Systems and methods for condensing vapor product

Abstract

A device may include a system comprising: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with and arranged downstream of the first duct and configured to allow the vapor product to pass therethrough, the second duct having an electrode at least partially extending through a channel of the second duct, the electrode being electrically charged with a voltage to thereby allow charging of at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product; and a chamber having a first end and a second end, the chamber in fluid communication with the second duct at the first end and configured to receive the vapor product therefrom.

Description

Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WOSYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONDENSING VAPOR PRODUCTCROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Application No. 63 / 725,804, filed on November 27, 2024 and entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONDENSING VAPOR PRODUCT,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The current subject matter is generally related to systems and methods for condensing vapor product, for example, water vapor condensing systems.BACKGROUND

[0003] Scavenging water can be a sustainable solution to water scarcity problems in many regions around the world. As global populations grow and climate change intensifies, traditional freshwater sources such as rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers are becoming increasingly strained. In arid and semi-arid regions, where rainfall is minimal and seasonal, the need for alternative water sources is especially critical. Desalination is a form of purifying liquid, especially water, and refers to a process that removes some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water. Via desalination, salt water can be converted to fresh water suitable for human consumption, irrigation, or other uses. Desalination technologies are particularly valuable in coastal areas where seawater is abundant but freshwater is scarce. Due to relatively high-energy consumption, the costs of desalinating seawater are generally higher than the alternatives (e.g., fresh water from rivers or groundwater, water recycling, water conservation, and the like), but alternatives are not always available. In many cases, geopolitical tensions, pollution, or overuse have rendered traditional freshwater sources unreliable or inaccessible, making desalination a necessary, albeit costly, solution. Reverse osmosis is another process for purifying water. However, reverse osmosis uses expensive membranes and high-pressures, which requires significant energy. These membranes must be regularly maintained and replaced, adding to operational costs. Additionally, the brine byproduct generated during reverse osmosis poses environmental challenges, as it must be carefully managed to avoid harming marine ecosystems.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WOSUMMARY

[0004] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system including: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with and arranged downstream of the first duct and configured to allow the vapor product to pass therethrough, the second duct having an electrode at least partially extending through a channel of the second duct, the electrode being electrically charged with a voltage to thereby allow charging of at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product; and a chamber having a first end and a second end, the chamber in fluid communication with the second duct at the first end and configured to receive the vapor product therefrom.

[0005] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the second duct includes a plurality of channels extending through the second duct.

[0006] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the plurality of channels include at least two different sized channels.

[0007] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein an electrode is positioned within each of the plurality of channels.

[0008] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the electrode includes a rod extending through a center of the channel, and a mesh fin extending radially outward from the rod.

[0009] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the mesh fin is wound about the rod along the length of the channel.

[0010] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the chamber includes an exhaust pipe extending outward from the chamber.

[0011] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a 45-degree bend.

[0012] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the voltage applied to the electrode is -13 kV.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0013] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a blower configured to create a vacuum within the system to pull the vapor product through at least one of the first duct or the second duct to the chamber.

[0014] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein blower is positioned within the exhaust pipe downstream of the second duct.

[0015] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the first duct includes a drainage system to remove condensed liquid prior to the vapor product entering the second duct.

[0016] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the drainage system is positioned on an inner surface of the first duct.

[0017] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the chamber includes a mesh configured to be charged due to an applied voltage.

[0018] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system including: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with and arranged downstream of the first duct and configured to allow the vapor product to pass therethrough, the second duct having an ionization chamber being electrically charged with a first voltage to thereby allow charging of at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product; a chamber having a first end and a second end, the chamber in fluid communication with the second duct at the first end and configured to receive the vapor product therefrom; and an exhaust pipe in fluid communication with the chamber at the second end.

[0019] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the ionization chamber includes a tube extending therethrough.

[0020] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein an upper limit for the first voltage to prevent electrical arcing is 19 kV when the tube has a 6-inch diameter.

[0021] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the upper limit for the first voltage to prevent electrical arcing is 26 kV when the tube has an 8-inch diameter.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0022] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the upper limit for the first voltage to prevent electrical arcing is 32 kV when the tube has a 10-inch diameter.

[0023] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system wherein the mesh wraps around the rod along a portion of the length of the rod.

[0024] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, including: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with the first duct and configured to apply an electric field to the vapor product without ionizing the surrounding air; a chamber downstream of the second duct, the chamber including a non- conductive pipe and a conductive pipe arranged concentrically; and a collection reservoir configured to receive condensed liquid from the chamber, wherein the electric field is configured to polarize and direct water molecules toward the non-conductive pipe for condensation without generating ozone or nitrogen oxides.

[0025] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the electric field strength is below the dielectric breakdown threshold of air.

[0026] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the conductive pipe is formed of a mesh material and is charged with a voltage opposite to that of the vapor product.

[0027] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the chamber is configured to induce a cyclonic flow pattern to enhance particle separation.

[0028] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to an ionization chamber, including: a housing having a plurality of tubes extending therethrough; a plurality of electrodes positioned within the tubes, each electrode including a rod and a spiral projection; a grid electrically connected to the electrodes and configured to apply a voltage to charge vapor particles within a vapor flow passing through the tubes; and wherein the tubes are arranged in a grid pattern.

[0029] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to an ionization chamber, wherein the cross-sectional shape of the tubes are configured to reduce back pressure and increase residence time therein of the vapor flow.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0030] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to an ionization chamber, wherein the spiral projection is configured to induce a swirling flow pattern aligned with the direction of the vapor flow.

[0031] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to an ionization chamber, wherein the electrodes have a charge density between 450 V / km and 600 V / km.

[0032] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a vapor condensation system, including: a chamber configured to condense liquid from a vapor product; an exhaust pipe in fluid communication with the chamber and configured to discharge a remaining vapor stream; wherein the exhaust pipe includes at least one angled section configured to reduce static pressure buildup and maintain a total system pressure drop below a threshold value of 0.2 PSI.

[0033] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one angled section includes two sequential 45 -degree elbows configured to reduce turbulence and maintain laminar flow through the exhaust path.

[0034] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe has a diameter of at least 20 inches.

[0035] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a suction fan positioned downstream of the chamber and configured to maintain a pressure differential across the system of less than 0.05 PSI.

[0036] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a thermal insulation layer to prevent condensation on the inner surface due to temperature differentials between the vapor product and ambient air.

[0037] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a mesh screen at the outlet to prevent ingress of debris therein.

[0038] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe is configured to discharge air at a temperature higher than an ambient temperature.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0039] In an aspect, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a humidity and temperature sensor configured to monitor exhaust conditions and adjust at least one system parameter.

[0040] The details of one or more variations of the subject matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0041] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0042] FIG. 2 is a side view of the condensing system of FIG. 1 ;

[0043] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a duct of the condensing system of FIG. 1 ;

[0044] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4-4 in FIG. 1 of a condenser of the condensing system of FIG. 1 used in a system for condensing vapor product according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0045] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 in FIG. 4 of the condenser of FIG. 4;

[0046] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0047] FIG. 7 is a side view of the system of FIG. 6;

[0048] FIG. 8 is a front view of the system of FIG. 6;

[0049] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the system of FIG. 6;

[0050] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0051] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0052] FIG. 12A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber fro use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0053] FIG. 12B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 12A;

[0054] FIG. 12C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 12A;

[0055] FIG. 13A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0056] FIG. 13B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 13A;

[0057] FIG. 13C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 13A;

[0058] FIG. 14A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0059] FIG. 14B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 14A;

[0060] FIG. 14C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 14A;

[0061] FIG. 15 A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0062] FIG. 15B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 15 A;

[0063] FIG. 15C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 15 A;

[0064] FIG. 16A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0065] FIG. 16B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 16A;

[0066] FIG. 16C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 16A;

[0067] FIG. 17 A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0068] FIG. 17B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 17A;

[0069] FIG. 17C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 17A;Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0070] FIG. 18A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0071] FIG. 18B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 18 A;

[0072] FIG. 18C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 18A;

[0073] FIG. 19A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0074] FIG. 19B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 19A;

[0075] FIG. 19C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 19A;

[0076] FIG. 20A is a perspective view of an ionization chamber for use with the systems for condensing vapor disclosed herein;

[0077] FIG. 20B is a top view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 20A;

[0078] FIG. 20C is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 20A;

[0079] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a system for condensing vapor including the ionization chamber of FIG. 20 A;

[0080] FIG. 22 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0081] FIG. 23 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0082] FIG. 24 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0083] FIG. 25 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0084] FIG. 26 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0085] FIG. 27 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0086] FIG. 28 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0087] FIG. 29 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0088] FIG. 30 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0089] FIG. 31 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0090] FIG. 32 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0091] FIG. 33 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0092] FIG. 34 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 22;

[0093] FIG. 35 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0094] FIG. 36 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 35;

[0095] FIG. 37 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 35;

[0096] FIG. 38 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 35;

[0097] FIG. 39 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 35 ;

[0098] FIG. 40 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0099] FIG. 41 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0100] FIG. 42 A is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0101] FIG. 42B is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0102] FIG. 42C is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0103] FIG. 42D is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0104] FIG. 42E is a line graph illustrating a voltage sensitivity analysis according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0105] FIG. 42F is a line graph illustrating a voltage sensitivity analysis according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0106] FIG. 42G is a line graph illustrating a voltage sensitivity analysis according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0107] FIG. 42H is a line graph illustrating a voltage sensitivity analysis according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0108] FIG. 421 is a line graph illustrating a voltage sensitivity analysis according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0109] FIG. 43 A is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0110] FIG. 43B is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0111] FIG. 43C is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0112] FIG. 43D is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0113] FIG. 44A is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0114] FIG. 44B is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0115] FIG. 44C is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0116] FIG. 44D is a contour plot for a tube according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0117] FIG. 45 A is a detailed view of a rod and mesh assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0118] FIG. 45B is a detailed view of a rod and mesh assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0119] FIG. 46 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0120] FIG. 47 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0121] FIG. 48 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0122] FIG. 49 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0123] FIG. 50 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0124] FIG. 51 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0125] FIG. 52 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0126] FIG. 53 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 46;

