Carrier for wireless communication

Abstract

The disclosure pertains to a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the method comprising operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number I1 of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency domain interval, an integer number I2 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size spanning a second part of the first frequency domain interval, wherein an intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Description

[0001] Carrier for wireless communication

[0002] Technical field

[0003] This disclosure pertains to wireless communication, in handling and / or arranging of carriers.

[0004] Background

[0005] Future developments for wireless communication systems will provide additional function- 5 alities over current systems. However, it is often desirable to have operate both newer and older systems in parallel.

[0006] Summary

[0007] It is an object of this disclosure to provide approaches for improved signalling for wireless communication, in particular for handling carrier with large frequency bandwidth in the 10 context of coexistence with older systems. The approaches described may be utilised for one or more different frequencies ranges. For example, they may be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and / or system bandwidth) for communication signalling of 1 GHz or more, 2GHz or more, 5 GHz or more, or 6 GHz or more, or 10 GHz or more, and / or for millimeter wave communication, in particular for radio 15 carrier frequencies around and / or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and / or millimetre waves. The carrier frequency / ies may be associated to FR1 or FR2, or be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and / or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 GHz; however, 20 higher frequencies may be considered, in particular frequency of 71 GHz or 72GHz or above, and / or 100 GHz or above, and / or 140 GHz or above. The carrier frequency may in particular refer to a center frequency or maximum frequency of the carrier. The radio nodes and / or network described herein may operate in wide-band, e.g. with a carrier bandwidth (or bandwidth or carrier aggregation) of 200MHz or 400MHz or more, in par- 25 ticular 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger, e.g. 6 GHz or more, or 8 GHz or more; the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be the carrier bandwidth, or be smaller, e.g. depending on channel and / or procedure. In some cases, operation may be based on an OFDM wave-form or a SC-FDM wave-form (e.g., downlink and / or uplink), in particular a FDF-SC-FDM-based wave-form. However, operation based on a single 30 carrier wave-form, e.g. SC-FDE (which may be pulse-shaped or Frequency Domain Filtered, e.g. based on modulation scheme and / or MGS), may be considered for downlink and / or uplink. In general, different wave-forms may be used for different communication directions. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and / or beam may correspond to operating using or utilising the carrier and / or beam, and / or may comprise transmitting 35

[0008] P112626WO01 1 / 66 on the carrier and / or beam and / or receiving on the carrier and / or beam. Operation may be based on and / or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or duration of an allocation unit and / or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparison to an OFDM based system. A subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may for example correspond to 30kHZ or mor, e.g., 120kHz, or 480 kHz, or 960 kHz, or 1920 kHz, 40 e.g. representing the bandwidth of a subcarrier or equivalent.

[0009] The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6th Generation (6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT / RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for example 45 release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used with other RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems.

[0010] There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network. The method comprises operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number II of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning 50 a first part of the first frequency domain interval. An integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size span a second part of the first frequency domain interval. An intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval. 55

[0011] Moreover, a radio node for a wireless communication network is described. The radio node is adapted for operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number II of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency domain interval. An integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size span a second part of the first frequency domain 60 interval. An intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval.

[0012] A method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network is also proposed. The method comprises operating on a first frequency domain interval, an 65 integer number II of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency domain interval. An integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size span a second part of the first frequency domain interval. An intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency 70 domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain

[0013] P112626WO01 2 / 66 interval.

[0014] A wireless device for a wireless communication network is considered, the wireless device being adapted for operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number 11 of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of 75 the first frequency domain interval. An integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size span a second part of the first frequency domain interval. An intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval. 80

[0015] Approaches described herein facilitate operating in an environment with different RATs and / or different carrier bandwidths. In particular, a misalignment between subintervals like PRBs when one RATs uses larger carrier bandwidths than the other may be avoided.

[0016] Operating on a frequency domain interval like the first frequency domain interval and / or a carrier may comprise allocating frequency resources, and / or transmitting signalling 85 like communication signalling, and / or receiving signalling like communication signalling, and / or configuring one or more wireless devices for operation on the interval and / or carrier, and / or adapting to numerology of the interval and / or carrier, and / or providing or obtaining one or more operation indications. Operating for a wireless device may in particular comprise, and / or be based on, receiving an operation indication and / or a 90 configuration indicating the presence or absence of an intermediate part. 11 and / or 12 may be larger than 1, or be 10 or larger, or 100 or larger, or 200 or larger. Subintervals of unit size may be arranged contiguously to be sequential and / or flush in frequency domain, and / or each two sequential or consecutive or neighbouring subintervals may share one border in frequency domain. The II or 12 subintervals of the first part or second part may 95 span their respective parts such that all frequency range of the part (the bandwidth of the part) is covered by subintervals (e.g., making the complete frequency range addressable or allocatable or available for operation, at least potentially). The subintervals may be mapped to the parts accordingly; the subintervals of unit size may be bordering to each other without gap, and / or may be non-overlapping, in frequency domain. Different 100 subintervals may have the same size (unit size), but different location in frequency domain.

[0017] Subintervals of unit size may indicate a structure allowing allocation and / or addressing of frequency resources. The unit size may encompass a plurality of subcarriers (and / or correspond to a bandwidth of a plurality of contiguous subcarriers), e.g., 12 or an integer multiple thereof, and / or 6 or an integer multiple thereof, and / or 4 or an integer multiple 105 thereof, and / or 8 or an integer multiple thereof (integer multiples mean at least times 2). The unit size may be specific and / or associated to the first frequency domain interval

[0018] P112626WO01 3 / 66 and / or an associated RAT and / or associated numerology; the unit size may coincide with a unit size for narrower carriers, but does not have to. Signalling and / or operating may be based on, and / or according to, frequency resources according to the subintervals 110 and / or a structure of subintervals; for example, signalling and / or modulation symbols may be mapped to subintervals. Each subinterval may in general identify and / or map to a specific part of the frequency domain interval, e.g., a number of subcarriers; subintervals may be non-overlapping for the first frequency domain interval (although overlap with subintervals on other carriers, e.g., narrower carriers) may be considered. 115

[0019] The first part may be lower in frequency domain than the second part; the first part, the second part may in general be disjunct and / or non-overlapping. The first part, second part and intermediate part may be non-overlapping in frequency domain.

[0020] A presence of the intermediate frequency subinterval may be conditional on one or more operation indications. An operation indication may represent one or more operation con- 120 ditions, and / or indicate Multi-RAT operation, and / or operation on overlapping carriers, e.g., when one carrier (first frequency domain intervals) with larger bandwidth overlaps and / or encompasses and / or spans at least two carriers with smaller bandwidths (these two or more carrier may be neighbouring and / or sequential in frequency domain). An operation condition and / or indication may indicate coexistence of two or more RATs 125 and / or RAN, e.g., 6G and 5G, e.g., operated by the same network nodes and / or by different network nodes in cooperation. Based on the indication, it may be operated without intermediate subinterval, e.g., due to no coexistence being necessary, and / or insufficient cooperation being possible to justify utilising the intermediate subinterval, and / or the guard interval between two narrower carriers having a size in frequency domain that may 130 be covered exactly with subintervals of unit size.

[0021] In general, a carrier with smaller bandwidth than the first frequency domain interval may be referred to as narrow carrier (also referred to as narrower carrier).

[0022] The first frequency domain interval may correspond to a first carrier or channel, which may have a first centre frequency and / or a first frequency bandwidth. The first carrier 135 may be a 5G carrier, or a 6G carrier, e.g., according to a 3GPP or IEEE standard. A reference frequency may be associated thereto, to which a structure of subintervals may be linked. Addressing and / or allocation of resources in frequency domain may be facilitated.

[0023] It may be considered that the first frequency domain interval may overlap with a first narrower carrier and a second narrower carrier. The first narrower carrier and the second 140 narrower carrier may have smaller sizes (in frequency domain) than the first frequency domain interval, and / or may be contiguous in frequency domain, potentially with a guard

[0024] P112626WO01 4 / 66 interval separating allocatable parts of the associated bandwidths. One of the first and second narrower carriers may have a centre of reference frequency higher than the other; both centre or reference frequencies of the narrower carriers may fall into the first fre- 145 quency domain interval, as may their bandwidths. The first narrower carrier and the second narrower carrier may be non-overlapping in frequency domain; they may be neighbouring, e.g., with guard interval touching and defining a combined, larger guard interval between the allocatable parts of the carriers. Overlapping of the first frequency domain interval may be partial, and / or fully; different narrower carriers may be overlapped to 150 different degrees. Overlapping may refer to the bandwidth of the first frequency domain interval, taken at the location of the first frequency domain interval in frequency domain, coincides at least partly, or fully encompasses, the bandwidth of the first narrower carrier and the bandwidth second narrower carrier, at their respective locations. The first frequency domain interval may overlap with additional narrower carriers. The first narrower 155 carrier and the second narrower carrier may be associated to the same RAN and / or RAT, and / or may be associated to the same or a different RAN and / or RAT than the first frequency domain interval. The narrower carriers may have the same or different subcarrier spacing. A subcarrier spacing associated to the first frequency domain interval may be the same as the subcarrier spacing of one narrower carrier and / or the narrower carriers, 160 or may be different. In particular, it may be larger than the subcarrier spacing of the narrower carrier / s .A guard interval may represent a gap in frequency domain between the carriers that is not used for signalling. The gap may have a size that cannot be covered by subintervals, and / or which would lead to a shift / misalignment for subcarriers of the narrower carrier with higher centre frequency. Subcarriers, and / or the subintervals of the 165 first frequency domain interval may be aligned with subcarriers, and / or subintervals of the narrower carriers. It is noted that parts of a frequency interval or part of an interval not being allocatable or available may be pertinent to a specific RAT and / or RAN and / or configuration; the same part / s may at least partly be allocatable or available in another

[0025] RAT and / or RAN and / or within the context of the first frequency domain interval. 170

[0026] In some cases, the presence or absence of the intermediate frequency subinterval may indicated with communication signalling and / or synchronisation signalling, e.g., to one or more wireless device / s. Alternatively, or additionally, the size and / or location of the intermediate part may be indicated. Communication signalling and / or synchronisation signalling may represent higher layer signalling, e.g., on RRC layer and / or MIB level 175 and / or SIB level, and / or may be broadcast. The signalling may be transmitted by a radio node or network node, e.g., and / or be received by a wireless device. Indication and / or the signalling may be conditional on, and / or be based on, a capability indication received from, and / or transmitted by a wireless device. The capability indication may

[0027] P112626WO01 5 / 66 indicate capability of the wireless device to operate based on an intermediate gap, or the 180 lack of such capability in some cases. A wireless device may in general be adapted to transmit a corresponding capability indication, and / or a radio node like a network node may be adapted to receive such a capability indication.

[0028] The intermediate frequency subinterval may at least, or only, partly cover a guard interval between two carriers. The rest of the guard interval may be covered by subintervals of 185 unit size, e.g., by the first part and / or the second part. Thus, a guard interval may be partially covered by the first part and / or the second part.

[0029] In some cases, the intermediate frequency subinterval may be contiguous to an upper frequency border of the first part and / or contiguous to a lower frequency border of the second part. Thus, a guard interval may be completely covered over, allowing easy processing. 190

[0030] The intermediate frequency subinterval may represent an allocatable frequency resource, or a non-allocatable frequency resource. As allocatable resource, it may for example represent a block of fractional unit size, e.g., a fractional resource block. It may encompass an integer number of subcarriers smaller than the number of subcarriers of a (full) resource block and / or corresponding to the unit size. Such a resource may be included in an 195 identification or numbering scheme and / or counting scheme of resources. Thus, the usable spectrum may be optimised. As non-allocatable resource, numbering or identification of subintervals and / or resource may skip and / or ignore the resource. This may facilitate consistent use of unit sizes, with low levels of administrative overhead.

[0031] The unit size may correspond to a physical resource block, and / or to an integer number 200 of subcarriers, e.g., 4, 6, 8, 12, 14 or a multiple of one of those. The unit size may be pre- defined and / or configured or configurable.

[0032] The first frequency domain interval may have a size of 200MHz or more, or 400MHz or more. This may allow good levels of data transmission. In some cases, a first narrower carrier and / or a second narrower carrier may have a size of 100MHz or lower. 205

[0033] In general, to a frequency domain interval like the first, and / or to a carrier or channel, there may be associated a bandwidth and / or a reference frequency, which may for example be a centre frequency and / or one or more border frequencies (e.g., upper and / or lower). A numerology may be associated to the interval and / or carrier, which may be basis for, and / or indicate, a unit size, and / or a structure of subintervals. The numerology may, 210 for example, indicate a subcarrier spacing, and / or a number of subcarriers representing a resource block like a PRB. It may be considered that to a frequency domain interval or carrier, there are associated a lower guard interval at the lower frequency border, and

[0034] P112626WO01 6 / 66 a higher guard interval at the higher frequency border, which may be excluded from, and / or not covered by a structure of subintervals. The structure of subintervals may 215 cover and / or span and / or define a frequency range that is allocatable and / or available and / or addressable for signalling and / or communication operation. Addressing may for example refer to individual subinterval of unit size like PRB, or larger units comprising integer multiples of unit size, e.g., PRB groups.

[0035] Subcarriers and / or subintervals and / or resource blocks like PRBs being aligned may refer 220 to alignment at at least one frequency border (e.g., lower border or upper border in frequency domain of an associated interval) aligning in frequency domain between carriers on the same frequencies.

[0036] In general, the size (e.g., in Hz or MHz) of a frequency domain interval may be referred to as width or bandwidth. 11 may be equal to 12, or different. The first part may 225 have the same size (in frequency domain) as the second part, or a different one. The intermediate part may be smaller in size (in frequency domain) than a guard interval of two neighbouring carriers overlapped by the first frequency domain interval. It should be noted that for large sizes of the first frequency domain interval, multiple intermediate parts

[0037] (with same or different sizes) and / or one or more additional parts spanned by contiguous 230 frequency domain intervals of the first unit size may be considered, e.g., to overlap three or more narrower carriers.

[0038] A frequency domain interval and / or carrier may be associated to a specific wireless communication approach or network, e.g., a RAT; different intervals or carriers may be associated to different RANs and / or RATs. For example, the first frequency domain interval 235 may be associated to a 6G RAN or RAT, or to a 5G RAN or RAT, e.g., with extended bandwidth; narrower carriers may be associates to similar or same RAN / RAT, or to a different one. For example narrower carriers may be associated to 5G RAN or RAT.

[0039] A radio node, e.g. a transmitting or signalling radio node, and / or a receiving or feedback radio node, may operate in TDD mode, e.g. switching between DL periods and UL 240 periods. A DL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using DL transmissions, an UL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using UL transmissions (e.g., a network node may transmit during DL, and receive during UL, and vice versa for a wireless device). It may be considered that there is a TDD guard period between DL and UL periods and / or between UL and DL periods, which may comprise a 245 number of symbol time intervals, e.g. 10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols; there may be the same duration for guard periods for DL / UL and UL / DL, or different ones.

