Devices and methods of communication
The terminal device enhances mobility management by determining and reporting predicted beam results and specifying UE behaviors, addressing incomplete L3 beam-level predictions and improving communication efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-09
AI Technical Summary
Current mobility management in telecommunication systems, particularly for layer 3 beam-level predictions, is incomplete and requires enhancements in beam selection mechanisms, initiation conditions, and UE behaviors for L3 beam-level temporal and spatial domain predictions.
A terminal device determines a set of beams based on prediction results and transmits information of these beams to a network device, enhancing beam selection and reporting for temporal and spatial domain predictions, and specifies UE behaviors related to model inputs and outputs, filtering, and periodical reporting.
Improves mobility management by providing enhanced beam selection and reporting mechanisms, ensuring accurate and timely communication between terminal and network devices.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024123163_09042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS OF COMMUNICATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication, and in particular, to devices, methods and computer storage media of communication for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) based mobility management.BACKGROUND
[0002] Recently, it has been agreed to do layer 3 (L3) filtered beam-level results for use cases 1 to 3. The use case 1 is to predict layer 1 (L1) filtered beam-level results and then generate L3 filtered beam-level results based on the predicted L1 filtered beam level results. The use case 2 is to directly predict L3 filtered beam-level results based on L3 beam-level measurement results. The use case 3 is to directly predict L3 filtered beam-level results based on L1 beam-level measurement results. However, mobility management related to a L3 beam-level prediction is still incomplete and needs to be further developed.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, devices and computer storage media of communication for AI / ML based mobility management.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported; determine the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances; and transmit, to the network device, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported; and transmit, to the network device, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results, the information comprising an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, determine that a measurement report is initiated; and activate a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to a network device; in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device; in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, start a timer for the periodical reporting; in accordance with a determination that a L3 measurement result of a third cell or beam is not derived by a L1 measurement result of a fourth cell or beam, filter the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report; or in accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, use the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: receiving, at a terminal device and from a network device, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported; determining the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances; and transmitting, to the network device, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.
[0009] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: receiving, at a terminal device and from a network device, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported; and transmitting, to the network device, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results, the information comprising an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction.
[0010] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, determining, at a terminal device, that a measurement report is initiated; and activating a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell.
[0011] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, performing, at a terminal device, an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to a network device; in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, performing an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device; in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, starting a timer for the periodical reporting; in accordance with a determination that a L3 measurement result of a third cell or beam is not derived by a L1 measurement result of a fourth cell or beam, filtering the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report; or in accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, using the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report.
[0012] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon. The instructions, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any of the fifth to eighth aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Through the more detailed description of some embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication network in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram illustrating examples of a ranking in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 6A illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 6B illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 6C illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 6D illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of another example method of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of another example method of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of another example method of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0028] FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0029] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitations as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0031] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0032] As used herein, the term ‘terminal device’ refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, Internet of things (IoT) devices, ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for integrated access and backhaul (IAB) , small data transmission (SDT) , mobility, multicast and broadcast services (MBS) , positioning, dynamic / flexible duplex in commercial networks, reduced capability (RedCap) , Space borne vehicles or air borne vehicles in non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and high altitude platforms (HAPs) encompassing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) , extended reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) and virtual reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple subscriber identity module (SIM) as known as multi-SIM. The term ‘terminal device’ can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0033] The term ‘network device’ refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , Network-controlled Repeaters, and the like.
[0034] The terminal device or the network device may have artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0035] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. FR1 (410 MHz to 7125 MHz) , FR2 (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connections with the network devices under MR-DC application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0036] The network device may have the function of network energy saving, self-organizing networks (SON) / minimization of drive tests (MDT) . The terminal may have the function of power saving.
[0037] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g. signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator.
[0038] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device or the second network device. In one embodiment, information A may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and information B may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0039] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’ is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘one embodiment’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least one embodiment. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. The term ‘and / or’ indicates that there may be three relationships. For example, A and / or B may indicate cases includes ‘only A’ , ‘both A and B’ , and ‘only B’ . The term ‘at least one of the following items’ or a similar expression thereof refers to any combination of these items, including any combination of a single item or a plurality of items. For example, the term ‘at least one of A, B, or C’ may represent A, B, C, ‘A and B’ , ‘A and C’ , ‘B and C’ , or ‘A, B and C’ . The term ‘a set of’ may be interchangeably used with ‘one or more’ . Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0040] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0041] In the context of the present disclosure, the term ‘measurement result’ herein may refer to a result derived by an actual measurement or a prediction, and may be interchangeably used with ‘result’ . The term ‘prediction result’ herein may refer to a measurement result or a result derived by a prediction. The term ‘measurement result’ or ‘result’ herein may refer to any suitable measurement metrics, such as reference signal received power (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) .
[0042] In the context of the present disclosure, the term ‘AI / ML’ may be interchangeably used with ‘ML’ or ‘AI’ . The term ‘AI / ML model’ may be interchangeably used with ‘ML model’ or ‘AI model’ . The term ‘model input’ may indicate a set of actual measurement results in an observation window. The term ‘model output’ may indicate a set of prediction results in a prediction window. The term ‘confidence’ herein may be interchangeably used with ‘probability’ .
[0043] In the context of the present disclosure, the term ‘target cell’ herein may refer to a cell in which a signal measurement result fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report. The term ‘target cell’ herein may be interchangeably used with ‘triggered cell’ or ‘cell’ . The term ‘beam’ herein may refer to a beam associated with a target cell or a beam of a target cell. The term ‘beam’ herein may be interchangeably used with ‘reference signal (RS) ’ or ‘synchronization signal and physical broadcast channel block (SSB) ’ or ‘channel status information-reference signal (CSI-RS) ’ .
[0044] As mentioned above, a L3 beam-level prediction has been agreed, which is used to facilitate a random access procedure during mobility. Current L3 beam-level report mechanism is to reuse a measurement report, and UE may select some of beams (i.e., not all beams) to report to NW. Since L3 beam-level temporal domain and spatial domain predictions are involved, a beam selection mechanism for the L3 beam-level temporal domain and spatial domain predictions needs to be enhanced. Furthermore, an initiation condition and some UE behaviors for the L3 beam-level prediction needs to be enhanced.
[0045] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions of communication so as to overcome the above and other potential issues. In one aspect, upon reception of a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported, a terminal device may determine the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances. The terminal device may transmit, to a network device, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams. In this way, a beam selection mechanism for a temporal domain prediction may be provided and a reporting for the temporal domain prediction may be enhanced.
[0046] In another aspect, upon reception of a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported, a terminal device may transmit, to a network device, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results. The information may comprise an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction. In this way, a reporting for a spatial domain prediction may be enhanced.
[0047] In another aspect, in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, a terminal device may determine that a measurement report is initiated. Upon initiation of the measurement report, the terminal device may activate a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell. In this way, a condition of initiating a temporal domain prediction may be enhanced.