[0127] FIG. 54 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0128] FIG. 55 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 54;

[0129] FIG. 56 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 54;

[0130] FIG. 57 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 54;

[0131] FIG. 58 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 54;

[0132] FIG. 59 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 54;

[0133] FIG. 60 is a contour plot for an embodiment of a system for condensing vapor according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0134] FIG. 61 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 60;Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0135] FIG. 62 is a top view of an ionization chamber according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure;

[0136] FIG. 63 is a bottom view of the ionization chamber of FIG. 62;

[0137] FIG. 64 is a schematic view of a tube of the ionization chamber of FIG. 62;

[0138] FIG. 65 is a contour plot of the tube of FIG. 63;

[0139] FIG. 66 is a contour plot of the ube of FIG. 63;

[0140] FIG. 67 is a perspective view of a system for condensing vapor using the ionization chamber of FIG. 62;

[0141] FIG. 68 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ;

[0142] FIG. 69 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ;

[0143] FIG. 70 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ;

[0144] FIG. 71 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67;

[0145] FIG. 72 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ;

[0146] FIG. 73 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ;

[0147] FIG. 74 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ;

[0148] FIG. 75 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67 ; and

[0149] FIG. 76 is a contour plot of the system of FIG. 67.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0150] Certain exemplary implementations will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these implementations are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non- limiting exemplary implementations and that the scope of the present invention is defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connectionAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO with one exemplary implementation may be combined with the features of other implementations. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

[0151] The current subject matter can provide a safe and energy efficient technology to condense and collect water (e.g., in the liquid phase) from one or more vapor products (e.g., a vapor-phase and / or condensed-phase of material (e.g., water) suspended in a stationary or moving mass of air or some other gas carrier) by applying an electrical field between a source electrode and a sink electrode to drive the one or more vapor products along the electrical field. This approach leverages electrohydrodynamic (EHD) principles to manipulate the motion of polarizable molecules or droplets within a gaseous medium, enabling targeted collection without the need for mechanical filters or moving parts. By creating an electrical field and driving the one or more vapor products, without ionizing the one or more vapor products with a high voltage electrical source, the system can be implemented to be safer, have higher efficiency, and produce water with fewer impurities, as compared to some conventional approaches. This non-ionizing method reduces the risk of generating harmful byproducts and minimizes energy losses typically associated with dielectric breakdown or corona discharge. Exemplary applications include a turbine cooling tower and combustion smokestack. In such industrial settings, large volumes of warm, moist air are routinely expelled, representing a significant opportunity for water recovery and reuse. Existing infrastructures may be retro-fitted and integrated using the current subject matter. This retrofitting capability allows for scalable deployment across a wide range of industries, including power generation, manufacturing, and transportation, without requiring complete system overhauls.

[0152] Techniques of scavenging water droplets (e.g., liquid particles of water) from air (e.g., ambient air) can include collectors in the form of wire meshes, and the condensation relies on inertial collision of the water droplets onto the collector meshes for water capture. These wire mesh collectors are typically composed of fine metallic or polymeric filaments arranged in a grid or lattice structure, which provides a physical surface for airborne droplets to impact and adhere to. The effectiveness of this method depends on several factors, including the size and velocity of the droplets, the mesh spacing, and the orientation of the mesh relative to the airflow. The use of wire meshes alone can be limited by aerodynamic drag forces since water droplets may be required to collide with the wireAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO meshes. In particular, smaller droplets with lower inertia may follow the streamlines of the airflow and bypass the mesh entirely, reducing overall collection efficiency. Additionally, the accumulation of water on the mesh can increase resistance to airflow, leading to pressure drops and reduced system performance over time. These limitations highlight the need for enhanced collection mechanisms that can actively direct or attract water droplets toward the collector surface, rather than relying solely on passive interception.

[0153] A problem associated with previous approaches to condensing and collecting water may be solved by utilizing electrical forces. The water (e.g., a vapor-phase and / or liquidphase of water) in the carrier gas (e.g., air) may be electrically charged and directed toward a collector by an imposed electric field. This electric field can be generated using a pair of electrodes — typically a source electrode and a sink electrode — strategically positioned to create a directional force that influences the motion of charged particles within the gas stream. When the water is electrically charged, it can be attracted to a collector that is charged with an opposite charge. This electrostatic attraction significantly increases the likelihood of water droplets deviating from their natural flow paths and making contact with the collector surface, even in the presence of aerodynamic forces that would otherwise cause them to bypass the collector. Therefore, the charged water can collide with surfaces of the collector meshes with an increased probability. Upon impact, water droplets can stick to the mesh and coagulate with other incoming water droplets. This coagulation process is facilitated by surface tension and intermolecular forces, which cause smaller droplets to merge into larger ones. Over time, the accumulation of water on the mesh forms larger droplets that are less likely to be re-entrained into the airflow. As a result, when the coagulated water droplets become sufficiently large and heavy on the collector mesh, the water droplets may precipitate due to gravity (e.g., separate from the collector mesh), and the precipitating water droplets may be collected in a reservoir. This passive gravitational separation allows for continuous water harvesting without the need for mechanical intervention, making the system more energy-efficient and suitable for integration into a wide range of industrial and environmental applications

[0154] There may be a number of different means to scavenge water (e.g., in the liquidphase) from one or more vapor products. In some conventional approaches that utilize electrical forces for collecting water, corona discharge may be used to introduce a space charge into the water to impart a net charge to the incoming water droplets. CoronaAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO discharge may be produced by using a sharp metallic needle that is connected to a high- voltage generator. Typically, voltages to produce stable corona discharge ranges from -10 kV to -24 kV. This method relies on the ionization of the surrounding air near the sharp electrode tip, which creates a region of high electric field intensity. As a result, free electrons are accelerated and collide with neutral gas molecules, generating a cascade of charged particles that form a space charge region. When water droplets pass through this region, they acquire a net electrical charge through interactions with the ions. These charged droplets can then be manipulated by external electric fields and directed toward a collection surface. While corona discharge has been widely studied and applied in electrostatic precipitation and air purification systems, its application in water harvesting systems introduces several challenges. The high voltages required to sustain a stable corona discharge can lead to increased energy consumption and necessitate robust insulation and safety mechanisms. Furthermore, the ionization process is inherently unstable and sensitive to environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, and particulate concentration, which can affect the consistency and reliability of water collection.

[0155] However, using corona discharge to impart electrical charges to water may present problems. For example, corona discharge ionizes surrounding air, and can produce gases such as ozone (O3) and nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide can be further oxidized to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and subsequently nitric acid (HNO3) through photochemical reactions. These gases and liquids are toxic, corrosive, and environmentally harmful. If the water vapor condensing system includes the corona discharge system, what is collected at the collector is corrosive and toxic acid. As a result, the collected liquid requires further treatment if it is desired to be used for useful purposes. In addition, the corona discharge system, when implemented for water vapor condensing system, may be dangerous due to the high voltage associated therewith, may waste large amount of energy, and / or may interfere neighboring electronic instruments due to the high voltage discharges. Moreover, the corona discharge system poses a concern for explosion when the system is surrounded by debris with high surface areas (e.g., dust particles) and / or loose articles.

[0156] In some implementations of the present disclosure, an electric field may be applied within a predefined space to direct and collect the water (e.g., liquid particles of water) from one or more vapor products. In a system using the electric field to scavenge water (e.g., liquid particles of water) from one or more vapor products, the system may not require a highAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO voltage generator, and thus, the surrounding air may not be ionized. Since the dielectric breakdown voltage of air is relatively high, at about 3kV / mm, a substantial electric field may be applied within the predefined space to drive the one or more vapor products to a particular location (e.g., a sink electrode) where the water present within the one or more vapor products may be coagulated and collected. Consequently, toxic and corrosive gases and liquids are not produced. The system can be implemented to be safer than the corona discharge system, has better energy utilization efficiency, and moreover, produces water with fewer impurities to allow the collected water to be directly used (e.g., without further processing or purification). Since the system relies on the polar nature of water molecules, the system may discriminate polar vapor products (e.g., water) from non-polar vapor products (e.g., dust), and thereby producing condensed water with fewer impurities.

[0157] In some implementations, a further benefit of the current subject matter can include pollution reduction. Industrial cooling equipment which can emit vapor productized vapor containing chemical and / or biological pollutants. For example, a cooling tower can emit particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and other toxic air contaminants as a result of dissolved solids in the cooling tower circulation water. These pollutants can become entrained in the air and / or water (e.g., water in the gas-phase or liquid-phase) that is discharged from the cooling tower. In an aspect, the air and / or water emitted from the cooling tower can also include thermal pollutants. For example, the air and / or water emitted from a cooling tower can be emitted at a higher temperature compared to the temperature of the environment in which the cooling tower is located. Elevated temperature emissions can negatively impact the localized environment by altering the thermodynamic conditions of the environment. For example, the elevated temperature emissions can act as a catalyst for chemical and biological pollutants which can also be present in the environment or which were previously existing in the environment and can cause the chemical and biological pollutants to increase in concentration, reaction kinetics, likelihood of dispersion, or the like.