[0040] The guard period may allow switching circuitry between the different communication directions and / or handling of interference (in particular considering that DL signalling

[0041] P112626WO01 7 / 66 tends to much more powerful than (received) UL signalling). An antenna arrangement 250 may comprise one or more antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels; different antenna arrangements may comprise different antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels. Different antenna arrangements and / or panels and / or sub-arrays and / or elements may be adapted to be controlled or controllable separately from each other. There may be the same number of DL and UL periods and / or the same duration associated to DL 255 and UL (at least over a certain time interval, e.g. alternating such that one DL period is followed by one UL period, or vice versa, or different numbers or durations, e.g. (roughly) 3:1 (e.g., 3 DL periods followed by a TDD guard period and 1 UL period), or (roughly) 2:1, or even (roughly) 1:2 or 1:NU with NU 3 or larger, for UL heavy scenarios. UL period durations may be the same as DL period durations, or different. The distribution 260 and / or duration of DL and UL periods may be referred to as TDD pattern; the TDD pattern may be dynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signalling), and / or configured or configurable, e.g. with higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or RLC signalling, and / or may be semi-statically configurable or configured. The TDD pattern may describe the smallest time domain distribution of DL period / s and / or UL period / s and / or TDD 265 guard period / s repeated over time, e.g. in one or more frames and / or subframes and / or slots and / or a time duration covering multiple repetitions of the TDD pattern.

[0042] It may be considered that the radio node is adapted for utilising a number NP of antenna sub- arrays and / or panels, wherein NP may be an integer number of 4 or larger. An antenna sub-array may comprise a plurality of antenna elements, e.g. 4 or more, or 10 270 or more, or 50 or more, or 100 or more. An antenna sub-array, and / or the antenna elements associated thereto and / or comprised therein, may be associated and / or connected or connectable to one and / or the same antenna circuitry, and / or be jointly controllable for analog and / or digital beam-forming, and / or be operable for joint transmission or reception. A panel may comprise a support structure, e.g. plastics and / or metallic ma- 275 terial and / or wood, supporting one or more antenna sub-arrays, which additionally may support additional circuitry like antenna circuitry and / or interface circuitry. Each antenna sub-array may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., reception or transmission) and / or one functionality, e.g. communication. It may be considered that antenna elements of an antenna sub-array share the same polarisation, e.g. horizontal 280 or vertical. In some cases, NP may be an even number, wherein it may be considered that NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays (and / or their antenna elements) may be associated to a first polarisation (e.g., horizontal or vertical or left-circular or right-circular, or any other suitable polarisation) and the other NP / 2 antenna sub- arrays are associated to a second polarisation, which may be orthogonal to the first polarisation. For example, the first 285 polarisation may be horizontal with the second polarisation being vertical, or the first

[0043] P112626WO01 8 / 66 polarisation may be left-circular and the second polarisation may be right-circular. This allows multiple beams to be operated, with good flexibility and / or large signalling capacity. In general, an antenna arrangement associated to a radio node may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays, in particular an even number of antenna sub-arrays. In general, 290 at different times, different antenna sub-arrays and / or panels may be used for different functions, e.g. transmission or reception, and / or communication. The polarisation of an antenna element may be associated to a specific operation direction, e.g. for transmission or reception. Depending on signalling direction (transmission or reception), polarisation may be different. For example, an antenna sub-array may be associated to a first polari- 295 sation for transmission, and a second polarisation for reception, or vice versa. This may be achieved, for example, by providing crossed linear antenna elements for the sub-arrays, with associated connections / circuitry according to polarisation.

[0044] It may be considered that operating utilising signalling like communication signalling, and / or communicating utilising signalling like communication signalling, may comprise 300 transmitting the signalling, e.g. communication signalling, and / or receiving the signalling, e.g. communication signalling. It may be considered that signalling like communication signalling is based on an OFDM wave-form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulseshaped DFT-s-OFDM. Such a wave-form is particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and / or with high communication loads. A cyclic appendix may 305 generally be a cyclic prefix, or a cyclic suffix. The appendix may represent a repetition of a part of signalling carried by a symbol at its start (suffix) or end (prefix), which may be appended at the opposite of the symbol (end or start); e.g. a cyclic prefix may be considered a repetition of the signalling at the end of the symbol it pertains to. The communication signalling may be based on a waveform with cyclic appendix. A cyclic 310 appendix may be associated to a specific symbol, it may have a duration shorter than the symbol duration, e.g. 1 / 4 or less than 1 / 4 of the symbol duration, or 1 / 6 or less than 1 / 6.

[0045] A radio node, like a transmitting radio node or receiving radio node, may be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal. Alternatively, it may be a network node or sig- 315 nailing radio node. A radio node adapted for wireless communication may be a radio node adapted for transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling. Communication signalling may be. and / or comprise, data signalling and / or control signalling and / or reference signalling, e.g. according to a wireless communication standard like a 3GPP standard or IEEE standard (e.g., of WIFI or WLAN). Operating utilising communication 320 signalling may comprise transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling. The radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry and / or antenna circuitry of a radio node may be adapted for handling communication signalling The radio node may be adapted for

[0046] P112626WO01 9 / 66 full-duplex operation, and / or half-duplex operation. Full duplex may refer to transmitting and receiving at the same time, e.g. using the same or different circuitries, and / or 325 using different antenna sub-arrays or separately operable antenna sub-arrays or antenna elements. The communication signalling may be beam-formed.

[0047] A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may be a wave-form constructed by performing a DFT- spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to a frequency interval (e.g., subcarriers), e.g. to provide a time- variable signal. A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may 330 also be referred to a SC-FDM wave-form. It may be considered to provide good PAPR characteristics, allowing optimised operation of power amplifiers, in particular for high frequencies. In general, the approaches described herein may also be applicable to SingleCarrier based wave-forms, e.g. FDE-based wave-forms. Communication, e.g. on data channel / s and / or control channel / s, may be based on, and / o utilise, a DFT-s-OFDM 335 based wave-form, or a Single-Carrier based wave-form.

[0048] Communication may in particular on multiple communication links and / or beams and / or with multiple targets (e.g., TRPs or other forms of transmission sources also receiving) and / or multiple layers at the same time; different reference signallings for multiple transmission or reception may be based on different sequence roots and / or combs and / or cyclic 340 shifts. Thus, high throughput may be achieved, with low interference. In general, different reference signallings (e.g., of the same type) may be associated to different transmission sources and / or beams and / or layers, in particular if transmitted simultaneously and / or overlapping in time (e.g., considering different timing advance values if transmitted in uplink). For example, there may be first reference signalling transmitted using a first 345 transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer, and second reference signalling transmitted using a first transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer.

[0049] There is also described a program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method as described herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein is 350 considered. An information system comprising, and / or connected or connectable, to a radio node is also disclosed.

[0050] Brief description of the drawings

[0051] The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approaches described herein, and are not intended to limit their scope. The drawings comprise: 355

[0052] Figure 1, showing an exemplary signalling scenario;

[0053] Figure 2, showing another exemplary signalling scenario;

[0054] P112626WO01 10 / 66 Figure 3 , showing an exemplary radio node like wireless device; and

[0055] Figure 4, showing an exemplary radio node like a network node.

[0056] Detailed description 360

[0057] 6G may operate to a large extent in a (frequency domain) spectrum already used by NR. Efficient spectrum sharing between NR and 6G (known as MRSS, Multi-RAT Spectrum Sharing) may thus become important in frequency bands with substantial NR deployments (FDD FR1, TDD FR1, FR2, and potentially cmWave band depending on if this band has been defined and deployed for NR). As 5G and 6G may both use OFDM-based 365 waveforms with comparable numerology and signalling structure (e.g., subcarrier spacing, cyclic prefix), highly efficient MRSS is feasible. In the frequency domain, the scheduler typically operates on (sets of) resource blocks. A resource-block definition similar to the one for 5G may be considered, that is, a set of 12 contiguous subcarriers representing one resource block (physical resource block), or at least a comparable one, e.g., based on an 370 integer multiple of 12. This may allow a scheduler to handle scheduling regarding, e.g., a 5G UE and a 6G UE very efficiently. The scheduler may, for example, share on a very dynamic scale a overall carrier resource between 5G and 6G UEs.

[0058] A resource block or physical resource block may be considered an example of a unit size for a subinterval of frequency domain interval. The carrier or channel (respectively, their 375 respective interval size and / or bandwidth or width) may be considered an example of a frequency domain interval, as may in some cases be (e.g., configured or configurable) bandwith part on the carrier and / or channel. A location in frequency domain may be associated to the frequency domain interval, which may be indicated by an indicator, e.g., indicating a center frequency, and / or one or more border frequencies. In general, a 380 structure or pattern or grid of (e.g., contiguos) subintervals like PRBs may be associated to the frequency domain interval such that they contiguously cover the frequency domain interval, to be addressable and / or allocatable, e.g., for utilisation for communication signalling, and / or for operation like transmission and / or reception. The frequency domain interval may comprise a guard interval at the lower frequency end or the high frequency 385 end, e.g., to allow for filtering; these may be outside the structure of subinterval and / or not be addressable or allocatable for the frequency domain interval, in particular based on the structure of subintervals. It may be noted that in practise, subintervals may be addressed in larger units, e.g., in units of groups (e.g., PRB groups) for allocation purposes. 390

[0059] For example, a carrier in 5G corresponds to a set of contiguous subcarriers (up to 3300), grouped into an integer number of resource blocks (up to 275). For example, a 100 MHz

[0060] P112626WO01 11 / 66 carrier using 30 kHz subcarrier spacing consists of 273 resource blocks. The product 273 x 12 x 30kHz = 98.28MHz which leaves some guard for filtering, etc. to fit within the 100 MHz allocation. 395

[0061] Carrier raster may be utilised. Carriers (in 5G) can, in principle, be placed anywhere withing the available spectrum, but for practical reasons, the center frequency may be mapped to be on a carrier raster and / or relative to the carrier raster (e.g., the center frequency may fall in the middle of two raster points). The raster may span the frequency domain, e.g., with specific granularity or granularities, which may accomodated certain 400 subcarrier numerologies. The granularity of the raster may for example be 5 kHz up to 3 GHz carrier frequency, 15 kHz for 3 to 24.25 GHz, and 60 kHz above 24.25 GHz.

[0062] This raster has the benefit of being a factor in the subcarrier spacings relevant for each frequency range (as well as being compatible with the 100 kHz LTE raster in bands where

[0063] LTE is deployed). 405

[0064] 6G, or future developments of 5G, or even overlap with WIFI or other technologies, may define wider carriers than NR. For example, the maximum channel bandwidth (also referred to as carrier bandwidth, and / or representing a frequency domain interval) in NR is 100 MHz in FR1 using 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; in 6G it can be envisioned that the maximum channel bandwidth is increased to e.g. 200 MHz (with 30 kHz subcarrier 410 spacing). Other examples exist as well, e.g. in FR2 the maximum NR bandwidth is 400 MHz, this might be extended to 800 MHz or even 1.6 GHz in 6G.

[0065] NR: If the two carriers have the same bandwidth, the center distance between the two carriers is close to the bandwidth of a carrier, adjusted by a small value to ensure both carriers share the same subcarrier grid (and fall on the carrier raster). For above example 415

[0066] (FR1 100 MHz with 30 kHz subcarrier spacing), the channel bandwidth is 100 MHz, the number of resource blocks (12 subcarrier) 273. The occupied bandwidth within a 100 MHz carrier is thus 273 x 12 x 30kHz = 98.3MHz. The center spacing between the two carriers is then 100 MHz- 10 kHz= 3333 subcarrier. Each carrier occupies 273 PRB=3276 subcarrier, which leaves a gap of 57 empty subcarrier between the two carriers. 420

[0067] 6G: A 200 MHz wide 6G carrier would stretch the 200 MHz with a single carrier, see Figure 1. Assuming that the lower NR carrier is PRB-aligned with the 6G carrier (the 6G carrier may start / end at the same PRB as the NR carrier or below / above, as indicated in Figure 1, depending on 6G spectrum utilization). Since 6G treats the spectrum as a single carrier, there is no gap in the middle (the gap originates from the guard intervals 425 at the upper frequency edge of the lower frequency carrier and the lower frequency edge of the higher frequency carrier. On the second NR carrier the PRBs are not aligned with the 6G carrier.

[0068] P112626WO01 12 / 66 In MRSS, NR and 6G carriers should have aligned PRB grids, since otherwise the sharing may become ineffective and / or complicated: Sharing is facilitated by smart scheduling, 430 e.g. NR is scheduled up to PRB n and 6G is scheduled from PRB n+1 onwards, this requires aligned PRB boundaries. Another example are CSI-RS: To avoid collisions between CSI-RS in the first RAT and PDSCH in the second RAT, the second RAT should configure a ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to NZP-CSI-RS configured in the first RAT, a

[0069] PDSCH in the second RAT is then rate matched around the CSI-RS resource elements. 435

[0070] This may require PRBs to be aligned.

[0071] It is proposed inserting extra / empty subcarriers (or a fractional PRB) in the 6G carrier to ensure PRB alignment between 6G carrier and all overlapping NR carriers. MRSS between NR and 6G with increased spectrum efficiency while allowing 6G carriers to be wider than a single 5G carrier. 440

[0072] If a network operates NR and 6G in MRSS and the 6G carrier overlaps two or more NR carriers, the 6G carrier may insert some subcarriers overlapping (fully, or partially) the guard band / s (the two carrier guardbands together represent one complete larger-sized guardband) between the NR carriers such that PRBs are aligned between the 6G carrier and both / multiple NR carriers. 445

[0073] In the example in Figure 2, the two NR carriers are separated by 57 subcarrier=4PRB+9subcarrier.

[0074] The 6G carrier may allocate 4 PRB and additional 9 subcarrier in the guard band. In the shown example, the 9 subcarriers are just inserted below Carrier 2, but they could be allocated anywhere in the guard band. Note, 9 subcarrier are for this specific example (100 MHz, FR1, 30 kHz subcarrier spacing). These inserted subcarriers can either be 450 treated as extra (unused) subcarriers or as a fractional PRB (in Figure 2 they are treated as extra subcarrier). Extra subcarriers incur a spectrum efficiency loss (at least if they are left empty), but may lead to simpler specifications. A fractional PRB on the other hand has no loss, but may requires specification of fractional resource blocks.

[0075] Insertion of these special subcarriers (either as extra / empty ones or as a fractional PRB) 455 may require special attention when defining the subcarrier numbering.