[0048] In another aspect, in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, a terminal device may perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to a network device. In this way, UE behaviors related to model input may be specified.
[0049] In another aspect, in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, a terminal device may perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device. In this way, UE behaviors related to model output may be specified.
[0050] In another aspect, in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, a terminal device may start a timer for the periodical reporting. In this way, UE behaviors related to a periodical reporting of a measurement report may be specified.
[0051] In another aspect, in accordance with a determination that a L3 measurement result of a first cell or beam is not derived by a L1 measurement result of a second cell or beam, a terminal device may filter the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report. Alternatively or additionally, in accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the first cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the second cell or beam, a terminal device may use the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report. In this way, UE behaviors related to L3 filtering may be specified.
[0052] Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0053] EXAMPLE OF COMMUNICATION NETWORK
[0054] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication network 100 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in FIG. 1, the communication network 100 may include a terminal device 110 and network devices 120 and 130. In some embodiments, each of the network devices 120 and 130 may provide one or more cells to serve the terminal device 110. In this example, the network device 120 provides a cell 121, and the network device 130 provides a cell 131. The terminal device 110 is located in the cell 121 and served by the network device 120.
[0055] The terminal device 110 may have a plurality of beams, and each of the network devices 120 and 130 may have a plurality of beams. A channel (or called as a sub-channel in this case) may be formed between one of the plurality of beams of the terminal device 110 and one of the plurality of beams of the network device 120 or 130. The terminal device 110 may transmit information to the network device 120 or 130, or receive information from the network device 120 or 130 via one or more sub-channels. For convenience, only two beams (i.e., beam-1 and beam-2) are shown for the network device 130.
[0056] It is to be understood that the number of devices or beams in FIG. 1 is given for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations to the present disclosure. The communication network 100 may include any suitable number of network devices and / or terminal devices and / or beams adapted for implementing implementations of the present disclosure.
[0057] As shown in FIG. 1, the terminal device 110 and each of the network devices 120 and 130 may communicate with each other via Uu interface. The network device 120 and the network device 130 may communication with each other via Xn interface. The communications in the communication network 100 may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, global system for mobile communications (GSM) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-evolution, LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , new radio (NR) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , code division multiple access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE radio access network (GERAN) , machine type communication (MTC) and the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0058] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions of communication so as to enhance AI / ML based mobility management. For illustration, the solutions will be detailed below with reference to FIGs. 2 to 6.
[0059] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF REPORTING TEMPORAL DOMAIN PREDICTION
[0060] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of reporting a temporal domain prediction. This solution will be described in connection with FIGs. 2 and 3.
[0061] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 of communication in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 200 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0062] As shown in FIG. 2, at step 210, the network device 120 may transmit, to the terminal device 110, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances (i.e., future time instances) is to be reported. In some embodiments, this configuration may be comprised in a measurement configuration (e.g., in an information element (IE) ‘reportConfig’ ) from the network device 120. It is to be noted that this configuration may also be transmitted in any other suitable ways.
[0063] In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise an indication of reporting the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams in the set of time instances. For example, an IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_future’ may be introduced. When this IE is present in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) , this IE indicates the terminal device 110 to include an AI / ML based beam-level prediction result (i.e., the first set of prediction results) into an initiated measurement report, if the AI / ML based beam-level prediction result is available. It is to be noted that this IE may be named in any other ways.
[0064] In some embodiments, the first set of beams may only comprise a beam (i.e., the best beam) with the best prediction result among a second set of beams (e.g., all the beams of the target cell) . In this case, the first set of prediction results may only comprise a set of prediction results for the best beam in the set of time instances. In other words, the configuration may comprise an indication of reporting the first set of prediction results for the best beam in the set of time instances. For example, an IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_futureForBest’ may be introduced. When this IE is present in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) , this IE indicates the terminal device 110 to include the best one of AI / ML based beam-level prediction results into an initiated measurement report, if the best AI / ML based beam-level prediction result is available. It is to be noted that this IE may be named in any other ways.
[0065] In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise a period of time associated with the first set of prediction results. For example, an IE ‘includeLength’ may be introduced. When this IE is present in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) , this IE indicates the terminal device 110 that how long the AI / ML based beam-level prediction result should be included in an initiated measurement report. For example, when the IE ‘includeLength’ is set to 1000ms, the terminal device 110 may include the beam-level prediction result up to future 1000ms into the initiated measurement report. It is to be noted that this IE may be named in any other ways, and the value of this IE may be set to any suitable values.
[0066] In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise number of time instances in the set of time instances. For example, an IE ‘includeNumber’ may be introduced. When this IE is present in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) , this IE indicates the terminal device 110 that how many the AI / ML based beam-level prediction result should be included in an initiated measurement report. For example, when the IE ‘includeNumber’ is set to 5, the terminal device 110 may include beam-level prediction results in the future 5 time instances into the initiated measurement report. It is to be noted that this IE may be named in any other ways, and the value of this IE may be set to any suitable values.
[0067] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the set of time instances based on at least one of the period of time (i.e., the IE ‘includeLength’ ) or the number of time instances (i.e., the IE ‘includeNumber’ ) .
[0068] In a conventional L3 beam measurement report, only a measurement result of the current beam is included. In contrast, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the terminal device 110 may need to report L3 beam prediction results of one or more future time instances within one measurement report based on the IE ‘includeLength’ or ‘includeNumber’ .
[0069] In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise the maximum number of beams to be reported (e.g., an IE ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ ) . In other words, the number of beams in the first set of beams should not exceed the maximum number of beams to be reported.
[0070] As shown in step 220 of FIG. 2, the terminal device 110 may determine that a measurement report is initiated. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform a reference signal measurement and may find that a measurement result of the cell 131 fulfills a condition of an event for triggering the measurement report. That is, a target cell is found. In this case, the terminal device 110 may initiate the measurement report. Based on the configuration indicating that the first set of prediction results is to be reported, the terminal device 110 may also report the first set of prediction results in the measurement report.
[0071] To report the first set of prediction results, the terminal device 110 may need to determine the first set of beams from the second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances, i.e., perform a beam selection. For illustration, some example embodiments for the beam selection will be described below.
[0072] In some embodiments, as shown in step 230 of FIG. 2, the terminal device 110 may determine the first set of beams by considering all the prediction results in all the time instances for each beam.
[0073] With reference to FIG. 2, at step 231, the terminal device 110 may determine a third set of beams from the second set of beams so that a beam (e.g., each beam) in the third set of beams fulfills a condition related to one or more thresholds.
[0074] In some embodiments, the condition may comprise that the best prediction result among a set of prediction results for the beam at the set of time instances is better than a first threshold. In some embodiments, the first threshold may be configured or predefined. For example, the highest RSRP of a predicted L3 beam during prediction is greater than the first threshold.