[0158] Some implementations of the systems described herein can mitigate thermal, chemical, and / or biological pollution by scavenging water from the emitted one or more vapor products from the cooling tower and maintaining the scavenged water within a closed- loop system coupled to the vapor product emission source. Chemical and biological pollutants can be removed from the emitted vapor products using the system described herein causing these types of pollutants to be retained within the cooling tower circulation systemAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO and not emitted into the ambient environment. In addition, some implementations of the systems described herein can reduce thermal pollution by directing high temperature vapor product emissions into the cooling tower circulation, thereby utilizing the thermal mass of the water or cooling medium circulating within the cooling tower system to reduce elevated temperatures of emitted vapor products.

[0159] In an example aspect, the exhaust from the systems disclosed herein are expected to be hotter and drier than ambient conditions the system is operating in. Hotter, drier air would not likely cause a plume, but hotter more humid air might, if the system were operating in an arid environment, such as <40% relative humidity. The system will recover all the evaporative water in the plume in most conditions, but the ambient humidity that was already present can exit the system via the exhaust tube at a hotter temperature. In an aspect, the electric field will cause condensation at a fixed rate of the vapor present, for example currently between 35%-45%, and preferably 39%. Therefore, when ambient humidity is >61%, the system can recover > 100% of the evaporative loss, and when ambient humidity is <61%, the system would recover proportionally <100%. The balance of the evaporative loss would be in the exhaust mixture leaving the system.

[0160] As the world’s population continues to rise, and climate change reduces water availability, water scarcity has become one of the most critical issues of our time. Around the world, industrial cooling towers, which use water to extract heat created during manufacturing processes, require a significant amount of water. It is estimated that there are as many at two million cooling towers in the United States alone. A mid-sized tower can lose up to one hundred million gallons of water each year. Traditional cooling towers use water to extract waste heat and eject it into the atmosphere. In these towers humid air carries warm water vapor out of the tower, which is called a plume. Many cooling towers also utilize a sump or basin that collects water and impurities that over time lead to corrosion and bacteria growth. These issues are often controlled by adding water and expensive chemicals.

[0161] In general, the present disclosure is directed to a system for condensing vapor. The system generally includes a first duct configured to receive a vapor product from a cooling tower, where the first duct imparts a first charge to the vapor product in response to application of a first voltage to the first duct. The vapor product then passes to a second duct in fluid communication with and arranged downstream of the first duct, where the second duct is configured to allow the vapor product to pass therethrough. The second duct has aAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO second charge in response to application of a second voltage that is different than the first voltage to thereby allow collection of at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product passing therethrough. A chamber in fluid communication with the second duct is configured to receive the vapor product therefrom, and include a non-conductive pipe and a conductive pipe. The non-conductive pipe has an inner surface, where at least a portion of the vapor product is configured to condense on the inner surface. The conductive pipe is positioned within the non-conductive pipe, and has a third charge in response to application of a third voltage to thereby repel at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product towards the inner surface of the non-conductive pipe.

[0162] FIG. 1-5 illustrate an exemplary aspect of a system 100 for condensing a vapor product from a cooling tower 102. A vapor product is generated due to a process occurring within the cooling tower 102, or at some location external to the cooling tower 102, with a coolant being passed through a heat exchanger within the cooling tower 102 in order to reduce the coolant temperature. As a byproduct of this heat exchange process, a vapor product, formed from a liquid such as water, is generated and passed upward and out of the cooling tower 102. In some implementations, the vapor product can be in the form of water vapor (e.g., gas-phase molecules). Vapors are typically colorless (e.g., invisible) and nonwetting but can condense and / or react on contact with liquid and / or solid. In some implementations, the vapor product can be in the form of a vapor product (e.g., a visible vapor product containing water droplets (e.g., liquid particles) with a size of about 1 nm to 10 pm or greater (e.g., liquid water particles suspended in a carrier gas, such as air).

[0163] The cooling tower 102 includes a reaction chamber where the heat exchange process occurs, an opening 104 arranged within the top of the cooling tower 102, and a blower 106 arranged within the opening 104. The heat exchange process can be conducted by any suitable heat exchange process which produces a vapor product. The blower 106 is arranged in the opening in order to produce a vacuum force which aids in directing the vapor product out of the cooling tower 102. The blower 106 can be any form of air movement device, such as a fan 107 or turbine connected to a power source, such as an electric motor.

[0164] Arranged on the other side of the blower 106 and configured to receive the vapor product VP from the cooling tower 102 is a duct system 108. The duct system 108 includes ducts 110a, 110b, 110c, 1 lOd arranged above the cooling tower 102. The ducts 110a, 110b, 110c, 1 lOd are each configured to collect a respective portion of the vapor product VP beingAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO emitted from the cooling tower 102. The emitted vapor product VP has a first humidity level. A humidity level is the amount of water, either in gaseous or particulate form, which is present within a vapor product. In an aspect, the ducts 110a, 110b are in fluid communication with a chamber 112a arranged downstream of the ducts 110a, 110b. In order to draw the vapor product VP through the system, the ducts 110a, 110b having a first charge in response to application of a first voltage to the ducts 110a, 110b so as to impart a charge on the vapor product VP, modifying to to a vapor product VP1. In an aspect, the ducts 110a, 1 10b are curved to redirect the vapor product towards the chamber 1 12a. Additionally, the ducts 110a, 110b are arranged adjacent to each other. While only two ducts are shown connected to the chamber 112a, any number of ducts can be fluidly coupled to the chamber 112a downstream of the cooling tower 102.

[0165] Alternatively, or in addition to, the duct system 108 can include additional ducts 110c, 1 lOd that are in fluid communication with at least one chamber 112b. The chamber 112b can be substantially similar to chamber 112a, and therefore common features are not described in detail herein. A person skilled in the art would appreciate that the above description of the ducts 110a, 110b is also applicable to the additional ducts 110c, 1 lOd.

[0166] At this stage in the process, the vapor product includes liquid particles of water, which as described in detail below, will be at least partially removed from the vapor product at subsequent stages of the process. As illustrated in FIG. 1, arranged at an outlet ends of the ducts 110b, 110c are reducers 118b, 118c configured to increase the flow rate of the vapor product passing therethough. In an aspect, the reducers 118b, 118c are conical-shaped pipes which have a reduced the cross-sectional area compared to the ducts 110b, 110c in order to increase the speed of the liquid particles within the vapor product VP 1 . By increasing the speed of the vapor product VP1, the liquid particles within the vapor product VP1 are separated from one another within the vapor product VP1.

[0167] Alternatively, or in addition to, reducers 118a, 118d (not shown) can be arranged at the outlet end of the additional ducts 110a, 1 lOd and configured to increase the flow rate of the vapor product pass therethrough. The reducers 118a, 118d can be substantially similar to reducers 118b, 118c, and therefore common features are not described in detail herein. A person skilled in the art would appreciate that the above description of the reducers 118b, 118c is also applicable to the reducers 118a, 118d.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0168] After passing through the reducers 118a, 118b, 118c, 118d the vapor product VP 1 passes into second ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d, respectively. The second ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d are arranged downstream of the first ducts 1 10a, 110b, 110c, 1 lOd. Arranged within each second duct is at least one charger 121 (shown in FIGS. 4-5). A schematic view of the charger 121 is illustrated in FIG. 3. In an aspect, the charger 121 can include an electrode 124 within a passageway 122 for the vapor product to pass therethrough. In use, while the vapor product is passing through the passageway 122, the electrode 124 imparts a different, second charge on the vapor product VP1 , modifying it to a vapor product VP2 leaving the second ducts.

[0169] The electrode 124 can have a variety of configurations. In this illustrated aspect, the electrode 124 is a spiral electrode. The electrode 124 is shaped such that the electrode extends in a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation as the electrode extends linearly through the passageway 122. The rotational shape of the electrode 124 is formed in the same direction as the vapor product VP1 spiraling in the flow direction FD to aid in moving the vapor product VP1 through the charger 121 and modifying the it into vapor product VP2. The electrode 124 can include a plurality of point electrodes 126 arranged along the length of the electrode 124. The point electrodes 126 are arranged within the flow path of the vapor product VP1 as it passes through the ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d in order to impart a second charge to the vapor product VP1. The electrode 124 has a second charge in response to application of a second voltage that is different from the first voltage to allow collection of liquid particles present in the vapor product passing through the ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d. By passing the vapor product VP1 through the charger 121, the charger 121 forms a modified vapor product VP2 with a modified humidity level that is greater than the first humidity level. The second voltage is opposite the first voltage such that the liquid particles of the vapor product VP1 are attracted to the ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d from the ducts 110a, 110b, 110c, HOd. As shown in FIGS. 4-5, each duct can include multiple chargers 121 in order to process the vapor product VP1 into the vapor product VP2. In other aspects, any suitable number of chargers can be implemented.

[0170] After passing through the ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d, the vapor product VP2 can have liquid removed the vapor product within the chamber 112a, 112b. The chambers 112a, 112b are arranged downstream of the ducts 110a, 110b, 110c, HOd, 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d, and configured to receive the vapor product VP2 from the second ducts 120a, 120b, 120c,Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO120d. The chambers 112a, 112b can be arranged in a vertical or horizontal configuration, and is configured to pass the vapor product VP2 through various components in order to remove liquid from the vapor product VP2, modifying the vapor product VP2 into an exhaust flow product EFa, EFb. The chambers 112a, 112b are configured to receive the vapor product VP2 from the second ducts 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d.

[0171] The chambers can have a variety of configurations. As illustrated in FIGS. 4-5, the chamber 112a includes an outer housing 113a, a non-conductive pipe 150, and a conductive pipe 158. The outer housing can have a variety of configurations. As shown, the outer housing 113a can be substantially cylindrical in shape and extend between a first end 115a and a second end 115b. Defined within and extending through a wall of the outer housing 1 13a are apertures 155a, 155b that allow the ducts 120a, 120b to pass through the outer housing 113a, and thus, into the chamber 112a.

