Method for forming a heating element
A method for forming aerosol-generating system heating elements by sintering conductive materials with controlled porosity, addressing clogging and thermal decomposition issues, ensures consistent aerosol delivery and device compatibility.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- PHILIP MORRIS PRODUCTS SA
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing aerosol-generating systems face issues with 'dry heating' due to clogging of porous heating elements by high-viscosity liquid aerosol-generating substrates, leading to thermal decomposition and unsatisfactory aerosol production, and the porosity of heating elements affects thermal and electrical properties, making it difficult to determine suitability for specific devices.
A method involving combining electrically conductive and displacement particulate materials to form a precursor mixture, which is heated to a specific temperature to sinter the conductive material and degrade the displacement material, creating controlled porosity in the heating element, preventing clogging and allowing for precise determination of electrical properties.
The method ensures consistent aerosol delivery with a broader range of substrates, reduces 'dry heating', and allows for authentication of heating elements by measuring electrical resistance, enhancing user experience and device compatibility.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024127758_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR FORMING A HEATING ELEMENT
[0001] The invention relates to a method for forming a heating element for an aerosol-generating system. The method comprises combining an electrically conductive particulate material with a displacement particulate material to form a particulate precursor mixture. The invention also relates to a particulate precursor mixture for forming a heating element. The invention also relates to a heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system. The invention also relates to a cartridge for an aerosol-generating system. The invention also relates to an aerosol-generating system.
[0002] Aerosol-generating systems that heat a liquid aerosol-generating substrate in order to generate an inhalable aerosol for delivery to a user are known. In particular, handheld electrically operated aerosol-generating systems comprising a replaceable cartridge comprising a liquid storage portion containing a supply of liquid aerosol-generating substrate and an electrically operated heater configured to heat the liquid aerosol-generating substrate to generate an inhalable aerosol are known. Such known handheld electrically operated aerosol-generating systems typically also comprise a reusable aerosol-generating device comprising control circuitry and a power source for supplying power to the electrically operated heater.
[0003] The electrically operated heater typically comprises a resistive heating element in the form of a coil of wire that is wound around an elongate wick, which transports liquid aerosol-generating substrate from the liquid storage portion of the cartridge to the coil of wire. In use, an electric current is passed through the coil of wire to heat the liquid aerosol-generating substrate to generate an inhalable aerosol that is drawn into the mouth of a user by way of a mouthpiece.
[0004] In other known handheld electrically operated aerosol-generating systems, the electrically operated heater comprises a resistive heating element located on a heating surface of a porous body, which transports liquid aerosol-generating substrate from the liquid storage portion of the cartridge to the resistive heating element.
[0005] Handheld electrically operated aerosol-generating systems of the type described above have been found to have a number of drawbacks. One of them is “dry heating” or “dry puff” . To ensure that a satisfactory aerosol is produced, it is preferable to maintain a sufficient supply of liquid aerosol-generating substrate to the heating element during operation to keep the heating element in a wet state. Dry heating arises where an electric current is passed through the heating element when insufficient liquid aerosol-generating substrate is being supplied to the heating element. Dry heating may, for example, occur when the supply of liquid aerosol-generating substrate in the liquid storage portion of the cartridge has been depleted. Dry heating may result in overheating of the heating element. This may lead to thermal decomposition of the liquid aerosol-generating substrate. Thermal decomposition of the liquid aerosol-generating substrate may produce undesirable by-products. Thermal decomposition of the liquid aerosol-generating substrate may result in the production of an unsatisfactory aerosol. Continued operation of an aerosol-generating system when insufficient liquid aerosol-generating substrate is being supplied to the heating element may thereby result in a poor user experience.
[0006] Some aerosol-generating systems include a porous heating element. The provision of a porous heating element may increase the surface area of the heating element available to heat the liquid aerosol-generating substrate. In addition, the provision of a porous heating element may further improve the transfer of liquid aerosol-generating substrate to different portions of the heating element. In this way, aerosol generation by the aerosol-generating system may be improved.
[0007] However, it has been found that certain liquid aerosol-generating substrates are unable to effectively pass through the pores of existing porous heating elements. For example, liquid aerosol-generating substrates with high viscosities may become clogged within the porous structure of the porous heating elements. In particular, it has been found that liquid aerosol-generating substrates comprising an extract derived from an organic material may be particularly prone to becoming clogged within the porous structure of the porous heating elements. This may include liquid aerosol-generating substrates comprising an extract derived from tobacco material. This clogging may lead to “dry heating” of the porous heating element which may damage the heating element over time and lead to a burnt taste delivered to a user.
[0008] In addition, the porosity of a porous heating element has been found to affect various properties of the heating element. For example, the porosity of the heating element may affect the thermal or electrical properties of the heating element. In some cases, the porosity of the heating element may affect at least one of the thermal conductivity, the electrical resistance, or the electrical conductivity of the heating element. For example, for certain doped ceramics, it has been found that an increased porosity is associated with a decrease in thermal and electrical conductivity.
[0009] It has been envisaged that the thermal or electrical properties of a heating element may be used to determine whether or not a particular heating element is suitable for use in a particular aerosol-generating device. This proposed use of the properties of the electrical element relies on a carefully controlling porosity of the heating element. However, it has been found that existing methods for forming porous heating elements are unable to control the porosity of the heating elements with sufficient precision for the properties of the heating elements to be reliably used to identify the heating element.
[0010] There is therefore a need to provide a heating element which is more suited for heating a broader range of liquid aerosol-generating substrate while avoiding “dry heating” . In particular, there is a need to provide a heating element which is more suited for heating liquid aerosol-generating substrates comprising an extract derived from an organic material.
[0011] There is also a need to provide a heating element where the pore properties of the heating element may be more precisely controlled such that the properties of the heating element, such as the thermal or electrical properties, may be used to determine the identity of a heating element.
[0012] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for forming a heating element for an aerosol-generating system. The method may comprise the step of combining an electrically conductive particulate material with a displacement particulate material to form a particulate precursor mixture. The method may comprise the step of heating the particulate precursor mixture to a first temperature. Heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature may cause the electrically conductive particulate material to become sintered to form a heating element. Heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature may cause the displacement particulate material to degrade to leave a plurality of pores in the heating element.
