Smart signs

Abstract

This disclosure generally relates to exemplary methods for design of a construction of RFID enabled identifiable devices. More particularly, provided for herein is printing an antenna, disposing an RFID chip on at least a portion of the antenna, applying at least one material layer over the RFID chip, and printing identifiable indicia on the material layer. Specifically, embodiments are directed towards a method where the material layer or printing the identifiable indicia are reflective in nature.

Description

SMART SIGNSTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This disclosure generally relates to a laminate structure with an RFID and antenna embedded within it that is able to be queried by an external reader.BACKGROUND

[0002] Retroreflective sheeting is often used in the manufacture of road signs due to its relatively high degree of reflectivity. Such sheeting typically includes a back side that includes a pattern of retroreflective elements in the form of prisms or glass beads, and a flat, front side. For road sign applications, it is often necessary for the sheeting to display both printed information in the form of letters and numbers, as well as background colors (i.e. red for stop signs, yellow for yield signs, and blue or green for highway exit signs). Consequently, a layer of light-transmissive, colored ink is printed over the flat front side of the sheeting in all areas where the background color is desired.

[0003] Countries, States, Municipalities and other Departments of Transportation frequently may purchase these signs from a supplier or printers for making their own. Traffic signage inventory management faces a unique as they are deployed along roadways and spread over a large region and, therefore, managing their inventory requires an efficient way to recognize them and retrieve information about them. To address the problem, in recent years some computer-based automated traffic signage inventory management systems have been explored.SUMMARY

[0004] Exemplary embodiments relate to a method of making a laminate comprising: printing an antenna on a first side of a first layer using a printer; disposing an RFID chip on at least a portion of the antenna; applying at least one material layer over the RFID chip; wherein the material layer includes at least one reflective layer; and printing identifiable indicia on the material layer, wherein the at least one material layer and the identifiable indicia are reflective in accordance with ASTM D4956. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for applying the laminate onto a traffic sign. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for printing a non-conductive area on the first layer. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for selecting a polymeric film as the first layer. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for selecting a polymeric film that includes a reflective layer. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for at least one of the printing steps is a dynamicprinting process. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for selecting a wide format inkjet printer, screen printer, or a flatbed inkjet printer as the printer. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for cutting the laminate to form a construction comprising the antenna, RFID chip, material layer and identifying indicia. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for the laminate is cut to a size greater than about 10 square inches. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for providing an adhesive layer on a second side of the first layer. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for laminating a protective film layer over the identifiable indicia. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for the RFID chip is adapted to be read by an interrogator. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for unwinding at least a portion of the first layer from a first roll. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for unwinding at least a portion of the at least one material layer from a second roll. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for printing at least one curable ink onto the laminate. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for curing the at least one curable ink with a radiation source. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide -for the reflective layer to include a retroreflective film underlying and adhered to a light-transmissive protective layer, wherein the retroreflective film includes a prismatic layer having a plurality of retroreflective prism elements and a reflective metal coating on and conforming to the prismatic layer so that the film retroreflects light, and wherein the metal coating is opaque. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for the reflective layer further comprises a second light-transmissive layer and the second light-transmissive layer comprises an adhesive. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for the material layer and the printed indicia have a AE of less than 5.0 when tested under Xenon weathering for 4000 hours. This embodiment or another embodiment can provide for the printable indicia comprises a formulation including a UV stabilizer.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] Figure 1A shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary retroreflective film in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0006] Figure IB shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary retroreflective film in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] Figure 1C shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary retroreflective film in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary construction in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.Definitions

[0009] As used herein, the term "laminate" or "laminate structure" means, with respect to construction, at least one adhesive coated material, generally with one or more additional layers. Nonlimiting examples of such layers to make up the multilayer include protective layers, spacing layers, adhesive layers, optical component-containing layers, metallic layers, barrier layers, release liners, tie coat layers, clear layers, color layers, white layers, reflective layers, fluid transfer layers, strength promoting layers, topcoats, print receptive layers, print containing layers, indicia layers, functional layers, and the like as well as combinations thereof. The resultant multilayer laminate construction described herein can be used for a variety of applications including, but not limited to, graphics applications, such as automobile and architectural wraps; reflective applications, such as road and traffic signs, trains and other commercial vehicles, etc.; and label and packaging applications.

[0010] As used herein, "gsm" means grams per square meter.

[0011] Dynamic printing, also known as variable data printing (VDP), refers to the printing process where elements such as text, graphics, and images can change from one printed piece to the next without interrupting or slowing down the printing process. This technique allows for a high level of personalization and customization within a single print run.

[0012] "CIE" refers to the Commission International de I'Eclairage (International Commission on Lighting) which is the responsible body for international recommendations for photometry and colorimetry.

[0013] "Luminance factor" is a measure of the perceived brightness of a film or article under normal daytime illumination and observation conditions. This factor is expressed herein as the well-known CIE tristimulus value "Y" for the film or article. The luminance factor Y is the second of three CIE tristimulus values (X, Y, Z) representing the amounts of three primary colors that specify a color stimulus. Tristimulus values can be calculated from the spectral power density of light emanating from a sample using the above-mentioned CIE Standard llluminant D65 and 0° / 45° measurement geometry.

[0014] "Retroreflective" refers to a surface of a film or article that returns a substantial portion of incident light back in the direction of the source of illumination over a wide range of incidence angles. The degree to which a surface is retroreflective is then referred to as its coefficient of retroreflection ("RA") or simply as its retroreflectivity. Retroreflectivity is expressed in units of candelas per lux per square meter (cd-lx-1m“2) and unless otherwise noted is measured with a -4° entrance angle and a 0.2° observation angle.

[0015] "ASTM D4956" means the ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) standard ASTM D4956-19, Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2019, www.astm.org.