[0076] If the 6G carrier is not operating in MRSS-fashion with NR, those extra subcarriers may not be necessary. Indication of extra subcarriers may therefore be conveyed to the UE: If this information is already needed during initial access, this information may be included in SSB (PSS, SSS, or preferable MIB, e.g., as form of syncvhronisation signalling) or SIB1 460

[0077] (assuming SIB1 can be received without knowing if extra subcarriers are inserted or not, for example by transmitting SIB1 on the lower part (PRBs 0 - 277) of the 6G carrier in Figure 2, e.g., as form of communication signalling). If initial access does not require this

[0078] P112626WO01 13 / 66 information, the UE can also be configured with presence / absence of extra subcarriers in a dedicated configuration, e.g., via communication signalling. 465

[0079] Information about the extra / unused carriers (i.e. the “gap(s)” in the 6G carrier) may be conveyed to the UE with communication signalling and / or synchronisation signalling, for example: by explicitly indicating the unused subcarriers relative to a reference point, e.g. the start of the carrier (PRB 0) from which the UE can derive the location of all the PRBs; and / or by indicating the number(s) of the necessary fractional PRBs (number 470

[0080] “277.5” in the example in Figure 2), possibly also with information about whether the fractional PRB(s) can be used for (data) transmission or not; and / or by defining two or more “carrier segments” (PRBs 0 - 277 and 278 - 551 in Figure 2) and the starting point / sub carrier of each segment relative to some reference point (e.g. 0 and 3333 in

[0081] Figure 2) 475

[0082] Figure 3 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless device or terminal 10 or a UE (User Equipment). Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining module, may be implemented in and / or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in 480 particular as module in the controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connected or connectable to the processing circuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and / or amplify 485 signals. Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and / or for sidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or out of coverage; and / or may be considered non-cellular communication and / or be associated to a non-cellular wireless communication network). Radio node 10 may generally be 490 adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio node 10 comprises, and / or is connected or connectable, to a power supply. A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry 495 and / or antenna circuitry.

[0083] Figure 4 schematically shows a radio node 100, which may in particular be implemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similar for NR. Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120,

[0084] P112626WO01 14 / 66 which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting 500 module and / or receiving module and / or configuring module of the node 100 may be implemented in and / or executable by the processing circuitry 120. The processing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and / or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or con- 505 nectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and / or amplification.

[0085] Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may be connected to and / or comprise an antenna array. The node 100, respectively its circuitry, may be 510 adapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprise communication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another network node, like a radio node, and / or with a core network and / or an internet or local net, in particular with an information sys- 515 tem, which may provide information and / or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.

[0086] A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry.

[0087] In general, the wireless device and / or network node may operate in, and / or the communication signalling may be in TDD operation. It should be noted that the transmission 520 of signalling from transmission sources may be synchronised and simultaneous; a shift in time may occur due to different propagation times, e.g. due to different beams and / or source locations. Communication signalling in general may represent and / or comprise data signalling (e.g., on a physical data channel), and / or control signalling. Communication signalling may comprise, and / or have associated thereto, reference signalling, in 525 particular for demodulation of the communication signalling.

[0088] A data block may refer to a transport block, or a code block or a code block bundle. A code block may comprise and / or represent a number of (information) bits representing information (e.g., data or control information), to which there may be associated, and / or which may further include, bits for error detection coding, e.g. CRC. The bits for error 530 detection coding may be determined based on the (information) bits, and / or may be error detection bits for the (information) bits. A code block bundle may comprise one or more code blocks; wherein each code block may have associated to it, and / or comprise, error correction bits. The error correction bits in a code block bundle may each pertain to an associated code block; error correction bits may be specific to only one code block, e.g. 535 determined based on bits of only one code block. Different bits and / or groups of bits

[0089] P112626WO01 15 / 66 may be associated to different code blocks. Error correction bit / s associated to a code block may be associated to a single code block; this may refer to the error correction bits indicating correctness / incorrectness of the single code block, and / or calculated and / or determined based only on (information) bits of the single code block. Information bits 540 may represent data and / or control information, e.g. associated to a data channel (data in- formation / bits) and / or control channel (control information / bits) code block bundle may be a data block without error correction coding pertaining to more than one code block.

[0090] A transport block may comprise error detection coding pertaining to a plurality of code blocks, e.g. covering the code blocks it consists of. A transport block may comprise one 545 or more code blocks. It may be considered that a data block may be associated to, and or subject to, and / or correspond to, a, one and / or a single acknowledgement process, e.g. a specific HARQ process, which may correspond to and / or be represented by a HARQ identifier. A code block may correspond to a subpattern of an acknowledgement information bit pattern. In some cases, a data block may correspond and / or pertain and / or be 550 subject to a plurality of acknowledgement processes, e.g. if there is one acknowledgement process per code block of the data block.

[0091] A data block may comprise and / or represent information bits, which may be data bits (e.,g., user data) and / or control information bits; the information bits may be associated to one or more data or control channels, e.g. transport channels and / or logical channels, 555 and / or may be mapped to a specific and / or single physical channel, in particular a physical data channel, or in some cases, a physical control channel (in which case it may or may not be associated to a higher layer channel like a transport channel or logical channel). A data block may represent bits intended for transmission, e.g. encapsulating one or more higher layer data packets, e.g. one or more MAC layer data packets, e.g. one or more 560

[0092] PDUs (Protocol Data Unit) and / or SDUs (Service Data Unit); error correction bits, e.g. CRC; may be added in physical layer processing. It may be considered that bits of a data block are subject to physical layer processing like coding (e.g., forward error coding and / or adding error correction coding) and / or rate matching and / or scrambling, and / or modulation. Modulation may correspond to mapping of bits of the processed data block 565 to modulation symbols, e.g. according to a modulation scheme and / or to a modulation space. The modulation symbols may be represented as a bit sequence until they are subject to analog conversion (or vice versa for reception).

[0093] A wireless device may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or transmitter, for performing measurement 570 and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / or transmit signalling like communication signalling. The wireless device may in particular be implemented as terminal or a user equipment. However, in some cases, e.g. relay and / or

[0094] P112626WO01 16 / 66 back-link and / or IAB scenarios, it may be implemented as network node or network radio node. A network node may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, 575 in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or transmitter, for transmitting reference signalling and / or a beam switch indication and / or for beam switching and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / or transmit signalling like communication signalling. The radio node may in particular be implemented as a network node, e.g. a network radio node and / or base station or a relay node or IAB node. How- 580 ever, in some cases, e.g. sidelink scenarios, the second radio node may be implemented as a wireless device or terminal, e.g. a user equipment.

[0095] In general, an allocation unit or block symbol may represent and / or correspond to an extension in time domain, e.g. a time interval. An allocation unit or block symbol duration (the length of the time interval) may correspond to the duration of an OFDM symbol or 585 a corresponding duration, and / or may be based and / or defined by a subcarrier spacing used (e.g., based on the numerology) or equivalent, and / or may correspond to the duration of a modulation symbol (e.g., for OFDM or similar frequency domain multiplexed types of signalling). It may be considered that a block symbol comprises a plurality of modulation symbols, e.g. based on a subcarrier spacing and / or numerology or equivalent, 590 in particular for time domain multiplexed types (on the symbol level for a single transmitter) of signalling like single-carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE or SC-FDMA (in particular, FDF-SC-FDMA or pulse-shaped SC-FDMA). The number of symbols may be based on and / or defined by the number of subcarrier to be DFTS-spread (for SC-FDMA) and / or be based on a number of FFT samples, e.g. for spreading and / or mapping, and / or 595 equivalent, and / or may be predefined and / or configured or configurable. A block symbol in this context may comprise and / or contain a plurality of individual modulation symbols, which may be for example 1000 or more, or 3000 or more, or 3300 or more. The number of modulation symbols in a block symbol may be based and / or be dependent on a bandwidth scheduled for transmission of signalling in the block symbol. A block symbol 600 and / or a number of block symbols (an integer smaller than 20, e.g. equal to or smaller than 14 or 7 or 4 or 2 or a flexible number) may be a unit (e.g., allocation unit) used for scheduling and / or allocation of resources, in particular in time domain. To a block symbol (e.g., scheduled or allocated) and / or block symbol group and / or allocation unit, there may be associated a frequency range and / or frequency domain allocation and / or 605 bandwidth allocated for transmission.

[0096] An allocation unit, and / or a block symbol, may be associated to a specific (e.g., physical) channel and / or specific type of signalling, for example reference signalling. In some cases, there may be a block symbol associated to a channel that also is associated to a form of reference signalling and / or pilot signalling and / or tracking signalling associated to the 610

[0097] P112626WO01 17 / 66 channel, for example for timing purposes and / or decoding purposes (such signalling may comprise a low number of modulation symbols and / or resource elements of a block symbol, e.g. less than 10% or less than 5% or less than 1% of the modulation symbols and / or resource elements in a block symbol). To a block symbol, there may be associated resource elements; a resource element may be represented in time / frequency domain, e.g. by the 615 smallest frequency unit carrying or mapped to (e.g., a subcarrier) in frequency domain and the duration of a modulation symbol in time domain. A block symbol may comprise, and / or to a block symbol may be associated, a structure allowing and / or comprising a number of modulation symbols, and / or association to one or more channels (and / or the structure may dependent on the channel the block symbol is associated to and / or 620 is allocated or used for), and / or reference signalling (e.g., as discussed above), and / or one or more guard periods and / or transient periods, and / or one or more affixes (e.g., a prefix and / or suffix and / or one or more infixes (entered inside the block symbol)), in particular a cyclic prefix and / or suffix and / or infix. A cyclic affix may represent a repetition of signalling and / or modulation symbol / s used in the block symbol, with 625 possible slight amendments to the signalling structure of the affix to provide a smooth and / or continuous and / or differentiable connection between affix signalling and signalling of modulation symbols associated to the content of the block symbol (e.g., channel and / or reference signalling structure). In some cases, in particular some OFDM-based waveforms, an affix may be included into a modulation symbol. In other cases, e.g. some 630 single carrier-based wave-forms, an affix may be represented by a sequence of modulation symbols within the block symbol. It may be considered that in some cases a block symbol is defined and / or used in the context of the associated structure.

[0098] Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that communicating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based wave- form, and / or 635 corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM wave-form. However, the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based wave-form, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC-FDE- wave-form, which may be pulse-shaped / FDF-based. It should be noted that SC- FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may be used interchangeably. Alternatively, or additionally, the signalling (e.g., first signalling 640 and / or second signalling) and / or beam / s (in particular, the first received beam and / or second received beam) may be based on a wave-form with CP or comparable guard time.

[0099] The received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions; the received beam and the transmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different 645 angular and / or spatial extensions. It may be considered that the received beam and / or transmission beam of the first and / or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 de-

[0100] P112626WO01 18 / 66 grees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions. An extended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration corresponding 650 to essentially or at least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, wherein N may be 2, or 3 or 4. An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a wave-form without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP.

[0101] Pulse-shaping (and / or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and / or signalling, e.g. 655 associated to a first subcarrier or bandwidth, may comprise mapping the modulation symbol (and / or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcarrier or part of the bandwidth, and / or applying a shaping operation regarding the power and / or amplitude and / or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the second subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function. 660

[0102] Pulse-shaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shaped signalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist-ffiter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols

[0103] (and / or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of subcarrier to a larger, second 665 number of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.

[0104] In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g., be represented by and / or correspond to and / or indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or symbol time length) and / or an SC-FDM based wave- form (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based 670 wave-form) or a single-carrier based wave-form. Whether to use pulse-shaping or FDF on a SC-FDM or SC-based wave-form may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., MCS) used. Such wave- forms may utilise a cyclic prefix and / or benefit particularly from the described approaches. Communicating may comprise and / or be based on beamforming, e.g. transmission beamforming and / or reception beamforming, respectively. It may be 675 considered that a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam. Thus, signalling may be adapted, e.g. based on movement of the communication partner. A beam may for example be produced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiring 680 changes to a digital beamforming chain and / or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam forming precoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beamforming, and / or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. This facilitates easy processing of beams, and / or limits the number of power amplifiers / ADC / DC A required

[0105] P112626WO01 19 / 66 for antenna arrangements. It may be considered that a beam is produced by hybrid 685 beamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based on digital beamforming. Monitoring and / or performing cell search may be based on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming.

[0106] The numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and / or the duration of a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM, 690 to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used for other wave-forms. Communicating may comprise utilising a waveform with cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help keeping signalling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and / or be based on performing cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmitting 695 cell identifying signalling and / or a selection indication, based on which a radio node receiving the selection indication may select a signalling bandwidth from a set of signalling bandwidths for performing cell search.

[0107] A beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radio nodes and / or an area including one or more radio nodes. In many cases, a beam or beam 700 pair may be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specffic), such that only one radio node is served per beam / beam pair. A beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using a different reception beam) and / or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example between symbols. Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and / or transmitting, may be 705 performed. Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a second received beam to a first received beam, and / or from a second transmission beam to a first transmission beam. Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous; this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switch 710 reception beams for switching received beams.

[0108] A reference beam (or reference signalling beam) may be a beam comprising reference signalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be determined, e.g. measured and / or estimated. A signalling beam may comprise signalling like control signalling and / or data signalling and / or reference signalling. A reference beam 715 may be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or more beam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless device. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics may be determined by the radio node. A signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or a 720 reception beam. A set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsets

[0109] P112626WO01 20 / 66 of beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam.

[0110] Thus, a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics.

[0111] A beam signalling characteristic, respectively a set of such characteristics, may represent and / or indicate a signal strength and / or signal quality of a beam and / or a delay charac- 725 teristic and / or be associated with received and / or measured signalling carried on a beam.

[0112] Beam signalling characteristics and / or delay characteristics may in particular pertain to, and / or indicate, a number and / or list and / or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean delay and / or lowest spread / range) timing or delay spread, and / or of strongest and / or best quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread. A beam signalling characteristic 730 may be based on measurement / s performed on reference signalling carried on the reference beam it pertains to. The measurement / s may be performed by the radio node, or another node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy and / or gauging of the measurements. In some cases, a beam and / or beam pair may be represented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number. Such an in- 735 dication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and / or beam pair, and / or a signalling characteristic and / or a resource / s used (e.g., time / frequency and / or code) and / or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messages or transmissions) and / or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signalling 740 and / or system signalling, on the beam and / or beam pair, e.g. encoded and / or provided in an information held or as information element in some form of message of signalling, e.g. DCI and / or MAC and / or RRC signalling.

[0113] A reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set of reference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams. The sets being associated 745 may refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and / or corresponding to the second set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and / or precoder and / or the same shape before analog beamforming, and / or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analog beamforming. The set of signalling beams may be referred to as a first set of beams, a 750 set of corresponding reference beams may be referred to as second set of beams.

[0114] In some variants, a reference beam and / or reference beams and / or reference signalling may correspond to and / or carry random access signalling, e.g. a random access preamble. Such a reference beam or signalling may be transmitted by another radio node. The signalling may indicate which beam is used for transmitting. Alternatively, the reference beams may 755 be beams receiving the random access signalling. Random access signalling may be used for initial connection to the radio node and / or a cell provided by the radio node, and / or for

[0115] P112626WO01 21 / 66 reconnection. Utilising random access signalling facilitates quick and early beam selection.

[0116] The random access signalling may be on a random access channel, e.g. based on broadcast information provided by the radio node (the radio node performing the beam selection), 760 e.g. with synchronisation signalling (e.g., SSB block and / or associated thereto). The reference signalling may correspond to synchronisation signalling, e.g. transmitted by the radio node in a plurality of beams. The characteristics may be reported on by a node receiving the synchronisation signalling, e.g. in a random access process, e.g. a Msg3 for contention resolution, which may be transmitted on a physical uplink shared channel 765 based on a resource allocation provided by the radio node.