[0075] In other words, if the best prediction result among the set of prediction results for the beam in the second set of beams is better than the first threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams. Additionally, a confidence of the set of prediction results may be considered. In some embodiments, if the best prediction result among the set of prediction results for the beam in the second set of beams is better than the first threshold and the confidence of the set of prediction results is higher than a confidence threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams.
[0076] In some embodiments, the condition may comprise that a computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam is better than a second threshold. In some embodiments, the second threshold may be configured or predefined.
[0077] In some embodiments, the computed result may be an average of the set of prediction results. In some embodiments, if the average of the set of prediction results is higher than a sixth threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine that the computed result for the set of prediction results is better than the second threshold. In some embodiments, the sixth threshold may be configured or predefined. For example, average RSRP of a predicted L3 beam during prediction is greater than the second threshold.
[0078] In some embodiments, the computed result may be a variance of the set of prediction results. In some embodiments, if the variance of the set of prediction results is lower than a seventh threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine that the computed result for the set of prediction results is better than the second threshold. In some embodiments, the seventh threshold may be configured or predefined. For example, variance RSRP of a predicted L3 beam during prediction is lower than the second threshold. In another example, average RSRP of a predicted L3 beam during prediction is larger than a threshold, and variance RSRP of the predicted L3 beam during prediction is lower than another threshold.
[0079] In other words, if the computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam in the second set of beams is better than the second threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams. Additionally, a confidence of the set of prediction results may be considered. In some embodiments, if the computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam in the second set of beams is better than the second threshold and the confidence of the set of prediction results is higher than the confidence threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams.
[0080] In some embodiments, the condition may comprise that a prediction result (i.e., any prediction result) in the set of prediction results for the beam is better than a third threshold. In some embodiments, the third threshold may be configured or predefined. In some embodiments, the condition may comprise that the last prediction result in the set of prediction results for the beam is better than the third threshold. For example, any one (e.g., the last one) RSRP of a predicted L3 beam during prediction is greater than the third threshold.
[0081] In other words, if any prediction result (e.g., the last one) in the set of prediction results for the beam is better than the third threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams. Additionally, a confidence of the set of prediction results may be considered. In some embodiments, if any prediction result (e.g., the last one) in the set of prediction results for the beam is better than the third threshold and the confidence of the set of prediction results is higher than the confidence threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams.
[0082] In some embodiments, the condition may comprise that number of first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam is greater than a fourth threshold. The first prediction results are better than a fifth threshold. In some embodiments, the fourth threshold may be configured or predefined. In some embodiments, the fifth threshold may be configured or predefined.
[0083] In other words, if the number of the first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam is greater than the fourth threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams. The number of the first prediction results corresponds to number of time instances in which prediction results of the beam is better than the fifth threshold. In some alternative embodiments, if the number of time instances in which prediction results of the beam is better than the fifth threshold is greater than the fourth threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams.
[0084] Additionally, a confidence of the set of prediction results may be considered. In some embodiments, if the number of the first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam is greater than the fourth threshold and the confidence of the set of prediction results is higher than the confidence threshold, the terminal device 110 may determine the beam to be included in the first set of beams.
[0085] It is to be noted that any combinations of the above conditions may also be feasible.
[0086] With reference to FIG. 2, at step 232, the terminal device 110 may rank the third set of beams. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank beams in the third set of beams according to a descending order of evaluated results.
[0087] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in the third set of beams in a descending order based on the best prediction result among the set of prediction results for each beam at the set of time instances. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in a descending order based on the computed result for the set of prediction results for each beam. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in a descending order based on any prediction result (e.g., the last one) in the set of prediction results for each beam. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in a descending order based on the number of the first prediction results in the set of prediction results for each beam.
[0088] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in the third set of beams based on an index of each beam. For example, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in a descending order of the index of the beam. In another example, the terminal device 110 may rank the beams in an ascending order of the index of the beam.
[0089] In some embodiments, if evaluated results (e.g., RSRP) of two or more beams are exactly the same, the terminal device 110 may further rank the two or more beams based on indexes of the two or more beams.
[0090] It is to be noted that the ranking of the beams in the third set of beams may also be carried out in any other suitable ways.
[0091] With reference to FIG. 2, at step 233, the terminal device 110 may select the first set of beams from the third set of beams based on the maximum number of beams to be reported and the ranking of the third set of beams.
[0092] In some embodiments, if the IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_future’ is indicated, the terminal device 110 may include L3 beam-level prediction results up to ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ into the initiated measurement report. In some embodiments, if the IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_futureForBest’ is indicated, the terminal device 110 may include the best one of the L3 beam-level prediction results into the initiated measurement report.
[0093] For illustration, an example of the beam selection will be described in connection with FIG. 3. FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram 300 illustrating an example ranking in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed that prediction results of all the beams (beam-1 and beam-2) of the target cell 131 at time instances (time-1, time-2, time-3, time-4 and time-5) are derived as shown by a reference sign 310 in FIG. 3. It is also assumed that the IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_future’ is indicated and beams are ranked based on the highest RSRP during prediction. The IE ‘includedLength’ =1000ms, and the IE ‘includeNumber’ =4. In this case, the prediction results of beam-1 and beam-2 at time-1, time-2, time-3 and time-4 may be selected, and beam-1 and beam-2 may be ranked as rank-2 and rank-1, as shown by a reference sign 320 in FIG. 3.
[0094] In some alternative embodiments, as shown in step 240 of FIG. 2, the terminal device 110 may determine the first set of beams by considering all the prediction results for all the beams in each time instance. It may be considered that prediction results of beams associated with each time instance is a subset of prediction results in the first set of prediction results.
[0095] With reference to FIG. 2, at step 241, the terminal device 110 may determine a third set of prediction results from a set of prediction results for the second set of beams at a time instance, so that a prediction result (e.g., each prediction result) in the third set of prediction results is better than a seventh threshold. In some embodiments, the seventh threshold may be configured or predefined.
[0096] At step 242, the terminal device 110 may rank the third set of prediction results in a descending order.
[0097] At step 243, the terminal device 110 may determine the subset of prediction results from the third set of prediction results based on the maximum number of beams to be reported (e.g., the IE ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ ) and the ranking of the third set of prediction results.
[0098] At step 244, the terminal device 110 may determine a subset of beams in the first set of beams that corresponds to the subset of prediction results. As such, subsets of beams associated with the set of time instances may correspond to the first set of beams.
[0099] Still with reference to the example of FIG. 3, an example of the beam selection will be described below. It is assumed that prediction results of all the beams (beam-1 and beam-2) of the target cell 131 at time instances (time-1, time-2, time-3, time-4 and time-5) are derived as shown by the reference sign 310 in FIG. 3. It is also assumed that the IE ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ = 2, and the seventh threshold = -69 dBm. Prediction results of beams for each time instance will be ranked and selected.