[0016] "ASTM G155" means the ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) standard ASTM G155, Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2021, www.astm.org.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] In light of the foregoing, it is important to develop a laminate which can allow stakeholders in reflective signs to accurately manage their inventory. This disclosure herein discusses a method for forming a laminate including printing antenna on a first side of a first layer using a printer, disposing an RFID chip on at least a portion of the antenna, applying at least one material layer over the RFID chip, wherein the material layer includes at least one reflective layer and printing identifiable indicia on the material layer, wherein the at least one material layer and the identifiable indicia are reflective in accordance with ASTM D4956. By having the RFID chip and antenna within the laminate structure, it is protected from the elements that can degrade other such devices.Constructions

[0018] In some embodiments, layers can be combined into representative constructions. Each layer within this construction serves a distinct purpose, contributing to the overall performance and functionality. These layers can include, but are by no means limited to an adhesive layer, a face stock layer, and an optional liner layer. These layers and other layers will be discussed herein in greater detail.Adhesives

[0019] The laminates described herein contain one or more adhesives. The adhesive(s) can be a PSA, a non-pressure sensitive adhesive, a hot-melt adhesive, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the adhesive is a PSA. The PSA may be any known PSA. In some embodiments, the PSA is a solvent type adhesive, an emulsion type adhesive, or non-emulsion type adhesive. In some embodiments, the PSA is an emulsion adhesive. Hot melt PSAs may also be used. The adhesive may be acrylic or any other useful adhesive which has the hardness and adhesive properties needed for the laminates and / or adhesive coated facestocks. In certain embodiments, the adhesive should have a hardness sufficient to prevent the adhesive squeezing out of the laminate or article during processing.

[0020] Exemplary PSAs may be found in (1) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, Wiley-lnterscience Publishers (New York, 1988); (2) Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Interscience Publishers (New York, 1964); (3) those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,164,444; 5,183,459; and 5,264,532, all issued to Bernard, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,965, issued to Bernard et al; and (4) combinations thereof. The PSAs may be a solvent based or may be a water based adhesive. Conventional PSAs, including acrylic-based PSAs, rubber-based PSAs and silicone-based PSAs may be used in the laminates / constructs described herein. In some embodiments, the pressure sensitive adhesive contains an acrylic emulsion adhesive.

[0021] In some embodiments, the pressure sensitive adhesive is prepared by polymerizing alkyl acrylates, vinyl esters, diesters of dicarboxylic acids and unsaturated acids. The alkyl acrylates typically contain from about 2 to about 12, or from about 4 to about 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Examples of alkyl acrylates include, but are not limited to, ethyl, n-butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and isooctyl acrylates, with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate preferred. In some embodiments, the alkyl acrylates are present in an amount of at least about 35%. In some embodiments, the alkyl acrylates are present in an amount from about 35% to about 60% by weight.

[0022] The vinyl esters typically have from about 2 to about 12, or from about 4 to about 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Examples of vinyl esters include, but are not limited to, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl versatate and the like, with vinyl acetate being preferred. In some embodiments, the vinyl esters are present in an amount from about 15% to about 35% or from about 20% to about 25% by weight.

[0023] The diesters of the dicarboxylic acids include alkyl esters of unsaturated diacids, such as maleic acid or anhydride and fumaric acids. The alkyl group generally contains from about 2 to about 20, or from about 4 to about 16, or from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms. Examples of diesters of diacids include, but are not limited to, butyl, octyl fumarate; hexyl, decyl maleate; di-2-ethylhexyl maleate; dibutyl fumarate; and di-2-ethylhexyl fumarate and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the diesters of diacids are present in an amount from about 20% to about 35% by weight.

[0024] The unsaturated acids generally contain from about 2 to about 12, or from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of the unsaturated acids include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and the like. In some embodiments, the unsaturated acids are present in an amount up to 5% or from about 1% to about 3% by weight.

[0025] In exemplary embodiments, the coat weight of adhesives may be between 2 and 100 gsm.Release Liners

[0026] In some embodiments, the laminates described herein may include one or more release liner(s). The liner may have a first side, a second side opposed to the first side, a first edge, and a second edge opposed to the second edge. The liner may be any useful liner which provides necessary support and release properties. The liner may be made of, or from, a variety of materials including, but not limited to, paper or polymer film liners. In some embodiments, the caliper of the paper is sufficient to die cut the resulting laminate or article. For example, liner calipers can range from about 18 pm to 23 pm for PET liners. In some embodiments, the liner has lay flat properties. In some embodiments, the liner has a machine glaze or finish. In some embodiments, the liner has a silicone hold out layer. The hold out layer provides adhesion between the release coating and the release liner. The silicone holdout layer also prevents the silicone release coating from soaking into the liner.

[0027] In some embodiments, the release liner includes a liner having a release coating. The release coating of the release liner provides a releasable bond with the PSA or other adhesive. The release coating may be any composition which provides a desired releasable bond strength.

[0028] In some embodiments, the release coating is a silicone release coating. The release coating can be prepared by curing silicone polymers in the presence of a control release agent. In some embodiments, the control release agent is a copolymer of a monofunctional silicone unit of the formula R3SiOi / 2and tetrafunctional silicone units SiO4 / 2wherein R is an alkyl or alkenyl group. In some embodiments, the alkyl or alkenyl groups contain from about 1 to about 12, or from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of alkyl and alkenyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl and hexenyl groups.

[0029] The control release agent is typically reacted with a polysiloxane. The polysiloxane may be any polysiloxane which is useful in forming a release coating. Examples of useful polysiloxanes include, but are not limited to, vinyl terminated, hydroxy terminated and epoxy terminated polysiloxanes. In some embodiments, the polysiloxane is a functional polydialkyl siloxane, wherein the alkyl group contains from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl groups independently include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl groups or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the alkyl or alkenyl group contains from 1 to about 12, or from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The polysiloxane typically has a viscosity average molecular weight of greater than 300,000 centipoise (cps). In other embodiments, the polysiloxane has a viscosity molecular weight from about 300,000 to about 1,000,000 or more. The polysiloxane may be represented by the formula (I):RO((Si(R)2O)x)— Si)— R (I)wherein each R is independently as defined above and x is an integer.

[0030] In some embodiments, the release coating is prepared with a cross linking agent. In some embodiments, the cross linking agent is a reactive polysiloxane, such as a polydialkyl or polyhydroalkyl siloxane. The alkyl groups are the same as those described above.