[0117] A delay characteristic (which may correspond to delay spread information) and / or a measurement report may represent and / or indicate at least one of mean delay, and / or delay spread, and / or delay distribution, and / or delay spread distribution, and / or delay spread range, and / or relative delay spread, and / or energy (or power) distribution, and / or 770 impulse response to received signalling, and / or the power delay profile of the received signals, and / or power delay profile related parameters of the received signal. A mean delay may represent the mean value and / or an averaged value of the delay spread, which may be weighted or unweighted. A distribution may be distribution over time / delay, e.g. of received power and / or energy of a signal. A range may indicate an interval of the delay 775 spread distribution over time / delay, which may cover a predetermined percentage of the delay spread respective received energy or power, e.g. 50% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, or 100%. A relative delay spread may indicate a relation to a threshold delay, e.g. of the mean delay, and / or a shift relative to an expected and / or configured timing, e.g. a timing at which the signalling would have been expected based on the scheduling, and / or 780 a relation to a cyclic prefix duration (which may be considered on form of a threshold).

[0118] Energy distribution or power distribution may pertain to the energy or power received over the time interval of the delay spread. A power delay profile may pertain to representations of the received signals, or the received signals energy / power, across time / delay. Power delay profile related parameters may pertain to metrics computed from the power delay 785 profile. Different values and forms of delay spread information and / or report may be used, allowing a wide range of capabilities. The kind of information represented by a measurement report may be predefined, or be configured or configurable, e.g. with a measurement configuration and / or reference signalling configuration, in particular with higher layer signalling like RRC or MAC signalling and / or physical layer signalling like 790

[0119] DCI signalling.

[0120] In general, different beam pair may differ in at least one beam; for example, a beam pair using a first received beam and a first transmission beam may be considered to be different from a second beam pair using the first received beam and a second transmission

[0121] P112626WO01 22 / 66 beam. A transmission beam using no precoding and / or beamforming, for example using 795 the natural antenna profile, may be considered as a special form of transmission beam of a transmission beam pair. A beam may be indicated to a radio node by a transmitter with a beam indication and / or a configuration, which for example may indicate beam parameters and / or time / frequency resources associated to the beam and / or a transmission mode and / or antenna profile and / or antenna port and / or precoder associated to the 800 beam. Different beams may be provided with different content, for example different received beams may carry different signalling; however, there may be considered cases in which different beams carry the same signalling, for example the same data signalling and / or reference signalling. The beams may be transmitted by the same node and / or transmission point and / or antenna arrangement, or by different nodes and / or transmission 805 points and / or antenna arrangements.

[0122] Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on a received beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and / or transmitting signalling on a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair. The following terms are to be interpreted from the point of view of the referred radio node: a received beam may be a beam carrying 810 signalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a reception beam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed). A transmission beam may be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling. A beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmission beam. The transmission beam and the received beam of a beam pair may be associated to each and / or correspond to each other, e.g. 815 such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary or almost stationary condition. It should be noted that the terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and / or transmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa. The 820 received beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants with FDD may be considered as well. Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the same 825 frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part (the transmission beam and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs). Communicating utilizing a first beam pair and / or first beam may be based on, and / or comprise, switching from the second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating.

[0123] The switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which may 830 be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and / or second

[0124] P112626WO01 23 / 66 beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in dual connectivity). Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling. In some cases, the switching may be performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example based 835 on measurements on signal quality and / or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first and second received beams), in particular the first beam pair and / or the second beam pair.

[0125] For example, it may be switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered to be insufficient, and / or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pair 840 indicate. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprise measurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair. It may be considered that the timing indication may be determined before switching from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communicating. Thus, the synchronization may be in place and / or the timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communication 845 utilizing the first beam pair or first beam. However, in some cases the timing indication may be determined after switching to the first beam pair or first beam. This may be in particular useful if first signalling is expected to be received after the switching only, for example based on a periodicity or scheduled timing of suitable reference signalling on the first beam pair, e.g. first received beam. In general, a reception beam of a node 850 may be associated to and / or correspond to a transmission beam of the node, e.g. such that the (spatial) angle of reception of the reception beam and the (spatial) angle of transmission of the transmission beam at least partially, or essentially or fully, overlap and / or coincide, in particular for TDD operation and / or independent of frequency. Spatial correspondence between beams may be considered in some cases, e.g. such that a beam 855 pair (e.g., transmission beam of a transmitting node and reception beam of a receiving node) may be considered to comprise corresponding beams (e.g., the reception beam is suitable and / or the best beam to receive transmissions on the transmission beam, e.g. based on a threshold signal quality and / or signal strength and / or measurements); to each of such beams, there may be an associated or corresponding complementary beam of the 860 respective node (e.g., to a transmission beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a reception beam of the transmitting node, and / or to the reception beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a transmitting beam of the receiving node; if the beams (e.g., at least essentially or substantially) overlap (e.g., in spatial angle), in some cases a beam pair may be considered to indicate four beams (or actually, two beam pairs). 865

[0126] In some cases, to one or more beams or signals or signallings may be associated a Quasi- CoLocation (QCL) characteristic or set of characteristics, or QCL class (also referred to as QCL type) or QCL identity; beams or signal or signallings sharing such may be con-

[0127] P112626WO01 24 / 66 sidered to be Quasi-Colocated. Quasi-Colocated beams or signals or signallings may be considered (e.g., by a receiver) as the same beam or originating from the same transmit- 870 ter or transmission source, at least in regard to the QCL characteristic or set or class or identity, and / or to share the characteristic / s. QCL characteristics may pertain to propagation of signalling, and / or one or more delay characteristics, and / or pathloss, and / or signal quality, and / or signal strength, and / or beam direction, and / or beam shape (in particular, angle or area, e.g. area of coverage), and / or Doppler shift, and / or Doppler 875 spread, and / or delay spread, and / or time synchronisation, and / or frequency synchronisation, and / or one or more other parameters, e.g. pertaining to a propagation channel and / or spatial RX param eter / s (which may refer to reception beam and / or transmission beam, e.g. shape or coverage or direction). A QCL characteristic may pertain to a specific channel (e.g., physical layer channel like a control channel or data channel) and / or 880 reference signalling type and / or antenna port. Different QCL classes or types may pertain to different QCL characteristics or sets of characteristics; a QCL class may define and / or pertain to one or more criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more QCL characteristics beams have to fulfill to be considered Quasi-Colocated according to this class; a QCL identity may refer to and / or represent all beams being quasi-colocated, 885 according to a QCL class. Different classes may pertain to one or more of the same characteristics (e.g., different classes may have different criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more characteristics) and / or to different characteristics. A QCL indication may be seen as a form of beam indication, e.g. pertaining to all beams belonging to one QCL class and / or QCL identity and / or quasi-colocated beams. A QCL identity 890 may be indicated by a QCL indication. In some cases, a beam, and / or a beam indication, may be considered to refer and / or represent a to a QCL identity, and / or to represent quasi-colocated beams or signals or signallings.

[0128] Transmission on multiple layers (multi-layer transmission) may refer to transmission of communication signalling and / or reference signalling simultaneously in one or more beams 895 and / or using a plurality of transmission sources, e.g. controlled by one network node or one wireless device. The layers may refer to layers of transmission; a layer may be considered to represent one data or signalling stream. Different layers may carry different data and / or data streams, e.g., to increase data throughput. In some cases, the same data or data stream may be transported on different layers, e.g. to increase reliability. 900

[0129] Multi-layer transmission may provide diversity, e.g. transmission diversity and / or spatial diversity. It may be considered that multi-layer transmission comprises 2, or more than 2 layers; the number of layers of transmission may be represented by a rank or rank indication.

[0130] A transmission source may in particular comprise, and / or be represented by, and / or 905

[0131] P112626WO01 25 / 66 associated to, an antenna or group of antenna elements or antenna sub-array or antenna array or transmission point or TRP or TP (Transmission Point) or access point. In some cases, a transmission source may be represented or representable, and / or correspond to, and / or associated to, an antenna port or layer of transmission, e.g. for multi-layer transmission. Different transmission sources may in particular comprise different and / or 910 separately controllable antenna element / s or (sub-)arrays and / or be associated to different antenna ports. In particular, analog beamforming may be used, with separate analog control of the different transmission sources. An antenna port may indicate a transmission source, and / or a one or more transmission parameter, in particular of reference signalling associated to the antenna port. In particular, transmission parameters pertaining to, 915 and / or indicating a frequency domain distribution or mapping (e.g., which comb to use and / or which subcarrier or frequency offset to use, or similar) of modulation symbols of the reference signalling, and / or to which cyclic shift to use (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from the root sequence) and / or to which cover code to use (e.g., (e.g., to shift elements of 920 a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from the root sequence). In some cases, a transmission source may represent a target for reception, e.g. if it is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point).

[0132] In some variants, reference signalling may be and / or comprise CSI-RS and / or PT-RS and / or DMRS, e.g. transmitted by the network node. In other variants, the reference 925 signalling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or other UE, in which case it may comprise and / or be Sounding Reference signalling. Other, e.g. new, forms of reference signalling may be considered and / or used. In general, a modulation symbol of reference signalling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associated to a cyclic prefix. 930

[0133] Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages.

[0134] Reference signalling may be associated to control signalling and / or data signalling, e.g. 935

[0135] DM-RS and / or PT-RS.

[0136] Reference signalling, for example, may comprise DM-RS and / or pilot signalling and / or discovery signalling and / or synchronisation signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or phase tracking signalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or user-specific signalling, in particular CSI-RS. Reference signalling in general may be signalling with one 940 or more signalling characteristics, in particular transmission power and / or sequence of

[0137] P112626WO01 26 / 66 modulation symbols and / or resource distribution and / or phase distribution known to the receiver. Thus, the receiver can use the reference signalling as a reference and / or for training and / or for compensation. The receiver can be informed about the reference signalling by the transmitter, e.g. being configured and / or signalling with control signalling, in par- 945 ticular physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling (e.g., DCI and / or RRC signalling), and / or may determine the corresponding information itself, e.g. a network node configuring a UE to transmit reference signalling. Reference signalling may be signalling comprising one or more reference symbols and / or structures. Reference signalling may be adapted for gauging and / or estimating and / or representing transmission conditions, 950 e.g. channel conditions and / or transmission path conditions and / or channel (or signal or transmission) quality. It may be considered that the transmission characteristics (e.g., signal strength and / or form and / or modulation and / or timing) of reference signalling are available for both transmitter and receiver of the signalling (e.g., due to being predefined and / or configured or configurable and / or being communicated). Different types of 955 reference signalling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink, cell-specific (in particular, cell- wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressed to a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and / or signal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy-related or amplitude-related

[0138] (e.g., SRS or pilot signalling) and / or phase-related, etc. 960

[0139] References to specific resource structures like an allocation unit and / or block symbol and / or block symbol group and / or transmission timing structure and / or symbol and / or slot and / or mini-slot and / or subcarrier and / or carrier may pertain to a specific numerology, which may be predefined and / or configured or configurable. A transmission timing structure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or more symbols. Some 965 examples of a transmission timing structure are transmission time interval (TTI), subframe, slot and mini-slot. A slot may comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and / or configured or configurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slot may comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular be configurable or configured) smaller than the number of symbols of a slot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols, 970 e.g. less symbols than symbols in a slot. A transmission timing structure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol time length and / or cyclic prefix used. A transmission timing structure may pertain to, and / or cover, a specific time interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for communication. Timing structures used and / or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and / or mini-slots, may be scheduled in 975 relation to, and / or synchronized to, a timing structure provided and / or defined by other transmission timing structures. Such transmission timing structures may define a timing grid, e.g., with symbol time intervals within individual structures representing the small-

[0140] P112626WO01 27 / 66 est timing units. Such a timing grid may for example be defined by slots or subframes (wherein in some cases, subframes may be considered specific variants of slots). A trans- 980 mission timing structure may have a duration (length in time) determined based on the durations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prehx / es used. The symbols of a transmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in some variants have different duration. The number of symbols in a transmission timing structure may be predefined and / or configured or configurable, and / or be dependent on numerology. The 985 timing of a mini-slot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular by the network and / or a network node. The timing may be configurable to start and / or end at any symbol of the transmission timing structure, in particular one or more slots.

[0141] A transmission quality parameter may in general correspond to the number R of retransmissions and / or number T of total transmissions, and / or coding (e.g., number of coding 990 bits, e.g. for error detection coding and / or error correction coding like FEC coding) and / or code rate and / or BLER and / or BER requirements and / or transmission power level (e.g., minimum level and / or target level and / or base power level P0 and / or transmission power control command, TPC, step size) and / or signal quality, e.g. SNR and / or

[0142] SIR and / or SINR and / or power density and / or energy density. 995

[0143] A signalling sequence or sequence (e.g. of an allocation unit or block symbol or symbol time interval, and / or carried or transmitted on an allocation unit or block symbol or symbol time interval) may be based on a sequence root, e.g. a root sequence and / or a root parameter and / or root index and / or seed. A sequence root in general may represent or indicate a base for deriving or determining a signalling sequence; the root may be 1000 associated to, and / or represent a sequence directly, and / or indicate or represent a base sequence and / or seed. Examples of sequence roots may comprise a Zadoff Chu root sequence, a sequence seed, e.g. a seed for a Gold sequence, or a Golay complimentary sequence. A signalling sequence may be derived or derivable from, and / or be based on, a sequency root, e.g. based on a code, which may represent a shift or operation or processing 1005 on the root sequence or a sequence indicated by the sequence root, e.g. to provide the signalling sequence; the signalling sequence may be based on such shifted or processed or operated on root sequence. The code may in particular represent a cyclic shift and / or phase shift and / or phase ramp (e.g., an amount for such). The code may assign one operation or shift for each allocation unit. 1010

[0144] In general, a signalling sequence associated to an allocation unit (and / or the allocation units) associated to control signalling (and / or reference signalling) may be based on a root sequence which may be a M-sequence or Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a Gold or Golay sequence, or another sequence with suitable characteristics regarding correlation and / or

[0145] P112626WO01 28 / 66 interference (e.g., self- interference and / or interference with other or neighboring transmit- 1015 ters). Different sequences may be used as root sequences for different signalling sequences, or the same sequence may be used. If different sequences are used, they may be of the same type (Gold, Golay, M- or Zadoff-Chu, for example). The (signalling and / or root) sequences may correspond to or be time-domain sequences, e.g. time domain Zadoff-Chu and / or time-domain M sequences. 1020

[0146] In some cases, a shifted object like a signalling or signals or sequences or information may be shifted, e.g. relative to a predecessor (e.g., one is subject to a shift, and the shifted version is used), or relative to another (e.g., one associated to one signalling or allocation unit may be shifted to another associated to a second signalling or allocation unit, both may be used). One possible way of shifting is operating a code on it, e.g. to 1025 multiply each element of a shifting object with a factor. A ramping (e.g. multiplying with a monotonously increasing or periodic factor) may be considered an example of shifting.

