity, equipment, alarms, and events data generated at a rig site in real time to a time and depth series database. As an example, the RCS 600 may include features for AWD that may include features for real-time control during drilling operations, which may include computing parameters such as, for example, WOB, ROP, stands in hole, hole depth, mud tank volumes, mud flow, etc.

[0126] Fig. 7 shows an example framework architecture 700 that may be utilized for implementation of a framework such as, for example, the framework 460 of Fig. 4. As shown, the architecture 700 includes various levels, where, for example, a base level may include an RCS controller 704 that may interface with an RCS such as, for example, the RCS 600 of Fig. 6. For example, consider an interface control level 710 that can include a power system component 712, an RCS control gateway component 714 and one or more other components 716. As shown, a supervisory control level 720 can include HMI support 722 and automation 724 components. As shown, an operations support level 730 can include data support 732 and modeling 734 components. As shown, a perimeter network level 735 can include a framework access component 736. As shown, a plant network level 740 can include a drilling framework component 742. As shown, an enterprise network level 750 can include cloud 752 and private network 754 components.

[0127] In the example of Fig. 7, the drilling framework component 742 may provide for instantiation of one or more instances of a drilling framework such as the drilling framework 460 of Fig. 4. As explained, such a framework may provide for implementation of an integrated systems approach (e.g., a wholistic approach) for operations, power, and / or emissions at a site. As an example, one or moreI S22.0494- WO- PCT virtualization services 760 may be provided that may be operable at one or more levels. For example, consider for provisioning of and / or implementation of virtualization services for one or more levels between the interface control level 710 and the enterprise network level 750. In such an architecture, virtualization may be implemented for one or more levels above the interface control level 710 that integrates with physical equipment at a site for purposes of operations, power, and / or emissions.

[0128] Fig. 8 shows an example of a system 800 that includes planning, operations, control, etc., components 810, rig site data acquisition components 820, and predictive power and / or emissions (PPE) components 830. As shown, various components may be operatively coupled via one or more networks 808 to one or more data storages (e.g., databases, etc.), which may be accessed via one or more devices 804, for example, consider local and / or remote devices. In such an example, operations, power, emissions, etc., may be managed at one or more sites where field operations occur and / or are planned to occur.

[0129] As shown, the PPE components 830 can include a prediction component 831 for predicting future power consumption based on a plan and / or field operations; a prediction component 832 for predicting load dependent stopping and starting of one or more power generators; an optimization component 833 for optimizing charging and / or reserve power that may account for genset efficiency and / or future power demands; a prediction component 834 for predicting regeneration of power for optimal charging of one or more power storage units; a prediction component 835 for predicting power consumption based on weather and / or forecasts (e.g., wind, wave, sun, rain, etc.); an artificial intelligence (Al) and machine learning (AI / ML) component 836 for providing one or more techniques, technologies, etc., in AI / ML (e.g., using AI / ML to automatically optimize power demands based on learned expected power demands, over more wells, over time); and a predictive emissions component 837 for predicting emissions as to power generation, power consumption, power storage, etc.

[0130] In the example of Fig. 8, input may be received from an RCS 842, for example, as to the status of equipment; input may be received as to one or more hydraulic power units (HPUs) 844, which may be operated in a closed loop manner, for example, as to optimal starting and stopping of one or more HPU pumps; and input mayI S22.0494- WO- PCT be received as to one or more dynamic positions systems (DPSs) 846, which may provide for stabilization of marine equipment (e.g., a vessel, a rig, etc.). In various instances, stabilization of marine equipment may demand a considerable amount of power where power demand may depend on one or more environmental conditions (e.g., wind, waves, etc.).