[0172] As further shown, positioned at the first end 115a is an outlet opening 144a and positioned at the second end 115b is an outlet opening 144b. The outlet openings 144a, 144b allow the exhaust flow product EFa, EFb to pass through and out of the chamber 112a through outlets 138a, 138b. In order to further remove liquid from the vapor product, mesh plates 146a, 146b can be arranged on the outlet openings 144a, 144b. In an aspect, the mesh plates 146a, 146b can be charged with the same polarity as the conductive pipe 158 in order to further repel any fluid particles still contained within the exhaust flow product EFa, EFb back into the chamber 112a.

[0173] Even further, positioned at the ends of the outlets 138a, 138b are mesh plates 142a, 142b. The mesh plates 142a, 142b can not be electrically charged, and can act as protection from debris or animals from entering the chamber 112a through the outlets 138a, 138b. Additionally, In an aspect, suction fans can be arranged within the outlets 138a, 138b to further provide a motive force to the vapor product.

[0174] Also arranged on the outer housing 113a are fluid outlets 140a, 140b. The fluid outlets 140a, 140b are configured to drain coalesced and condensed fluid from the chamber 112a, as discussed below in greater detail. In an aspect, the system can include a reservoir 160 configured to collect the separated liquid from the vapor products VP1 and VP2. In an aspect, as shown in FIG. 4, the reservoir 160 can be positioned underneath the non- conductive pipe 150. Due to the blower 106, the vapor product is moving through the systemAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO100 at an accelerated flow rate. This flow rate could potentially cause additional evaporation to already removed liquid in the reservoir 160 if not properly separated within the chamber 112.

[0175] Arranged within the outer housing 113a is the non-conductive pipe 150. The non- conductive pipe 150 can be arranged within the chamber 112a and extend from the first end 115a to the second end 1 15b. The non-conductive pipe 150 can be cylindrically shaped, and radially inward of the outer housing 113a. The non-conductive pipe 150 includes an inner surface 151, which faces inward towards the conductive pipe 158. Non-limiting examples of suitable material which the non-conductive pipe can be formed from include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or any other type of suitable plastic or rigid material which is non- conductive.

[0176] Defined within and extending through a wall of the non-conductive pipe 150 is a plurality of drainage apertures 152. The drainage apertures 152 pass through the non- conductive pipe 150 and are arranged radially above the reservoir 160. The drainage apertures 152 are configured to allow collected fluid within the non-conductive pipe 150 to pass through the non-conductive pipe 150 and into the chamber 112a. From there, the fluid can be collected in the reservoir 160 and directed from the chamber 112a by the fluid outlets 140a, 140b. In some aspect, the collected fluid can be reused in a cooling process in the cooling tower 102. Also arranged within the non-conductive pipe 150 are apertures 154a, 154b, which are configured to allow the ducts 120a, 120b to pass through the non-conductive pipe 150 such that the vapor product can interact with the inner surface 151 and the conductive pipe 158.

[0177] In addition to the chargers 121, the vapor product VP1 also passes through a charged mesh 162 arranged within the aperture 154a to further modify the vapor product VP1 into the vapor product VP2. The charged mesh 162 further imparts a charge on the vapor product to aid in the coalescing of liquid particles from the vapor product, as described below. In an aspect, the charged mesh 162 can have the same polarity as the chargers 121.

[0178] Arranged within the non-conductive pipe 150 is a conductive pipe 158. The conductive pipe 158 can be concentrically arranged within the non-conductive pipe 150 and extend from the first end 115a to the second end 115b. The conductive pipe 158 can be cylindrically shaped, and positioned radially inward of the non-conductive pipe 150. TheAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO conductive pipe 158 can be formed from a conductive mesh material, where the conductive pipe 158 can have a voltage applied thereto in order to charge the conductive pipe 158. As described in greater detail below, the conductive pipe 158 is formed of a conductive mesh so that the vapor product VP2 can pass through the conductive pipe 158, while also being charged in order to repel any charged vapor particles in the vapor product VP2 towards the inner surface 151 of the non-conductive pipe 150 to aid in collecting liquid from the vapor product VP2 and converting the vapor product VP2 into the exhaust flow product EFa, EFb. Since the gas portion of the vapor product VP2 can pass through the mesh material of the conductive pipe 158, and the vapor particles are repelled away conductive pipe 158, dry gas (e.g., dry air) can pass through the outlet openings 144a, 144b and out the outlets 138a, 138b into the environment. The conductive pipe 150 can be a mesh-type, vane pack, or other structure intended to aggregate the mist into droplets that are heavy enough to separate from the vapor product VP2.

[0179] As illustrated in FIG. 5, in order to position the non-conductive pipe 150 within the chamber 112a, supports 170a, 170b are positioned on either side of the non-conductive pipe 150 and extend to contact the outer housing 113a. Additionally, the conductive pipe 158 is also positioned relative to the non-conductive pipe 150 by supports 172a, 172b, which extend from the conductive pipe 158 to the non-conductive pipe 150. The supports 170a, 170b, 172a, 172b can be made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or another rigid and non-conductive material.

[0180] While not explicitly described, the chamber 112b include substantially similar components compared to the chamber 112a, and as such, like components will not be described in detail. Similar to the chamber 1 12a, the chamber 1 12b process a vapor product and removes gas from the vapor product such that dry gas (e.g., dry air) is passed into the environment through outlets 138c, 138d, and the collected fluid is removed from the chamber 112b through drainage outlets 140c, 140d.

[0181] In use, a method of condensing a vapor product can be carried out using systems described herein. By way of example, the vapor product VF generated by a cooling tower is passed through the first ducts 110a 100b, which are electrically charged with the first voltage, in order to impart a charge on the vapor product VF. This creates a first modified vapor product VP1. The first modified vapor product VP1 passes through the second ducts 120a, 120b positioned downstream of and in fluid communication with the first ducts 110a, 110b.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WOThe second ducts 120a, 120b can be electrically charged with the second voltage that is different than the first voltage, thereby creating a second modified vapor product VP2.

[0182] The vapor product VP2 passes into the chamber 112a to remove liquid from the vapor product VP2. When entering the chamber 112a, the vapor product follows through the charged mesh 162 arranged within the aperture 154a to further impart the charge of the chargers 121 onto the vapor product. Once the vapor product enters the chamber 112a, the vapor product VP2 will flow in a cyclonic flow pattern CF illustrated in FIGS. 4-5 since the air is entering the chamber 112a perpendicular to the length of the chamber 112a. The cyclonic flow pattern CF forces the vapor product VP2 to flow both radially inward towards the outlet openings 144a, 144b, while also allowing the vapor product VP2 to move laterally along the chamber 1 12a towards the outlet openings 144a, 144b. The chamber 1 12a has non- conductive pipe 150 and the conductive pipe 158. The conductive pipe is electrically charged with the second voltage that is the same as at least the second voltage of the chargers 121.The vapor product VP2 follows the cyclonic flow pattern, which both cools the vapor product VP2 and allows for fluid particles within the vapor product VP2 to coalesce out of the vapor product VP2 and to be repelled by the conductive pipe 158, while also being forced outward due to the centrifugal forces imparted on the vapor product VP2 by the cyclonic flow pattern CF. The repelled fluid particles move radially outward from the conductive pipe 158 and make contact with the inner surface 151 of the non-conductive pipe 150. As the collected fluid increases in volume, the droplets can combine together to form droplets large enough from gravity to pull to the bottom of the non-conductive pipe 150 and through the drainage apertures 152, into the reservoir 160. The dry air by-product from the vapor product VP2 passes through the outlet openings 144a, 144b and out the outlets 138a, 138b as exhaust flow product EFa, EFb.

[0183] In an aspect, an embodiment of the system is depicted in FIGS. 6-9. As shown, the system 200 can include a cooling tower 202, with a plurality of ducts 210 in communication with the cooling tower 202. A chamber 212 can be in communication with the ducts 210, positioned below the ducts 210 to capture vapor product, and can also be in communication with an outlet 238 for exhaust to be dispelled from. As shown, ionization chambers 220 can be housed within each respective duct 210 to aide in the condensation process. The ionization chambers 220 can contain a plurality of ionization tubes. The chamber 212 can contain a nonAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO conductive pipe 250 and a conductive pipe 258 positioned radially inward of the non- conductive pipe 250.

[0184] In an aspect, an embodiment of the system is depicted in FIG. 10. As shown the system 300 can include a cooling tower 302 in communication with ducts 310 that are in communication with ionization chambers 320. The ionization chambers 320 are in communication with the chamber 312, which is in communication with an outlet 338. The outlet can include a first 45-degree elbow 338a and a second 45-degree elbow 338b, the effects of which will be described further below.

[0185] In an aspect, an embodiment of the system is depicted in FIG. 11. As shown the system 400 can include a cooling tower 402 in communication with ducts 410 that are in communication with ionization chamber 420. The ionization chambers 420 are in communication with the chamber 412, which is in communication with an outlet 438. The outlet can include a first 90-degree elbow and a second 90-degree elbow, the effects of which will be described further below.