[0100] As shown by a reference sign 330 in FIG. 3, a prediction result (i.e., -50) of beam-1 will be reported for time-1. A prediction result (i.e., -55 dBm) of beam-1 will be reported for time-2. A prediction result (i.e., -60 dBm) of beam-1 and a prediction result (i.e., -60 dBm) of beam-2 will be reported for time-3. A prediction result (i.e., -49 dBm) of beam-2 and a prediction result (i.e., -65 dBm) of beam-1 will be reported for time-4. A prediction result (i.e., -40 dBm) of beam-2 will be reported for time-5.
[0101] Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, at step 250, the terminal device 110 may transmit, to the network device 120, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.
[0102] In some embodiments, the information of the first set of prediction results may comprise an index of each beam in the first set of beams. In some embodiments, the information of the first set of prediction results may comprise a set of prediction results for each beam in the set of time instances. In some embodiments, the information of the first set of prediction results may comprise the computed result for the set of prediction results.
[0103] In some embodiments, the information of the first set of prediction results may comprise an index of a beam in the first set of beams that is suggested by the terminal device 110. It may be helpful for NW to make a beam selection for random access. In some embodiments, the suggested beam index may be determined by the terminal device 110 based on implementation. In some embodiments, the suggested beam index may be determined by the terminal device 110 based on a ranking for the first set of beams. The ranking for the first set of beams may be carried out as that described for the third set of beams in the step 232. For example, based on the last prediction result (e.g., the last RSRP) of each beam, a suggested beam may be beam-2 in the example as shown by the reference sign 320 of FIG. 3.
[0104] So far, a solution of reporting a temporary domain prediction is described. NW decision may be facilitated.
[0105] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF REPORTING SPATIAL DOMAIN PREDICTION
[0106] For a spatial domain prediction, a set of actual measurement results for a set of beams at a time instance may be used to predict a set of predicted measurement results for another set of beams at the time instance. If measurement results of beams at the time instance are included in a measurement report, it is difficult to distinguish the predicted measurement results from the actual measurement results.
[0107] In view of this, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of reporting a spatial domain prediction. This solution will be described in connection with FIG. 4.
[0108] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 400 of communication in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 400 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 400 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 4 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0109] As shown in FIG. 4, at step 410, the network device 120 may transmit, to the terminal device 110, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported. In some embodiments, the configuration may be comprised in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) .
[0110] In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise an indication of reporting the set of measurement results for the set of beams, e.g., an IE ‘reportQuantityRS-Indexes’ . In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise the maximum number of beams to be reported, e.g., the IE ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ . In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise an indication of reporting a set of prediction results for a set of beams in a set of time instances (i.e., future time instances) , e.g., the IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_future’ or ‘includeBeamMeasurements_futureForBest’ .
[0111] It is to be noted that the configuration may be implemented in any suitable ways, and the present disclosure does not limit contents of the configuration.
[0112] At step 420, the terminal device 110 may transmit, to the network device 120, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results. The information comprises an indication (e.g., a label) of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction. For example, there may be a type-1 label and a type-2 label. The type-1 label may indicate that the measurement result is derived by an actual measurement. The type-2 label may indicate that the measurement result is derived by a prediction.
[0113] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the information of the measurement result in a measurement report. In some embodiments, once the measurement report is initiated, for either the serving cell or the target cell, if the IE ‘reportQuantityRS-Indexes’ and / or ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ are configured, or if the IE ‘reportQuantityRS-Indexes’ and / or ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ are configured, and the IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_future’ or ‘includeBeamMeasurements_futureForBest’ is configured, the terminal device 110 may include measurement results of beams associated with the target cell in the measurement report, and each measurement result is associated with the label.
[0114] For example, an example measurement result may be described as below.
[0115] In this example, an IE ‘ResultsPerSSB-Index’ indicates a measurement result, and an IE ‘AIPrediction’ indicates whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction. For example, if the measurement result is derived by a prediction, the IE ‘AIPrediction’ is set to ‘true’ . If the measurement result is derived by an actual measurement, the IE ‘AIPrediction’ is set to ‘false’ .
[0116] In some scenarios, if a measurement report is initiated and a terminal device is required to include beam information, but a target cell is based on cell-level prediction use case 3, i.e., to directly predict L3 filtered beam-level results based on L1 beam-level measurement results. However, it is unclear how to include L3 beam information since the terminal device does not actually perform measurements on all beams for the target cell.
[0117] For these scenarios, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of measurement or prediction. With reference to FIG. 4, at step 430, if the set of beams to be reported comprises a first subset of beams for which no actual measurements are performed, and a second subset of beams for which an actual measurement is performed, the terminal device 110 may perform an operation for measurement or prediction.
[0118] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the actual measurement for the first subset of beams. For example, the terminal device 110 may immediately perform actual measurements on the first subset of beams of the target cell. In this way, actual measurements for all beams of the target cell may be reported.
[0119] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine one or more measurement results for the second subset of beams as the set of measurement results, and transmit an indication (e.g., an IE ‘beamLackInfo’ ) indicating that the set of measurement results lacks one or more measurement results for the first subset of beams. In other words, the terminal device 110 may only include available beam information (i.e., the first subset of beams already measured) and the IE ‘beamLackInfo’ in the measurement report. It may be helpful for NW decision.
[0120] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may derive the one or more measurement results for the first subset of beams by a prediction. For example, the terminal device 110 may predict the one or more measurement results of the first subset of beams by immediately activating an AI / ML model. In this way, measurement results for all beams of the target cell may be reported, no matter the measurement results are derived by an actual measurement or a prediction.
[0121] So far, a solution of reporting a spatial domain prediction is described. NW decision may be facilitated.
[0122] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF INITIATION OF TEMPORAL DOMAIN PREDICTION
[0123] In some scenarios, NW may require a terminal device to report signal strength or quality of beams of a target cell in one or more future time instances. However, the terminal device may be not performing beam-level prediction when a measurement report is initiated.
[0124] In view of this, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of initiating a temporal domain prediction. The solution will be described in connection with FIG. 5.
[0125] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 500 of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 500 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 500 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 5 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0126] As shown in FIG. 5, at step 510, the network device 120 may transmit, to the terminal device 110, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported. In some embodiments, the configuration may be comprised in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) .
[0127] In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise an indication of reporting the set of measurement results for the set of beams, e.g., an IE ‘reportQuantityRS-Indexes’ . In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise the maximum number of beams to be reported, e.g., the IE ‘maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport’ . In some embodiments, the configuration may comprise an indication of reporting a set of prediction results for a set of beams in a set of time instances (i.e., future time instances) , e.g., the IE ‘includeBeamMeasurements_future’ or ‘includeBeamMeasurements_futureForBest’ .
[0128] It is to be noted that the configuration may be implemented in any suitable ways, and the present disclosure does not limit contents of the configuration.
[0129] At step 520, the terminal device 110 may determine that a measurement report is initiated. In some embodiments, if a measurement result of a cell (i.e., a target cell) fulfills a condition of an event for triggering the measurement report, the terminal device 110 may determine that the measurement report is initiated.