[0031] The release coating may be applied in a solvent, solvent-less or emulsion form. The release coating may be cured by any known curing process, e.g. thermal, radiation, etc., to form the release coating. The curing may be catalyzed by silicone soluble complexed compounds of Group VIII transition metals, such as platinum.

[0032] Commercially available release agents include, but are not limited to, GE SS-4335, a silicone release agent in unreactive solvent. Commercially available polysiloxanes include, but are not limited to, GE SS-4331, a vinyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane. Commercially available linking agents include, but are not limited to, GE SS-4300C, a polymethyvinyl siloxane. Exemplary catalysts include, but are not limited to, SS-8010 catalyst in toluene. These materials are available commercially from General Electric Company's Silicone Products Division. Similar silicone products are available under the tradename Syl-off from Momentive.

[0033] It will be understood that the present subject matter is not limited to any of the noted release coatings or agents, and instead includes nearly any release coating or agent suitable for the intended end use application. Furthermore, although the present subject matter has been described in association with release liners, it will be appreciated that appropriately configured carrier films and other members could be used instead of release liners.Facestocks

[0034] Suitable facestocks include, but are not limited to, synthetic papers such as polyolefin type and polystyrene type; various plastic films or sheets such as polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyurethane, polymethacrylate and polycarbonate. Additional examples of suitable facestocks include paper and cardboard. The facestock may be, or may include, a multilayer polymeric sheet. The multi-layers may be coextruded, or the multi-layers may be laminated together. In some embodiments, the facestock includes both co-extruded multi-layers and laminated multi-layers. In addition, a white opaque film may be formed by adding a white pigment to one or more of the aforementioned synthetic resins and used as the facestock. In some embodiments, a foamed film is used as the facestock. The foamed film may be formed by a conventional foaming operation. In otherembodiments, the facestock may be a laminated body formed by combining a plurality of single layered sheets composed of the above listed materials. Examples of such a laminated body may include the combination of cellulose fiber paper with synthetic paper, and a laminated body of combined cellulose fiber paper with a plastic film or sheet. In another suitable embodiment, the facestock includes coated and uncoated papers, metalized papers, aluminum foil, laminated paper and paper with a polymeric material extruded onto the surface of the paper. In certain versions, the facestock can be coated with a liquid absorbent material. The selected facestock may be porous or semi-porous. The facestock may exhibit certain visibility characteristics such as opaqueness, color, and / or brightness. The facestock may include water or other liquid absorbency properties. The facestock may be electrically conductive and / or include electrically conductive coatings or regions. A wide array of commercially available facestocks can be used such as for example those available under the designation TESLIN from PPG Industries.

[0035] The thickness of the facestock is optionally determined with reference to application specific criteria. Such criteria may include the desired end use. In some embodiments, the sheet thickness is in a range of from about 10 pm to about 300 pm. In other embodiments, the sheet thickness is in a range of from about 20 pm to about 200 pm. In still other embodiments, the sheet thickness is in a range of from about 30 pm to about 150 pm. Optionally, a primer treatment or a corona discharging treatment or a plasma treatment may be used on the facestock to increase a bonding strength between the facestock and a dried topcoat composition to be formed on a surface of the facestock.

[0036] In certain embodiments described herein, the facestock exhibits one or more functions or functional characteristics. For example, the facestock may be selected to enable or promote an indication such as a visual indication of a liquid, outgassing such as directing or allowing flow of air or gas across a thickness of the facestock, water or liquid retention within the facestock, electrical discharge or conductivity of the facestock, chemical delivery across a thickness of the facestock, passage of sound across a thickness of the facestock, and / or combinations of these functions or characteristics.Optional Layers

[0037] The adhesive coated facestock and / or laminates described herein can include one or more additional layers or components. Non-limiting examples of such layers include protective layers, tie coat layers, clear layers, color layers, white layers, reflective layers, fluid transfer layers, strength promoting layers, topcoats, print receptive layers, print containing layers, indicia layers, functional layers, and the like.Laminate Properties

[0038] The laminates described herein may have specific and useful properties or functionalities. In some embodiments, the techniques described herein enable formation of laminates in which transfer, propagation, and / or migration of liquid, gas, sound waves, electrical current, and / or other agents or elements can occur and is controlled across or through the laminate in a Z-direction. The reference to "Z- direction" as made herein refers to a direction across a thickness dimension of a laminate or portion thereof, and thus references to "X-direction" and / or "Y-direction" refer to directions perpendicular to the Z-direction and correspond to width and length dimensions of the laminate.

[0039] Non-limiting representative examples of laminates having certain functionalities which are provided by the present subject matter include liquid indicator laminates, outgassing laminates, water absorbent laminates, sound channeling laminates, electrically conductive laminates, and laminates having combinations of these functionalities and / or laminates having combinations of one or more of these functionalities and additional functionalities.

[0040] For example, a liquid indicator laminate can be produced such that the speed of the indicator color change is linked to the facestock selection and porous adhesive properties. A discontinuous structure, such as resulting from pores in the adhesive layer or region(s), can allow, for example, liquid to channel through the discontinuous adhesive from one side of the adhesive to the other side and create a permanent discoloration when a dye or other agent in a functional coating in the laminate is dissolved.

[0041] In some embodiments, a liquid indicator laminate is provided. The speed or rate of the indicator color change is linked to the facestock properties such as for example absorbency of liquid, and porosity of the pattern adhesive in the Z-direction. The indication typically is irreversible and can be measured by color change or by a simple visual comparison.

[0042] The discoloration of a face or region of the laminate can be measured and quantified by optical change, such as by CIE Lab or by a simple visual comparison. The discoloration can be permanent or nonpermanent. The discoloration can also be temporary and revert to an initial state after passage of a period of time. In some embodiments, the period of time is predetermined.

[0043] This phenomenon of transport through discontinuities in an adhesive in the Z-direction can be implemented in other label applications and particularly pressure sensitive adhesive labels, such as for example, labels for outgassing layers such as by air channeling in the Z-direction, moist layer labeling such as by liquid channeling in the Z-direction, electrical discharge in the Z-direction, chemical delivery from one layer to another in the Z-direction, and / or sound channeling in the Z-direction. This phenomenon enables passage, transfer, and / or migration of a medium or agent from one side of an adhesive region ofa laminate, to another side of the adhesive region. Although medium penetration or transport is noted as being in the Z-direction, it will be understood that the present subject matter is not limited to such and may also include penetration / transport in the X-direction and / or Y-direction.