[0186] In an aspect, various configurations of chargers 121 can be used and can vary depending on the number of ducts 120 in the system. In one embodiment, as depicted by FIGS. 12A-12C, the ionization chamber 500 can include a plurality of chargers / electrodes 506 each housed within a plurality of tubes 504. The tubes 504 can be identical in size and shape and can be configured in a grid through the ionization chamber body 502. The tubes 504 include an internal guide in the form of an electrode 506 for directing flow through the tubes 504. Electrodes 506 are positioned within the tubes 504 and are connected to a grid 508 positioned on the underside of the body 502. The grid 508 allows for an electrical charge to be imparted to the electrodes 506 in order to pass a charge onto vapor passing through the tubes 504 through an external power source (not shown). The electrodes 506 extend upward from the grid 508 through the tubes 504. In an aspect, the electrodes 506 are similar to the electrodes 124 described above. The electrodes 506 can extend the whole length of the tubes 504, and can include vanes that help create a swirling airflow as vapor travels down the tubes 504. FIGS. 12A-12C depict a plurality of tubes 504, where 33 tubes each are 4 inches in diameter, and extend through the ionization chamber body 504. Multiple of the same ionization chambers can be used in the system with each being housed within a duct 120. For example, 8 ducts each containing the depicted ionization chamber 500 can be used in the system.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0187] FIGS. 13A-13C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 520. The ionization chamber 520 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 520 includes a body 522, tubes 524, electrodes 526, and a grid 528. In an aspect, larger ionization chambers 520 that include more tubes 524 can be used in conjunction with fewer ducts 120. As depicted, an ionization body 522 can include 96 tubes 524, each containing an internal guide in the form of an electrode 526 connected to a grid 528. The tubes 524 can each be the same size, shape, and length, and the entire ionization chamber 520 can be multiplied such that each is contained in a respective duct 120. Increasing the number of tubes in the ionization chamber can allow for less ducts to be used, for example 4 ducts instead of 8.

[0188] FIGS. 14A-14C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 540. The ionization chamber 540 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 540 includes a body 542, tubes 544, electrodes 546, and a grid 548. In an aspect, an ionization chamber 540 may include tubes 544 in a grid arrangement as described above, and the tubes 544 may be larger than the tubes 506, 526 described above. The tubes 544 may be 6 inches in diameter and extend through the ionization chamber body 542. Larger tubes can require less tubes to be placed in the ionization chamber 540 than smaller tubes to achieve a similar affect. As depicted, 18 tubes 544 may be used rather than 33 as described above in the ionization chamber 500.

[0189] FIGS. 15A-15C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 560. The ionization chamber 560 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 560 includes a body 562, tubes 564, electrodes 566, and a grid 568. In an aspect, the tubes 564 are 6-inches in diameter. Multiple of the same ionization chambers can be used in the system with each being housed within a duct 120. For example, 8 ducts each containing the depicted ionization chamber 560 can be used in the system. Additionally, as described above, a larger ionization chamber body 562 may be used in conjunction with the larger tubes 564, such that more of the tubes 564 are housed within the ionization chamber 560 and less ionization chambers 560 and ducts that house the ionization chambers 560 can be used in the system, for example 4 ducts instead of 8 ducts.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0190] FIGS. 16A-16C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 580. The ionization chamber 580 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 580 includes a body 582, tubes 584, electrodes 586, and a grid 588. Further, large tubes 584 can be used in conjunction with the ionization chamber 580. For example, 8-inch tubes 584 can be disposed in the ionization chamber body 582. As explained above, larger tubes allow for less tubes to be used in the ionization chamber, and larger ionization chamber bodies can allow for less ionization chambers to be used and therefor less ducts to be used.

[0191] FIGS. 17A-17C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 600. The ionization chamber 600 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 600 includes a body 602, tubes 604, electrodes 606, and a grid 608. The tubes 604 are positioned within the body 602 in three equal columns. Additionally, the tubes 604 are 8-inches in diameter.

[0192] FIGS. 18A-18C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 620. The ionization chamber 620 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 620 includes a body 622, tubes 624, electrodes 626, and a grid 628. The tubes 624 are positioned within the body 622 in a staggered pattern. Further, large tubes 626 can be used in conjunction with the ionization chamber 620. For example, 10-inch tubes 626 can be disposed in the ionization chamber body 622. As explained above, larger tubes allow for less tubes to be used in the ionization chamber, and larger ionization chamber bodies can allow for less ionization chambers to be used and therefor less ducts to be used.

[0193] FIGS. 19A-19C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 640. The ionization chamber 640 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 640 includes a body 642, tubes 644, electrodes 646, and a grid 648. The tubes 644 are positioned within the body 642 in offset columns. Additionally, the tubes 644 are 10 inches in diameter.

[0194] FIGS. 20A-20C depict an exemplary aspect of an ionization chamber 660. The ionization chamber 660 is sustainably similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber 660 includes a body 662, tubes 664, electrodes 666, a grid 668, tubes 670, and electrodes 672. In an aspect,Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO tubes of varying diameters can be used in one ionization chamber as depicted in ionization chamber 660. Tubes 670 are smaller than tubes 664, where tubes 670 are 6 inches in diameter, and tubes 664 are 10 inches in diameter. Using two or more sized tubes allows for the tubes to be in a more efficient configuration, allowing for a greater volume to flow through the ionization chamber at once due to the packing aging efficiency of the tubes within the body 662. While the depicted embodiments show various configurations of single sized tubes in ionization chambers, and two different sized tubes in an ionization chamber, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that any number of different sized tubes can be used on any sized ionization chamber. A system 700 implementing ionization tubes of different sizes is depicted in FIG. 21. In an aspect the cooling tower 702 is in communication with a duct 710. The duct 710 leads to the ionization chamber 660 which leads to the chamber 712. Multiples of the system 700 can be combined for increased volume in the system.

[0195] In an aspect, the tubes within the ionization chambers can be non-round, as in rectangular or square tubes in the ionizer section. Since the ducts which the ionization chambers are located are also rectangular or square, back pressure can be reduced by having substantially 100% open area within the ducts since there is minimal blocked space between tubes in the ionization chamber if the tubes are square or rectangular instead of round, reducing back pressure in these section by greater than 50%. A rectangular or square duct opening within the ionization chamber can also allow for slower air flow velocity which increases residence time, which increases water recovery.

[0196] FIGS. 22-25 depict contour plots of an example system 800. The system 800 is similar to the system 100 described above. The electric potential contours of the system 800 are shown in FIG. 22. A potential distribution evolved between the maximum value of 13 kV and the minimum value of 0 V at the tubes’ surfaces. The separator’s mesh also had a voltage of 0 V, which resulted in the potential distribution between the ionizer’ s bottom plate and the separator’s mesh.

[0197] The electric field is shown on a 2D slice in FIG. 23, which was calculated as the norm of the electric potential’s gradient. As illustrated in the figures, the highest electric field strength was observed inside the tubes, and it diminished in regions away from electric sources. Condensation was enhanced within regions of adequate electric field strengths. The condensed mass per unit volume per second is shown on a 2D slice in FIG. 24. The figureAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO shows that effective condensation occurred near the ionization tubes, where the electric field was adequately strong.

[0198] Contours of the liquid volume fraction on a 2D slice are shown in FIG. 25. As shown in the figure, most of the condensed liquid accumulated within the separator’ s volume. The separator’s mesh had a demisting effect. In an aspect, the amount of condensed mass within the system was 0.0803555 kg / s. Hence, the ratio of accumulated mass rate within the separator’s volume to the inlet vapor mass flow rate was 0.3793. In an aspect, the system 800 had a ratio of 0.3743, which corresponded to approximately 96% evaporative loss recovery.

[0199] FIG. 26 illustrates a 3D visualization of the streamlines colored by the velocity magnitude of the system 800. In an aspect, the inflow velocity through the system 800 can be 3.71 m / s. The flow accelerates as it moved through smaller volumes, following the principles of mass conservation. In an aspect, the velocity can reach levels above 100 m / s at bends (elbows) in the exhaust pipe, and the exhaust outlet velocity can be 56.65 m / s.

[0200] A detailed view of the velocity field is shown on a 2D slice together with normalized velocity vectors in FIG. 27. As shown, the velocity of the gas moving through the system 800 increases in velocity as approaching the exhaust port of the system 800.

[0201] FIG. 28 illustrates a temperature field on a 2D slice of the system 800. In an aspect, the temperature can increase following the condensation process and the partial release of latent heat. The temperature can exceed 50 °C at some parts of the domain, but can be cooled down to 34.82 °C and 31.15 °C at the exhaust outlet and drain outlet, respectively. This cooling was due to wall heat exchange with ambient air at 20 °C, combined with the flow’s acceleration and increase in kinetic energy.

[0202] FIG. 29 illustrates the system 800 including different planes 1-5 where an average pressure can be measured within the system 800. As shown in the below Table 1 : Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 800, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet was 1.178 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionization chamber only (from location 3 to 4) was 0. 153 PSI. The pressure drop across the exhaust pipe was 0.958 PSI.Table 1 : Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 800Atty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQ

[0203] FIG. 30 illustrates the electric potential contours of the system 800 with a positive 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. As shown in the figure, the resulting electric potential distribution on a 2D slice evolved, exhibiting a wider range between the maximum value of 13 kV and the minimum value of 0 V at the tubes’ surfaces as it expanded into the separator’s volume.

[0204] FIG. 31 illustrates the electric field strength contours for an example system 800 with a positive 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. Calculated from the electric potential’s gradient, the electric field diminished between the positive sources, i.e., the ionization chamber and the separator’ s mesh. A region of electric field strength was developed near the exhaust pipe due to the outer separator’ s surface being grounded. FIG. 32 illustrates the condensed mass per unit volume per second contours of the system 800 with a positive 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. The figure shows weaker condensation in the lower parts of the ducts due to the weaker electric field. However, additional condensation was observed near the exhaust pipe due to the electric field strength in this region.