[0130] In some embodiments, the measurement result of the cell may be derived by an actual measurement. For example, the terminal device 110 may be configured with an event (e.g., event-A3) , and the terminal device 110 may perform serving cell and target cell measurements. Once the event is fulfilled, the terminal device 110 may initiate the measurement report to report results of the serving cell and target cell measurements to the network device 120.
[0131] In some embodiments, the measurement result of the cell may be derived by a prediction. For example, the terminal device 110 may not actually perform a target cell measurement, or may perform part of the target cell measurement. By predicting a result of the target cell measurement, the terminal device 110 may assume that an event for triggering the measurement report will be triggered. Then the terminal device 110 may initiate the measurement report to report the actual and predicted measurement results to the network device 120.
[0132] At step 530, the terminal device 110 may activate a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may immediately activate an AI / ML model for a beam-level prediction upon determination that the measurement report is initiated.
[0133] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit, to the terminal device 110, an indication of whether the prediction is to be activated based on the initiating of the measurement report. If the indication indicates that the prediction is to be activated, the terminal device 110 may activate the prediction upon determination that the measurement report is initiated.
[0134] At step 540, the terminal device 110 may transmit the result of the prediction to the network device 120.
[0135] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a result of the prediction is available, the terminal device 110 may transmit the measurement report comprising the result of the prediction. That is, predicted beam-level prediction results may be included in the measurement report. This means that the terminal device 110 may need to wait for the AI / ML model to derive an output before transmission of the measurement report. In other words, after the predicted beam-level prediction results are available, the terminal device 110 may submit the measurement report to lower layers for transmission.
[0136] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the measurement report is transmitted, the terminal device 110 may initiate a further measurement report comprising the result of the prediction. That is, the terminal device 110 may just initiate and transmit the measurement report without waiting for the output of the AI / ML model. For the output of the AI / ML model, the terminal device 110 may initiate another measurement report to report the beam-level prediction results after the transmission of the measurement report.
[0137] So far, a solution of initiating a temporal domain prediction is described. A condition of initiating a temporal domain prediction may be enhanced.
[0138] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF UE BEHAVIORS IMPACTED BY PREDICTION
[0139] Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a solution of managing an input of a model for mobility. The solution will be described in connection with FIG. 6A.
[0140] FIG. 6A illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 600A of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 600A will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 600A may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 6A are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0141] As shown in FIG. 6A, at step 610, the terminal device 110 may determine that an input of a model (for convenience, also referred to as a first model herein) for mobility requires a measurement result of a cell or beam (for convenience, also referred to as a first cell or beam herein) which is considered as inapplicable.
[0142] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may consider whether the first cell or beam is inapplicable based on whether the first cell or beam is comprised in a list of cells (also referred to as a first list of cells or a white cell list herein) . For example, if the first cell or beam is not comprised in the first list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the first cell or beam as inapplicable. If the first cell or beam is comprised in the first list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the first cell or beam as applicable.
[0143] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may consider whether the first cell or beam is inapplicable based on whether the first cell or beam is comprised in another list of cells (also referred to as a second list of cells or a black cell list herein) . For example, if the first cell or beam is comprised in the second list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the first cell or beam as inapplicable. If the first cell or beam is not comprised in the second list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the first cell or beam as applicable.
[0144] At step 620, upon determination that the input of the first model requires the measurement result of the first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, the terminal device 110 may perform an operation of managing the input of the model.
[0145] In some embodiments, as shown in step 621, the terminal device 110 may consider that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input of the first model. In some embodiments, as shown in step 622, the terminal device 110 may transmit information of the input to the network device 120. For example, the information of the input may indicate that the input is not allowed.
[0146] With the process 600A, UE behaviors related to model input may be specified.
[0147] Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a solution of managing an output of a model for mobility. The solution will be described in connection with FIG. 6B.
[0148] FIG. 6B illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 600B of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 600B will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 600B may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 6B are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0149] As shown in FIG. 6B, at step 630, the terminal device 110 may determine that an output of a model (for convenience, also referred to as a second model herein) for mobility requires a measurement result of a cell or beam (for convenience, also referred to as a second cell or beam herein) which is considered as inapplicable.
[0150] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may consider whether the second cell or beam is inapplicable based on whether the second cell or beam is comprised in the first list of cells (i. e, the white cell list) . For example, if the second cell or beam is not comprised in the first list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the second cell or beam as inapplicable. If the second cell or beam is comprised in the first list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the second cell or beam as applicable.
[0151] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may consider whether the second cell or beam is inapplicable based on whether the second cell or beam is comprised in the second list of cells (i.e., the black cell list) . For example, if the second cell or beam is comprised in the second list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the second cell or beam as inapplicable. If the second cell or beam is not comprised in the second list of cells, the terminal device 110 may consider the second cell or beam as applicable.
[0152] At step 640, upon determination that the output of the second model requires the measurement result of the second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, the terminal device 110 may perform an operation of managing the output of the model.
[0153] In some embodiments, as shown in step 641, the terminal device 110 may consider the output as invalid. In some embodiments, as shown in step 642, the terminal device 110 may transmit information of the output to the network device 120. For example, the information of the output may indicate that the output is invalid.
[0154] With the process 600B, UE behaviors related to model output may be specified.
[0155] For illustration, an example procedure of managing a model input or output may be described as below.
[0156] 4> for measurement events other than eventA1, eventA2, eventD1, eventD2, eventX2, eventH1 or eventH2:
[0157] 5> if useAllowedCellList is set to true:
[0158] 6> consider any neighbouring cell detected based on parameters in the associated measObjectNR to be applicable when the concerned cell is included in the allowedCellsToAddModList defined within the VarMeasConfig for this measId;
[0159] 5> else:
[0160] 6> consider any neighbouring cell detected based on parameters in the associated measObjectNR to be applicable when the concerned cell is not included in the excludedCellsToAddModList defined within the VarMeasConfig for this measId;
[0161] 5> if the configured inputs of the AI model for mobility requires the measurement results for the cell / beam which is not considered as applicable:
[0162] 6> the UE is not allowed to consider the measurement results corresponding the non-applicable cell / beam as model input;
[0163] 6> the UE could inform NW of the input information (e.g., which input is not allowed) .
[0164] 5> if the configured outputs of the AI model for mobility include the measurement results for the cell / beam which is not considered as applicable:
[0165] 6> the UE drops / ignores / skips the corresponding AI model output (or, consider the corresponding AI model output as invalid) , i.e., the UE will not use these results for the subsequent procedure;
[0166] 6> the UE could inform NW of the output information (e.g., which output is invalid) .
[0167] In this example, an IE ‘useAllowedCellList’ indicates a white cell list is used, an IE ‘measObjectNR’ indicates a measurement object, an IE ‘allowedCellsToAddModList’ indicates the white cell list, an IE ‘VarMeasConfig’ indicates a UE variable for a measurement configuration, an IE ‘measId’ indicates an ID of a measurement configuration, and an IE ‘excludedCellsToAddModList’ indicates a black cell list.