[0131] In the example of Fig. 8, interactions may occur with a power management system (PMS) 862, which may be for a particular number of gensets and / or other power generators, where, for example, optimal starting and stopping of one or more gensets and / or other power generators may occur; interactions may occur with one or more HMIs, for example, as to output of status and input of commands, noting that commands may be issued via a human-in-the-loop (HITL) and / or via automated control (e.g., an autodriller, etc.); and interactions may occur with one or more electrical power storage systems (ESSs) 866, which may include closed loop interactions such that charging and / or reserve levels are optimized, which may be in accordance with current and / or planned operations in the field.

[0132] As an example, an ESS may be or include one or more of batteries, flywheels, super-capacitors, gravity systems, thermal systems, pressure systems, etc. As an example, a battery system may include one or more types of battery technologies (e.g., wet cell, dry cell, etc.). As an example, lithium and / or other metal-ion based technologies may be utilized.

[0133] Fig. 9 shows an example of a drilling framework 900 within an architecture 901 with respect to various types of field equipment. As shown, a plan 902 may specify drilling operations 904 to be performed by equipment such as a top drive 912 coupled to a variable speed drive (VSD) 922 for the top drive 912, a drawworks 914 couple to a VSD 924 for the drawworks 914, and mud pumps 916 coupled to a VSD 926 for the mud pumps 916. As shown, an RCS 932, an HPU 934 and a DPS 936 can be included at a field site where operations thereof may be driven by execution of the plan 902, for example, with control via the drilling framework 900 (e.g., as to power source, etc.) to perform one or more of the drilling operations 904.

[0134] As shown, the drilling operations 904 may provide for computing estimates of mechanical specific energy (MSE). MSE is a measure of drilling efficiency and mayI S22.0494- WO- PCT be defined as the energy required to remove a unit volume of rock. As an example, for optimal drilling efficiency, an objective may be to minimize MSE and to maximize ROP. As an example, to control MSE, a controller may control WOB, torque, ROP, and drill bit rpm (e.g., or RPM). As an example, the drilling framework 900 may provide for computing estimates of MSE, which may be utilized to assess efficiencies of power utilization and / or power delivery of equipment to a drill bit for the purpose of breaking rock to lengthen a borehole.

[0135] As to various types of power equipment, consider, for example, fuel 942 (e.g., diesel, gasoline, natural gas, etc.) for powering one or more gensets 944, wind 952 for powering one or more generators 952 (e.g., consider wind turbine generators, etc.), solar 962 (e.g., with associated conversion circuitry, etc.), wave 972 for powering one or more generators 974, and storage 980 for storage of power.

[0136] As an example, the drilling framework 900 may operate based at least in part on input from the plan 902, which may provide for assessing well-centric demands and / or rig-centric demands for field operations. As explained, the drilling framework 900 may aim to reduce the emissions 908, which may be GHG and / or one or more other types of emissions. For example, heat (e.g., thermal energy) may be considered to be a type of emission that may be related to undesirable local and / or remote consequences.

[0137] As an example, heat may be related to efficiency of operation of one or more pieces of equipment. As an example, the drilling framework 900 may provide for receipt of one or more thermal sensor inputs, which may be via thermocouples, machine vision (e.g., IR sensing), etc. As an example, where a conductor or conductors become elevated in temperature, efficiency may decrease, which may decrease in a driven manner whereby elevated temperature results in increased resistance and increased losses of electricity (e.g., current) to heat. In such an example, the amount of power delivered to an electric motor may decrease such that the electric motor, itself, does not operate efficiently for a particular operational task. Further, if temperature of a conductor becomes too high, it may cause insulation damage around the conductor, which may lead to losses, short circuit risks, etc. Hence, temperature may be an indicator of inefficiencies that may lead to failures that may lead to non-productive timeI S22.0494- WO- PCT(NPT). Such failures may impact a plan where redundancy is not present, for example, where one or more operations must be halted to remove and replace failed equipment.