[0147] Another is a cyclic shift in a domain or interval. A cyclic shift (or circular shift) may correspond to a rearrangement of the elements in the shifting object, corresponding to moving the final element or elements to the first position, while shifting all other entries 1030 to the next position, or by performing the inverse operation (such that the shifted object as the result will have the same elements as the shifting object, in a shifted but similar order). Shifting in general may be specific to an interval in a domain, e.g. an allocation unit in time domain, or a bandwidth in frequency domain. For example, it may be considered that signals or modulation symbols in an allocation unit are shifted, such that 1035 the order of the modulation symbols or signals is shifted in the allocation unit. In another example, allocation units may be shifted, e.g. in a larger time interval - this may leave signals in the allocation units unshifted with reference to the individual allocation unit, but may change the order of the allocation units. Domains for shifting may for example be time domain and / or phase domain and / or frequency domain. Multiple shifts in the same 1040 domain or different domains, and / or the same interval or different intervals (differently sized intervals, for example) may be performed.

[0148] Reference signalling may have a type. Types of reference signalling may include synchronisation signalling, and / or DM-RS (used to facilitate demodulation of associated data signalling and / or control signalling), and / or PT-RS (used to facilitate phase tracking of 1045 associated data signalling and / or control signalling, e.g. within a time interval or symbol or allocation unit carrying such signalling), and / or CSI-RS (e.g., used for channel estimation and / or reporting). It may be considered that PT-RS are inserted into a bit sequence, or a modulation symbol sequence, which may represent data. For example, PT-RS may be mapped onto subcarriers of a symbol also carrying data symbols. Accordingly, PT-RS 1050 insertion may be optimised for hardware implementations. In some cases, PT-RS may be

[0149] P112626WO01 29 / 66 modulated differently and / or independently of the modulation symbols representing data (or data bits).

[0150] A comb structure, or shorter comb, may indicate a distribution, or periodic arrangement of reference signalling, in particular in frequency space, e.g. between an upper and lower 1055 frequency. A comb may pertain to one OFDMA symbol and / or SC-FDMA symbol and / or one (the same) symbol time interval and / or one allocation unit. A comb may have width or size N and / or may pertain to, and / or be associated to, specific signalling and / or a type of signalling, e.g. a type of reference signalling. The width N may indicate how many empty subcarriers are between (e.g., non-neighbouring) subcarriers carrying an 1060 element or signal or symbol of the signalling (e.g., this number may be N-l), or how many empty subcarriers and non-empty subcarriers form a pattern that is repeated in frequency domain. In general, each comb may indicate that at least one empty subcarrier is to be between non-empty subcarriers. In this context, empty may refer to empty regarding the pattern or distribution of the signalling associated to the comb (and non-empty may 1065 refer to a subcarrier carrying an element or symbol of the associated signalling); in some cases, other signallings (which may have a comb structure as well) may be carried on empty subcarriers, e.g. transmitted using other transmission sources and / or other devices, and / or mapped into the comb (e.g., for a DMRS comb, data signalling may be mapped on subcarriers not carrying DMRS). 1070

[0151] A comb structure may generally describe a structure in which for every N-th (N may be an integer) resource element and / or subcarrier a reference signal or an element of a sequence of the reference signalling, and / or representing the reference signalling, and / or on which the reference signalling is based, is mapped to, and / or represented by signalling the resource element and / or subcarrier, in particular an element (symbol) of a modulation 1075 symbol sequence, or an element of a sequence. N may be called the width of the comb.

[0152] Generally, the comb may indicate the periodicity of the pattern inside the frequency range of the reference signalling. The pattern may in particular pertain to one reference signal and / or resource element or subcarrier for transmitting a reference signal, such that the comb may be considered to indicate that on every Nth resource element (in particular, 1080 only there) and / or subcarrier there is to be a reference signal or element of an associated sequence, and / or how many resource elements and / or subcarriers are between resource elements and / or subcarriers with reference signals. However, there may be considered variants, in which the pattern represents more than one reference signals. The pattern may also generally represent and / or indicate one or more empty signals and / or one or 1085 more data signals (respectively associated resource elements and / or subcarriers). For each comb or comb structure with a width or size of N, there may be N or f(N) different available individual combs. For example, for N=2, there may be two combs shifted in frequency

[0153] P112626WO01 30 / 66 space by one, or an odd number, of subcarriers or PRBs (e.g., based on a frequency domain offset, or a subcarrier offset). A comb structure or comb of width or size of N 1090 may be indicated as N-comb. Specific combs of this width may be numbered within N.

[0154] For example, for a 2-comb, there may be a comb 1 (or Cl) and a comb 2 (or C2), which may be shifted relative to each other, e.g. to dovetail such that all subcarrier covered by both combs carry signalling (associated to Cl and C2 alternatingly in frequency domain).

[0155] A comb may comprise two or more, for example at least three or at least four, repetitions 1095 of the pattern. The comb may indicate a reference and / or indication, e.g. a resource element and / or subcarner, which may be related to the upper and / or lower boundary in frequency, regarding the arrangement and / or location in frequency of a first pattern, and / or the relative shift of the pattern and / or comb in frequency. Generally, a comb structure may cover at least part, and / or at least the majority, and / or essentially all 1100 or all resource elements and / or subcarriers of the plurality of resource elements and / or subcarriers, and / or the symbol. A comb structure may result from combining two comb structures, which may in particular comb structures with pattern comprising only one reference signal. A comb structure may be determined and / or amended before transmission, e.g. based on other reference signalling to be transmitted, e.g. on a different 1105 antenna port. In this context, reference signals may be replaced by empty signals to avoid overlap and / or interference. Generally, if the other reference signalling utilises a comb structure as well, a different / new comb (as a combination of combs) may be considered to be determined, e.g. with less dense reference signal distribution and / or a different / wider pattern. Alternatively, or additionally, combs may be combined to increase the reference 1110 signal density, e.g. by combining combs with different widths, and / or with shifted offsets.

[0156] Generally, a comb structure may represent and / or comprise and / or be comprised of any of the combs / comb structures described herein.

[0157] A buffer state report (or buffer status report, BSR) may comprise information representing the presence and / or size of data to be transmitted (e.g., available in one or more 1115 buffers, for example provided by higher layers). The size may be indicated explicitly, and / or indexed to range / s of sizes, and / or may pertain to one or more different channel / s and / or acknowledgement processes and / or higher layers and / or channel groups / s, e.g, one or more logical channel / s and / or transport channel / s and / or groups thereof: The structure of a BSR may be predefined and / or configurable of configured, e.g. to override 1120 and / or amend a predefined structure, for example with higher layer signalling, e.g. RRC signalling. There may be different forms of BSR with different levels of resolution and / or information, e.g. a more detailed long BSR and a less detailed short BSR. A short BSR may concatenate and / or combine information of a long BSR, e.g. providing sums for data

[0158] P112626WO01 31 / 66 available for one or more channels and / or or channels groups and / or buffers, which might 1125 be represented individually in a long BSR; and / or may index a less-detailed range scheme for data available or buffered. A BSR may be used in lieu of a scheduling request, e.g. by a network node scheduling or allocating (uplink) resources for the transmitting radio node like a wireless device or UE or IAB node.

[0159] There is generally considered a program product comprising instructions adapted for cans- 1130 ing processing and / or control circuitry to carry out and / or control any method described herein, in particular when executed on the processing and / or control circuitry. Also, there is considered a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein.

[0160] A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, a 1135 carrier medium may be accessible and / or readable and / or receivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and / or a program product and / or code may be seen as part of carrying data and / or a program product and / or code. A carrier medium generally may comprise a guiding / transporting medium and / or a storage medium. A guiding / transporting medium may be adapted to carry and / or carry and / or store signals, 1140 in particular electromagnetic signals and / or electrical signals and / or magnetic signals and / or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic held, e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and / or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and / or cable. A 1145 storage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or nonvolatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, Hash memory, etc.

[0161] A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The system may be a wireless communication system, and / or provide and / or represent a radio access network. 1150

[0162] Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating an information system, the method comprising providing information. Alternatively, or additionally, an information system adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing information may comprise providing information for, and / or to, a target system, which may comprise and / or be implemented as radio access network and / or a radio node, in 1155 particular a network node or user equipment or terminal. Providing information may comprise transferring and / or streaming and / or sending and / or passing on the information, and / or offering the information for such and / or for download, and / or triggering such providing, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and / or transfer and / or send and / or pass on the information. The information system may comprise, and / or be 1160

[0163] P112626WO01 32 / 66 connected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a core network and / or internet and / or private or local network. Information may be provided utilising and / or via such intermediate system / s. Providing information may be for radio transmission and / or for transmission via an air interface and / or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein. Connecting the information system to a target, and / or 1165 providing information, may be based on a target indication, and / or adaptive to a target indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and / or one or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and / or the paths or connections over which the information is provided to the target. Such parameter / s may in particular pertain to the air interface and / or radio access network and / or radio node and / or network node. Example 1170 parameters may indicate for example type and / or nature of the target, and / or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate) and / or latency and / or reliability and / or cost, respectively one or more estimates thereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, or determined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the target and / or historical information, and / or be provided by a user, for example a user operating 1175 the target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and / or air interface. For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating with the information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user application or user interface, which may be a web interface. An information system may comprise 1180 one or more information nodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or communication circuitry. In particular, an information system and / or an information node may be implemented as a computer and / or a computer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and / or server or server arrangement.

[0164] In some variants, an interaction server (e.g., web server) of the information system may 1185 provide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and / or streaming information provision to the user (and / or the target) from another server, which may be connected or connectable to the interaction server and / or be part of the information system or be connected or connectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and / or audio 1190 data and / or location data and / or interactive data and / or game-related data and / or environmental data and / or technical data and / or traffic data and / or vehicular data and / or circumstantial data and / or operational data. The information provided by the information system may be mapped to, and / or mappable to, and / or be intended for mapping to, communication or data signalling and / or one or more data channels as described herein 1195

[0165] (which may be signalling or channel / s of an air interface and / or used within a RAN and / or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formatted based on the target indication and / or target, e.g. regarding data amount and / or data

[0166] P112626WO01 33 / 66 rate and / or data structure and / or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to a mapping to communication or data signalling and / or a data channel. Mapping informa- 1200 tion to data signalling and / or data channel / s may be considered to refer to using the signalling / channel / s to carry the data, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with the signalling / channel / s underlying the transmission. A target indication generally may comprise different components, which may have different sources, and / or which may indicate different characteristics of the target and / or communication path / s thereto. A format of 1205 information may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for information to be transmitted on an air interface and / or by a RAN as described herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an air interface may be limited in terms of capacity and / or of predictability, and / or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to be adapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN or 1210 radio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and / or planned and / or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. A (communication) path of information may represent the interface / s (e.g., air and / or cable interfaces) and / or the intermediate system / s (if any), between the information system and / or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which the 1215 information is, or is to be, passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a target indication is provided, and / or the information is provided / transferred by the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which may comprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and / or a format used for information may be packet-based, and / or be mapped, and / or be mappable and / or be intended for mapping, 1220 to packets. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be considered a method for operating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information system.

[0167] More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may be considered, the target device being adapted for providing a target indication to an information system. In another approach, there may be considered a target indication tool adapted for, and / or comprising 1225 an indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system. The target device may generally be a target as described above. A target indication tool may comprise, and / or be implemented as, software and / or application or app, and / or web interface or user interface, and / or may comprise one or more modules for implementing actions performed and / or controlled by the tool. The tool and / or target device may be 1230 adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and / or provided. Alternatively, or additionally, the tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving information and / or communication signalling carrying information, and / or operating on, and / or presenting (e.g., on a screen and / or as audio or as other form of indication), infor- 1235 mation. The information may be based on received information and / or communication

[0168] P112626WO01 34 / 66 signalling carrying information. Presenting information may comprise processing received information, e.g. decoding and / or transforming, in particular between different formats, and / or for hardware used for presenting. Operating on information may be independent of or without presenting, and / or proceed or succeed presenting, and / or may be without user 1240 interaction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target devices without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transport or industrial use. The information or communication signalling may be expected and / or received based on the target indication. Presenting and / or operating on information may generally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and / or execut- 1245 ing and / or interpreting and / or transforming information. Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and / or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of an air interface, e.g. RLC (Radio

[0169] Link Control) layer and / or MAC layer and / or physical layer / s). The information may be 1250 imprinted (or mapped) on communication signalling based on the target indication, which may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal). The tool may generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UE or terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple functionalities, e.g. for providing and / or selecting the target indication, and / or presenting, e.g. 1255 video and / or audio, and / or operating on and / or storing received information. Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling, and / or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the tool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred to the information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and / or 1260 paths and / or connections. The target indication may be a higher-layer indication and / or the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g. application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer and physical layer. The target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane, and / or the information may be mapped on physical 1265 layer radio communication signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (in particular, in reverse communication directions). The described approaches allow a target indication to be provided, facilitating information to be provided in a specific format particularly suitable and / or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may for example represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or formats, and / or 1270 paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and / or packaging and / or size of information to be provided by the information system.

[0170] In general, a numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may indicate the bandwidth (in fre-

[0171] P112626WO01 35 / 66 quency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and / or the number of subcarriers in a carrier and / or the numbering of the subcarriers in a carrier, and / or the symbol time length. 1275

[0172] Different numerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of a subcarrier.

[0173] In some variants, all the subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated to them. The numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriers in particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time length, and / or a time length of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrier fre- 1280 quency, and / or the subcarrier spacing and / or the numerology. In particular, different numerologies may have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier.

[0174] Signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and / or signals and / or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. An indication may represent signalling, and / or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One or 1285 more signals may be included in and / or represented by a message, signalling, in particular control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals and / or messages, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes and / or corresponding information. An indication may comprise signalling, and / or a plurality of signals and / or 1290 messages and / or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes, signalling associated to a channel may be transmitted such that represents signalling and / or information for that channel, and / or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and / or receiver to belong to 1295 that channel. Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and / or format / s for the channel.

[0175] An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating elements), which may be combined in antenna arrays. An antenna array or sub-array may comprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged 1300 e.g. two dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may be considered that each antenna array or sub-array or element is separately controllable, respectively that different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other. A single antenna element / radiator may be considered the smallest example of a sub-array. Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels or one or more individu- 1305 ally controllable antenna elements. An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may be considered that an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specific and / or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. An antenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in size and / or number of antenna 1310

[0176] P112626WO01 36 / 66 elements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node. Antenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change the beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formed by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or sub-arrays. The beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants by 1315 digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming.

[0177] The informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify indication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio node / s are not configured with such information, and / or operate transparently, not knowing the way 1320 of beamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separately controllable in regard to the phase and / or amplitude / power and / or gain of a signal feed to it for transmission, and / or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an independent or separate transmit and / or receive unit and / or ADC (analog- Digit al- Converter, alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-analog Converter, alternatively a DCA 1325 chain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC / DCA may be considered part of, and / or connected or connectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is controlled directly for beamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario; such controlling may be performed after encoding / decoding and7or after modulation sym- 1330 bols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna arrangements using the same ADC / DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antenna elements associated to the same ADC / DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to a scenario in which processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to the ADC / DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder / s and / or by precoding information, for 1335 example before and / or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements. Such a precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g. for amplitude and / or phase, and / or may be based on a (precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A precoder may pertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. The codebook may be configured or configurable, and / or be predefined. DFT beamforming may be 1340 considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered.