[0205] FIG. 33 illustrates the liquid volume fraction contours of the system 800 with a positive 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. In an aspect, the amount of condensed mass within the system 800 was 0.0844036 kg / s. Hence, the ratio of accumulated mass rate within the separator’s volume to the inlet vapor mass flow rate was 0.3984. This ratio is 105% the ratio obtained from the when the system 800 has a 0 V charge on the separator’s mesh. Thus,Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO condensation efficiency can be enhanced with addition charge on the separator’s mesh. Additionally, FIG. 34 illustrates the temperature contours of the system 800 with a positive 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. As shown in FIG. 34, the gas temperature increases substantially within the tubes of the ionization chamber, and cools off as the vapor passes through the system 800. In an example aspect, the temperature, which increased following the condensation process and the partial release of latent heat, had higher values near the exhaust pipe when compared to the base model. It also had lower values near the separator’s mesh due to the diminished electric field, when compared to the base model. Temperature exceeded 50 °C at some parts of the domain, but it was cooled down to 37.21 °C and 33.03 °C at the exhaust outlet and drain outlet, respectively. This cooling was due to wall heat exchange with ambient air at 20 °C, combined with the flow’s acceleration and increase in kinetic energy.

[0206] FIGS. 35-39 illustrate a system 820, which is similar to the system 800, with the difference being a negative 13 kV charge is applied to the separator’ s mesh, and not a positive 13 kV charge like in the system 800. FIG. 35 illustrates the electric potential contours for the system 820 having a negative 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. As shown in the figure, the potential distribution evolved, exhibiting a wider range between the maximum value of 13 kV and the minimum value of -13 kV at the separator’s mesh surface.

[0207] FIG. 36 illustrates the electric field strength contours of the system 820 with a negative 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. Being the norm of the electric potential’s gradient, the electric field exhibited higher values in the separator’s volume, when compared to the base case (having 0 kV applied to the separator’s mesh) and the positive charge case (having a positive 13 kV applied to the separator’s mesh). This is attributed to the potential difference between the positive and negative sources, i.e., ionization chamber and separator’s mesh. In an aspect, a 100-micron mesh is used in the VL separator. The mesh can be formed of a conductive material, for example stainless-steel mesh. Other mesh sizes may be possible and should be considered within the scope of this disclosure. Hole size within the mesh can have an effect on both water collection and back pressure generated within the system.

[0208] FIG. 37 illustrates the condensed mass per unit volume per second contours of the system 820 with a negative 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. The figure shows stronger condensation in the lower parts of the ducts due to the weaker electric field, when comparedAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO to the base case and the positive charge case. Additional condensation was also observed near the exhaust pipe due to the electric field strength in this region.

[0209] FIG. 38 illustrates the liquid volume fraction contours of the system 820 with a negative 13 kV charge on the separator’ s mesh. In an aspect, the amount of condensed mass within the system is 0. 1138 kg / s. Hence, the ratio of accumulated mass rate within the separator’s volume to the inlet vapor mass flow rate is 0.5373. This ratio is 141% the ratio obtained from the base model, which had 0 V on the separator’s mesh. Thus, condensation efficiency was significantly enhanced, resulting in evaporative loss recovery of 138%.

[0210] FIG. 39 illustrates the temperature contours for the system 820 with a negative 13 kV charge on the separator’s mesh. In an exemplary aspect, the temperature increased following the condensation process and the partial release of latent heat. Temperature exceeded 55 °C at some parts of the domain, but it was cooled down to 37.95 °C and 33.77 °C at the exhaust outlet and drain outlet, respectively. This cooling was due to wall heat exchange with ambient air at 20 °C, combined with the flow’s acceleration and increase in kinetic energy.

[0211] FIG. 40 illustrates a system 900, which is similar to the system 800. However, the system 900 includes a 14-inch diameter exhaust pipe having two 45-degree elbows along the exhaust pipe. As illustrated in FIG. 40, the pressure field contours for the system 900 having the 45-degree elbows in the 14” exhaust pipe can be seen. Table 2: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 900 below is an example embodiment of the system 900 depicting the average pressure at the indicated planes in FIG. 40 while the system 900 is in use. As shown in the table, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet was 0.66 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionization chamber only (from location 3 to 4) was 0.158 PSI. The pressure at the exhaust pipe was 0.435 PSI. The flow field still had a high velocity through the exhaust pipe following the principles of mass conservation. The outlet exhaust pipe velocity was 57.5 m / s in this scenario. The below 90-degree elbows help reduce back pressure within the system, which can cause the cooling tower fan to stall or cause the cooling fan tower to fail to work properly. In an aspect, the system can keep the overall static back pressure within the system to the cooling tower fan below 0.2 PSI, and preferably below 0.1 PSI. Additionally, a larger exhaust pipe diameter can be used to further reduce the back pressure within the system.Atty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQTable 2: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 900

[0212] FIG. 41 illustrates a system 950, which is similar to the system 800. However, the system 950 includes a 20-inch diameter exhaust pipe having two 90-degree elbows along the exhaust pipe. As illustrated in FIG. 41, the pressure field contours for the system 950 having the 90-degree elbows in the 20” exhaust pipe can be seen. Table 3: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 950 below is an example embodiment of the system 950 depicting the average pressure at the indicated planes in FIG. 41 while the system 950 is in use. As shown in the table, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet was 0.452 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionization chamber only (from location 3 to 4) was 0.161 PSI. The pressure drop across the exhaust pipe was 0.220 PSI. The flow field had a reduced velocity through the exhaust pipe following the principles of mass conservation. The outlet exhaust pipe velocity was 28.36 m / s in this scenario.Atty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQTable 3: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 950

[0213] FIGS. 42A-42D illustrate the condensed mass per unit volume per second for tubes of different diameters at 13 kV potential, 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 18 mm rod / mesh width, and 18 inch tube length. FIG. 42A illustrates the 4-inch diameter tube, FIG. 42B illustrates the 6-inch diameter tube, FIG. 42C illustrates the 8-inch diameter tube, and FIG. 42D illustrates the 10-inch diameter tube. In an example embodiment, the 4-inch tube condensed 30.27% (which corresponded to approximately 96% evaporative loss recovery) of its inlet vapor mass flow. The ratio of condensed mass to inlet vapor mass flow for the single 6-inch tube was 82.42% the ratio obtained for the 4-inch single tube, while it was 60.54% for the 8- inch tube and 45.56% for the 10-inch tube. Based on the data, degradation of efficiency with increase in tube diameter occurs due to weakening the electric field’ s strength that comes with the increase in tube diameter without an increase in electric field strength.

[0214] FIGS. 42E-42I illustrate the condensation efficiency of different sized tubes with varying voltages applied, ranging from 13 kV to 40 kV. FIG. 42E illustrates the condensation efficiency relative to the 4-inch tube for tubes of different diameters at 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 18 mm rod / mesh width and 18-inch tube length. As shown in FIG. 42E, the 6-inch tube achieved same efficiency as the 4-inch one at a voltage 20 kV. For the 8-inch tube, the efficiency was achieved at 30 kV, and for the 10-inch tube, it was approximately 40 kV. A by-product of increasing the voltages can increase the likelihood of potential arcing from the system 800 to the environment. Based on the example parameters of the system 800, the ratioAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO between the volume where the electric field exceeded the arcing threshold and the volume of condensation can be calculated to be 1.7%.

[0215] FIG. 42F illustrates the arcing volume ratio compared to the 4-inch tube for tubes of different diameters at 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 18 mm rod / mesh width and 18-inch tube length. FIG. 42F shows the calculated volume ratio for the different tube sizes, where it was found that the upper limits were 19.5 kV, 28 kV and 36.5 kV for the 6-inch tube, 8-inch tube and 10-inch tube, respectively. In the example aspect, the arcing threshold was taken as 6.25e5 V / m, which correlates to arcing in humid air under a uniform electric field.

[0216] FIG. 42G illustrates the condensation efficiency relative to the 4-inch tube for tubes of different diameters at 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 5.64 diameter to rod / mesh width ratio and an 18-inch tube length. FIG. 42G illustrates the resulting condensation efficiency relative to the 4-inch tube across a voltage range from 13 kV to 40 kV, with rod / mesh widths of 27 mm, 36 mm, and 45 mm for use with tube diameters of 6-inch, 8-inch, and 10-inch, respectively, illustrating the impact of the electric field’s strength on condensation enhancement. This is related to the rod / mesh sizes with respect to the tube diameter.

[0217] FIG. 42H illustrates the arcing volume ratio compared to the 4-inch tube for tubes of different diameters at 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 5.64 diameter to rod / mesh width ratio and an 18-inch tube length. FIG. 421 illustrates the arcing volume ratio compared to the 4-inch tube for tubes of different diameters at 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 5.64 diameter to rod / mesh width ratio and an 18-inch tube length. The arcing volume to condensation volume ratios are illustrated in the graph of FIG. 421, where the upper limits were 19 kV, 26 kV and 32 kV for the 6-inch tube, 8-inch tube and 10-inch tube, respectively.

[0218] Residence time can be defined as the time which the vapor remains in the system for collection of water from the exhaust vapor. FIGS. 43A-43D illustrate the condensed mass per unit volume per second for tubes of different diameters at 13 kV potential, 19.8 m / s inflow velocity, 5.64 diameter to rod / mesh width ratio and 4.5 tube length to diameter ratio. Residence time impact in the tubes on condensation are shown in the figures by varying the tube lengths proportionally to their diameters, while maintaining the same flow conditions and voltage. Tube lengths of 27-inch, 36-inch and 45-inch were combined with the 5.64 diameter to rod / mesh width ratio and used for tube diameters of 6-inch, 8-inch and 10-inch, respectively. The resulting contours of condensed mass per unit volume per second are shownAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO in Figures 43A-43D, where an increase of tube length is shown it improve efficiency of the evaporation process due to the increase in evaporation time. In an example aspect, the ratio of condensed mass to inlet vapor mass flow for the single 6-inch tube was 125.53% the ratio obtained for the 4-inch single tube, while it was 133.21% for the 8-inch tube and 135.35% for the 10-inch tube.