[0013] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for forming a heating element for an aerosol-generating system. The method comprises the step of combining an electrically conductive particulate material with a displacement particulate material to form a particulate precursor mixture. The method comprises the step of heating the particulate precursor mixture to a first temperature. Heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature causes the electrically conductive particulate material to become sintered to form a heating element. Heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature causes the displacement particulate material to degrade to leave a plurality of pores in the heating element.
[0014] The addition of a displacement particulate material into the particulate precursor mixture may advantageously allow for the formation of larger or more numerous pores in the finished heating element comparted to relying on known techniques such as controlled sintering. The use of a displacement particulate material which degrades during the sintering of the electrically conductive particulate material may further allow the porosity and the pore size of the pores in the finished heating element to be more carefully controlled since the pore size will be closely related to the quantity of displacement particulate material added to the particulate precursor mixture, and the particle size of the displacement particulate material.
[0015] As set out in more detail below, the degradation of the displacement particulate material may include any process which substantially removes the displacement particulate material from the heating element to provide a plurality of pores in the place of the displacement particulate material. For example, the degradation may involve one or more of vaporisation, melting, or thermal decomposition of the displacement particulate material.
[0016] The ability to provide larger, more numerous, and more carefully controlled pores in the heating element may advantageously reduce of prevent the liquid aerosol-generating substrate from clogging in the pores. This may in turn increase the delivery of aerosol to a user and prevent “dry heating” of the heating element. This may therefore allow for aerosol-generating systems to be used in conjunction with a greater variety of liquid aerosol-generating substrate, such as more viscous liquid aerosol-generating substrate, or liquid aerosol-generating substrate comprising extract derived from an organic material.
[0017] In addition, the method of the present invention may allow for more careful control of the porous properties, such as the porosity, of the heating element compared to existing methods. This may in turn allow for more consistent properties associated with the porous properties, such as the thermal or electrical properties of the heating element. This may advantageously allow the thermal or electrical properties of the heating element to be used to determine whether or not a particular heating element is suitable for use in a particular aerosol-generating device. These properties may also be used to determine whether a particular heating element is an authentic heating element or a counterfeit heating element. In practice, a heating element may be inserted into an aerosol-generating device, possibly as part of a cartridge. The aerosol-generating device may apply a potential difference to the heating element. By measuring the current passing through the heating element for the given potential difference, the resistance of the heating element may be determined. This may be compared to a range of permitted resistances to determine if the heating element is intended for use with the aerosol-generating device.
[0018] The method may further include a mixing step in which the particulate precursor mixture is mixed. This may ensure that the displacement particulate material is homogenously distributed through out the particulate precursor mixture. This may in turn advantageously ensure that the pores formed in the heating element are evenly distributed.
[0019] Following the sintering process, the heating element comprises a unitary mass of the electrically conductive material which initially formed the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0020] As used herein, the term “heating element” is used to describe a component which transfers heat energy to the liquid aerosol-generating substrate.
[0021] As used herein, the term “aerosol-generating substrate” is used to describe a substrate comprising aerosol-generating material that is capable of releasing upon heating volatile compounds that can generate an aerosol.
[0022] As used herein, the term “aerosol” is used to describe a dispersion of solid particles, or liquid droplets, or a combination of solid particles and liquid droplets, in a gas. The aerosol may be visible or invisible. The aerosol may include vapours of substances that are ordinarily liquid or solid at room temperature as well as solid particles, or liquid droplets, or a combination of solid particles and liquid droplets.
[0023] As used herein, the term “aerosol-generating device” is used to describe a device that interacts with an aerosol-generating substrate to generate an aerosol. In particular, the term “aerosol-generating device” is used to describe a device that heats an aerosol-generating substrate to generate an aerosol.
[0024] As used herein, the term “aerosol-generating system” refers to a combination of an aerosol-generating device and one or more cartridges for use with the device. An aerosol-generating system may include additional components, such as a charging unit for recharging an on-board electric power supply in an electrically operated or electric aerosol-generating device.
[0025] As used herein, the term “displacement particulate material” refers to any particulate material which, when mixed with the electrically conductive particulate material, displaces some of the electrically conductive particulate material to provide pores in the finished heating element when the electrically conductive particulate material is sintered.
[0026] The particulate precursor mixture may be heated to the first temperature for any period of time. The particulate precursor mixture may be heated to the first temperature for at least 15 minutes, or at least 20 minutes.
[0027] The particulate precursor mixture may be heated to the first temperature for no more than 60 minutes, or no more than 45 minutes.
[0028] The particulate precursor mixture may be heated to the first temperature for between 15 minutes and 60 minutes. For example the particulate precursor mixture may be heated to the first temperature for between 20 minutes and 45 minutes.
[0029] The particulate precursor mixture may be heated to the first temperature for about 30 minutes.
[0030] For the avoidance of doubt, the durations above refer to the period for which the particulate precursor mixture is held at the first temperature. It has been found that heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature for this length of time is sufficient to sinter the electrically conductive particulate material while also being long enough to degrade the displacement particulate material.
[0031] The heating element may have any porosity.
[0032] The heating element may have a porosity of at least 1 percent. For example, the heating element may have a porosity of at least 3 percent, or at least 5 percent. In other examples, the heating element may have a porosity of at least 8 percent, or at least 9 percent.
[0033] The heating element may have a porosity of no more than 15 percent. For example, the heating element may have a porosity of no more than 20 percent, or no more than 30 percent. In other examples, the heating element may have a porosity of no more than 11 percent, or no more than 12 percent.
[0034] The heating element may have a porosity of between 1 percent and 30 percent. For example, the heating element may have a porosity of between 3 percent and 20 percent, between 5 percent and 15 percent, between 8 percent and 12 percent, or between 9 percent and 11 percent.
[0035] In some preferred embodiments, the heating element may have a porosity of about 10 percent.
[0036] As used herein with reference to the present invention, the term “porosity” refers to proportion of the total volume of the heating element which is taken up by the pores. The porosity of the heating element may be measured by mercury porosimetry in accordance with ISO 15901-2: 2022. The porosity of the heating element refers to the porosity of the finished heating element once the sintering process is completed.
[0037] It has been found that a heating element with a porosity within this range provides an optimal balance between allowing the liquid aerosol-generating substrate to effectively pass through the heating element, while still providing a sufficient mass of electrically conductive material to heat the liquid aerosol-generating substrate. This is particularly true where the liquid aerosol-generating substrate comprises an extract derived from an organic material.