[0178] A beam may be defined by a spatial and / or angular and / or spatial angular distribution of radiation and / or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angle distribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from 1345 which it is received (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may comprise only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamforming

[0179] P112626WO01 37 / 66 to not receive outside reception beam / s), and / or sorting out signals that do not come in in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. A beam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a 1350 beam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or pi / 2, or pi / 4 or pi / 8 or pi / 16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Different beams may have different directions and / or sizes (e.g., solid angle and / or reach). A beam may have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the main lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and / or solid angle, which may be averaged 1355 and / or weighted to determine the direction), and may have one or more sidelobes. A lobe may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and / or power transmitted and / or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguous regions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe may comprise the lobe with the largest signal strength and / or energy and / or power content. However, sidelobes 1360 usually appear due to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have a different direction than a main lobe and / or other side lobes, however, due to reflections a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and / or received energy or power. A beam may be swept and / or switched over time, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed, 1365 but its shape (angular / solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, e.g. from the transmitter’s views for a transmission beam, or the receiver’s view for a reception beam, respectively. Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuous change of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to 50 or 75 or 1370

[0180] 90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the main lobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.

[0181] Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and / or signal energy, e.g. as seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. A beam with larger strength at 1375 transmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due to interference and / or obstruction and / or dispersion and / or absorption and / or reflection and / or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries. Signal quality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received over 1380 noise and / or interference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam does not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signal quality may be represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource element over noise / interference or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and / or

[0182] P112626WO01 38 / 66 signal strength may pertain to, and / or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and / or 1385 specific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and / or a specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signal strength may be represented by received signal strength, and / or relative signal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal (strength).

[0183] Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi- 1390 pie Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling. Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling. However, signalling like communication signalling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank based signalling and / or Single-Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may be considered alternatives).

[0184] A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and / or 1395 radio (and / or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and / or for communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard.

[0185] A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. A network node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and / or gNodeB (gNB) and / or eNodeB (eNB) and / or relay node and / or micro / nano / pico / femto 1400 node and / or transmission point (TP) and / or access point (AP) and / or other node, in particular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein.

[0186] The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to be interchangeable in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, user equipment or terminal may represent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, 1405 and / or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples of user equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, a mobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor or machine with radio capability (and / or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type- Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine- To-Machine), or a vehicle 1410 adapted for wireless communication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary. A wireless device generally may comprise, and / or be implemented as, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, which may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips.

[0187] The circuitry and / or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and / or may have one or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and / or for power supply. 1415

[0188] Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal.

[0189] A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and / or communication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radio

[0190] P112626WO01 39 / 66 node and / or a core network. 1420

[0191] Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry may comprise one or more processors and / or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and / or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) and / or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or similar. It may be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and / or is (operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory arrangements. A mem- 1425 ory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. A memory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and / or Random Access Memory (RAM), and / or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and / or magnetic and / or optical memory, and / or flash memory, and / or hard disk memory, and / or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable 1430 Programmable ROM).

[0192] Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and / or may comprise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package or housing), and / or may comprise one or more amplifiers and / or oscillators and / or filters, 1435 and / or may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and / or one or more antennas and / or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and / or antenna panels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also be implemented 1440 as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and / or functionality implemented therein.

[0193] Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and / or cable circuitry. Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air inter- face / s and / or cable interface / s and / or optical interface / s, e.g. laser-based. Interface / s 1445 may be in particular packet-based. Cable circuitry and / or a cable interfaces may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-based and / or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more intermediate systems and / or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communication circuitry and / or processing circuitry. 1450

[0194] Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and / or firmware and / or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different components of a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered that a module is distributed over different components and / or circuitries. A program product as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the 1455

[0195] P112626WO01 40 / 66 program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may be performed on, and / or controlled by the associated circuitry).

[0196] A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and / or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network or an IAB network), and / or a Radio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard. A 1460 communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3GPP and / or 5G, e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution.

[0197] A wireless communication network may be and / or comprise a Radio Access Network (RAN), which may be and / or comprise any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio network, which may be connected or connectable to a core network. The approaches de- 1465 scribed herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and / or NR (New Radio), respectively successors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more network nodes, and / or one or more terminals, and / or one or more radio nodes. A network node may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for 1470 radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user equipment (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular communication device or device for machine- type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminal may be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wireless communication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There 1475 may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or RAN system, comprising at least one radio node, and / or at least one network node and at least one terminal.

[0198] Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network node to the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the termi- 1480 nal to the network or network node. Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelink transmission and reception) may be considered communication directions. In some variants, uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication between network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhaul and / or relay communication and / or (wireless) 1485 network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, in particular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and / or relay communication and / or network communication is implemented as a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto.

[0199] Control information or a control information message or corresponding signalling (con- 1490 trol signalling) may be transmitted on a control channel, e.g. a physical control channel,

[0200] P112626WO01 41 / 66 which may be a downlink channel or (or a sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UE scheduling another UE). For example, control information / allocation information may be signaled by a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and / or a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ-specihc channel. Ac- 1495 knowledgement signalling, e.g. as a form of control information or signalling like uplink control information / signalling, may be transmitted by a terminal on a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and / or PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ-specihc channel. Multiple channels may apply for multi-component / multi-carrier indication or signalling. 1500

[0201] Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may in general be based on and / or in response to subject transmission, and / or to control signalling scheduling subject transmission. Such control signalling and / or subject signalling may be transmitted by a signalling radio node (which may be a network node, and / or a node associated to it, e.g. in a dual connectivity scenario. Subject transmission and / or subject signalling may be transmis- 1505 sion or signalling to which ACK / NACK or acknowledgement information pertains, e.g. indicating correct or incorrect reception and / or decoding of the subject transmission or signalling. Subject signalling or transmission may in particular comprise and / or be represented by data signalling, e.g. on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or some forms of control signalling, e.g. on a PDCCH or PSSCH, for example for specific formats. 1510

[0202] A signalling characteristic may be based on a type or format of a scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or type of allocation, and / or timing of acknowledgement signalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or resources associated to acknowledgement signalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment. For example, if a specific format for a scheduling grant (scheduling 1515 or allocating the allocated resources) or scheduling assignment (scheduling the subject transmission for acknowledgement signalling) is used or detected, the first or second communication resource may be used. Type of allocation may pertain to dynamic allocation (e.g., using DCI / PDCCH) or semi-static allocation (e.g., for a configured grant). Timing of acknowledgement signalling may pertain to a slot and / or symbol / s the signalling is to 1520 be transmitted. Resources used for acknowledgement signalling may pertain to the allocated resources. Timing and / or resources associated to a scheduling grant or assignment may represent a search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for reception of PDCCH transmissions) in which the grant or assignment is received. Thus, which transmission resource to be used may be based on implicit conditions, requiring low signalling 1525 overhead.

[0203] Scheduling may comprise indicating, e.g. with control signalling like DCI or SCI signalling

[0204] P112626WO01 42 / 66 and / or signalling on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH, one or more scheduling opportunities of a configuration intended to carry data signalling or subject signalling.

[0205] The configuration may be represented or representable by, and / or correspond to, a table. 1530

[0206] A scheduling assignment may for example point to an opportunity of the reception allocation configuration, e.g. indexing a table of scheduling opportunities. In some cases, a reception allocation configuration may comprise 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities. The configuration may in particular represent allocation in time. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration pertains to data signalling, in particular on a physical 1535 data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH. In general, the reception allocation configuration may pertain to downlink signalling, or in some scenarios to sidelink signalling. Control signalling scheduling subject transmission like data signalling may point and / or index and / or refer to and / or indicate a scheduling opportunity of the reception allocation configuration. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration is configured 1540 or configurable with higher-layer signalling, e.g. RRC or MAC layer signalling. The reception allocation configuration may be applied and / or applicable and / or valid for a plurality of transmission timing intervals, e.g. such that for each interval, one or more opportunities may be indicated or allocated for data signalling. These approaches allow efficient and flexible scheduling, which may be semi-static, but may updated or reconfigured on 1545 useful timescales in response to changes of operation conditions.

[0207] Control information, e.g., in a control information message, in this context may in particular be implemented as and / or represented by a scheduling assignment, which may indicate subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgement signalling), and / or reporting timing and / or frequency resources and / or code resources. Reporting 1550 timing may indicate a timing for scheduled acknowledgement signalling, e.g. slot and / or symbol and / or resource set. Control information may be carried by control signalling.

[0208] Subject transmissions may comprise one or more individual transmissions. Scheduling assignments may comprise one or more scheduling assignments. It should generally be noted that in a distributed system, subject transmissions, configuration and / or scheduling may 1555 be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject transmissions may be on the same carrier or different carriers (e.g., in a carrier aggregation), and / or same or different bandwidth parts, and / or on the same or different layers or beams, e.g. in a MIMO scenario, and / or to same or different ports. Generally, subject transmissions may pertain to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different sub-processes, e.g. in 1560

[0209] MIMO with different beams / layers associated to the same process identifier, but different sub-process-identifiers like swap bits). A scheduling assignment and / or a HARQ codebook may indicate a target HARQ structure. A target HARQ structure may for example indicate an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g. the number of bits

[0210] P112626WO01 43 / 66 and / or whether to provide code block group level response or not. However, it should be 1565 noted that the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, e.g. due to the total size of target structures for a subpattern being larger than the predetermined size.

[0211] Transmitting acknowledgement signalling, also referred to as transmitting acknowledgement information or feedback information or simply as ARQ or HARQ feedback or feedback or reporting feedback, may comprise, and / or be based on determining correct or 1570 incorrect reception of subject transmission / s, e.g. based on error coding and / or based on scheduling assignment / s scheduling the subject transmissions. Transmitting acknowledgement information may be based on, and / or comprise, a structure for acknowledgement information to transmit, e.g. the structure of one or more subpatterns, e.g. based on which subject transmission is scheduled for an associated subdivision. Transmitting ac- 1575 knowledgement information may comprise transmitting corresponding signalling, e.g. at one instance and / or in one message and / or one channel, in particular a physical channel, which may be a control channel. In some cases, the channel may be a shared channel or data channel, e.g. utilising rate-matching of the acknowledgment information. The acknowledgement information may generally pertain to a plurality of subject transmis- 1580 sions, which may be on different channels and / or carriers, and / or may comprise data signalling and / or control signalling. The acknowledgment information may be based on a codebook, which may be based on one or more size indications and / or assignment indications (representing HARQ structures), which may be received with a plurality of control signallings and / or control messages, e.g. in the same or different transmission 1585 timing structures, and / or in the same or different (target) sets of resources. Transmitting acknowledgement information may comprise determining the codebook, e.g. based on control information in one or more control information messages and / or a configuration.

[0212] A codebook may pertain to transmitting acknowledgement information at a single and / or specific instant, e.g. a single PUCCH or PUSCH transmission, and / or in one message 1590 or with jointly encoded and / or modulated acknowledgement information. Generally, acknowledgment information may be transmitted together with other control information, e.g. a scheduling request and / or measurement information.

[0213] Acknowledgement signalling may in some cases comprise, next to acknowledgement information, other information, e.g. control information, in particular, uplink or sidelink 1595 control information, like a scheduling request and / or measurement information, or similar, and / or error detection and / or correction information, respectively associated bits. The payload size of acknowledgement signalling may represent the number of bits of acknowledgement information, and / or in some cases the total number of bits carried by the acknowledgement signalling, and / or the number of resource elements needed. Ac- 1600 knowledgement signalling and / or information may pertain to ARQ and / or HARQ pro-

[0214] P112626WO01 44 / 66 cesses; an ARQ process may provide ACK / NACK (and perhaps additional feedback) feedback, and decoding may be performed on each (re-)transmission separately, without soft-buffering / soft-combining intermediate data, whereas HARQ may comprise soft- buffering / soft-combining of intermediate data of decoding for one or more (re-)transmissions. 1605

[0215] Subject transmission may be data signalling or control signalling. The transmission may be on a shared or dedicated channel. Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or comprise one 1610 or more DCI messages or SCI messages. In some cases, the subject transmission may comprise, or represent, reference signalling. For example, it may comprise DM-RS and / or pilot signalling and / or discovery signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or phase tracking signalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or user-specific signalling, in particular CSI-RS. A subject transmission may pertain to one scheduling assignment and / or 1615 one acknowledgement signalling process (e.g., according to identifier or subidentifier), and / or one subdivision. In some cases, a subject transmission may cross the borders of subdivisions in time, e.g. due to being scheduled to start in one subdivision and extending into another, or even crossing over more than one subdivision. In this case, it may be considered that the subject transmission is associated to the subdivision it ends in. 1620

[0216] It may be considered that transmitting acknowledgement information, in particular of acknowledgement information, is based on determining whether the subject transmission / s has or have been received correctly, e.g. based on error coding and / or reception quality. Reception quality may for example be based on a determined signal quality. Acknowledgement information may generally be transmitted to a signalling radio node and / or 1625 node arrangement and / or to a network and / or network node.

[0217] Acknowledgement information, or bit / s of a subpattern structure of such information (e.g., an acknowledgement information structure, may represent and / or comprise one or more bits, in particular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits pertaining to a data structure or substructure or message like a control message may be considered a subpattern. The 1630 structure or arrangement of acknowledgement information may indicate the order, and / or meaning, and / or mapping, and / or pattern of bits (or subpatterns of bits) of the information. The structure or mapping may in particular indicate one or more data block structures, e.g. code blocks and / or code block groups and / or transport blocks and / or messages, e.g. command messages, the acknowledgement information pertains to, and / or 1635 which bits or subpattern of bits are associated to which data block structure. In some cases, the mapping may pertain to one or more acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g.

[0218] P112626WO01 45 / 66 processes with different identifiers, and / or one or more different data streams. The configuration or structure or codebook may indicate to which process / es and / or data stream / s the information pertains. Generally, the acknowledgement information may comprise 1640 one or more subpatterns, each of which may pertain to a data block structure, e.g. a code block or code block group or transport block. A subpattern may be arranged to indicate acknowledgement or non-acknowledgement, or another retransmission state like non-scheduling or non-reception, of the associated data block structure. It may be considered that a subpattern comprises one bit, or in some cases more than one bit. It should 1645 be noted that acknowledgement information may be subjected to significant processing before being transmitted with acknowledgement signalling. Different configurations may indicate different sizes and / or mapping and / or structures and / or pattern.

[0219] An acknowledgment signalling process (providing acknowledgment information) may be a HARQ process, and / or be identified by a process identifier, e.g. a HARQ process idem 1650 tifier or sub-identifier. Acknowledgement signalling and / or associated acknowledgement information may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgement feedback. It should be noted that data blocks or structures to which subpatterns may pertain may be intended to carry data (e.g., information and / or systemic and / or coding bits). However, depending on transmission conditions, such data may be received or not received (or not received 1655 correctly), which may be indicated correspondingly in the feedback. In some cases, a subpattern of acknowledgement signalling may comprise padding bits, e.g. if the acknowledgement information for a data block requires fewer bits than indicated as size of the subpattern. Such may for example happen if the size is indicated by a unit size larger than required for the feedback. 1660

[0220] Acknowledgment information may generally indicate at least ACK or NACK, e.g. pertaining to an acknowledgment signalling process, or an element of a data block structure like a data block, subblock group or subblock, or a message, in particular a control message. Generally, to an acknowledgment signalling process there may be associated one specific subpattern and / or a data block structure, for which acknowledgment information 1665 may be provided. Acknowledgement information may comprise a plurality of pieces of information, represented in a plurality of ARQ and / or HARQ structures.