[0044] In some embodiments, the laminates described herein include a layer or region of a secondary adhesive. The secondary adhesive is typically utilized to adhere the laminate to a layer of interest. The secondary adhesive may contain one or more adhesives which are the same or different than the adhesive of the patterned or porous adhesive. Description of representative examples of secondary adhesives are provided herein. In such an adhesive configuration, the primary adhesive may be coated onto the facestock, the secondary adhesive may be coated onto the release liner, and the coated adhesive and release liner may be laminated together such that the primary and secondary adhesives are in direct contact with each other. Alternatively, or additionally, both the primary and secondary adhesive may be coated on the facestock or the release liner, then laminated together. It is contemplated that the layering of the primary and secondary adhesive relative to the facestock and the release liner may be either facestock, primary adhesive, secondary adhesive, and release liner or facestock, secondary adhesive, primary adhesive, release liner. Regardless of the order of primary and secondary adhesive, it is contemplated that at least one of the primary and secondary adhesive is patterned, taking into consideration that the other adhesive may be continuous.

[0045] In some embodiments, an array of different arrangements of layers and components may be utilized. In some embodiments using the patterned adhesive, e.g., the layer of discontinuous adhesive, that layer is disposed between a functional facestock and a liner or functional layer. And in the liquid indicator laminates, the patterned adhesive may be disposed between the functional facestock and the layer or region of functional agent that is sensitive to liquid passing through the laminate. And, in the liquid indicator laminates, the layer or region of the functional agent may be disposed between the patterned adhesive and the carrier layer.

[0046] Utilization of the techniques and features described herein enable production of adhesive laminates and / or adhesive coated facestocks with fluid / air management characteristics, controlled removability, and / or unique thermal and / or electrical conductivity. In addition, use of these techniques and features enable reductions in materials, e.g., adhesives, and thus enable cost savings. However, it will be understood that the present subject matter includes the adhesive coated facestocks and laminates described herein which are formed by other methods than the methods described herein.Top Coat Formulation and Application

[0047] In exemplary embodiments discussed herein, laminates herein can further include a top coat coating is deposited on a layer by any suitable method. In embodiments, the suitable method includes any suitable coating technology. Embodiments include depositing the coating on the layer by any suitable liquid deposition method. Without limitation, examples of suitable methods include bath coating, spray coating, slot coating, spin coating, curtain coating, gravure coating, reverse gravure print coating, reverse roll coating, knife over roll (i.e., gap) coating, metering (Meyer) rod coating, air knife coating, or any combinations thereof. Bath coating includes immersion or dip in the aqueous solution. In an embodiment, the coating is deposited by bath in the aqueous solution. In other embodiments, the coating is deposited by spray of the aqueous solution.Reflective Layer

[0048] Some exemplary embodiment include at least one reflective layer. In some embodiments this can be at least one retroreflective layers, or a surface or material reflects light back to its source with minimal scattering. This is different from normal reflection, where light bounces off at an angle. These embodiments allow for retroreflective films that, when employed with specific quantities of fluorescent dye in specific layers, provide advantageous combinations of performance characteristics. Specifically, the retroreflective films including a small amount of fluorescent dye (e.g., less than 0.05 wt. %) in one or more layers (or a coating layer) such that the color of the film is within a preferential portion of a desired color space. It was found that retroreflective films having one or more layers (e.g., a metallized prismatic layer) with a small amount of fluorescent dye adjusted color readings (e.g., chromaticity coordinates) of the film to specific regions located within a color space to comply with industry standards (e.g., United States, Europe, China and Brazil) while improving luminance factor and complying with retroreflectivity standards.

[0049] In some embodiments, articles including the retroreflective films described herein have a color reading that is situated in the color space defined by various standards organizations. For example, an article including the retroreflective films can have a color reading within CIE chromaticity coordinates (0.305, 0.315), (0.335, 0.345), (0.325, 0.355) and (0.295, 0.325), which encompasses most of the worldwide color specifications and is known as the Least Common Denominator (LCD) color space). The retroreflective film described herein can also achieve a good balance of high luminance and without sacrificing retroreflectivity. Specifically, the retroreflective films can achieve a luminance factor(brightness, or cap Y) of at least 15 and a minimum retroreflectivity that satisfies requirements of a particular country specification (e.g., at least 350 cd-lx-1m“2.

[0050] With conventional retroreflective films, there is a delicate balance between controlling the color readings to fall within particular regions of a color space and achieving acceptable luminance and retroreflectivity. For example, many industry standards (e.g., China, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, France, Thailand, etc.) require minimum retroreflectivity requirements at all incident angles in a particular specification, but must also have color readings within a particular color space, e.g., color coordinates, and comply with the minimum luminance factor requirement. Typically, a white pattern is printed on a metallized retroreflective film to improve luminance; however, this reduces retroreflectivity. Alternatively, a pattern can be etched into the tooling to make a retroreflective film to improve luminance; however, this also reduces retroreflectivity. In some cases, if the specification calls for a minimum luminance of 15, the embossing tool and process used yields an average luminance factor of 14.0 with a standard deviation of 0.8. A majority of the samples will not meet the standard requirements and an opaque white pattern may need to be printed on the film to increase the luminance factor. This will reduce the retroreflectivity proportionately to the surface area covered by the pattern. Additionally, color readings of these retroreflective films can be outside a particular region. Therefore, existing retroreflective films can have color readings that are outside the required chromaticity coordinates and / or have poor luminance or retroreflectivity.

[0051] Exemplary retroreflective films having one or more layers (or coating layers) can increase luminance without utilizing a printed pattern and shifts a color value (e.g., chromaticity coordinates) of the retroreflective film into a central area of a desired color space, while meeting or exceeding the minimum standard requirement for retroreflectivity.