[0038] In some examples, the heating element may be used to heat a liquid aerosol-generating substrate which does not comprise an extract derived from an organic material. Where this is the case, it has been found that larger porosities can lead to airflow through the larger pores of the heating element. This can cause a cavitation noise when the heating element is in use and a user draws on an aerosol-generating device comprising the heating element. The cavitation noise may also be observed when the liquid aerosol-generating substrate boils. This issue may be accentuated where a plurality of adjacent pores merge to form larger pores. The inventors have identified that this cavitation noise may be eliminated or mitigated by using a heating element having a lower porosity.
[0039] Accordingly, the heating element may have a porosity of at least 0.5 percent. For example, the heating element may have a porosity of at least 1 percent, or at least 1.5 percent.
[0040] The heating element may have a porosity of no more than 15 percent. For example, the heating element may have a porosity of no more than 10 percent, or no more than 3 percent.
[0041] The heating element may have a porosity of between 0.5 percent and 15 percent. For example, the heating element may have a porosity of between 1 percent and 10 percent, or between 1.5 percent and 3 percent.
[0042] In some preferred embodiments, the heating element may have a porosity of about 2 percent.
[0043] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a particulate precursor mixture for forming a heating element, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise an electrically conductive particulate material. The particulate precursor mixture may comprise a displacement particulate material. The electrically conductive particulate material may be configured to be sintered when heated to a first temperature. The displacement particulate material is configured to degrade at or below the first temperature.
[0044] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided particulate precursor mixture for forming a heating element, the particulate precursor mixture comprises an electrically conductive particulate material. The particulate precursor mixture comprises a displacement particulate material. The electrically conductive particulate material is configured to be sintered when heated to a first temperature. The displacement particulate material is configured to degrade at or below the first temperature.
[0045] The first temperature may be any temperature. The first temperature may be at least 60 percent of the melting temperature of the electrically conductive particulate material, or at least 80 percent of the melting temperature of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0046] The first temperature may be no more than 95 percent of the melting temperature of the electrically conductive particulate material, or no more than 90 percent of the melting temperature of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0047] The first temperature may be between 80 percent and 90 percent of the melting temperature of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0048] It has been found that using a temperature within this range provides effective sintering of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0049] The first temperature may be higher than the melting temperature of the displacement particulate material.
[0050] In this way, when the particulate precursor mixture is heated to the first temperature, the displacement particulate material melts to a liquid and drains away leaving the pores within the sintered body of electrically conductive material. In this way, the displacement particulate material degrades by melting.
[0051] The first temperature may be higher than the vaporisation temperature of the displacement particulate material.
[0052] In this way, when the particulate precursor mixture is heated to the first temperature, the displacement particulate material vaporises to a gas and laves the mixture leaving the pores within the sintered body of electrically conductive material. In this way, the displacement particulate material degrades by vaporisation.
[0053] The first temperature may be higher than the thermal decomposition temperature of the displacement particulate material.
[0054] The thermal decomposition temperature of the displacement particulate material may be the temperature at which a chemical reaction is initiated which degrades the displacement particulate material.
[0055] In this way, when the particulate precursor mixture is heated to the first temperature, the displacement particulate material thermally decomposes leaving the pores within the sintered body of electrically conductive material. In this way, the displacement particulate material degrades by thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition may be combustion. The decomposition by-products may be a gaseous which may leave the mixture. For example, the combustion or thermal decomposition by-products may be at least one of carbon dioxide and water which will be gaseous and will leave the mixture by convection.
[0056] The first temperature may be at least 500 degrees Celsius. For example, the first temperature may be at least 750 degrees Celsius, or at least 900 degrees Celsius.
[0057] The first temperature may be no more than 1500 degrees Celsius. For example, the first temperature may be no more than 1200 degrees Celsius, or no more than 1000 degrees Celsius.
[0058] The first temperature may be between 500 degrees Celsius and 1500 degrees Celsius. For example, the first temperature may be between 750 degrees Celsius and 1200 degrees Celsius, or between 900 degrees Celsius and 1000 degrees Celsius.
[0059] Most preferably, the first temperature may be The first temperature may be between 930 degrees Celsius and 960 degrees Celsius, or about 960 degrees Celsius.
[0060] It has been found that a temperature within this range advantageously provides suitable sintering for the electrically conductive particulate material, while also ensuring that the majority of the displacement particulate material is removed.
[0061] The electrically conductive particulate material may comprise any conductive material. The electrically conductive particulate material may comprise a metallic particulate material. The electrically conductive particulate material may comprise a metallic alloy material.
[0062] The displacement particulate material may comprise any material. The displacement particulate material may comprise a polymeric material. The displacement particulate material may comprise polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) .
[0063] It has been found that PMMA is effective at providing the pores required, while also being easy to degrade during the heating step.
[0064] The displacement particulate material may have any average (D50) particle size. The displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of at least 1 micrometre. For example, the displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of at least 3 micrometres, at least 5 micrometres, or at least 10 micrometres.
[0065] The displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of no more than 50 micrometre. For example, the displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of no more than 30 micrometres, or no more than 20 micrometres.
[0066] The displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of between 1 micrometre and 50 micrometres. For example, the displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of between 3 micrometres and 30 micrometres, between 5 micrometres and 20 micrometres, or between 10 micrometres and 20 micrometres.
[0067] The displacement particulate material may have an average (D50) particle size of about 10 micrometres.
[0068] As used herein, the term “average particle size” refers to the “D50 size” . The D50 size is the particle size which splits the distribution in half, where half of the particles are larger than the D50 size and half of the particles are smaller than the D50 size.
[0069] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise any amount of the displacement particulate material. The particulate precursor mixture may comprise at least 1 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise at least 3 percent by weight, or at least 5 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0070] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise no more than 50 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise no more than 30 percent by weight, or no more than 20 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0071] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise between 1 percent by weight and 50 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise between 3 percent by weight and 30 percent by weight, or between 5 percent by weight and 20 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0072] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise about 10 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0073] The inventors have identified that providing this weight percentage of the displacement particulate material is effective at providing the desired porosity.
[0074] As described above, in some examples the heating element may be used to heat a liquid aerosol-generating substrate which does not comprise an extract derived from an organic material. Where this is the case, a lower porosity may be desirable to eliminate or mitigate cavitation noise. To achieve this lower porosity, a lower weight percentage of displacement particulate material may be desirable.