[0168] Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a solution of managing a periodical reporting of a measurement report. The solution will be described in connection with FIG. 6C.
[0169] FIG. 6C illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 600C of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 600C will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 600C may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 6C are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0170] As shown in FIG. 6C, at step 650, the network device 120 may transmit, to the terminal device 110, a configuration indicating a periodical reporting for a measurement report. In some embodiments, the configuration may be included in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) . The configuration may be implemented in any suitable ways and the present disclosure does not limit this aspect.
[0171] At step 660, the terminal device 110 may initiate the measurement report. In some embodiments, if a measurement result of a cell or beam fulfills a condition of an event for triggering the measurement report, the terminal device 110 may initiate the measurement report. In some embodiments, the measurement result of the cell may be derived by an actual measurement. In some embodiments, the measurement result of the cell may be derived by a prediction.
[0172] At step 670, upon initiation of the measurement report, if there is no available temporal domain prediction for the cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports (e.g., an IE ‘numberOfReportsSent’ ) is less than a threshold, the terminal device 110 may start a timer for the periodical reporting.
[0173] In some embodiments, upon expiry of the timer, the terminal device 110 may need to initiate a transmission of a measurement report again.
[0174] For illustration, an example procedure of managing the periodical reporting of the measurement report may be described as below.
[0175] 1> increment the numberOfReportsSent as defined within the VarMeasReportList for this measId by 1;
[0176] 1> stop the periodical reporting timer, if running;
[0177] 1> if the numberOfReportsSent as defined within the VarMeasReportList for this measId is less than the reportAmount as defined within the corresponding reportConfig for this measId, and
[0178] 1> if there is no temporal / time-domain prediction available for the triggered cell / beam reported in this measurement report:
[0179] 2> start the periodical reporting timer with the value of reportInterval as defined within the corresponding reportConfig for this measId.
[0180] In this example, an IE ‘numberOfReportsSent’ indicates the number of transmitted measurement reports, an IE ‘VarMeasReportList’ indicates a UE variable for a list of measurement reports, an IE ‘measId’ indicates an ID of a measurement configuration, an IE ‘reportAmount’ indicates an allowed maximum number of measurement reports applicable for event triggered as well as for periodical report types, and an IE ‘reportConfig’ indicates a report configuration.
[0181] In this way, UE behaviors related to a periodical reporting of a measurement report may be specified. UE may not be required to initiate one or more subsequent measurement reports if prediction results at future time instances have already been reported.
[0182] Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a solution of managing a L3 filtering. The solution will be described in connection with FIG. 6D.
[0183] FIG. 6D illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 600D of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 600D will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 600D may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 6D are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. For example, the order of the steps may be changed. Some of the steps may be omitted or any other suitable additional steps may be added. It is assumed that one or more AI / ML models are deployed at the terminal device 110. The network device 120 provides a serving cell (e.g., the cell 121) for the terminal device 110, and the network device 130 provides a target cell (e.g., the cell 131) for the terminal device 110.
[0184] As shown in FIG. 6D, at step 680, the network device 120 may transmit, to the terminal device 110, a configuration indicating a measurement report. In some embodiments, the configuration may be included in a measurement configuration (e.g., in the IE ‘reportConfig’ ) . The configuration may be implemented in any suitable ways and the present disclosure does not limit this aspect.
[0185] At step 690, upon determination that a L3 measurement result of a cell or beam (for convenience, also referred to as a third cell or beam herein) is not derived by a L1 measurement result of another cell or beam (for convenience, also referred to as a fourth cell or beam herein) , the terminal device 110 may filter the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of the measurement report. In other words, if an internal implementation of an AI / ML model for beam-level prediction does not contain a L3 filtering (e.g., the use case 3) , the terminal device 110 may filter the L3 measurement result predicted by the AI / ML model.
[0186] At step 695, upon determination that that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, the terminal device 110 may directly use the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report without considering the L3 filtering. In other words, if the internal implementation of the AI / ML model for beam-level prediction contains the L3 filtering, the terminal device 110 may directly use the L3 measurement result predicted by the AI / ML model without considering the L3 filtering.
[0187] For illustration, an example procedure of a L3 filtering may be described as below. The UE shall:
[0188] 1> for each cell measurement quantity, each beam measurement quantity (except from some AI cases) , each sidelink measurement quantity as needed, for each cross-link interference (CLI) measurement quantity that the UE performs measurements, for each candidate layer 2 (L2) UE-to-network (U2N) Relay UE measurement quantity, for evaluating the detected NR sidelink U2N Relay UEs, for evaluating synchronization reference UE (SyncRef UE) , for evaluating the NR sidelink U2U Relay / Remote UE threshold conditions, for evaluating the conditions for selection and reselection of NR sidelink U2U Relay UE, and for evaluating the detected NR sidelink U2U Relay UEs, and
[0189] 1> if the cell / beam measurement quantity is not derived by AI based cell / beam-level use case 3, i.e., to directly predict L3 filtered cell / beam level results based on the L1 beam level measurement results.
[0190] 2> filter the measured result, before using for evaluation of reporting criteria, for measurement reporting, for U2N / U2U Relay (re) selection evaluation or for evaluating the SyncRef UE, by the following formula:
[0191] Fn = (1 –a) ×Fn-1 + a×Mn
[0192] 1> if the AI model for mobility is configured and the cell / beam-level measurement quantity is derived by cell / beam / level use case 3, i.e., to directly predict L3 filtered cell / beam level results based on the L1 beam level measurement results:
[0193] 2> ignore / skip an IE -quantityConfig / filterCoefficient configured in measConfig.
[0194] In this example, the IE ‘quantityConfig’ indicates a quantity configuration, the IE ‘filterCoefficient’ indicates a filter coefficient, the IE ‘measConfig’ indicates a measurement configuration. ‘Fn’ in the formula denotes the nth filtered measurement value, ‘a’ in the formula denotes a filter coefficient, and ‘Mn’ in the formula denotes the latest received measurement value.
[0195] In this way, UE behaviors related to a L3 filtering may be specified.
[0196] It is to be understood that the solutions or steps in the solutions as described in connection with FIGs. 2 to 6D may be carried out separately or in any suitable combinations.
[0197] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS
[0198] Corresponding to the above processes, embodiments of the present disclosure provide at least methods of communication implemented at a terminal device. These methods will be described below with reference to FIGs. 7 to 10.
[0199] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700 of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 700 may be performed at the terminal device 110 as shown in FIG. 1. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 700 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the method 700 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. The terminal device 110 is served by the network device 120.
[0200] At block 710, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported.
[0201] In some embodiments, the configuration comprises at least one of the following: an indication of reporting the first set of prediction results; a period of time associated with the first set of prediction results; or number of time instances in the set of time instances.