[0219] FIGS. 44A-44D illustrate the condensed mass per unit volume per second for tubes of different diameters at 15 kV potential and 22 m / s inflow velocity. As shown in FIGS 44A- 44D, the 6-inch tube was simulated using a 27 mm rod / mesh width, and the 10-inch tube was simulated using 45 mm and 90 mm rod / mesh widths. The first case (6-inch tube) resulted in a ratio of condensed mass to inlet vapor mass flow equal to 118% the ratio obtained for the 4- inch tube. The second case (10-inch diameter with 45 mm rod / mesh width) had a ratio equal to 85.3% the one obtained for the 4-inch tube. The third case (10-inch diameter with 90 mm rod / mesh width) had a ratio equal to 110% the one obtained for the 4-inch tube. Therefore, the 6-inch tubes and 10-inch tubes have a 27 mm and 90 mm rod / mesh widths, respectively.

[0220] FIG. 45A-45B illustrate a 45 mm rod / mesh width, where each mesh is 15 mm wide, and the rod has a diameter of 15 mm, and a 90 mm rod / mesh width, where each mesh is 30 mm, and the rod has a diameter of 30 mm. The rod / meshes depicted in FIGS. 45A-45B can be used as electrodes positioned within tubes of an ionization chamber, depicted above.Additionally, in an aspect, the electrodes of a condensing system described herein can include a charge density along the length of the electrode within a range of 450 V / km to 600 V / km, and specifically 520 V / km.

[0221] FIGS. 46-53 illustrate a system 1100 having a 20-inch exhaust pipe with 45-degree elbows. The system 1100 is similar to the system 800, so like components will not be described in detail. FIG. 46 illustrates the electric potential contours for the system 1100 with a 20-inch exhaust pipe. In the system 1100, a voltage of 15 kV is imposed on the ionizers’ rod / mesh resulting in the electric potential field shown in FIG. 46. As shown in the figure, a potential distribution develops between the maximum value of 15 kV and the minimum value of 0 V at the tubes’ surfaces. The separator’s mesh also had a voltage of 0 V, which explains the potential distribution between the ionizer’ s bottom plate and the separator’ s mesh.

[0222] FIG. 47 illustrates the electric field strength contours for the system 1100 with the 20” exhaust pipe. As shown in the figure, inside the ionizers’ tubes, the highest electric fieldAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO strength was observed, and it diminishes in regions away from electric sources. Condensation is expected to be enhanced within regions of adequate electric field strengths.

[0223] FIG. 48 illustrates the condensed mass per unit volume per second contours for the system 1100 with the 20” exhaust pipe. The figure shows that effective condensation mainly occurs near the ionization tubes, where the electric field was of adequate strength.

[0224] FIG. 49 illustrates the liquid volume fraction contours for the system 1100 with 20” exhaust pipe. The figure shows that the majority of the condensed liquid start to accumulate within the separator’s volume. The separator’s mesh has a demisting effect. In an example aspect, the amount of condensed mass within the system 1100 is 0.26851 kg / s. The liquid mass which exits the domain through the exhaust pipe is 0.0026 kg / s, thus the ratio of accumulated mass rate within the separator’s volume to the inlet vapor mass flow rate is 0.3741.

[0225] FIG. 50 illustrates the streamlines by velocity magnitude for the system 1 100 with the 20” exhaust pipe. FIG. 51 illustrates the velocity field contours for the system 1100 with the 20” exhaust pipe. In an example aspect, the inflow velocity through the system 1100 is approximately 5.64 m / s. The flow accelerates as it moves through smaller volumes, following the principles of mass conservation. The velocity reaches levels above 100 m / s at bends (elbows) in the exhaust pipe, and the exhaust outlet velocity is 86.11 m / s.

[0226] FIG. 52 illustrates the temperature contours for the system 1100 with the 20” exhaust pipe. The figure shows an increase in temperature following the condensation process and the partial release of latent heat. At some parts in the domain, the temperature exceeded 50 °C, but it was subsequently cooled down to 39.42 °C and 39.25 °C at the exhaust outlet and drain outlet, respectively. This cooling was due to wall heat exchange with ambient air at 25.556 °C, combined with an increase in the flow’s velocity.

[0227] FIG. 53 illustrates the pressure filed contours for the system 1100 with the 20-inch exhaust pipe. Different locations are highlighted in the figure by numbers ranging from 1 to 5. A summary of the averaged pressure on these locations, and their calculated differences to the outlet’s atmospheric pressure is shown in the below Table 4: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1100. In an example aspect, as illustrated by the table, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet is 1.268 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionizationAtty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQ chamber only (from location 3 to 4) is 0.221 PSI. The pressure drop across the exhaust pipe is 0.923 PSI.Table 4: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1100

[0228] FIGS. 54-59 illustrate a system 1200 having a 28-inch exhaust pipe with 45-degree elbows. The system 1200 is similar to the system 1100, so like components will not be described in detail. FIG. 54 illustrates the condensed mass per unit volume per second contours for the system 1200 with a 28-inch exhaust pipe.

[0229] FIG. 55 illustrates the liquid volume fraction contours for the system 1200 with the 28” exhaust pipe. The condensed mass within the system was 0.263731 kg / s. The liquid mass which exited the domain through the exhaust pipe was 0.003 kg / s, thus the ratio of accumulated mass rate within the separator’s volume to the inlet vapor mass flow rate was 0.3670.

[0230] FIG. 56 illustrates the streamlines by velocity magnitude for the system 1200 with the 28” exhaust pipe. FIG. 57 illustrates the velocity field contours for the system 1200 with the 28” exhaust pipe. In an example aspect, the inflow velocity through the system 1200 is approximately 5.64 m / s. The flow accelerated as it moved through smaller volumes, following the principles of mass conservation. In comparison to the 20” exhaust pipe case, the velocity field was generally slower, with an exhaust outlet velocity of 42.23 m / s.Atty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQ

[0231] FIG. 58 illustrates the temperature contours for the system 1200 with the 28” exhaust pipe. The figure shows that the temperature increased following the condensation process and the partial release of latent heat. At some parts in the domain, the temperature exceeded 50 °C, but it was cooled down to 42.24 °C and 40.20 °C at the exhaust outlet and drain outlet, respectively. This cooling was due to wall heat exchange with ambient air at 25.556 °C, combined with an increase in the flow’s velocity through the pipes.

[0232] FIG. 59 illustrates the pressure filed contours for the system 1200 with the 28-inch exhaust pipe. Different locations are highlighted in the figure by numbers ranging from 1 to 5. A summary of the averaged pressure on these locations, and their calculated differences to the outlet’s atmospheric pressure is shown in the below Table 5: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1200. In an example aspect, as illustrated by the table, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet was 0.467 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionization chamber only (from location 3 to 4) was 0.21 PSI. The pressure drop across the exhaust pipe was 0. 138 PSI, which is a significant improvement in comparison to the 20” exhaust pipe case.Table 5: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1200

[0233] FIGS. 60-61 illustrate pressure field contours for a system 1300 with a 28-inch exhaust pipe, and 0.4 PSI fan. The system 1300 is similar to the system 1200. Therefore, similar components will not be described in detail. The system 1300 includes an extractionAtty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQ fan 1302 positioned within the exhaust tube 1304. In an example aspect, the fan 1302 can cause a pressure rise of 0.4 PSI across the fan’s interface, decreasing the pressure drop through the system 1300. This results in a decrease in the inlet’s pressure to 0.048 PSI.

[0234] Different locations are highlighted in FIG. 61 by numbers ranging from 1 to 5. A summary of the averaged pressure on these locations, and their calculated differences to the outlet’s atmospheric pressure is shown in the below Table 6: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1300. In an example aspect, as illustrated by the table, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet was 0.048 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionization chamber only (from location 3 to 4) was 0.204 PSI. This shows that in a proof-of-concept scenario, if a fan were installed to raise the pressure by 0.4 PSI while maintaining the original volume flow rate of the system, the resulting pressure drop from inlet to outlet would be 0.048 PSI.Table 6: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1300

[0235] In an aspect, additional drainage features can be positioned throughout the system for draining accumulated condensation throughout the process. A drain can be positioned at the beginning or end of the duct proximate the cooling tower such that vapor that has condensed in the cooling tower is drained prior to the vapor entering the duct and subsequently the ionization chamber. Draining condensation that has accumulated early in the process as quickly as possible prevents the already condensed liquid from impacting the condensation of the vapor that continues to travel through the system. An example aspect ofAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO the drainage system can include placing pipes in each comer of a duct above a cooling tower to funnel collected liquid out of the first duct prior to a vapor product entering an ionization chamber. Additionally, in an aspect, a gutter can be poisoned along the inside surface of a duct to collect water from the vapor product.

[0236] FIGS. 62-64 illustrate an ionization chamber 1400 according to the aspects disclosed herein. The ionization chamber 1400 is similar to the ionization chamber 500. Therefore similar components will not be described in detail. The ionization chamber can include a body 1402, tubes 1404, electrodes 1406, and a frame 1408. The tubes 1404 are rectangular-shaped, and substantially fill the cross-sectional area, with only minimal space between tubes used for dividing components between the tubes 1404. The electrodes 1406 can also be rectangular-shaped to sustainably fill the tubes 1404. As shown in FIG. 64, the electrode 1406, formed from a rod and mesh extending outward from the rod in a spiral pattern, extends along at least a partial length of the tube 1404. At the top end of the tube 1404, a deflector 1410 can be positioned, and includes deflecting surfaces which correspond the spiral pattern of the mesh of the electrode 1406. The deflector 1410 can impart a spiral flow pattern to a vapor product passing into the tube 1404 in order to achieve better contact between the vapor product and the electrode 1406. In an aspect, the ionization chamber 1400 can include 28 individual tubes 1404, with each tube measuring 216 mm by 208 mm.