[0075] Accordingly, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise at least 0.5 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise at least 1 percent by weight, or at least 2 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0076] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise no more than 10 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise no more than 7 percent by weight, or no more than 5 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0077] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise between 0.5 percent by weight and 10 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise between 1 percent by weight and 7 percent by weight, or between 2 percent by weight and 5 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0078] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise about 4 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0079] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise any amount of the electrically conductive particulate material. The particulate precursor mixture may comprise at least 50 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0080] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise no more than 99 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise no more than 97 percent by weight, or no more than 95 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0081] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise between 50 percent by weight and 99 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material. For example, the particulate precursor mixture may comprise between 70 percent by weight and 97 percent by weight, or between 80 percent by weight and 95 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0082] The particulate precursor mixture may comprise about 90 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0083] The inventors have identified that providing this weight percentage of electrically conductive particulate material is effective at providing the desired surface area of electrically conductive material in the finished heating element to provide sufficient heating of an aerosol-generating substrate.
[0084] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system. The heater assembly may comprise a heating element for vaporising a liquid aerosol-generating substrate. The heating element may comprise a unitary portion of electrically conductive material having a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent.
[0085] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system. The heater assembly comprises a heating element for vaporising a liquid aerosol-generating substrate. The heating element comprises a unitary portion of electrically conductive material having a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent.
[0086] The unitary portion of electrically conductive material may comprise a metallic alloy material.
[0087] The metallic alloy material may comprise an alloy of silver and palladium. To be clear, the metallic alloy material referred to in the first, second, or third aspects of the present invention may comprise an alloy of silver and palladium.
[0088] The metallic alloy material may comprise between 53 percent to 73 percent silver by weight. The metallic alloy material may comprise 7 percent to 23 percent palladium by weight. The metallic alloy material may comprise 1 percent to 7 percent carbon by weight. The metallic alloy material may comprise 3 percent to 17 percent oxygen by weight.
[0089] The metallic alloy material may comprise 53 percent to 73 percent silver by weight, 7 percent to 23 percent palladium by weight, 1 percent to 7 percent carbon by weight, and 3 percent to 17 percent oxygen by weight.
[0090] The metallic alloy material may comprise 60 percent to 70 percent silver by weight. The metallic alloy material may comprise 10 percent to 20 percent palladium by weight. The metallic alloy material may comprise 1 percent to 5 percent carbon by weight. The metallic alloy material may comprise 5 percent to 15 percent oxygen by weight.
[0091] The heating element may have any thickness. The heating element may have a thickness of at least 2 micrometres. For example, the heating element may have a thickness of at least 5 micrometres, at least 10 micrometres, or at least 15 micrometres.
[0092] The heating element may have a thickness of no more than 100 micrometres. For example, the heating element may have a thickness of no more than 50 micrometres, or no more than 25 micrometres.
[0093] The heating element may have a thickness of between 2 micrometres and 100 micrometres. For example, the heating element may have a thickness of between 5 micrometres and 50 micrometres, between 10 micrometres and 50 micrometres, or between 15 micrometres and 25 micrometres.
[0094] As used herein with reference to the present invention, the ‘thickness’ of the heating element refers to the smallest dimension of the heating element.
[0095] The heating element may have any shape. The heating element may be a planar heating element.
[0096] The heating element may comprise a track. The track may define a curvilinear path. The track may define a serpentine path.
[0097] The pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have any average (D50) pore size. The pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of at least 1 micrometre. For example, the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of at least 3 micrometres, or at least 5 micrometres.
[0098] The pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of no more than 50 micrometre. For example, the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of no more than 30 micrometres, or no more than 20 micrometres.
[0099] The pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of between 1 micrometre and 50 micrometres. For example, pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of between 3 micrometres and 30 micrometres, or between 5 micrometres and 20 micrometres.
[0100] The pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may have an average (D50) pore size of about 10 micrometres.
[0101] The average (D50) size of the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may relate closely to the average (D50) size of the displacement particulate material used in the particulate precursor material. The average (D50) size of the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material may be the same as the average (D50) size of the displacement particulate material used in the particulate precursor material.
[0102] As used herein, the term “average pore size” refers to the “D50 size” . The D50 size is the pore size which splits the distribution in half, where half of the pores are larger than the D50 size and half of the pores are smaller than the D50 size. The pore size distribution of the unitary portion of electrically conductive material or heating element may be measured by mercury porosimetry in accordance with ISO 15901-2: 2022.
[0103] The heater assembly may further comprise a porous body for conveying the liquid aerosol-generating substrate to the resistive heating element, the porous body having a liquid absorption surface and a heating surface, the heating element being located on the heating surface of the ceramic body.
[0104] The porous body may be substantially incompressible. The porous body may comprise any suitable material. The porous body may comprise a heat resistant material. The porous body may comprise a material that does not chemically interact with the liquid aerosol-generating substrate.
[0105] The porous body may be a porous ceramic body. As used herein, the term “porous ceramic body” is used to describe a porous body comprising a ceramic.
[0106] The porous ceramic body may comprise a sintered ceramic.
[0107] The porous ceramic body may comprise any suitable ceramic.
[0108] The porous ceramic body may comprise one or more of a ceramic carbide, a ceramic nitride, a ceramic oxide, and a ceramic silicate.
[0109] Examples of suitable ceramics include, but are not limited to, aluminium oxides, aluminosilicates, calcium phosphates, calcium silicates, silicon carbides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxides, and zirconium oxides.
[0110] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a cartridge for an aerosol-generating system. The cartridge may comprise a heater assembly according to the third aspect of the present disclosure. The cartridge may comprise a liquid storage portion for holding a liquid aerosol-generating substrate. The liquid storage portion may be located proximate the liquid absorption surface of the porous body of the heater assembly.
[0111] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cartridge for an aerosol-generating system. The cartridge comprises a heater assembly according to the third aspect of the present invention. The cartridge comprises a liquid storage portion for holding a liquid aerosol-generating substrate. The liquid storage portion is located proximate the liquid absorption surface of the porous body of the heater assembly.
[0112] The liquid aerosol-generating substrate may comprise an extract derived from an organic material. The liquid aerosol-generating substrate comprises an extract derived from tobacco.