[0052] FIGS. 1A-1C show various embodiments of a retroreflective film 100 having one or more layers. Each of the embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate a retroreflective film 100 comprising an optional protective layer 110, a prismatic layer 120, a reflective layer 130 (or metallization layer), an adhesive layer 140, and a release liner 150. In some embodiments, the retroreflective film 100 may include one or more layers above the prismatic layer 120. For example, the retroreflective film 100 may include a printed layer, a UV-resistant layer, a coating layer, or combinations thereof, above the prismatic layer 120. In some embodiments, the prismatic layer 120 may be the outermost layer (e.g., no layers above the prismatic layer) as shown in FIG. 1C.

[0053] FIGS. 1A and IB illustrate constructions of the retroreflective film 100 comprising a protective layer 110, a prismatic layer 120, a reflective layer 130, an adhesive layer 140, and a release liner 150. Insome embodiments, the protective layer 110 and the prismatic layer 120 are in the optical path. In some embodiments five or more layers may be in the optical path. In contrast, FIG. 1C illustrates a retroreflective film 100 that does not include a protective layer 110.

[0054] The protective layer 110 is constructed to protect the integrity of the other layers (and particularly the prismatic layer) against weather, abrasion, peeling, high temperature, and / or rain acidity. In some embodiments, a coating is applied to the protective layer. The protective layer 110 can made from a thermoplastic resin and / or a thermoplastic polymer, such as a vinyl derived polymer or polyurethane. In some embodiments, the protective layer 110 can be a UV absorbing layer. In some embodiments, the UV absorbing layer may comprise a polymer resin including a UV additive. In some embodiments, the UV absorbing layer may comprise an acrylic resin with a UV additive.

[0055] Typically, the prismatic layer 120 is formed from a sheet material having first and second flat surfaces. The retroreflective elements are formed by embossing, casting, or molding in the first surface of the sheet material and the elements extend into the sheet material a certain depth. Thus, the prismatic layer 120 is made of a material which is compatible with the element-forming method (e.g., embossing, casting, molding) and which is transparent / translucent (and preferably highly transparent). Suitable materials include, for example, acrylic or polycarbonate. The bottom surface of the protective layer 110 and / orthe top surface of the prismatic layer 120 can optionally be preprinted with a non-transparent (i.e., translucent or opaque) pattern.

[0056] The prismatic layer 120 can be comprised of the same plastics material as the protective layer, namely, the prismatic layer can be comprised of acrylic assuming the protective layer is also comprised of an acrylic, or it can be comprised of a different plastic material. For example, if the protective layer is comprised of PVC, then the prismatic layer can be comprised of polycarbonate or acrylic.

[0057] The retroreflective film 100 also includes a reflective layer 130 (e.g., a metallized layer) or metal coating comprised of a metal such as aluminum, but other suitable metals, for example, silver or chrome can be used. In some embodiments, the reflective layer 130 is applied as a metallized coating to the prismatic elements of the prismatic layer by vapor deposition, but the reflective layer 130 can be applied by other methods such as sputtering, plasma coating, vacuum metallizing, and the like. The reflective layer 130 adheres very well to the prismatic elements and conforms to the surface provided by the prismatic elements. In some embodiments, the prismatic layer 120 underlies the protective layer 110 and the reflective layer 130 underlies the prismatic elements.

[0058] In some embodiments, the reflective layer 130 can comprise a layer of reflective metal (e.g., silver, aluminum, gold, copper) vapor-deposited or otherwise applied over the exposed surfaces of thecube corner elements. The layer can alternatively comprise a binder layer in which flakes of reflective metal are embedded.

[0059] The thickness of the reflective layer 130 can be significantly smaller than the prismatic layer 120. For example, reflective layer 130 can have a thickness in the range of 0.02 pm (about 0.0008 mils) to 0.125 pm (about 0.005 mils). The reflective layer 130 can be essentially opaque (i.e., neither transparent nor translucent) and / or it can have a visible light transmission of less than 3.0%, less than 2.5%, less than 2.0%, and / or less than 1.0%.

[0060] The standard ASTM D4956 discusses sheeting properties including retroreflection, color, and durability. The ASTM determines sheeting types by conformance to requirements as can be evaluated in a lab setting. The retroreflective requirements of these types of layers capture performance at a standard set of angles between light source, sheeting surface and light receptor, that is the Entrance and Observation angle.

[0061] ASTM D4956 defines minimum retroreflectivity performance requirements for commonly- used ASTM sheeting types like I, II, III, IV, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI. Retroreflectivity requirements are established based on the observer's or sensor's observation angle and entrance angle, and minimum retroreflectivity levels are expressed in units of candelas*lux-1*m“2. For ultrawide angle performance versions of ASTM sheeting types that meet enhanced performance specifications for retroreflectivity at larger entrance angles, the units of measure for retroreflectivity can be expressed in units other than candela or lux (which are used based on the response of the human eye to light in the visible spectrum) such that the units are valid for light sources and sensors in the range of 400-1000 nanometers that includes the near infrared spectrum.

[0062] There are two general categories, beaded sheeting and prismatic sheeting. Beaded sheeting has three different types. Type I is an engineering grade, retroreflective sheeting. Historically it has been composed of enclosed-lens glass-bead material. Modern versions may be of a prismatic construction. Type I sheeting has the lowest performance of all Types. Agencies specify it for signs where brightness during nighttime is less critical. Type II is a super-engineering grade, medium-to-high intensity retroreflective sheeting typically composed of enclosed-lens glass-bead material. Common applications for Type II include permanent highway signage, construction zone devices and delineators. Type III is a high-intensity retroreflective sheeting comprising encapsulated glass-bead retroreflective material or unmetallized, microprismatic retroreflective-element material. Type III is used where an intermediate amount of retroreflectivity performance is required, including permanent highway signage, construction zone devices and delineators.