[0221] An acknowledgment signalling process may determine correct or incorrect reception, and / or corresponding acknowledgement information, of a data block like a transport block, and / or substructures thereof, based on coding bits associated to the data block, 1670 and / or based on coding bits associated to one or more data block and / or subblocks and / or subblock group / s. Acknowledgement information (determined by an acknowledgement signalling process) may pertain to the data block as a whole, and / or to one

[0222] P112626WO01 46 / 66 or more subblocks or subblock groups. A code block may be considered an example of a subblock, whereas a code block group may be considered an example of a subblock 1675 group. Accordingly, the associated subpattern may comprise one or more bits indicating reception status or feedback of the data block, and / or one or more bits indicating reception status or feedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups. Each subpattern or bit of the subpattern may be associated and / or mapped to a specific data block or subblock or subblock group. In some variants, correct reception for a data block may be 1680 indicated if all subblocks or subblock groups are correctly identified. In such a case, the subpattern may represent acknowledgement information for the data block as a whole, reducing overhead in comparison to provide acknowledgement information for the subblocks or subblock groups. The smallest structure (e.g. subblock / subblock group / data block) the subpattern provides acknowledgement information for and / or is associated to 1685 may be considered its (highest) resolution. In some variants, a subpattern may provide acknowledgment information regarding several elements of a data block structure and / or at different resolution, e.g. to allow more specific error detection. For example, even if a subpattern indicates acknowledgment signalling pertaining to a data block as a whole, in some variants higher resolution (e.g., subblock or subblock group resolution) may be 1690 provided by the subpattern. A subpattern may generally comprise one or more bits indicating ACK / NACK for a data block, and / or one or more bits for indicating ACK / NACK for a subblock or subblock group, or for more than one subblock or subblock group.

[0223] A subblock and / or subblock group may comprise information bits (representing the data to be transmitted, e.g. user data and / or downlink / sidelink data or uplink data). It may be 1695 considered that a data block and / or subblock and / or subblock group also comprises error one or more error detection bits, which may pertain to, and / or be determined based on, the information bits (for a subblock group, the error detection bit / s may be determined based on the information bits and / or error detection bits and / or error correction bits of the subblock / s of the subblock group). A data block or substructure like subblock or subblock 1700 group may comprise error correction bits, which may in particular be determined based on the information bits and error detection bits of the block or substructure, e.g. utilising an error correction coding scheme, in particular for forward error correction (FEC), e.g.

[0224] LDPC or polar coding and / or turbo coding. Generally, the error correction coding of a data block structure (and / or associated bits) may cover and / or pertain to information bits 1705 and error detection bits of the structure. A subblock group may represent a combination of one or more code blocks, respectively the corresponding bits. A data block may represent a code block or code block group, or a combination of more than one code block groups.

[0225] A transport block may be split up in code blocks and / or code block groups, for example based on the bit size of the information bits of a higher layer data structure provided 1710

[0226] P112626WO01 47 / 66 for error coding and / or size requirements or preferences for error coding, in particular error correction coding. Such a higher layer data structure is sometimes also referred to as transport block, which in this context represents information bits without the error coding bits described herein, although higher layer error handling information may be included, e.g. for an internet protocol like TCP. However, such error handling information 1715 represents information bits in the context of this disclosure, as the acknowledgement signalling procedures described treat it accordingly.

[0227] In some variants, a subblock like a code block may comprise error correction bits, which may be determined based on the information bit / s and / or error detection bit / s of the subblock. An error correction coding scheme may be used for determining the error cor- 1720 rection bits, e.g. based on LDPC or polar coding or Reed-Mueller coding. In some cases, a subblock or code block may be considered to be defined as a block or pattern of bits comprising information bits, error detection bit / s determined based on the information bits, and error correction bit / s determined based on the information bits and / or error detection bit / s. It may be considered that in a subblock, e.g. code block, the information 1725 bits (and possibly the error correction bit / s) are protected and / or covered by the error correction scheme or corresponding error correction bit / s. A code block group may comprise one or more code blocks. In some variants, no additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits are applied, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. A transport block may comprise one or more code block groups. It may be considered that 1730 no additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits are applied to a transport block, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. In some specific variants, the code block group / s comprise no additional layers of error detection or correction coding, and the transport block may comprise only additional error detection coding bits, but no additional error correction coding. This may particularly be true if the transport 1735 block size is larger than the code block size and / or the maximum size for error correction coding. A subpattern of acknowledgement signalling (in particular indicating ACK or NACK) may pertain to a code block, e.g. indicating whether the code block has been correctly received. It may be considered that a subpattern pertains to a subgroup like a code block group or a data block like a transport block. In such cases, it may indicate 1740

[0228] ACK, if all subblocks or code blocks of the group or data / transport block are received correctly (e.g. based on a logical AND operation), and NACK or another state of noncorrect reception if at least one subblock or code block has not been correctly received. It should be noted that a code block may be considered to be correctly received not only if it actually has been correctly received, but also if it can be correctly reconstructed based 1745 on soft-combining and / or the error correction coding.

[0229] A subpattern / HARQ structure may pertain to one acknowledgement signalling process

[0230] P112626WO01 48 / 66 and / or one carrier like a component carrier and / or data block structure or data block. It may in particular be considered that one (e.g. specific and / or single) subpattern pertains, e.g. is mapped by the codebook, to one (e.g., specific and / or single) acknowledgement 1750 signalling process, e.g. a specific and / or single HARQ process. It may be considered that in the bit pattern, subpatterns are mapped to acknowledgement signalling processes and / or data blocks or data block structures on a one-to-one basis. In some variants, there may be multiple subpatterns (and / or associated acknowledgment signalling processes) associated to the same component carrier, e.g. if multiple data streams transmitted 1755 on the carrier are subject to acknowledgement signalling processes. A subpattern may comprise one or more bits, the number of which may be considered to represent its size or bit size. Different bit n-tupels (n being 1 or larger) of a subpattern may be associated to different elements of a data block structure (e.g., data block or subblock or subblock group), and / or represent different resolutions. There may be considered variants in which 1760 only one resolution is represented by a bit pattern, e.g. a data block. A bit n-tupel may represent acknowledgement information (also referred to a feedback), in particular ACK or NACK, and optionally, (if n^,l), may represent DTX / DRX or other reception states. ACK / NACK may be represented by one bit, or by more than one bit, e.g. to improve disambiguity of bit sequences representing ACK or NACK, and / or to improve 1765 transmission reliability.

[0231] The acknowledgement information or feedback information may pertain to a plurality of different transmissions, which may be associated to and / or represented by data block structures, respectively the associated data blocks or data signalling. The data block structures, and / or the corresponding blocks and / or signalling, may be scheduled for si- 1770 multaneous transmission, e.g. for the same transmission timing structure, in particular within the same slot or subframe, and / or on the same symbol / s. However, alternatives with scheduling for non-simultaneous transmission may be considered. For example, the acknowledgment information may pertain to data blocks scheduled for different transmission timing structures, e.g. different slots (or mini-slots, or slots and mini-slots) or 1775 similar, which may correspondingly be received (or not or wrongly received). Scheduling signalling may generally comprise indicating resources, e.g. time and / or frequency resources, for example for receiving or transmitting the scheduled signalling.

[0232] Signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure

[0233] (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey informa- 1780 tion to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling) target. A process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling. Transmitting signalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signalling and / or resource requesting information, may

[0234] P112626WO01 49 / 66 comprise encoding and / or modulating. Encoding and / or modulating may comprise error 1785 detection coding and / or forward error correction encoding and / or scrambling. Receiving control signalling may comprise corresponding decoding and / or demodulation. Error detection coding may comprise, and / or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g.

[0235] CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may comprise and / or be based on for example turbo coding and / or Reed-Muller coding, and / or polar coding 1790 and / or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding used may be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal is associated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detection coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also 1795 called systematic bits) plus coding bits.

[0236] Communication signalling may comprise, and / or represent, and / or be implemented as, data signalling, and / or user plane signalling. Communication signalling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physical sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or PSSCH 1800 (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel. Data signalling may be signalling associated to and / or on a data channel.

[0237] An indication generally may explicitly and / or implicitly indicate the information it represents and / or indicates. Implicit indication may for example be based on position 1805 and / or resource used for transmission. Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and / or one or more index or indices, and / or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particular be considered that control signalling as described herein, based on the utilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates the control signalling type. 1810

[0238] A resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and / or encodable and / or decodable and / or modulatable and / or demodulatable time-frequency resource, and / or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and a subcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and / or allocated to a resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a stan- 1815 dard. A carrier may define a frequency and / or frequency band for transmission and / or reception. In some variants, a signal (jointly encoded / modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. A resource element may generally be as defined by a corresponding standard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and / or subcarrier spacing (and / or numerology) may be different between different symbols and / or subcarriers, different re- 1820

[0239] P112626WO01 50 / 66 source elements may have different extension (length / width) in time and / or frequency domain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers.

[0240] A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and / or code resource, on which signalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example transmitted and / or received, and / or be intended for transmission and / or reception. 1825

[0241] A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an ending symbol for transmitting and / or receiving. A starting symbol may in particular be a starting symbol of uplink or sidelink signalling, for example control signalling or data signalling. Such signalling may be on a data channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data or shared 1830 channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or a sidelink control channel.

[0242] If the starting symbol is associated to control signalling (e.g., on a control channel), the control signalling may be in response to received signalling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g. representing acknowledgement signalling associated thereto, which may be HARQ or ARQ signalling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol (in time) of downlink or 1835 sidelink transmission or signalling, which may be intended or scheduled for the radio node or user equipment. Such downlink signalling may in particular be data signalling, e.g. on a physical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on, and / or in relation to, such an ending symbol. 1840

[0243] Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment, may refer to the radio node being adapted or caused or set and / or instructed to operate according to the configuration. Configuring may be done by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in which case it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured. 1845

[0244] Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and / or comprise one or more instruction pertaining to a configuration, e.g. a configuration for transmitting and / or receiving on allocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio node may configure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from a network or network node. A network node may utilise, and / or be adapted to utilise, its circuitry / ies for 1850 configuring. Allocation information may be considered a form of configuration data.

[0245] Configuration data may comprise and / or be represented by configuration information, and / or one or more corresponding indications and / or message / s

[0246] Generally, configuring may include determining configuration data representing the configuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it to one or more other nodes (parallel and / or 1855 sequentially), which may transmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which

[0247] P112626WO01 51 / 66 may be repeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, or additionally, configuring a radio node, e.g., by a network node or other device, may include receiving configuration data and / or data pertaining to configuration data, e.g., from another node like a network node, which may be a higher-level node of the network, and / or transmitting 1860 received configuration data to the radio node. Accordingly, determining a configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the radio node may be performed by different network nodes or entities, which may be able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interface in the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring a terminal may comprise scheduling downlink and / or uplink transmissions for the terminal, 1865 e.g. downlink data and / or downlink control signalling and / or DCI and / or uplink control or data or communication signalling, in particular acknowledgement signalling, and / or configuring resources and / or a resource pool therefor.

[0248] A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in frequency domain by another resource structure, if they share a common border frequency, e.g. one as an upper 1870 frequency border and the other as a lower frequency border. Such a border may for example be represented by the upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which also represents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in time domain by another resource structure, if they share a common border time, e.g. one as an upper (or right in the figures) 1875 border and the other as a lower (or left in the figures) border. Such a border may for example be represented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n, which also represents the beginning of a symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n+1.

[0249] Generally, a resource structure being neighboured by another resource structure in a domain may also be referred to as abutting and / or bordering the other resource structure 1880 in the domain.

[0250] A resource structure may general represent a structure in time and / or frequency domain, in particular representing a time interval and a frequency interval. A resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of resource elements, and / or the time interval of a resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of symbol time interval / s, and / or 1885 the frequency interval of a resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of sub- carrier / s. A resource element may be considered an example for a resource structure, a slot or mini-slot or a Physical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others. A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. a PUSCH or

[0251] PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot or PRB. 1890

[0252] Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise a bandwidth or band, or a bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a part of a bandwidth available for a radio

[0253] P112626WO01 52 / 66 node for communicating, e.g. due to circuitry and / or configuration and / or regulations and / or a standard. A bandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio node. In some variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used for 1895 communicating, e.g. transmitting and / or receiving, by a radio node. The bandwidth part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a device bandwidth defined by the circuitry / conhguration of a device, and / or a system bandwidth, e.g. available for a RAN). It may be considered that a bandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks or resource block groups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A bandwidth 1900 part may pertain to, and / or comprise, one or more carriers.

[0254] A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and / or pertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier comprises a plurality of subcarriers. A carrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or center frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier 1905 there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriers may be non-overlapping, and / or may be neighbouring in frequency domain.

[0255] It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilising millimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 1910 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication may utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and / or carrier aggregation. Upper frequency boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary.

[0256] A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device 1915 adapted for transmitting and / or receiving radio and / or wireless signals and / or data, in particular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be called LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate. 1920

[0257] Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier. A cell may generally comprise and / or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrier for DL communication / transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell 1925 comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission and DL communication / transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.

[0258] P112626WO01 53 / 66 A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. A channel may comprise and / or be arranged on one or more carriers, in particular a plurality of subcarriers. 1930

[0259] A channel carrying and / or for carrying control signalling / control information may be considered a control channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and / or if it carries control plane information. Analogously, a channel carrying and / or for carrying data signalling / user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and / or if it carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for 1935 a specific communication direction, or for two complementary communication directions (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in which case it may be considered to have two component channels, one for each direction. Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latency and / or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel for

[0260] Ultra- Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be for control and / or 1940 data.

[0261] In general, a symbol may represent and / or be associated to a symbol time length, which may be dependent on the carrier and / or subcarrier spacing and / or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain. A symbol time length 1945 may be dependent on a carrier frequency and / or bandwidth and / or numerology and / or subcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols may have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length. Generally, a symbol time length may be based on, and / or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix. 1950

[0262] A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) between two UEs and / or terminals, in which data is transmitted between the participants (UEs and / or terminals) via the communication channel, e.g. directly and / or without being relayed via a network node. A sidelink may be established only and / or directly via air interface / s of the participant, which may be directly linked via the sidelink commu- 1955 nication channel. In some variants, sidelink communication may be performed without interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedly defined resources and / or on resources negotiated between the participants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be considered that a network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuring resources, in particular one or more resource pool / s, for sidelink communication, and / or monitoring a 1960 sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.

[0263] Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D) communication, and / or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services) communication, e.g. in the context of LTE. A sidelink may be implemented in the context of V2x communication (Vehicular

[0264] P112626WO01 54 / 66 communication), e.g. V2V (Vehicle-to- Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and / or 1965 V2P (Vehicle-to- Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication may be considered a user equipment or terminal.