[0113] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an aerosol-generating system. The aerosol-generating system may comprise a cartridge according to the fourth aspect of the present disclosure. The aerosol-generating system may comprise an aerosol-generating device. The aerosol-generating device may comprise a power supply for supplying power to the heater assembly of the cartridge. The aerosol-generating device may comprise control circuitry for controlling the supply of power from the power supply to the heater assembly of the cartridge. The cartridge may be removably couplable to the aerosol-generating device.
[0114] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an aerosol-generating system. The aerosol-generating system comprises a cartridge according to the fourth aspect of the present invention. The aerosol-generating system comprises an aerosol-generating device. The aerosol-generating device comprises a power supply for supplying power to the heater assembly of the cartridge. The aerosol-generating device comprises control circuitry for controlling the supply of power from the power supply to the heater assembly of the cartridge. The cartridge is removably couplable to the aerosol-generating device.
[0115] The aerosol-generating device may further comprise a heating element property detector for determining at least one property of a heating element of the cartridge. The at least one property of a heating element may include at least one of the electrical resistance of the heating element and the thermal conductivity of the heating element.
[0116] In use, when an cartridge is inserted into the aerosol-generating device, the heating element property detector of the aerosol-generating device may apply a potential difference to the heating element. By measuring the current passing through the heating element for the given potential difference, the resistance of the heating element may be determined by the heating element property detector. This may be compared to a range of permitted resistances to determine if this heating element is intended for use with the aerosol-generating device. This may also be used to determine a suitable heating profile for use with the specific cartridge. This may also be used as an authentication means to determine whether the cartridge is a genuine cartridge intended to be used with the aerosol-generating device or a counterfeit.
[0117] The invention is defined in the claims. However, below there is provided a non-exhaustive list of non-limiting examples. Any one or more of the features of these examples may be combined with any one or more features of another example, embodiment, or aspect described herein.
[0118] Example Ex1. A method for forming a heating element for an aerosol-generating system, the method comprising steps of:
[0119] combining an electrically conductive particulate material with a displacement particulate material to form a particulate precursor mixture, and
[0120] heating the particulate precursor mixture to a first temperature,
[0121] wherein heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature causes the electrically conductive particulate material to become sintered to form a heating element, and
[0122] wherein heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature causes the displacement particulate material to degrade to leave a plurality of pores in the heating element.
[0123] Example Ex2. A method for forming a heating element according to Example Ex1, wherein the particulate precursor mixture is heated to the first temperature for between 15 minutes and 60 minutes.
[0124] Example Ex3. A method for forming a heating element according to Example Ex1 or Example Ex2, wherein the particulate precursor mixture is heated to the first temperature for about 30 minutes.
[0125] Example Ex4. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of at least 1 percent.
[0126] Example Ex5. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of at least 3 percent.
[0127] Example Ex6. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of at least 5 percent.
[0128] Example Ex7. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of no more than 30 percent.
[0129] Example Ex8. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of no more than 20 percent.
[0130] Example Ex9. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of no more than 15 percent.
[0131] Example Ex10. A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding Example, wherein heating element has a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent.
[0132] Example Ex11. A particulate precursor mixture for forming a heating element, the particulate precursor mixture comprising:
[0133] an electrically conductive particulate material, and
[0134] a displacement particulate material,
[0135] wherein the electrically conductive particulate material is configured to be sintered when heated to a first temperature, and
[0136] wherein the displacement particulate material is configured to degrade at or below the first temperature.
[0137] Example Ex12. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or a particulate precursor mixture according to Example Ex11, wherein the first temperature is between 80 percent and 90 percent of the melting temperature of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0138] Example Ex13. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12, or a particulate precursor mixture according to Example Ex11 or Example Ex12, wherein the first temperature is higher than the melting temperature of the displacement particulate material.
[0139] Example Ex14. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12, or Example Ex13, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex13, wherein the first temperature is higher than the vaporisation temperature of the displacement particulate material.
[0140] Example Ex15. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex14, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex14, wherein the first temperature is higher than the thermal decomposition temperature of the displacement particulate material.
[0141] Example Ex16. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex15, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex15, wherein the first temperature is at least 500 degrees Celsius.
[0142] Example Ex17. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex 1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex 12 to Example Ex16, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex16, wherein the first temperature is at least 750 degrees Celsius.
[0143] Example Ex18. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex17, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex17, wherein the first temperature is at least 900 degrees Celsius.
[0144] Example Ex19. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex18, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex18, wherein the first temperature is no more than 1500 degrees Celsius.
[0145] Example Ex20. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex19, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex19, wherein the first temperature is no more than 1200 degrees Celsius.
[0146] Example Ex21. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex20, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex20, wherein the first temperature is no more than 1000 degrees Celsius.
[0147] Example Ex22. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex21, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex21, wherein the first temperature is between 900 degrees Celsius and 1000 degrees Celsius.
[0148] Example Ex23. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex22, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex22, wherein the electrically conductive particulate material comprises a metallic particulate material.
[0149] Example Ex24. A method for forming a heating element, or a particulate precursor mixture according to Example Ex23, wherein the electrically conductive particulate material comprises a metallic alloy material.
[0150] Example Ex25. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex24, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex24, wherein the displacement particulate material comprises a polymeric material.
[0151] Example Ex26. A method for forming a heating element, or a particulate precursor mixture according to Example Ex25, wherein the displacement particulate material comprises polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) .
[0152] Example Ex27. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex26, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex26, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of at least 1 micrometre.
[0153] Example Ex28. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex27, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex27, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of at least 3 micrometres.
[0154] Example Ex29. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex28, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex28, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of at least 5 micrometres.
[0155] Example Ex30. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex29, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex29, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of no more than 50 micrometres.
[0156] Example Ex31. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex30, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex30, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of no more than 30 micrometres.
[0157] Example Ex32. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex31, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex31, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of no more than 20 micrometres.
[0158] Example Ex33. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex32, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex32, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of between 5 micrometres and 20 micrometres.