[0063] Prismatic sheeting has six main types. Type IV, also known as high-intensity prismatic, is a sheeting typically composed of an unmetallized, microprismatic retroreflective-element material. Type IV uses include permanent highway signage, construction zone devices and delineators. Type V is a super- high-intensity retroreflective sheeting typically made of metallized microprismatic retroreflective- element material. This sheeting is commonly used for delineators. Type VI is an elastomeric, high-intensity retroreflective sheeting without adhesive, typically composed of vinyl microprismatic retroreflective material. This sheeting is commonly used for orange temporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars and post bands. Type VIII is a super-high-intensity retroreflective sheeting typically comprising an unmetallized, cube-corner microprismatic retroreflective-element material. Type VIII performs best at long sight distances where narrow angles are present. Common applications include permanent highway signage, construction zone devices and delineators. Type IX Very-high-intensity retroreflective sheeting typically made of an unmetallized cube corner microprismatic retroreflective-element material. Type IX sheeting has its highest retroreflectivity characteristics at short sight distances with higher observation angles. Common applications for this material include permanent highway signage, construction zone devices and delineators. Type XI is a retroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetallized cube corner microprismatic retroflective element material. This super-high efficiency retroreflective sheeting is designed to perform best at both medium and short sight distances. This makes Type XI a versatile sheeting that agencies use to help improve road safety. Many agencies also use Type XI sheeting for overhead guide signs.

[0064] The embodiments discussed herein are reflective in accordance with the ASTM D4956 standards.Ink Jet Printers

[0065] In some exemplary embodiments, an inkjet printer is used. In some exemplary embodiments the ink jet printer is a wide format inkjet printer, screen printer, or a flatbed inkjet printer. Additionally, the ink jet printer is capable of both dynamic and static printing. In some embodiments these printers may be a roll-to-roll type of printer. An exemplary inkjet printer can comprise, among other components, a plurality of color channels, e.g., at least three channels, at least four channels, at least five channels, at least six channels, at least seven channels, at least eight channels, at least nine channels, or at least ten channels. Each of the channels comprises or is associated with a respective ink or ink color. The channels may hold or contain the respective inks, which are used to create the images. Six or fewer of the channels, e.g., five or fewer, four or fewer, three or fewer, or two or fewer, comprise process colors. In someembodiments, four, three or two of the channels comprise a process color. Two or more of the channels, e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven of more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten or more, comprise spot colors. The number of channels that contain spot colors (and thus the number of spot colors used by the printer(s)) can be greater than the number of channels that contain process colors (and thus the number of process colors used by the printer(s)). In some instances, the ratio of channels comprising spot colors to the channels comprising process colors is as described herein with respect to numbers of spot and process colors. By utilizing greater numbers of spot color channels, the printers lead to surprising improvements in printer life and overall process efficiency. For instance, in many applications, greater numbers of spot colors are required to print an image. Because the printers utilize greater amounts of spot color channels, the need to change out the channels, e.g., to remove one spot color and replace it with another, is minimized or eliminated. Accordingly, waste of ink and cleaning solvents that is required for channel change outs (the long store process) is also minimized or eliminated. Further, because use of the aggressive cleaning solvents may be reduced, there is an accompanying benefit in printer life.

[0066] In some embodiments, a stable printing system, using well-known printing processes may be provided wherein spot colors may be printed as solids for logos and brand names, in tone scales for vignettes, and to provide high fidelity color images (with process colors). In some of these embodiments, changes in a given print job will only require changing those print stations that have different spot colors contained in the next print job. In some embodiments, the printer comprises at least six channels and three or fewer of the colors comprise a process color and two or more of the colors comprise spot colors. The printer may preferably comprise six channels comprising spot colors and two channels comprising process colors. In one embodiment, the spot color channels comprise at least one of spot yellow and spot black (spot yellow and / or spot black). Thus, the inventive printers provide for the advantages discussed above with respect to these colors (among others). The process colors, in some embodiments, are selected from a known process ink color sets.

[0067] Further, in some embodiments, the printers are operative to dispense conductive inks. These inks may be deposited onto any layer. These conductive inks can include a high concentration of conductive particles dispersed within a liquid medium. These particles can be made of various materials such as, silver, copper, carbon, and graphene. Further included is a binder which is operative in order to hold the conductive particles together and allows the ink to adhere to the layer in which it is applied. Finally, there can be a solvent that carries the particles and the binder to the layer and evaporates as the ink dries. The conductive inks must conduct electricity and can be tailored depending type andconcentration of conductive the particles contained by the ink. Further, the viscosity can be properly tailored so that the conductive ink flows and prints adequately. The conductive ink needs to be fluid enough to pass through a printer nozzle, but also viscous enough to stay in place and form defined patterns. To that end, the conductive ink must also have adequate adhesion to ensure that the ink sticks to the desired surface of the layer in which it is applied, Finally, the conductive ink must be sufficiently flexible to allow for bend and flex of the finished laminate structure. In some embodiments the conductive ink can have a color that matches a color of the layer of which it is supplied or other layers included within a construction.

[0068] For example, these inks can form an antenna structure (e.g., dipole or coil) for an electronic component. In some embodiments, the component is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip directly on a substrate. After printing of the antenna structure, the electronic component is aligned with the printed portion of conductive ink that was printed on a layer. The printer is equipped with mechanical means (e.g., an articulating arm, deposition member, sensor arms, aligning means, transfer printing) for aligning the electronic component with the trace or contacts for placing the electronic component on the layer.

[0069] The inventive printers may further comprise a driver. The driver may function as described herein. In addition to the color channels, the inventive printers may further comprise other well-known printer componentry, e.g., cartridge adapters, dryers, etc.

[0070] In one embodiment, the inventive printers can comprise at least one sub-tank. A sub-tank is a container that is generally known to function as a reservoir to store a quantity of ink (in addition to the ink stored in the cartridge. Typically, each channel has a sub-tank associated therewith. In some cases, the sub-tank(s) allows the printer to continue to print images when one or more channels are low on the respective ink cartridge. The printer can be configured to send an alarm when the respective channel is low on the respective ink. The sub-tank may allow the printer to continue to print while one or more of the channels is low on ink. The sub-tank(s), however, require a significant amount of space in the printer assembly and in some embodiments are omitted. In addition, the sub-tank(s) increase waste during the longstore process, where inks may be stored for more than a week without use, due to inter alia ink loss. Because the printer can effectively utilize spot colors, the longstore process is reduced or eliminated and, beneficially, the increased waste associated with the sub-tank(s) can be avoided.