[0202] In some embodiments, the first set of beams only comprises a beam with the best prediction result among the second set of beams.
[0203] At block 720, the terminal device 110 may determine the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances.
[0204] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the set of time instances based on at least one of the period of time or the number of time instances.
[0205] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the first set of beams by: determining a third set of beams from the second set of beams; ranking the third set of beams; and selecting the first set of beams from the third set of beams based on maximum number of beams to be reported and the ranking of the third set of beams.
[0206] In some embodiments, a beam in the third set of beams fulfills a condition comprising at least one of the following: the best prediction result among a set of prediction results for the beam at the set of time instances is better than a first threshold; a computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam is better than a second threshold; a prediction result in the set of prediction results for the beam is better than a third threshold; or number of first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam is greater than a fourth threshold, the first prediction results being better than a fifth threshold.
[0207] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the third set of beams by ranking the beam in the third set of beams according to a descending order of one of the following: the best prediction result among the set of prediction results for the beam at the set of time instances; the computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam; the prediction result in the set of prediction results for the beam; or the number of the first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam. In some alternative or additional embodiments, the terminal device 110 may rank the third set of beams by ranking the beam in the third set of beams based on an index of the beam.
[0208] In some embodiments, the computed result is at least one of an average or a variance of the set of prediction results. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be further caused to at least one of the following: in accordance with a determination that the average of the set of prediction results is higher than a sixth threshold, determine that the computed result for the set of prediction results is better than the second threshold; or in accordance with a determination that the variance of the set of prediction results is lower than a seventh threshold, determine that the computed result for the set of prediction results is better than the second threshold.
[0209] In some embodiments, the first set of prediction results comprises a subset of prediction results associated with a time instance in the set of time instances. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the first set of beams by: determining a third set of prediction results from a set of prediction results for the second set of beams at the time instance, a prediction result in the third set of prediction results being better than a seventh threshold; ranking the third set of prediction results in a descending order; determining the subset of prediction results from the third set of prediction results based on maximum number of beams to be reported and the ranking of the third set of prediction results; and determining a subset of beams in the first set of beams that corresponds to the subset of prediction results.
[0210] At block 730, the terminal device 110 may transmit, to the network device 120, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.
[0211] In some embodiments, the information of the first set of prediction results comprises at least one of the following: an index of each beam in the first set of beams; a set of prediction results for each beam in the set of time instances; a computed result for the set of prediction results; or an index of a beam in the first set of beams that is suggested by the terminal device.
[0212] With the method 700, a beam selection mechanism for a temporal domain prediction may be provided and a reporting for the temporal domain prediction may be enhanced. It is to be understood that operations of the method 700 correspond to that described in connection with FIGs. 2 and 3, and thus other details are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0213] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of another example method 800 of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 800 may be performed at the terminal device 110 as shown in FIG. 1. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 800 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the method 800 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. The terminal device 110 is served by the network device 120.
[0214] At block 810, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported.
[0215] At block 820, the terminal device 110 may transmit, to the network device 120, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results, the information comprising an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction.
[0216] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be further caused to: in accordance with a determination that the set of beams comprises a first subset of beams for which no actual measurements are performed, and a second subset of beams for which an actual measurement is performed, perform an operation comprising one of the following: performing the actual measurement for the first subset of beams; determining one or more measurement results for the second subset of beams as the set of measurement results, and transmitting an indication indicating that the set of measurement results lacks one or more measurement results for the first subset of beams; or deriving the one or more measurement results for the first subset of beams by a prediction.
[0217] With the method 800, a reporting for a spatial domain prediction may be enhanced. It is to be understood that operations of the method 800 correspond to that described in connection with FIG. 4, and thus other details are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0218] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of another example method 900 of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 900 may be performed at the terminal device 110 as shown in FIG. 1. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 900 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the method 900 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. The terminal device 110 is served by the network device 120.
[0219] At block 910, in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, the terminal device 110 may determine that a measurement report is initiated.
[0220] In some embodiments, the measurement result of the cell is derived by an actual measurement or a prediction.
[0221] At block 920, the terminal device 110 may activate a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell.
[0222] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may activate the prediction by: receiving, from a network device, an indication of whether the prediction is to be activated based on the initiating of the measurement report; and in accordance with a determination that the indication indicating that the prediction is to be activated, activating the prediction.
[0223] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be further caused to: in accordance with a determination that a result of the prediction is available, transmit the measurement report comprising the result of the prediction; or in accordance with a determination that the measurement report is transmitted, initiate a further measurement report comprising the result of the prediction.
[0224] With the method 900, a condition of initiating a temporal domain prediction may be enhanced. It is to be understood that operations of the method 900 correspond to that described in connection with FIG. 5, and thus other details are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0225] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of another example method 1000 of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 1000 may be performed at the terminal device 110 as shown in FIG. 1. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 1000 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. It is to be understood that the method 1000 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. The terminal device 110 is served by the network device 120.
[0226] At block 1010, the terminal device 110 may perform an operation related to a prediction. The operation related to the prediction may comprise any combinations of the following operations.
[0227] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, the terminal device 110 may perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to the network device 120.
[0228] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, the terminal device 110 may perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device 120.
[0229] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be further caused to consider the first cell or beam as inapplicable based on one of the following: the first cell or beam is not comprised in a first list of cells; or the first cell or beam is comprised in a second list of cells.
[0230] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, the terminal device 110 may start a timer for the periodical reporting.
[0231] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a L3 measurement result of a third cell or beam is not derived by a L1 measurement result of a fourth cell or beam, the terminal device 110 may filter the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report.
[0232] In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, the terminal device 110 may use the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report.
[0233] With the method 1000, UE behaviors related to model input and output, a periodical reporting of a measurement report, and L3 filtering may be specified. It is to be understood that operations of the method 1000 correspond to that described in connection with FIGs. 6A to 6D, and thus other details are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0234] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVICES
[0235] FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1100 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1100 can be considered as a further example implementation of the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 or the network device 130 as shown in FIG. 1. Accordingly, the device 1100 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 or the network device 130.
[0236] As shown, the device 1100 includes a processor 1110, a memory 1120 coupled to the processor 1110, a suitable transceiver 1140 coupled to the processor 1110, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1140. The memory 1110 stores at least a part of a program 1130. The transceiver 1140 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1140 may include at least one of a transmitter 1142 or a receiver 1144. The transmitter 1142 and the receiver 1144 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1140 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an access node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a mobility management entity (MME) / access and mobility management function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0237] The program 1130 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1110, enable the device 1100 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGs. 1 to 10. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1110 of the device 1100, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1110 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1110 and memory 1120 may form processing means 1150 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0238] The memory 1120 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1120 is shown in the device 1100, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1100. The processor 1110 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1100 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0239] In some embodiments, a terminal device comprises a circuitry configured to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported; determine the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances; and transmit, to the network device, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.