[0159] Example Ex34. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex33, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex33, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises at least 1 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0160] Example Ex35. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex34, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex34, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises at least 3 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0161] Example Ex36. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex35, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex35, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises at least 5 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0162] Example Ex37. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex36, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex36, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises no more than 50 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0163] Example Ex38. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex37, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex37, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises no more than 30 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0164] Example Ex39. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex38, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex38, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises no more than 20 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0165] Example Ex40. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex39, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex39, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises between about 5 percent by weight and 20 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0166] Example Ex41. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex40, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex40, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises about 10 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.
[0167] Example Ex42. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex41, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex41, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises at least 50 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0168] Example Ex43. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex42, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex42, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises at least 70 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0169] Example Ex44. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex43, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex43, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises at least 80 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0170] Example Ex45. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex44, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex44, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises no more than 99 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0171] Example Ex46. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex45, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex45, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises no more than 97 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0172] Example Ex47. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex46, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex46, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises no more than 95 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0173] Example Ex48. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex47, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex47, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises between about 80 percent by weight and 95 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0174] Example Ex49. A method for forming a heating element according to any one of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, or Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of Example Ex11 to Example Ex48, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises about 90 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0175] Example Ex50. A heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system, the heater assembly comprising a heating element for vaporising a liquid aerosol-generating substrate, wherein the heating element comprises a unitary portion of electrically conductive material having a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent.
[0176] Example Ex51. A heater assembly according to Example Ex50, wherein the unitary portion of electrically conductive material comprises a metallic alloy material.
[0177] Example Ex52. A method for forming a heating element or a particulate precursor mixture according to Example Ex24, or a heater assembly according to Example Ex51, wherein metallic alloy material comprises an alloy of silver and palladium.
[0178] Example Ex53. A method for forming a heating element, a particulate precursor mixture, or a heater assembly according to Example Ex52, wherein metallic alloy material comprises:
[0179] 53 percent to 73 percent silver by weight,
[0180] 7 percent to 23 percent palladium by weight,
[0181] 1 percent to 7 percent carbon by weight, and
[0182] 3 percent to 17 percent oxygen by weight.
[0183] Example Ex54. A method for forming a heating element, a particulate precursor mixture, or a heater assembly according to Example Ex52 or Example Ex53, wherein metallic alloy material comprises 60 percent to 70 percent silver by weight.
[0184] Example Ex55. A method for forming a heating element, a particulate precursor mixture, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex52 to Example Ex54, wherein metallic alloy material comprises 10 percent to 20 percent palladium by weight.
[0185] Example Ex56. A method for forming a heating element, a particulate precursor mixture, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex52 to Example Ex55, wherein metallic alloy material comprises 1 percent to 5 percent carbon by weight.
[0186] Example Ex57. A method for forming a heating element, a particulate precursor mixture, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex52 to Example Ex56, wherein metallic alloy material comprises 5 percent to 15 percent oxygen by weight.
[0187] Example Ex58. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex57, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex57, wherein the heating element has a thickness of at least 2 micrometres.
[0188] Example Ex59. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to 5 Example Ex8, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex58, wherein the heating element has a thickness of at least 5 micrometres.
[0189] Example Ex60. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex59, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex59, wherein the heating element has a thickness of at least 10 micrometres.
[0190] Example Ex61. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex60, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex60, wherein the heating element has a thickness of at least 15 micrometres.
[0191] Example Ex62. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex61, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex61, wherein the heating element has a thickness of no more than 100 micrometres.
[0192] Example Ex63. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to 48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex62, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex62, wherein the heating element has a thickness of no more than 50 micrometres.
[0193] Example Ex64. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex63, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex63, wherein the heating element has a thickness of no more than 30 micrometres.
[0194] Example Ex65. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex64, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex64, wherein the heating element has a thickness of no more than 25 micrometres.
[0195] Example Ex66. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex65, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex60, wherein the heating element is a planar heating element.
[0196] Example Ex67. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex66, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex66, wherein the heating element comprises a track.
[0197] Example Ex68. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex67, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex67, wherein the track defines a curvilinear path.
[0198] Example Ex69. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex68, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex68, wherein the track defines a serpentine path.
[0199] Example Ex70. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex69, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex69, wherein have an average (D50) pore size of at least 1 micrometre.
[0200] Example Ex71. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex70, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex70, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of at least 3 micrometres.
[0201] Example Ex72. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex71, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex71, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of at least 5 micrometres.
[0202] Example Ex73. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex72, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex72, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of no more than 50 micrometres.
[0203] Example Ex74. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex73, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex73, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of no more than 30 micrometres.
[0204] Example Ex75. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex74, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex74, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of no more than 20 micrometres.
[0205] Example Ex76. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex75, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex75, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of between 5 micrometres and 20 micrometres.
[0206] Example Ex77. A method for forming a heating element according to any of Example Ex1 to Example Ex10, Example Ex12 to Example Ex48, or Example Ex52 to Example Ex76, or a heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex76, wherein the pores in the unitary portion of electrically conductive material have an average (D50) pore size of about 10 micrometres.
[0207] Example Ex78. A heater assembly according to any one of Example Ex50 to Example Ex77, further comprising a porous body for conveying the liquid aerosol-generating substrate to the resistive heating element, the porous body having a liquid absorption surface and a heating surface, the heating element being located on the heating surface of the ceramic body.
[0208] Example Ex79. A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system, the cartridge comprising:
[0209] a heater assembly according to Example Ex78; and
[0210] a liquid storage portion for holding a liquid aerosol-generating substrate,
[0211] wherein the liquid storage portion is located proximate the liquid absorption surface of the porous body of the heater assembly.
[0212] Example Ex80. A cartridge according to Example Ex79, wherein the liquid aerosol-generating substrate comprises an extract derived from an organic material.
[0213] Example Ex81. A cartridge according to Example Ex79 or Example Ex80, wherein the liquid aerosol-generating substrate comprises an extract derived from tobacco.
[0214] Example Ex82. An aerosol-generating system comprising:
[0215] a cartridge according to any one of Example Ex79 to Example Ex81; and
[0216] an aerosol-generating device comprising a power supply for supplying power to the heater assembly of the cartridge and control circuitry for controlling the supply of power from the power supply to the heater.
[0217] Example Ex83. An aerosol-generating system according to Example Ex82, wherein the aerosol-generating device further comprises a heating element property detector for determining at least one property of a heating element of the cartridge.