[0071] In some embodiments included in the printer there is a control unit, at least one ink unit, a material on a first roll, a radiation source, and at least one second roll. The first roll is a mechanism to dispense material on a roll desired to be printed on or laminated to further materials. In some exemplaryembodiments, the radiation source is an actinic radiation source. In some other exemplary embodiments, the radiation source is at least one ultraviolet laser emitting diode (UV-LED). In some embodiments the at least one second roll includes additional materials or material layers to be laminated with the material from the first roll.

[0072] In some embodiments, the printer system may include a location sensor, a motor and driver assembly, collectively a control system, configured for adjusting a print position of a subsequent image on a substrate having a first side and a second side and at least one wireless communication device, and an optical sensor. Adjustment of the print position may be based on detection of the wireless communication device using the location sensor and a subsequent determination of whether the corresponding printed image may be properly aligned with the wireless communication device using the optical sensor.Exemplary Laminate Structures

[0073] Referring specifically to Figure 2, an exemplary construction 200 is shown. In this exemplary construction 200, a first layer 202 is shown. The first layer 202 has a first side 202A and a second side 202B longitudinally opposite the first side 202A. There is then an antenna 204 shown generally interfaced with the first side 202A of the first layer 202. The antenna 204 is then interfaced with an RFID chip 206 on a portion of the antenna 204. The antenna 204 and RFID chip 206 results in a RFID tag. The RFID chip 206 has a first side 206A proximate the antenna 204 and a second side 206B longitudinally opposite the first side 206A. Next, a material 208 is applied over the RFID chip 206 at its second side 206B. In some exemplary embodiments, the material 208 is multiple layers and is reflective in nature, such as those described in FIG. 1A-1C. The material 208 has a first side 208A proximate the second side RFID chip 206B, and a second side 208B longitudinally opposite the first side 208A. Printed indicia 210 can also be included. These printed indicia 210 can be on the second side 208B of the material. In some embodiments, the printed indicia 210 can be reflective in nature with constructions described in FIG. 1A-1C. There may also be a layer 210 that is printed or applied on the first side 202A of the first layer 202. This layer 210 can be printed prior to the antenna 204 being printed in some embodiments, or can be printed after the antenna 204 is printed in some other embodiments.

[0074] In some embodiments, there also may be an adhesive 214 applied to the second side 202B of the first layer 202. In some embodiments there may also be a release coating 216 applied to the adhesive and a liner 218 applied to the release coating 216. The liner 218 can then be removed and applied to a traffic sign substrate (not shown).

[0075] The use of the materials herein provides for significant improvements in process efficiencies, and printed image characteristics. For example, the material 208, 100 and resultant construction 200 may have an outdoor weather durability of at least 5 years, e.g., at least 5.5 years, at least 6 years, at least 6.5 years, at least 7 years, at least 7.5 years, at least 8 years, at least 8.5 years, at least 9 years, at least 10 years, at least 12 years, at least 14 years, or at least 15 years, when a suitable overlay film is employed with the construction 200.

[0076] In some embodiments, the color differences are significantly reduced using the construction. One way to quantify the color differences is AE (often in the CIELAB color space). The changes may be measured before and after durability or weather testing, and the AE may be calculated from the before and after measurements.

[0077] For example, when tested, the construction 200 formed may have a AE of less than 5.0, e.g., less than 4.75, less than 4.5, less than 4.25, less than 4.0, less than 3.75, less than 3.5, less than 3.25, less than 3.0, less than 2.75, less than 2.5, less than 2.25, less than 2.0, less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1.0, less than 0.75, less than 0.5, or less than 0.25. In some embodiments, the AE is less than 3.5. The testing may be Xenon weathering (XePVL) for a particular time period, e.g., 4,000 hours, as determined in accordance with ASTM G155-21 or ASTM D4956-19.Methods

[0078] Having discussed various components, exemplary methods and methodologies of operation will be discussed. A representation of what is desired to be printed is provided to a control unit. This may be done by a sending a digital file to the printer. At this time, at least one roller unwinds at least a portion of the material from a first roll. As the roll aligns with at least one ink unit and desired position for the image or antenna, an ink layer is deposited on the material. The ink layer is cured with a radiation source in a layer-by-layer process when multiple layers or passes are deposited or in a single process. Additional material layers can be applied to the ink printed material supplied by one or more additional rolls. These additional material layers can have the presence of adhesive in order to adhere to the printed layer. Additional layers can have at least one reflective material. Further, in exemplary embodiments there could be multiple curing steps depending on the desired implementation as well as the components being used within the process. One skilled in the art can appreciate that curing may need to take place as multiple singular steps after deposition or in one final step, depending on the contents of the layers and structure of an exemplary printer system. Further, depending on the purpose of the produced structure,it may be possible to deposit additional layers as described above to change or improve the visual appearance or resistant properties.

[0079] A method of making a laminate comprising: printing an antenna on a first side of a first layer using a printer; disposing an RFID chip on at least a portion of the antenna; applying at least one material layer over the RFID chip; wherein the material layer includes at least one reflective layer; and printing identifiable indicia on the material layer, wherein the at least one material layer and the identifiable indicia are reflective in accordance with ASTM D4956. The antenna can be printed using conductive ink as described above. The RFID chip is interfaced with the antenna at select contact areas in order to form a completed integrated circuit RFID tag and be operative to transmit data contained thereon to an interrogator. Typically, RFID tags act as transponders, providing information stored in the chip memory in response to a radio frequency interrogation signal received from a reader, also referred to as an interrogator. In the case of passive RFID devices, the energy of the interrogation signal also provides the necessary energy to operate the RFID tag device. In some embodiments, the RFID chip may be further printed onto the first layer. In additional embodiments, the RFID chip is supplied and applied through mechanical means via a supply line or a layer with predisposed RFID chips that can be mated with the printed antenna.