[0237] FIG. 65 illustrates a contour plot of the condensed mass per unit volume per second for a tube 1404. As seen in the figure, the condensation efficiency is larger when compared to the round-shaped tubes disclosed above. Additionally, FIG. 66 illustrates streamlines of the velocity magnitude of the tube 1404 with a vapor product flowing therethrough.

[0238] FIG. 67 illustrates an example system 1500, including the ionization chamber 1400. As shown in the figure, the system 1500 includes a separator 1502 downstream of the ionization chamber 1400, when the separator 1502 includes a mesh 1503. The separator 1502 can vent any exhaust gasses to an exhaust pipe 1504, where the exhaust pipe 1504 includes two 45-degree bends to help alleviate back pressure within the system 1500. In an aspect, the ionization chamber 1400 can include a charge of 15 kV, and the separator mesh can have a charge of 0 V. The exhaust pipe can also have a diameter of 28 inches.

[0239] FIG. 68 illustrates the electric potential contours for the system 1500. FIG. 69 illustrates the electric field strength contours for the system 1500. As shown in the figures,Atty. Docket No. 064925-520001WQ the electric field (gradient of the potential) has a stronger intensity in the ionizer tubes as the distance between the positive voltage of the electrodes and the ground of the mesh is shortened.

[0240] FIG. 70 illustrates the condensed mass per unit volume per second contours for the system 1500. As shown in the figure, condensation occurs at a higher rate within the ionizer tubes due to the higher electric filed intensity, and a high water vapor content.

[0241] FIG. 71 illustrates the liquid volume fraction contours for the system 1500. FIG. 72 illustrates the streamlines by velocity magnitude of the system 1500. FIG. 73 illustrates the time a particle takes to traverse the system 1500 along the velocity contours. In an example aspect, the maximum residence time of a particle passing through the system is 1.9 seconds.

[0242] FIG. 74 illustrates the velocity field contours of the system 1500. FIG. 75 illustrates the temperature contours of the system 1500. As shown in the figures, the velocity field in the ionizer tubes shows a substantially even distribution among the tubes due to their size and shape compared to the round tubes.

[0243] FIG. 76 illustrates the pressure field contours for the system 1500. The table below is an example embodiment of the system 1500 depicting the average pressure at the indicated planes in FIG. 76 while the system 1500 is in use. As shown in Table 7: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1500, the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet was 0. 1424 PSI. The pressure drop across the ionization chamber only (from location 3 to 4) was 0.0643 PSI.Table 7: Pressure Measurements at Locations within System 1500Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO

[0244] In order to reduce condensation within a system due to a large temperature gradient outside of the system, an insulating layer can be added to the systems in order to prevent condensation from forming on a relatively cool inner surface due to the temperature gradient between the vapor product and the ambient temperature.

[0245] Additionally, in an aspect, the systems described herein can include a weather / temperature sensor positioned outside of the system to measure the ambient humidity and temperature. Low humidity conditions can require a higher functioning / efficient recovery system. Low humidity can occur during different seasons, or different times of the day. A system can include a weather unit measuring wind speed, humidity, temperature, fed to a control unit in order to adjust the operating parameters of the system automatically (i.e., and electrical feedback unit).

[0246] Further, in the present disclosure, like-named components of the implementations generally have similar features, and thus within a particular implementation each feature of each like-named component is not necessarily fully elaborated upon. Additionally, to the extent that linear or circular dimensions are used in the description of the disclosed systems, devices, and methods, such dimensions are not intended to limit the types of shapes that can be used in conjunction with such systems, devices, and methods. A person skilled in the art will recognize that an equivalent to such linear and circular dimensions can easily be determined for any geometric shape. Sizes and shapes of the systems and devices, and the components thereof, can depend at least on the anatomy of the subject in which the systems and devices will be used, the size and shape of components with which the systems and devices will be used, and the methods and procedures in which the systems and devices will be used. In addition, the terms “about” and “substantially” are defined as ranges based on manufacturing variations and variations over temperature and other parameters.

[0247] Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and / orAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO interchanged, such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise.

[0248] In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’ may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features. The term “and / or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it is used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and / or B” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items. For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and / or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.” In addition, use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.

[0249] One skilled in the art will appreciate further features and advantages of the invention based on the above-described implementations. Accordingly, the present application is not to be limited by what has been particularly shown and described, except as indicated by the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0250] What is claimed is:

Claims

Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WOCLAIMS1. A system comprising: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with and arranged downstream of the first duct and configured to allow the vapor product to pass therethrough, the second duct having an electrode at least partially extending through a channel of the second duct, the electrode being electrically charged with a voltage to thereby allow charging of at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product; and a chamber having a first end and a second end, the chamber in fluid communication with the second duct at the first end and configured to receive the vapor product therefrom.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the second duct includes a plurality of channels extending through the second duct.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of channels include at least two different sized channels.

4. The system of claim 2, wherein an electrode is positioned within each of the plurality of channels.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the electrode includes a rod extending through a center of the channel, and a fin extending radially outward from the rod.

6. The system of claim 6, wherein the fin is wound about the rod along the length of the channel.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the chamber includes an exhaust pipe extending outward from the chamber.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a 45-degree bend.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO9. The system of claim 7, further comprising a blower configured to create a vacuum within the system to pull the vapor product through at least one of the first duct or the second duct to the chamber.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein blower is positioned within the exhaust pipe downstream of the second duct.1 1 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the voltage applied to the electrode is -13 kV.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the first duct includes a drainage system to remove condensed liquid prior to the vapor product entering the second duct.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the drainage system is positioned on an inner surface of the first duct.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein the chamber includes a mesh configured to be charged due to an applied voltage.

15. A system comprising: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with and arranged downstream of the first duct and configured to allow the vapor product to pass therethrough, the second duct having an ionization chamber being electrically charged with a first voltage to thereby allow charging of at least a portion of liquid particles present in the vapor product; a chamber having a first end and a second end, the chamber in fluid communication with the second duct at the first end and configured to receive the vapor product therefrom; and an exhaust pipe in fluid communication with the chamber at the second end.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the ionization chamber includes a tube extending therethrough and projection positioned therein the tube, the projection configured to have the first voltage applied thereto.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO17. The system of claim 16, wherein an upper limit for the first voltage to prevent electrical arcing is 19 kV when the tube has a 6-inch diameter.

18. The system of claim 16, wherein the upper limit for the first voltage to prevent electrical arcing is 26 kV when the tube has an 8 -inch diameter.

19. The system of claim 16, wherein the upper limit for the first voltage to prevent electrical arcing is 32 kV when the tube has a 10-inch diameter.

20. The system of claim 16, wherein the projection wraps around the rod along a portion of a length of the rod.

21. A system, comprising: a first duct configured to receive a vapor product; a second duct in fluid communication with the first duct and configured to apply an electric field to the vapor product without ionizing the surrounding air; a chamber downstream of the second duct, the chamber comprising a non-conductive pipe and a conductive pipe arranged concentrically; and a collection reservoir configured to receive condensed liquid from the chamber, wherein the electric field is configured to polarize and direct water molecules toward the non-conductive pipe for condensation without generating ozone or nitrogen oxides.

22. The system of claim 21, wherein the electric field strength is below the dielectric breakdown threshold of air.

23. The system of claim 21 , wherein the conductive pipe is formed of a mesh material and is charged with a voltage opposite to that of the vapor product.

24. The system of claim 21, wherein the chamber is configured to induce a cyclonic flow pattern to enhance particle separation.

25. An ionization chamber, comprising: a housing having a plurality of tubes extending therethrough; a plurality of electrodes positioned within the tubes, each electrode comprising a rod and a spiral projection; a grid electrically connected to the electrodes and configured to apply a voltage toAtty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO charge vapor particles within a vapor flow passing through the tubes; and wherein the tubes are arranged in a grid pattern.

26. The ionization chamber of claim 25, wherein the cross-sectional shape of the tubes are configured to reduce back pressure and increase residence time therein of the vapor flow.

27. The ionization chamber of claim 25, wherein the spiral projection is configured to induce a swirling flow pattern aligned with the direction of the vapor flow.

28. The ionization chamber of claim 25, wherein the electrodes have a charge density between 450 V / km and 600 V / km.

29. A vapor condensation system, comprising: a chamber configured to condense liquid from a vapor product; an exhaust pipe in fluid communication with the chamber and configured to discharge a remaining vapor stream; wherein the exhaust pipe includes at least one angled section configured to reduce static pressure buildup and maintain a total system pressure drop below a threshold value of 0.2 PSI.

30. The system of claim 29, wherein the at least one angled section includes two sequential 45 -degree elbows configured to reduce turbulence and maintain laminar flow through the exhaust path.

31. The system of claim 29, wherein the exhaust pipe has a diameter of at least 20 inches.

32. The system of claim 29, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a suction fan positioned downstream of the chamber and configured to maintain a pressure differential across the system of less than 0.05 PSI.

33. The system of claim 29, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a thermal insulation layer to prevent condensation on the inner surface due to temperature differentials between the vapor product and ambient air.

34. The system of claim 29, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a mesh screen at the outlet to prevent ingress of debris therein.Atty. Docket No. 064925 -520001 WO35. The system of claim 29, wherein the exhaust pipe is configured to discharge air at a temperature higher than an ambient temperature.

36. The system of claim 29, wherein the exhaust pipe includes a humidity and temperature sensor configured to monitor exhaust conditions and adjust at least one system parameter.

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