[0138] As to power storage, heat can be relevant too. For example, consider banks of lithium-ion batteries where temperature may be regulated to help reduce risk of hot spots. Hot spots can increase risk of runaway where heat generation exceeds an ability to dissipate heat. In such scenarios, increased heat may increase chemical reaction rates, which may elevate temperatures further, creating a destructive cycle of overheating. To address such issues, a storage unit may have to be taken offline or otherwise managed to reduce risk of damage, which may be catastrophic; noting that lithium-ion battery fires differ from various other types of fires such that conventional fire fighting equipment may not be suitable for handling lithium-ion battery fires. As an example, a drilling framework may provide for managing power in a manner that accounts for thermal issues in one or more storage units. As an example, where one unit exhibits a higher temperature than another and / or more temperature inhomogeneity, which may be an indicator of one or more hot spots, a framework may control how generated and / or grid provided energy is stored (e.g., giving one storage unit a break while halting storage and / or direction energy for storage to one or more other storage units, etc.).

[0139] Hence, as mentioned, visual surveillance and / or other sensor-based data acquisition may be utilized to control operations at a site that may aim to make equipment perform more efficiently and thereby help to reduce power demands, utilization, and emissions. While an example is given for conductors and an electric motor along with storage units, heat (e.g., thermal energy) data may be acquired as to mechanical equipment where, for example, stress, thermal expansion and / or contraction, etc., may have an impact on operational efficiency of such equipment (e.g., ability to deliver force, risk of leakage, risk of failure, etc.). As explained, heat, itself, is a type of energy that itself may be a detrimental type of emission and / or that may demand cooling (e.g., thermal regulation), which may demand power to achieve. As to types of equipment where heat may be relevant, such equipment may include rig equipment (e.g., top drive, drawworks, mud pumps, etc.), power generation equipment (e.g., a genset, a solar panel, etc.), and / or power storage equipment (e.g., batteries, thermal,I S22.0494- WO- PCT etc.). As explained, heat, and hence heat related data, can provide for improved power consumption, power generator, power storage, equipment efficiency, emissions, etc.

[0140] As explained, various types of data may be acquired and utilized by a drilling framework for planning, control, etc. As explained with respect to the Tables 1 , 2, and 3, data may be available for one or more aspect of equipment operations. Such data may be aggregated with plan data, power system data, etc., for purposes of controlling operations, power and / or emissions. As to planning, a drilling framework may provide for organizing equipment sequence power demand alongside with frameworks such as the DRILLPLAN and / or DRILLOPS frameworks.

[0141] As mentioned, one or more dynamic models may be generated and utilized, which may be physics-based, data-driven, hybrid, etc. As an example, one or more models may provide for revising a plan dynamically and / or controlling equipment dynamically, which may aim to reduce emissions while meeting drilling goals.

[0142] As explained, a drilling framework can provide for predicting power demands and associated emissions. Such a framework can utilize such predictions for control of equipment at a site. As explained, such control may include control of consumers, producers, and / or storers (e.g., power storage units, etc.).

[0143] Fig. 10 shows an example of a drilling framework 1000 within an architecture 1001 where a plan 1002 can be executed 1004 and data 1006 acquired responsive to the execution 1004 of the plan 1002. In such an example, the data 1006 can include various types of field data, which can include indicators of success of execution, power consumption, sources of power, efficiency, etc. As shown in the example of Fig. 10, at least a portion of the data 1006 may be utilized as input 1010 to one or more models 1020 to generate output 1030 where the output 1030 may be utilized to fine tune and / or re-plan the plan 1002. As indicated, the one or more models 1020 may provide for modeling of one or more plan actions. For example, a plan may be tested using the one or more models 1020 such that the output 1030 may be relevant to plan generation.