[0218] Example Ex84. An aerosol-generating system according to Example Ex83, wherein the at least one property of a heating element includes at least one of the electrical resistance of the heating element and the thermal conductivity of the heating element.
[0219] The invention will now be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0220] Figure 1 is an illustrative flow chart showing the method according to the first aspect of the present invention,
[0221] Figure 2 is a perspective view of a heater assembly according to a third aspect of the present invention, and
[0222] Figure 3 is a perspective view of aerosol-generating system according to a fifth aspect of the present invention.
[0223] It will be appreciated that Figures 2 and 3 are schematic and have been simplified for the purposes of clarity. Consequently, some features may have been omitted and the features shown are not necessarily drawn to scale.
[0224] References to orientations such as vertical, horizontal, above, below, upper and lower, etc. when describing features shown in the figures are not intended to imply any limitation on the orientation of those features but are merely intended to show the relative spatial arrangement of the features. It will be appreciated that the features may have different orientations in use.
[0225] There is provided a method 100 for forming a heating element for an aerosol-generating system. The method 100 comprises the following steps 101-103 in this order.
[0226] In the first step 101, an electrically conductive particulate material is combined with a displacement particulate material to form a particulate precursor mixture. The electrically conductive particulate material comprises particles of a silver-palladium particulate material. The silver-palladium particulate material consists of 60 weight percent to 70 weight percent silver, 10 weight percent to 20 weight percent palladium, 1 weight percent to 5 weight percent carbon, 5 weight percent to 15 weight percent oxygen, and impurities. The displacement particulate material comprises particles of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) . The displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of about 10 micrometres. The particulate precursor mixture consists of 10 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material and 90 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.
[0227] In a second step 102, the particulate precursor mixture is mixed such that the displacement particulate material is homogenously distributed through out the particulate precursor mixture.
[0228] In a third step 103, the particulate precursor mixture is heated to a first temperature. The first temperature is between 930 about degrees Celsius and 960 degrees Celsius. The particulate precursor mixture is held at the first temperature for 30 minutes. The third step 103 is a sintering step. During the third step, the electrically conductive particulate material becomes sintered to form a unitary mass of the electrically conductive material. The unitary mass of the electrically conductive material is the heating element formed by the method. During the third step, the displacement particulate material degrades. In particular, the first temperature is above the thermal decomposition temperature of the displacement particulate material. The displacement particulate material which comprises PMMA thermally decomposes, or combusts, to form carbon dioxide and water as combustion products. The combustion products leave the unitary mass of the electrically conductive material to leave a network of pores within the unitary mass of the electrically conductive material.
[0229] Figure 2 shows a heater assembly according to an embodiment of the third aspect of the invention. The heater assembly 200 comprises a resistive heating element 202 for vaporising a liquid aerosol-generating substrate and a porous body 204 for conveying the liquid aerosol-generating substrate to the resistive heating element 202. The porous body 204 has a liquid absorption surface 204a and a heating surface 204b. The resistive heating element 202 is located on the heating surface 204b of the porous body 202.
[0230] The porous body 204 is an open-cell porous ceramic body. The porous body is formed from a suitable ceramic material, such as alumina. The porous body 204 includes a network of interconnected pores extending between the liquid absorption surface 204a and the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the porous body 204 is substantially cylindrical. The liquid absorption surface 204a and the heating surface 204b are end faces of the porous body 204. The porous body 204 has a curved surface 204c extending between the liquid absorption surface 204a and the heating surface 204b. A liquid impermeable coating is provided on the curved surface 204c of the porous body 204.
[0231] The resistive heating element 202 comprises a track arranged in a serpentine manner on the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204. Arrangement of the track in a serpentine manner allows fluid to pass between adjacent portions of the resistive heating element 202. The resistive heating element 202 comprises a silver palladium alloy having the same composition as the silver-palladium particulate material described above. The resistive heating element 202 is made using the method described above in relation to the first aspect of the present invention. The resistive heating element 202 has a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent. The resistive heating element 202 has an average (D50) pore size of about 10 micrometres.
[0232] The heater assembly 200 further comprises electrical contacts (not shown) that are connected to the resistive heating element 202. The electrical contacts are arranged on the heating surface 204a of the porous body 204. The resistive heating element 202 extends between the electrical contacts. The electrical contacts are arranged to be connected to control circuitry for controlling the supply of electrical power to the resistive heating element 202. The electrical contacts are formed from a suitable material that is more electrically conductive material than the resistive heating element, such as copper, gold, silver, or zinc.
[0233] In Figure 2, the liquid absorption surface 204a is shown as the lower surface of the porous body 202 in Figure 3 and the heating surface 204b is shown as the upper surface of the porous body 204. However, it will be appreciated that the orientation of these surfaces may differ in use of the heater assembly 202 in an aerosol-generating system. As described further below, in use, liquid aerosol-generating substrate contacting the liquid absorption surface 204a of the porous body 204 is conveyed through the network of interconnected pores of the porous body 204 to the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204. The resistive heating element 202 located on the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204 heats the liquid aerosol-generating substrate conveyed to the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204. Aerosol-generating substrate vaporised by the resistive heating element 202 can pass between adjacent portions of the resistive heating element 202 and be emitted from the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204.
[0234] Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of an aerosol-generating system 300 according to an embodiment of the fifth aspect of the invention. The aerosol-generating system comprises two main components, a cartridge 400 and an aerosol-generating device 500. The aerosol-generating system 300 is portable and has a size comparable to a conventional cigar or cigarette. The cartridge has a distal end 400a and a proximal end 400b. The distal end 300a of the cartridge 300 is removably coupled to the aerosol-generating device 400. A mouthpiece is arranged at a proximal end 400b of the cartridge 400.
[0235] The cartridge 400 comprises a cartridge housing 402 containing the heater assembly 200 shown in Figure 2 and a liquid storage portion 404 for holding a liquid aerosol-generating substrate. In Figure 3 the orientation of the heater assembly 200 is inverted compared to Figure 2 so that the liquid absorption surface 204a of the porous body 204 faces upwards and is in fluid communication with the liquid storage portion 404 and the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204 on which the resistive heating element 202 is located faces downwards. Liquid aerosol-generating substrate is conveyed downwards from the liquid absorption surface 204a through the porous body 204 to the resistive heating element 202 and vaporised aerosol-generating substrate is emitted from the heating surface 204b of the porous body 204 when electrical power is supplied to the resistive heating element 202.