[0265] A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more (e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control CHannel, which may for example carry control information like an acknowledgement position indication, and / or 1970 a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared CHannel, which for example may carry data and / or acknowledgement signalling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel (or structure) pertains to and / or used one or more carrier / s and / or frequency range / s associated to, and / or being used by, cellular communication, e.g. according to a specific license and / or standard. Participants may share a (physical) channel and / or resources, 1975 in particular in frequency domain and / or related to a frequency resource like a carrier) of a sidelink, such that two or more participants transmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, and / or time-shifted, and / or there may be associated specific channels and / or resources to specific participants, so that for example only one participant transmits on a specific channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g., in frequency domain and / or 1980 related to one or more carriers or subcarriers.

[0266] A sidelink may comply with, and / or be implemented according to, a specific standard, e.g. an LTE-based standard and / or NR. A sidelink may utilise TDD (Time Division Duplex) and / or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a network node, and / or preconfigured and / or negotiated between the participants. A user 1985 equipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication if it, and / or its radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry, is adapted for utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one or more frequency ranges and / or carriers and / or in one or more formats, in particular according to a specific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio Access Network is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication. Alternatively, or 1990 additionally, a Radio Access Network may be represented, and / or defined with, and / or be related to a network node and / or communication with such a node.

[0267] Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmitting and / or receiving signalling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signalling) may comprise utilising the sidelink for communication (respectively, for signalling). Sidelink transmission 1995 and / or transmitting on a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmission formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink reception and / or receiving on a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmission formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g., 2000

[0268] P112626WO01 55 / 66 SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control information transmitted utilising a sidelink.

[0269] Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radio connection and / or communication link between a wireless and / or cellular communication network and / or network node and a terminal or on a sidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least 2005 one direction of transmission (e.g. DL and / or UL), as well as to the aggregate of carriers.

[0270] A corresponding communication link may be referred to as carrier aggregated communication link or CA communication link; carriers in a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC). In such a link, data may be transmitted over more than one of the carriers and / or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate of carri- 2010 ers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicated control carriers and / or primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred to as primary component carrier or PCC), over which control information may be transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primary carrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondary carriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in some approaches, control 2015 information may be sent over more than one carrier of an aggregate, e.g. one or more PCCs and one PCC and one or more SCCs.

[0271] A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and / or specific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and ending symbol in time, covering the interval therebetween. A scheduled transmission may be a transmission scheduled and / or expected 2020 and / or for which resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, not every scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier being occupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timing substructure (e.g., 2025 a mini-slot, and / or covering only a part of a transmission timing structure) within a transmission timing structure like a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbol in the transmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.

[0272] Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the related information being defined for example in a standard, and / or being available without specific configuration 2030 from a network or network node, e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being configured. Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to the corresponding information being set / conhgured, e.g. by the network or a network node.

[0273] A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and / or structure configuration, may schedule transmissions, e.g. for the time / transmissions it is valid, and / or transmis- 2035 sions may be scheduled by separate signalling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRC

[0274] P112626WO01 56 / 66 signalling and / or downlink control information signalling. The transmission / s scheduled may represent signalling to be transmitted by the device for which it is scheduled, or signalling to be received by the device for which it is scheduled, depending on which side of a communication the device is. It should be noted that downlink control information 2040 or specifically DCI signalling may be considered physical layer signalling, in contrast to higher layer signalling like MAC (Medium Access Control) signalling or RRC layer signalling. The higher the layer of signalling is, the less frequent / the more time / resource consuming it may be considered, at least partially due to the information contained in such signalling having to be passed on through several layers, each layer requiring processing 2045 and handling.

[0275] A scheduled transmission, and / or transmission timing structure like a mini-slot or slot, may pertain to a specific channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or a physical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH or PDSCH, and / or may pertain to a specific cell and / or carrier aggregation. A correspond- 2050 ing configuration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration may pertain to such channel, cell and / or carrier aggregation. It may be considered that the scheduled transmission represents transmission on a physical channel, in particular a shared physical channel, for example a physical uplink shared channel or physical downlink shared channel. For such channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable. 2055

[0276] Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing, and / or be represented or configured with corresponding configuration data. A configuration may be embedded in, and / or comprised in, a message or configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and / or schedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and / or semi-statically.

[0277] A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an interval in time and / or 2060 frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signalling, in particular downlink control signalling, and / or for a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel like PDCCH. The interval may comprise, and / or consist of, a number of symbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specihc) dedicated signalling (which may be single-cast, for example addressed to or intended for a specific 2065

[0278] UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signalling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel.

[0279] In general, the transmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering a configurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol is configured to be after the control region in time. A control region may be associated, e.g. via configuration and / or determination, to one or more specific UEs and / or formats of 2070 PDCCH and / or DCI and / or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and / or RNTIs or carrier / cell identifiers, and / or be represented and / or associated to a CORESET and / or a search

[0280] P112626WO01 57 / 66 space.

[0281] The duration of a symbol (symbol time length or interval) of the transmission timing structure may generally be dependent on a numerology and / or carrier, wherein the nu- 2075 merology and / or carrier may be configurable. The numerology may be the numerology to be used for the scheduled transmission.

[0282] System information signalling may comprise and / or represent signalling indicating one or more system parameters, in particular timing and / or synchronisation, and / or numerology and / or a system identity (e.g. beam identity and / or cell ID and / or node ID and / or 2080 network ID). System information signalling may comprise broadcast signalling or multicast signalling; it may be beam-formed signalling, or non-beam-formed. In some cases, system information signalling may comprise synchronisation signalling, e.g. PSS and / or SSS, and / or reference signalling, e.g. DM-RS, and / or data signalling, e.g. on a broadcast channel like PBCH, or on a data channel like PDSCH, e.g. suitable for broadcast 2085 or multicast, or scrambled with an ID provided in earlier signalling or predefined in a standard. Such data signalling may comprise encoded information, e.g. with error detection coding and / or error correction coding. System information signalling may comprise System Information, e.g. a Master Information Block (MIB) and / or one or more System

[0283] Information Blocks (SIB). System information signalling may be carried on a SSB beam. 2090

[0284] A transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols, and / or define an interval comprising several symbols (respectively their associated time intervals). In the context of this disclosure, it should be noted that a reference to a symbol for ease of reference may be interpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval or time component or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it is clear from the context 2095 that the frequency domain component also has to be considered. Examples of transmission timing structures include slot, subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered a substructure of a slot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and may be considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their time domain component. A transmission timing structure may generally comprise a plurality of symbols defining the 2100 time domain extension (e.g., interval or length or duration) of the transmission timing structure, and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence. A timing structure (which may also be considered or implemented as synchronisation structure) may be defined by a succession of such transmission timing structures, which may for example define a timing grid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures. A 2105 transmission timing structure, and / or a border symbol or a scheduled transmission may be determined or scheduled in relation to such a timing grid. A transmission timing structure of reception may be the transmission timing structure in which the scheduling

[0285] P112626WO01 58 / 66 control signalling is received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid. A transmission timing structure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, a mini-slot. 2110

[0286] Feedback signalling may be considered a form or control signalling, e.g. uplink or sidelink control signalling, like UCI (Uplink Control Information) signalling or SCI (Sidelink Control Information) signalling. Feedback signalling may in particular comprise and / or represent acknowledgement signalling and / or acknowledgement information and / or measurement reporting. 2115

[0287] Signalling utilising, and / or on and / or associated to, resources or a resource structure may be signalling covering the resources or structure, signalling on the associated frequency / ies and / or in the associated time interval / s. It may be considered that a signalling resource structure comprises and / or encompasses one or more substructures, which may be associated to one or more different channels and / or types of signalling and / or comprise 2120 one or more holes (resource element / s not scheduled for transmissions or reception of transmissions). A resource substructure, e.g. a feedback resource structure, may generally be continuous in time and / or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be considered that a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure, represents a rectangle filled with one or more resource elements in time / frequency space. However, 2125 in some cases, a resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may represent a non-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. time and / or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for associated signalling.

[0288] Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication direction, in 2130 particular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as reference signalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signalling, control signalling, and / or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).

[0289] In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished between dynamically sched- 2135 uled or aperiodic transmission and / or configuration, and semi-static or semi-persistent or periodic transmission and / or configuration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally pertain to conhguration / transmission valid and / or scheduled and / or configured for (relatively) short timescales and / or a (e.g., predefined and / or configured and / or limited and / or definite) number of occurrences and / or transmission timing structures, e.g. 2140 one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and / or for one or more (e.g., specific number) of transmission / occurrences. Dynamic configuration may be based on low-level signalling, e.g. control signalling on the physical layer and / or MAC layer, in particular in the form of DCI or SCI. Periodic / semi-static may pertain to longer

[0290] P112626WO01 59 / 66 timescales, e.g. several slots and / or more than one frame, and / or a non-defined number 2145 of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configuration contradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives. A periodic or semi-static configuration may be based on, and / or be configured with, higher-layer signalling, in particular RCL layer signalling and / or RRC signalling and / or MAC signalling.

[0291] In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set 2150 forth (such as particular network functions, processes and signalling steps) in order to provide a thorough understanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may be practised in other variants and variants that depart from these specific details.

[0292] For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in the context of Long 2155

[0293] Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) or New Radio mobile or wireless communications technologies; however, this does not rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connection with additional or alternative mobile communication technologies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards as

[0294] IEEE 802. Had or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Tech- 2160 nical Specifications (TSs) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications.

[0295] Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services, functions and steps explained herein may be implemented using software functioning in conjunction with a 2165 programmed microprocessor, or using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or general purpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variants described herein are elucidated in the context of methods and devices, the concepts and aspects presented herein may also be embodied in a program product as well as in a system comprising 2170 control circuitry, e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products that execute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein.

[0296] It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presented herein will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes 2175 may be made in the form, constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof without departing from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein or without sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspects presented herein can be varied in many ways.

[0297] P112626WO01 60 / 66 Some useful abbreviations comprise 2180

[0298] Abbreviation Explanation

[0299] ABF Analog beamformer, fanout to antenna+beamforming

[0300] ACK / NACK Acknowledgment / Negative Acknowledgement

[0301] Ant Antenna

[0302] ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest

[0303] BB BaseBand

[0304] Beamindex IF beamindex interface

[0305] BER Bit Error Rate

[0306] BI Beam Index

[0307] BLER Block Error Rate

[0308] BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

[0309] BWP BandWidth Part

[0310] CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross Correlation

[0311] CB Code Block

[0312] CBB Code Block Bundle

[0313] CBG Code Block Group

[0314] CDM Code Division Multiplex

[0315] CM Cubic Metric

[0316] Comm RXBB communication receiver baseband

[0317] CORESET Control Resource Set

[0318] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0319] CP rem CP removal

[0320] CQI Channel Quality Information

[0321] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0322] CRS Common reference signal

[0323] CSI Channel State Information

[0324] CSI-RS Channel state information reference signal

[0325] DAI Downlink Assignment Indicator

[0326] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0327] DFE Digital Frontend

[0328] DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

[0329] DFTS-FDM DFT-spread-FDM

[0330] DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing) eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand

[0331] FDD Frequency Division Duplex

[0332] FDE Frequency Domain Equalisation

[0333] P112626WO01 61 / 66 FDF Frequency Domain Filtering

[0334] FDM Frequency Division Multiplex

[0335] FFT Fast Fourier Transform

[0336] FR1 Frequency Range 1, covering 410MHz to 7125MHz

[0337] FR2 Frequency Range 2, covering 24250MHz to 52600 MHz GPIO General Purpose Input Output

[0338] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0339] IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

[0340] Im Imaginary part, e.g. for pi / 2*BPSK modulation

[0341] IR Impulse Response ISI Inter Symbol Interference JCAS Joint Communication and Sensing MBB Mobile Broadband MGS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple-input-multiple-output MRC Maximum-ratio combining MRT Maximum-ratio transmission MU-MIMO Multiuser multiple- input-multiple-output OFDM / A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel PRB Physical Resource Block PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel (P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal(ing) PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference signalling (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation occ Orthogonal Cover Code QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying PSD Power Spectral Density RAN Radio Access Network RAT Radio Access Technology RB Resource Block

[0342] P112626WO01 62 / 66 RE Resource Element

[0343] Re Real part (e.g., for pi / 2*BPSK) modulation

[0344] RF Radio Frequency

[0345] RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0346] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0347] RX Receiver, Reception, Reception-related / side

[0348] SA Scheduling Assignment

[0349] SC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalisation

[0350] SC-FDM / A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access

[0351] SCI Sidelink Control Information

[0352] SINR Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio SIR Signal-to-interference ratio SNR Sign al-to- noise-ratio SPI Serial to Parallel Interface SR Scheduling Request SRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing) sss Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing) SVD Singular- value decomposition TB Transport Block TDD Time Division Duplex TDM Time Division Multiplex

[0353] T-RS Tracking Reference signalling or Timing Reference signalling TX Transmitter, Transmission, Transmission-related / side UCI Uplink Control Information UDC Up-Down Converter, mixing from BBj-^RF UE User Equipment URLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability Communication VL-MIMO Very- large multiple-input-multiple-output WD Wireless Device Wfg Waveform Generator ZC Zadoff-Chu ZF Zero Forcing ZP Zero-Power, e.g. muted CSLRS symbol

[0354] Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage if applicable.

[0355] P112626WO01 63 / 66

Claims

CLAIMS1. Method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the method comprising operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number II of con- 2185 tiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency domain interval, an integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size spanning a second part of the first frequency domain interval, wherein an intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between 2190 the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval.

2. Radio node for a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted for operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number II of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency domain interval, an integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals 2195 of the first unit size spanning a second part of the first frequency domain interval, wherein an intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval.

3. Method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network, the method 2200 comprising operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number II of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency domain interval, an integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size spanning a second part of the first frequency domain interval, wherein an intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than 2205 the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval.

4. Wireless device for a wireless communication network, the wireless device being adapted for operating on a first frequency domain interval, an integer number II of contiguous first frequency domain subintervals of a first unit size spanning a first part of the first frequency 2210 domain interval, an integer number 12 of contiguous second frequency domain subintervals of the first unit size spanning a second part of the first frequency domain interval, wherein an intermediate frequency domain subinterval with a size smaller than the unit size spans an intermediate part of the first frequency domain interval between the first part and the second part of the first frequency domain interval. 22155. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a presence of the intermediate frequency subinterval is conditional on one or more operation indications.P112626WO01 64 / 666. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first frequency domain interval corresponds to a first carrier or channel with a first center frequency and a first frequency bandwidth. 22207. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first frequency domain interval overlaps with a first narrower carrier and a second narrower carrier.

8. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the presence or absence of the intermediate frequency subinterval is indicated with communication signalling and / or synchronisation signalling. 22259. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the intermediate frequency subinterval at least partly covers a guard interval between two carriers.

10. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the intermediate frequency subinterval is contiguous to an upper frequency border of the first part and contiguous to a lower frequency border of the second part. 223011. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the intermediate frequency subinterval represents an allocatable frequency resource, or a non-allocatable frequency resource.

12. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the unit size corresponds to a physical resource block. 223513. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first frequency domain interval has a size of 200MHz or more, or 400MHz or more.

14. Program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method according to one of claims 1, or 3, or one of 5 to 13.

15. Carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product according 2240 to claim 14.P112626WO01 65 / 66

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