[0144] As an example, the drilling framework 1000 may utilize one or more application programming interfaces (APIs) for access various types of information and / or triggering one or more actions. For example, before issuance of an actionI S22.0494- WO- PCT according to the plan 1002 for execution, the action may be received by the one or more models 1020 to predict a result such as a predicted power demand and / or predicted emissions. In such an example, the plan 1002 may be revised and / or the planned action may be issued with instructions that are based at least in part on one or more model predictions. For example, if a planned action of the plan 1002 is to circulate mud at a particular flow rate during drilling, the planned action may be utilized to predict how many pumps may be required as, for example, the one or more models 1020 may have been trained using data from a wellsite and / or one or more offset wellsites during drilling using the same and / or similar pumps such that behavior (e.g., performance, etc.) of the pumps is adequately captured by the one or more models 1020. In such an example, the one or more models 1020 may indicate that use of two of four pumps is sufficient and will result in lower emissions and / or more efficient utilization of power from one or more sources (e.g., wind, solar, storage, grid, fuel, etc.). As to such a control decision, the one or more models 1020 may be trained using data associated with the one or more sources and / or emissions associated therewith.

[0145] As an example, data may include power utilization data (see, e.g., Tables, 1 , 2, and 3) and / or other data, which as explained may include thermal data. As an example, a decision to utilize two of the four pumps for the particular action may take into account real-time data as to temperatures of one or more of the pumps, which may be associated with cooling demands, where cooling may consume energy and where temperature may impact efficiency. Hence, given a plan action, a model or models may be trained on historic data to thereby model behaviors and may take into account realtime data for decision-making (e.g., control), which may be real-time control. As an example, the drilling framework 1000 may operate in a just-in-time (JIT) manner whereby a planned action is assessed just prior to implementation in the field to determine what piece or pieces of equipment to utilize (e.g., which particular piece or pieces), which may be accompanied by what power source or power sources to utilize. As explained, as to the real-time nature, data such as temperature of equipment, on- time of equipment, down-time of equipment, etc., may be taken into account. Such factors may be relevant to selection of operational equipment that is to perform a planned action and / or as to selection of one or more power sources.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0146] As an example, where the plan 1002 indicates that a forthcoming action is to demand a higher level of power than a current action, the drilling framework 1000 may simultaneously control one or more power generators and / or one or more power storage units to scale up for the expected higher level of power demand for the forthcoming action.

[0147] Fig. 11 shows an example of a method 1100 and an example of a system 1190. As shown, the method 1100 may include a reception block 1110 for receiving a digital well plan for a well at a field site; a prediction block 1120 for predicting power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and a control block 1130 for, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, controlling equipment at the field site to perform the action and controlling a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment. In such an example, the control block 1130 may provide for based at least in part on the predicted power demand, controlling equipment at the field site to perform the action while controlling a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment (e.g., consider simultaneously controlling the equipment and the power system).

[0148] Fig. 11 also shows various computer-readable media (CRM) blocks 1111 , 1121 , and 1131. Such blocks may include instructions that are executable by one or more processors, which may be one or more processors of a computational framework, a system, a computer, etc. A computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable storage medium that is not a signal, not a carrier wave and that is non-transitory. For example, a computer-readable medium may be a physical memory component that may store information in a digital format.

[0149] In the example of Fig. 11 , a system 1190 includes one or more information storage devices 1191 , one or more computers 1192, one or more networks 1195 and instructions 1196. As to the one or more computers 1192, each computer may include one or more processors (e g., or processing cores) 1193 and memory 1194 for storing the instructions 1196, for example, executable by at least one of the one or more processors. As an example, a computer may include one or more network interfaces (e.g., wired or wireless), one or more graphics cards, a display interface (e.g., wired orI S22.0494- WO- PCT wireless), etc. The system 1190 may be specially configured to perform one or more portions of the method 1100 of Fig. 11 .

[0150] As an example, a computational framework and / or a computational knowledge system may include a solver, which may be implemented via executable instructions. For example, consider a computational framework and / or computational knowledge system that may include a processor and memory accessible to the processor where executable instructions may be stored in the memory and accessed for execution by the processor to cause the computational framework to perform one or more actions. Such a computational framework and / or computational knowledge system may include one or more interfaces for receipt of information and / or for output of information, which may include values of parameters, an instruction, etc. As an example, a computational framework and / or computational knowledge system may be part of a controller. As an example, a computational framework and / or computational knowledge system may be part of a system.