[0236] The cartridge 400 comprises one or more air inlets 406 formed in the cartridge housing 402 at a location along the length of the cartridge 400. An aerosol outlet 408 is located in the mouthpiece at the proximal end 400b of the cartridge 400. The one or more air inlets 406 are in fluid communication with the aerosol outlet 408 to define an airflow pathway through the cartridge 400 of the aerosol-generating system 300. The airflow pathway flows from the one or more air inlets 406 to the heater assembly 200 in an airflow channel 410. The heater assembly 200 is arranged in fluid communication with the airflow pathway in the airflow channel 410. Air enters the one or more air inlets 406 and flows through the airflow channel past the heater assembly 200 in an average airflow direction.
[0237] In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the liquid storage portion 404 is annular in cross-section and is arranged around a central sealed aerosol channel 412. Once the airflow pathway reaches the heater assembly 200, it is diverted upwards around the sides of the heater assembly 200 and flows through the aerosol channel 412 to the aerosol outlet 408.
[0238] The distal end 400a of the cartridge 400 is removably coupled to a connection end 400a the aerosol-generating device 400. The distal end 400a of the cartridge 400 and the connection end 400a of the aerosol-generating device 500 each have electrical contacts or connections (not shown) that are arranged to cooperate to provide an electrical connection between the cartridge 400 and the aerosol-generating device 500.
[0239] The aerosol-generating device 500 comprises a device housing 502 that contains a power source 504, which in the embodiment shown is a rechargeable lithium ion battery, and control circuitry 506.
[0240] The aerosol-generating system 300 is configured so that a user can puff or draw on the mouthpiece at the proximal end 400b of the cartridge 400 to draw aerosol into their mouth through the aerosol outlet 408. In operation, when a user puffs on the mouthpiece, air is drawn in through the one or more air inlets 406, along the airflow pathway through the airflow channel 410, past and around the heater assembly 200 and along the airflow pathway through the aerosol channel 412 to the aerosol outlet 408. The control circuitry 506 controls the supply of electrical power from the power source 504 to the cartridge 400 when the aerosol-generating system 300 is activated. This in turn controls the amount and properties of the vapour produced by the heater assembly 200. The control circuitry 506 may include an airflow sensor (not shown) and the control circuitry 506 may supply electrical power to the heater assembly 200 when user puffs are detected by the airflow sensor. This type of control arrangement is well established in aerosol-generating systems such as inhalers and e-cigarettes. When a user puffs on the mouthpiece at the proximal end 400b of the cartridge 302, the heater assembly 200 is activated and generates a vapour that is entrained in the air drawn along the airflow pathway through the airflow channel 410. The vapour cools to form an aerosol, which is then drawn into the mouth of the user through the aerosol outlet 408.
[0241] For the purpose of the present description and of the appended claims, except where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts, quantities, percentages, and so forth, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about" . Also, all ranges include the maximum and minimum points disclosed and include any intermediate ranges therein, which may or may not be specifically enumerated herein. In this context, therefore, a number A is understood as A ± 5 percent of A. Within this context, a number A may be considered to include numerical values that are within general standard error for the measurement of the property that the number A modifies. The number A, in some instances as used in the appended claims, may deviate by the percentages enumerated above provided that the amount by which A deviates does not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic (s) of the claimed invention.
Claims
A method for forming a heating element for an aerosol-generating system, the method comprising steps of:combining an electrically conductive particulate material with a displacement particulate material to form a particulate precursor mixture, andheating the particulate precursor mixture to a first temperature,wherein heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature causes the electrically conductive particulate material to become sintered to form a heating element, andwherein heating the particulate precursor mixture to the first temperature causes the displacement particulate material to degrade to leave a plurality of pores in the heating element.A method for forming a heating element according to claim 1, wherein the particulate precursor mixture is heated to the first temperature for between 15 minutes and 60 minutes.A method for forming a heating element according to any preceding claim, wherein heating element has a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent.A particulate precursor mixture for forming a heating element, the particulate precursor mixture comprising:an electrically conductive particulate material, anda displacement particulate material,wherein the electrically conductive particulate material is configured to be sintered when heated to a first temperature, andwherein the displacement particulate material is configured to degrade at or below the first temperature.A method for forming a heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or a particulate precursor mixture according to claim 4, wherein the first temperature is between 900 degrees Celsius and 1000 degrees Celsius.A method for forming a heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or claim 5, or a particulate precursor mixture according to claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the electrically conductive particulate material comprises a metallic particulate material.A method for forming a heating element, or a particulate precursor mixture according to claim 6, wherein the electrically conductive particulate material comprises a metallic alloy material.A method for forming a heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, claims 5 to claim 7, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of claims 4 to claim 7, wherein the displacement particulate material comprises a polymeric material.A method for forming a heating element, or a particulate precursor mixture according to claim 8, wherein the displacement particulate material comprises polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) .A method for forming a heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or claims 5 to claim 9, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of claims 4 to claim 9, wherein the displacement particulate material has an average (D50) particle size of between 5 micrometres and 20 micrometres.A method for forming a heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or claims 5 to claim 10, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of claims 4 to claim 10, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises between about 5 percent by weight and 20 percent by weight of the displacement particulate material.A method for forming a heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 10, or claims 12 to claim 47, or a particulate precursor mixture according to any one of claims 11 to claim 47, wherein the particulate precursor mixture comprises between about 80 percent by weight and 95 percent by weight of the electrically conductive particulate material.A heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system, the heater assembly comprising a heating element for vaporising a liquid aerosol-generating substrate, whereinthe heating element comprises a unitary portion of electrically conductive material having a porosity of between 5 percent and 15 percent.A heater assembly according to claim 13, wherein the unitary portion of electrically conductive material comprises a metallic alloy material.A method for forming a heating element or a particulate precursor mixture according to claim 7, or a heater assembly according to claim 14, wherein metallic alloy material comprises an alloy of silver and palladium.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Open cell porous material, and a method of, and mixture for, making same
CA2703020A1
Smoking article incorporating a conductive substrate
EP2833744B1
Inhaler
EP3284500A1
Heating element and method of analysing
EP3578007B1
Porous sintered membranes and methods of preparing porous sintered membranes
US20210016347A1