[0080] In some embodiments, the first layer is supplied using a roll within or adjacent to the printer of material. This material can be any polymeric material and can include one or more of adhesive layers. Further, this material can be single layered or its own multilayer laminate structure. In some additional embodiments, the first layer could be a metal layer, or metal containing layer where an antenna is already pre-disposed on prior to supplying first layer for further processing. Additionally, in some embodiments the first layer may include a reflective layer as well. The completed RFID tag is incapsulated by the construction of the laminate. The laminate structure can then be applied to a traffic sign. The traffic sign may be made of any resilient material but is commonly made of metal. As such, the tag is prevented from aging as it is protected from the elements. Further, the tag may not be removed such as in other sorts of solutions in the prior art as it is internal to the laminate rather than located outside of the structure. This also may protect the sign from being stolen by bad actors so that it may be adequately traced and identified.

[0081] In some embodiments, in addition to printing a conductive area, there can be a non- conductive area that is printed on the first layer. This could be a second layer that can include but is not limited to a polymeric layer, an ink containing layer, or a deposition layer. This layer can be used to encapsulate the RFID tag or it can be used to bring the first layer with the deposited antenna and RFIDchip to be at a consistent height ready for application to an additional layer. In some embodiments, some of the printing steps can occur in a dynamic manner, in that in each printing job the process may differ slightly. This can allow multiple antenna designs to be printed onto the first layer. Additionally, in some embodiments, some of the printing steps can occur in a static manner, allowing for the same information to be printed on each side.

[0082] In some embodiments the laminate can be cut to form a construction comprising the antenna, RFID chip, material layer and identifying indicia. This cutting may not cut through all of the layers of the laminate structure leaving some layers intact. This could be a liner layer, or other similarly situated layer so that the remaining construction could be peeled away from the liner layer, and applied to a traffic sign. Further, in some embodiments when the cutting is done, the size of the resultant laminate has a surface area greater than about 10 square inches.

[0083] In some embodiments, an adhesive layer can be provided on a second side of the first layer. This adhesive allows the resultant laminate to be applied to a traffic sign.

[0084] The identifiable indicia can include print or other such letters to visually indicate the instructions and data on the sign. In some embodiments a protective film layer can be laminated overtop of the identifiable indicia to better protect the indicia from the elements. Additionally, in some embodiments any and all printable indicia can include within their formulation, a UV stabilizer. This is to protect long term the indicia from fading or other wear from long time sun exposure.

[0085] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

[0086] The articles "a" and "an," as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean "at least one." The phrase "and / or," as used herein in the specification and in the claims (if at all), should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and / or" should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the "and / or" clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to "A and / or B", when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as "comprising" can refer, in some embodiments, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in other embodiments, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet other embodiments, to both A and B (optionally including other elements);etc. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and / or" as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or" or "and / or" shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as "only one of" or "exactly one of," or, when used in the claims, "consisting of," will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term "or" as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. "one or the other but not both") when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as "either," "one of," "only one of," or "exactly one of." "Consisting essentially of," when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[0087] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase "at least one," in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently, "at least one of A or B," or, equivalently "at least one of A and / or B") can refer, in some embodiments, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in other embodiments, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet other embodiments, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[0088] An embodiment is an implementation or example of the present disclosure. Reference in the specification to "an embodiment," "some embodiments," "one particular embodiment," or "other embodiments," or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments, of the invention. The various appearances "an embodiment," "some embodiments," "one particular embodiment," or "other embodiments," or the like, are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments.

[0089] If this specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic "may", "might", or "could" be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required tobe included. If the specification or claim refers to "a" or "an" element, that does not mean there is only one of the element. If the specification or claims refer to "an additional" element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.

[0090] As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word "about" or "approximately," even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase "about" or "approximately" may be used when describing magnitude and / or position to indicate that the value and / or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and / or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is + / -0. % of the stated value (or range of values), + / -!% of the stated value (or range of values), + / -2% of the stated value (or range of values), + / - % of the stated value (or range of values), + / - 10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.

[0091] Additionally, any method of performing the present disclosure may occur in a sequence different than those described herein. Accordingly, no sequence of the method should be read as a limitation unless explicitly stated. It is recognizable that performing some of the steps of the method in a different order could achieve a similar result.

[0092] In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," "involving," "holding," "composed of," and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures.

[0093] In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity, and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed.

[0094] Moreover, the description and illustration of various embodiments of the disclosure are examples and the disclosure is not limited to the exact details shown or described.

Claims

CLAIMSI claim:

1. A method of making a laminate comprising: printing an antenna on a first side of a first layer using a printer; disposing an RFID chip on at least a portion of the antenna; applying at least one material layer over the RFID chip; wherein the material layer includes at least one reflective layer; and printing identifiable indicia on the material layer, wherein the at least one material layer and the identifiable indicia are reflective in accordance with ASTM D4956.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: applying the laminate onto a traffic sign.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: printing a non-conductive area on the first layer.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting a polymeric film as the first layer.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: selecting a polymeric film that includes a reflective layer.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the printing steps is a dynamic printing process.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting a wide format inkjet printer, screen printer, or a flatbed inkjet printer as the printer.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:cutting the laminate to form a construction comprising the antenna, RFID chip, material layer and identifying indicia.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the laminate is cut to a size greater than about 10 square inches.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing an adhesive layer on a second side of the first layer.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: laminating a protective film layer over the identifiable indicia.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the RFID chip is adapted to be read by an interrogator.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: unwinding at least a portion of the first layer from a first roll.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: unwinding at least a portion of the at least one material layer from a second roll.

15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: printing at least one curable ink onto the laminate.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: curing the at least one curable ink with a radiation source.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the reflective layer includes a retroreflective film underlying and adhered to a light-transmissive protective layer,wherein the retroreflective film includes a prismatic layer having a plurality of retroreflective prism elements and a reflective metal coating on and conforming to the prismatic layer so that the film retroreflects light, and wherein the metal coating is opaque.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the reflective layer further comprises a second light- transmissive layer and the second light-transmissive layer comprises an adhesive.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the material layer and the printed indicia have a AE of less than 5.0 when tested under Xenon weathering for 4000 hours.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the printable indicia comprises a formulation including aUV stabilizer.

Images