[0151] As an example, various frameworks, architectures, systems, methods, etc., may implement one or machine learning models (ML models). As to types of ML models, consider one or more of a support vector machine (SVM) model, a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) model, an ensemble classifier model, a neural network (NN) model, etc. As an example, a machine learning model may be a deep learning model (e.g., deep Boltzmann machine, deep belief network, convolutional neural network, stacked auto-encoder, etc.), an ensemble model (e.g., random forest, gradient boosting machine, bootstrapped aggregation, AdaBoost, stacked generalization, gradient boosted regression tree, etc.), a neural network model (e.g., radial basis function network, perceptron, back-propagation, Hopfield network, etc.), a regularization model (e.g., ridge regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, elastic net, least angle regression), a rule system model (e.g., cubist, one rule, zero rule, repeated incremental pruning to produce error reduction), a regression model (e.g., linear regression, ordinary least squares regression, stepwise regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, locally estimated scatterplot smoothing, logistic regression, etc.), a Bayesian model (e.g., naive Bayes, average on-dependence estimators, Bayesian belief network, Gaussian naive Bayes, multinomial naive Bayes, BayesianI S22.0494- WO- PCT network), a decision tree model (e.g., classification and regression tree, iterative dichotomiser 3, C4.5, C5.0, chi-squared automatic interaction detection, decision stump, conditional decision tree, M5), a dimensionality reduction model (e.g., principal component analysis, partial least squares regression, Sammon mapping, multidimensional scaling, projection pursuit, principal component regression, partial least squares discriminant analysis, mixture discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, regularized discriminant analysis, flexible discriminant analysis, linear discriminant analysis, etc.), an instance model (e.g., k-nearest neighbor, learning vector quantization, self-organizing map, locally weighted learning, etc.), a clustering model (e.g., k-means, k-medians, expectation maximization, hierarchical clustering, etc.), etc.

[0152] As an example, a system may utilize one or more recurrent neural networks (RNNs). One type of RNN is referred to as long short-term memory (LSTM), which may be a unit or component (e.g., of one or more units) that may be in a layer or layers. A LSTM component may be a type of artificial neural network (ANN) designed to recognize patterns in sequences of data, such as time series data. When provided with time series data, LSTMs take time and sequence into account such that an LSTM may include a temporal dimension. For example, consider utilization of one or more RNNs for processing temporal data from one or more sources, optionally in combination with spatial data. Such an approach may recognize temporal patterns, which may be utilized for making predictions (e.g., as to a pattern or patterns for future times, etc.).

[0153] As an example, the TENSORFLOW framework (Google LLC, Mountain View, California) may be implemented, which is an open-source software library for dataflow programming that includes a symbolic math library, which may be implemented for machine learning applications that may include neural networks. As an example, the CAFFE framework may be implemented, which is a DL framework developed by Berkeley Al Research (BAIR) (University of California, Berkeley, California). As another example, consider the SCIKIT platform (e.g., scikit-learn), which utilizes the PYTHON programming language. As an example, a framework such as the APOLLO Al framework may be utilized (APOLLO.AI GmbH, Germany). As mentioned, a framework such as the PYTORCH framework may be utilized.I S22.0494- WO- PCT

[0154] As an example, a training method may include various actions that may operate on a dataset to train a ML model. As an example, a dataset may be split into training data and test data where test data may provide for evaluation. A method may include cross-validation of parameters and best parameters, which may be provided for model training.

[0155] The TENSORFLOW framework may run on multiple CPUs and GPUs (with optional CUDA (NVIDIA Corp., Santa Clara, California) and SYCL (The Khronos Group Inc., Beaverton, Oregon) extensions for general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPUs)). TENSORFLOW is available on 64-bit LINUX, MACOS (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California), WINDOWS (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Washington), and mobile computing platforms including ANDROID (Google LLC, Mountain View, California) and IOS (Apple Inc.) operating system-based platforms.