[0240] In some embodiments, a terminal device comprises a circuitry configured to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported; and transmit, to the network device, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results, the information comprising an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction.
[0241] In some embodiments, a terminal device comprises a circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, determine that a measurement report is initiated; and activate a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell.
[0242] In some embodiments, a terminal device comprises a circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to a network device; in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device; in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, start a timer for the periodical reporting; in accordance with a determination that a L3 measurement result of a third cell or beam is not derived by a L1 measurement result of a fourth cell or beam, filter the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report; or in accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, use the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report.
[0243] The term ‘circuitry’ used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0244] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0245] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGs. 1 to 10. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0246] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0247] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0248] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0249] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A terminal device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported;determine the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances; andtransmit, to the network device, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.2.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the configuration comprises at least one of the following:an indication of reporting the first set of prediction results;a period of time associated with the first set of prediction results; ornumber of time instances in the set of time instances.3.The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:determine the set of time instances based on at least one of the period of time or the number of time instances.4.The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the first set of beams only comprises a beam with the best prediction result among the second set of beams.5.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the first set of beams by:determining a third set of beams from the second set of beams, a beam in the third set of beams fulfilling a condition comprising at least one of the following:the best prediction result among a set of prediction results for the beam at the set of time instances is better than a first threshold,a computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam is better than a second threshold,a prediction result in the set of prediction results for the beam is better than a third threshold, ornumber of first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam is greater than a fourth threshold, the first prediction results being better than a fifth threshold;ranking the third set of beams; andselecting the first set of beams from the third set of beams based on maximum number of beams to be reported and the ranking of the third set of beams.6.The terminal device of claim 5, wherein the terminal device is caused to rank the third set of beams by:ranking the beam in the third set of beams according to a descending order of one of the following:the best prediction result among the set of prediction results for the beam at the set of time instances,the computed result for the set of prediction results for the beam,the prediction result in the set of prediction results for the beam, orthe number of the first prediction results in the set of prediction results for the beam; orranking the beam in the third set of beams based on an index of the beam.7.The terminal device of claim 5, wherein the computed result is at least one of an average or a variance of the set of prediction results, and wherein the terminal device is further caused to at least one of the following:in accordance with a determination that the average of the set of prediction results is higher than a sixth threshold, determine that the computed result for the set of prediction results is better than the second threshold; orin accordance with a determination that the variance of the set of prediction results is lower than a seventh threshold, determine that the computed result for the set of prediction results is better than the second threshold.8.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the information of the first set of prediction results comprises at least one of the following:an index of each beam in the first set of beams;a set of prediction results for each beam in the set of time instances;a computed result for the set of prediction results; oran index of a beam in the first set of beams that is suggested by the terminal device.9.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the first set of prediction results comprises a subset of prediction results associated with a time instance in the set of time instances, and wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the first set of beams by:determining a third set of prediction results from a set of prediction results for the second set of beams at the time instance, a prediction result in the third set of prediction results being better than a seventh threshold;ranking the third set of prediction results in a descending order;determining the subset of prediction results from the third set of prediction results based on maximum number of beams to be reported and the ranking of the third set of prediction results; anddetermining a subset of beams in the first set of beams that corresponds to the subset of prediction results.10.A terminal device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported; andtransmit, to the network device, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results, the information comprising an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction.11.The terminal device of claim 10, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:in accordance with a determination that the set of beams comprises a first subset of beams for which no actual measurements are performed, and a second subset of beams for which an actual measurement is performed, perform an operation comprising one of the following:performing the actual measurement for the first subset of beams;determining one or more measurement results for the second subset of beams as the set of measurement results, and transmitting an indication indicating that the set of measurement results lacks one or more measurement results for the first subset of beams; orderiving the one or more measurement results for the first subset of beams by a prediction.12.A terminal device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the terminal device to:in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, determine that a measurement report is initiated; andactivate a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell.13.The terminal device of claim 12, wherein the terminal device is caused to activate the prediction by:receiving, from a network device, an indication of whether the prediction is to be activated based on the initiating of the measurement report; andin accordance with a determination that the indication indicating that the prediction is to be activated, activating the prediction.14.The terminal device of claim 12, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:in accordance with a determination that a result of the prediction is available, transmit the measurement report comprising the result of the prediction; orin accordance with a determination that the measurement report is transmitted, initiate a further measurement report comprising the result of the prediction.15.The terminal device of claim 12, wherein the measurement result of the cell is derived by an actual measurement or a prediction.16.A terminal device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the terminal device to at least one of the following:in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to a network device;in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, perform an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device;in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, start a timer for the periodical reporting;in accordance with a determination that a layer 3 (L3) measurement result of a third cell or beam is not derived by a layer 1 (L1) measurement result of a fourth cell or beam, filter the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report; orin accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, use the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report.17.The terminal device of claim 16, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:consider the first cell or beam as inapplicable based on one of the following:the first cell or beam is not comprised in a first list of cells; orthe first cell or beam is comprised in a second list of cells.18.A method of communication, comprising:receiving, at a terminal device and from a network device, a configuration indicating that a first set of prediction results for a first set of beams in a set of time instances is to be reported;determining the first set of beams from a second set of beams at least based on a second set of prediction results for the second set of beams in the set of time instances; andtransmitting, to the network device, information of the first set of prediction results for the first set of beams.19.A method of communication, comprising:receiving, at a terminal device and from a network device, a configuration indicating that a set of measurement results for a set of beams is to be reported; andtransmitting, to the network device, information of a measurement result in the set of measurement results, the information comprising an indication of whether the measurement result is derived by a prediction.20.A method of communication, comprising:in accordance with a determination that a measurement result of a cell fulfills a condition of an event for triggering a measurement report, determining, at a terminal device, that a measurement report is initiated; andactivating a prediction of a set of measurement results for a set of beams associated with the cell.21.A method of communication, comprising at least one of the following:in accordance with a determination that an input of a first model for mobility requires a measurement result of a first cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, performing, at a terminal device, an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering that the measurement result of the first cell or beam is not allowed to act as the input, or transmitting information of the input to a network device;in accordance with a determination that an output of a second model for mobility comprises a measurement result of a second cell or beam which is considered as inapplicable, performing an operation comprising at least one of the following: considering the output as invalid, or transmitting information of the output to the network device;in accordance with a determination that a periodical reporting is configured for a measurement report, and there is no available temporal domain prediction for a cell or beam associated with the measurement report and number of transmitted measurement reports is less than a threshold upon an initiation of the measurement report, starting a timer for the periodical reporting;in accordance with a determination that a layer 3 (L3) measurement result of a third cell or beam is not derived by a layer 1 (L1) measurement result of a fourth cell or beam, filtering the L3 measurement result before using the L3 measurement result for an evaluation of a measurement report; orin accordance with a determination that the L3 measurement result of the third cell or beam is derived by the L1 measurement result of the fourth cell or beam, using the L3 measurement result for the evaluation of the measurement report.
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