[0156] TENSORFLOW computations may be expressed as stateful dataflow graphs; noting that the name TENSORFLOW derives from the operations that such neural networks perform on multidimensional data arrays. Such arrays may be referred to as “tensors”.

[0157] As an example, a foundational GPT model may be utilized and / or further adapted to produce more knowledge systems directed to specific tasks and / or subjectmatter domains. Techniques for adaptation may include additional fine-tuning (e.g., beyond tuning of a foundation model, etc.), certain forms of prompt engineering, etc. As an example, a large language model (LLM) may be a chatbot type of LLM. For example, consider the OpenAI ChatGPT LLM, which is an online chat interface powered by an instruction-tuned language model trained in a similar fashion to InstructGPT. Other chatbots may include features of GPT-4 (OpenAI), Bard (e.g., LaMDA family of conversation-trained language models, PaLM, etc.) (Google, Mountain View, California), etc.

[0158] As an example, a LLM Meta Al (LLaMA) LLM may be utilized, which includes a transformer architecture; noting some architectural differences compared to GPT-3. For example, LLaMA utilizes the SwiGLU activation function rather than ReLU, uses rotary positional embeddings rather than absolute positional embedding, and uses root-mean-squared layer-normalization rather than standard layer-normalization.I S22.0494- WO- PCTFurther, there may be an increase in context length from 2K (Llama 1 ) tokens to 4K (Llama 2) tokens between.

[0159] As an example, a knowledge system (e.g., a knowledge-based system, etc.) may be considered an intelligent system that may totally or partially involve computational representation and processing of knowledge. As explained, a workflow may include engineering and development of a knowledge system. As an example, various computational structures may be utilized for knowledge representation. As an example, various procedures may be utilized for one or more of computational processing; automated reasoning, and inference from knowledge; learning new knowledge; handling uncertainty in information; generation of knowledge-based decision networks; coupling distributed knowledge systems; etc.

[0160] As an example, a framework and / or a knowledge system may utilize knowledge representation in first-order logic, matching and / or unification of first-order logic formulas; rule-based expert systems, rule firing, and / or forward and backward chaining; automated planning and problem-solving, total-order problem solvers, leastcommitment planning, and / or hierarchical problem solving; search methods, depth-first search, breadth-first search, heuristic search, greedy search, A* algorithms, and / or hill climbing; structured knowledge representation (e.g., representing knowledge using frames, objects and semantic networks; first-order logic correspondence; matching; inheritance; defaults; and / or automated inference): constraints, constraint networks, constraint satisfaction, node and arc consistency, compound labeling, constraint satisfaction algorithms, problem reduction, back jumping, interval constraints, interval calculus, and / or algorithms for interval constraint satisfaction.

[0161] As an example, a method can include receiving a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predicting power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, controlling equipment at the field site to perform the action while controlling a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment. In such an example, the controlling equipment can include selecting equipment from a group of equipment. For example, the group of equipment may include pumps and where the selecting selects a number of the pumps based at least in part on the predicted power demand.I S22.0494- WO- PCTIn such an example, the number of the pumps may be less than a total number of the pumps.

[0162] As an example, controlling a power system can include selecting a power source from a group of power sources. In such an example, the group of power sources can include gensets where selecting selects a number of the gensets based at least in part on a predicted power demand. In such an example, the number of the gensets can be less than a total number of the gensets.

[0163] As an example, controlling a power system can control the power system based at least in part on a subsequent action of a plan to meet a predicted power demand for execution of the subsequent action.

[0164] As an example, controlling equipment can control the equipment based at least in part on real-time data acquired from a field site. In such an example, real-time data may include at least thermal data.

[0165] As an example, controlling a power system can control the power system based at least in part on real-time data acquired from a field site. In such an example, the real-time data can include at least thermal data, for example, thermal data include temperature data for a battery storage unit.

[0166] As an example, a model may be or include a machine learning model. For example, consider a machine learning model that is or includes a trained machine learning model trained using historical data from a number of field sites offset from a field site.

[0167] As an example, a method may include predicting emissions for execution of an action. In such an example, the method may include controlling a power system in a manner that accounts for the predicted emissions.

[0168] As an example, a method can utilize a model that may be a framework hosted model of a computational framework where the method includes generating a graphical user interface that includes graphics corresponding to transmissions between equipment at a field site and the computational framework and between a power system at the field site and the computational framework.

[0169] As an example, a system can include one or more processors; memory accessible to at least one of the one or more processors; and processor-executableI S22.0494- WO- PCT instructions stored in the memory and executable to instruct the system to: receive a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predict power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, control equipment at the field site to perform the action and control a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment.

[0170] As an example, one or more computer-readable storage media can include processor-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to: receive a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predict power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and, based at least in part on the predicted power demand, control equipment at the field site to perform the action and control a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment.

[0171] As an example, a computer program product that may include computerexecutable instructions to instruct a computing system to perform one or more methods such as one or more of the methods described herein (e.g., in part, in whole and / or in various combinations).

[0172] In some embodiments, a method or methods may be executed by a computing system. Fig. 12 shows an example of a system 1200 that may include one or more computing systems 1201-1 , 1201-2, 1201-3 and 1201 -4, which may be operatively coupled via one or more networks 1209, which may include wired and / or wireless networks.

[0173] As an example, a system may include an individual computer system or an arrangement of distributed computer systems. In the example of Fig. 12, the computer system 1201-1 may include one or more modules 1202, which may be or include processor-executable instructions, for example, executable to perform various tasks (e.g., receiving information, requesting information, processing information, simulation, outputting information, etc.).

[0174] As an example, a module may be executed independently, or in coordination with, one or more processors 1204, which is (or are) operatively coupled to one or more storage media 1206 (e.g., via wire, wirelessly, etc.). As an example, one or more of the one or more processors 1204 may be operatively coupled to at least one of one or more network interface 1207. In such an example, the computer system 1201 -1I S22.0494- WO- PCT may transmit and / or receive information, for example, via the one or more networks 1209 (e.g., consider one or more of the Internet, a private network, a cellular network, a satellite network, etc.). As shown, one or more other components 1208 may be included in the computer system 1201 -1.

[0175] As an example, the computer system 1201-1 may receive from and / or transmit information to one or more other devices, which may be or include, for example, one or more of the computer systems 1201 -2, etc. A device may be located in a physical location that differs from that of the computer system 1201 -1 . As an example, a location may be, for example, a processing facility location, a data center location (e.g., server farm, etc.), a rig location, a wellsite location, a downhole location, etc.

[0176] As an example, a processor may be or include a microprocessor, microcontroller, processor module or subsystem, programmable integrated circuit, programmable gate array, or another control or computing device.

[0177] As an example, the storage media 1206 may be implemented as one or more computer-readable or machine-readable storage media. As an example, storage may be distributed within and / or across multiple internal and / or external enclosures of a computing system and / or additional computing systems.

[0178] As an example, a storage medium or storage media may include one or more different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories, magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks, other magnetic media including tape, optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs), BLUERAY disks, or other types of optical storage, or other types of storage devices.

[0179] As an example, a storage medium or media may be located in a machine running machine-readable instructions, or located at a remote site from which machine- readable instructions may be downloaded over a network for execution.

[0180] As an example, various components of a system such as, for example, a computer system, may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of bothI S22.0494- WO- PCT hardware and software (e.g., including firmware), including one or more signal processing and / or application specific integrated circuits.

[0181] As an example, a system may include a processing apparatus that may be or include a general-purpose processors or application specific chips (e.g., or chipsets), such as ASICs, FPGAs, PLDs, or other appropriate devices.

[0182] As an example, a device may be a mobile device that includes one or more network interfaces for communication of information. For example, a mobile device may include a wireless network interface (e.g., operable via IEEE 802.11 , ETSI GSM, BLUETOOTH, satellite, etc.). As an example, a mobile device may include components such as a main processor, memory, a display, display graphics circuitry (e.g., optionally including touch and gesture circuitry), a SIM slot, audio / video circuitry, motion processing circuitry (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope), wireless LAN circuitry, smart card circuitry, transmitter circuitry, GPS circuitry, and a battery. As an example, a mobile device may be configured as a cell phone, a tablet, etc. As an example, a method may be implemented (e.g., wholly or in part) using a mobile device. As an example, a system may include one or more mobile devices.

[0183] As an example, a system may be a distributed environment, for example, a so-called “cloud” environment where various devices, components, etc. interact for purposes of data storage, communications, computing, etc. As an example, a device or a system may include one or more components for communication of information via one or more of the Internet (e.g., where communication occurs via one or more Internet protocols), a cellular network, a satellite network, etc. As an example, a method may be implemented in a distributed environment (e.g., wholly or in part as a cloud-based service).

[0184] As an example, information may be input from a display (e.g., consider a touchscreen), output to a display or both. As an example, information may be output to a projector, a laser device, a printer, etc. such that the information may be viewed. As an example, information may be output stereographically or holographically. As to a printer, consider a 2D or a 3D printer. As an example, a 3D printer may include one or more substances that may be output to construct a 3D object. For example, data may be provided to a 3D printer to construct a 3D representation of a subterraneanI S22.0494- WO- PCT formation. As an example, layers may be constructed in 3D (e.g., horizons, etc.), geobodies constructed in 3D, etc. As an example, holes, fractures, etc., may be constructed in 3D (e.g., as positive structures, as negative structures, etc.).

[0185] Although only a few examples have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the examples. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means-plus- function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures.Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.

Claims

I S22.0494- WO- PCTCLAIMSWhat is claimed is:1 . A method comprising: receiving a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predicting power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and based at least in part on the predicted power demand, controlling equipment at the field site to perform the action while controlling a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling equipment comprises selecting equipment from a group of equipment.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the group of equipment comprises pumps and wherein the selecting selects a number of the pumps based at least in part on the predicted power demand.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the number of the pumps is less than a total number of the pumps.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling the power system comprises selecting a power source from a group of power sources.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the group of power sources comprises gensets and wherein the selecting selects a number of the gensets based at least in part on the predicted power demand.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the number of the gensets is less than a total number of the gensets.I S22.0494- WO- PCT8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling the power system controls the power system based at least in part on a subsequent action of the plan to meet a predicted power demand for execution of the subsequent action.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling the equipment controls the equipment based at least in part on real-time data acquired from the field site.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the real-time data comprise at least thermal data.11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling the power system controls the power system based at least in part on real-time data acquired from the field site.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the real-time data comprise at least thermal data.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the thermal data comprise temperature data for a battery storage unit.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the model comprises a machine learning model.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the machine learning model comprises a trained machine learning model trained using historical data from a number of field sites offset from the field site.

16. The method of claim 1 , comprising predicting emissions for execution of the action.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the controlling the power system accounts for the predicted emissions.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the model comprises a framework hosted model of a computational framework and comprising generating a graphical user interface thatI S22.0494- WO- PCT comprises graphics corresponding to transmissions between the equipment at the field site and the computational framework and between the power system at the field site and the computational framework.

19. A system comprising: one or more processors; memory accessible to at least one of the one or more processors; and processor-executable instructions stored in the memory and executable to instruct the system to: receive a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predict power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and based at least in part on the predicted power demand, control equipment at the field site to perform the action and control a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment.

20. One or more computer-readable storage media comprising processor-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to: receive a digital well plan for a well at a field site; predict power demand for execution of an action specified by the digital well plan using a model; and based at least in part on the predicted power demand, control equipment at the field site to perform the action and control a power system at the field site to deliver power to the equipment.

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